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The CDC would not release a list of the states reporting probable or confirmed cases. But some states have previously announced clusters, including Minnesota, Illinois, Colorado, New York and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cases in 2014 and 2016 were partly attributed to particular strains of respiratory germs called enteroviruses, which spread the most in the summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people infected with enteroviruses suffer only minor symptoms like cough and runny nose. And though enteroviruses have been detected in some paralysis cases, it hasn’t been found in others, CDC officials say.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Xxex6MzIUJU6pTMyIeSK4oyCi80okhvw\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lacking an established cause, health officials confirm cases through a review of brain scans and symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 120 confirmed cases were reported in 2014. Another 149 were reported in 2016. In 2015 and 2017, the counts of reported illnesses were far lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cases this year seem to be spread across much of the country, as were the earlier two waves. But mysteriously no other country has reported the emerging every-two-years pattern seen in the U.S., Messonnier said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Mysteriously no other country has reported the emerging every-two-years disease pattern seen in the U.S.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1539766868,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":380},"headData":{"title":"Mysterious Disease Paralyzes Dozens of Children in 22 States | KQED","description":"Mysteriously no other country has reported the emerging every-two-years disease pattern seen in the U.S.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Mysterious Disease Paralyzes Dozens of Children in 22 States","datePublished":"2018-10-17T15:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-17T09:01:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"445066 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445066","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/17/mysterious-disease-has-infected-dozens-of-children-in-22-states/","disqusTitle":"Mysterious Disease Paralyzes Dozens of Children in 22 States","source":"Health","nprByline":"Mike Stobbe\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/445066/mysterious-disease-has-infected-dozens-of-children-in-22-states","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>U.S. health officials on Tuesday reported a jump in cases of a rare paralyzing illness in children, and said it seems to be following an every-other-year pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 62 cases have been confirmed in 22 states this year, and at least 65 additional illnesses in those states are being investigated, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Similar waves of the same illness occurred in 2014 and 2016.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC officials say they haven’t found the cause. Some possible suspects, such as polio and West Nile virus, have been ruled out. Another kind of virus is suspected, but it’s been found in only some of the cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a mystery so far,” the CDC’s Dr. Nancy Messonnier said in a call Tuesday with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 90 percent of the cases are children who have suffered muscle weakness or paralysis, including in the face, neck, back or limbs. The symptoms tend to occur about a week after they had a fever and respiratory illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is “a pretty dramatic disease,” but fortunately most kids recover, Messonnier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials call the condition acute flaccid myelitis. The CDC would not release a list of the states reporting probable or confirmed cases. But some states have previously announced clusters, including Minnesota, Illinois, Colorado, New York and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cases in 2014 and 2016 were partly attributed to particular strains of respiratory germs called enteroviruses, which spread the most in the summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people infected with enteroviruses suffer only minor symptoms like cough and runny nose. And though enteroviruses have been detected in some paralysis cases, it hasn’t been found in others, CDC officials say.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lacking an established cause, health officials confirm cases through a review of brain scans and symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 120 confirmed cases were reported in 2014. Another 149 were reported in 2016. In 2015 and 2017, the counts of reported illnesses were far lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cases this year seem to be spread across much of the country, as were the earlier two waves. But mysteriously no other country has reported the emerging every-two-years pattern seen in the U.S., Messonnier said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445066/mysterious-disease-has-infected-dozens-of-children-in-22-states","authors":["byline_futureofyou_445066"],"categories":["futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_854","futureofyou_491","futureofyou_141","futureofyou_1629","futureofyou_1628","futureofyou_652"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445069","label":"source_futureofyou_445066"},"futureofyou_444271":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444271","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444271","score":null,"sort":[1536182430000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"pediatrics-group-says-avoid-popular-flumist","title":"Pediatrics Group Urges Parents to Ditch FluMist in Favor of Shots","publishDate":1536182430,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1093,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>The American Academy of Pediatrics is recommending children be vaccinated with injectable flu vaccine for the coming season, rather than the nasal spray vaccine FluMist, unless a child will only be vaccinated if he or she can forgo a needle, or if a doctor runs out of flu shots.[contextly_sidebar id=\"hDOkDX1TSKq0uExbrwfmFky6j6An7v9D\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AAP feels that the flu shot should be the primary vaccine choice for all children,” said Dr. Henry Bernstein, a pediatrician and an ex-officio member of the AAP’s committee on infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That advice puts the AAP’s annual flu vaccine recommendations slightly at odds with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/rr/rr6703a1.htm?s_cid=rr6703a1_w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">those of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>, which state that any of the flu vaccines available for children could be used for the coming flu season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both, however, share an end goal: getting more children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza can be deadly for children. In the past flu season, 180 children under the age of 18 died from the flu, making it the second most deadly flu season — after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic — since the CDC started recording pediatric flu deaths in the winter of 2005-2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC recommends everyone over the age of 6 months be vaccinated every year against the flu, unless there is a medical reason to avoid the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet only about 60 percent of children between the ages of 6 months and 17 years got vaccinated against flu in 2016-2017, the most recent year for which data are available. Roughly eight out of every 10 children who died from flu weren’t vaccinated, said Dr. Lisa Grohskopf, a medical officer in the CDC’s influenza division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The differing advice from the CDC and the AAP on AstraZeneca’s FluMist could befuddle parents and pediatricians.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ns1NFKxqZaS66Mu22mM7Fucp2b9WmmE4\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no question that ideally we would like for the CDC and the AAP to be completely harmonized” when it comes to recommendations, said Bernstein who is also a member of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, which guides the CDC on vaccine decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both groups are harmonized in wanting as many children to receive flu vaccine as possible each and every year,” said Bernstein. “When recommendations are not perfectly harmonized, it does pose the possibility for confusion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But any confusion might be mitigated by the fact that finding FluMist might not be easy this flu season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision to once again recommend it — effectively giving doctors and pharmacists a go-head to use it again — was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/21/flu-flumist-vaccine/\">made by the ACIP in late February\u003c/a>. By that point, though, many flu vaccine orders would already have been placed for the 2018-2019 season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While dozens of lots of vaccine products made by Sanofi Pasteur, GlaxoSmithKline, and Seqirus have been given the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Post-MarketActivities/LotReleases/ucm613863.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">green light for distribution\u003c/a> by the Food and Drug Administration, no lots of FluMist had cleared that hurdle as of Aug. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been a rocky few years for FluMist, which once was deemed more effective in children than injectable flu vaccine. But just after ACIP gave FluMist a rare preferential recommendation in 2014, performance problems came into view. By the 2016-2017 flu season, the CDC’s vaccine advisers recommended it not be used in the U.S. ACIP retained that position for the following flu season as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was vaccine effectiveness studies that are done every year showed FluMist had not been offering much if any protection against the influenza A virus family H1N1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t clear why the vaccine’s performance was so poor in the U.S. during the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 seasons. To make matters more confounding, other countries that use FluMist — Canada, Finland, and Britain among them — did not see the puzzling lack of effectiveness.[contextly_sidebar id=\"plRGl9fWXC0hyQTXcSoyNMZbRMqtlHfF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike injectable flu vaccine, FluMist contains live viruses. The viruses in the vaccine, which is puffed up a nostril of the recipient, initiate the infection process, thereby activating an immune response. But the viruses in the vaccine are weakened and don’t induce illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to its U.S. performance problems, AstraZeneca reformulated the H1N1 portion of the vaccine. There is some evidence that suggests the updated vaccine may be more effective — although the company hasn’t been able to do studies in children to confirm that. H3N2 viruses have dominated in the last two flu seasons here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They provided some evidence that appeared promising that the new virus that’s going to go into the vaccine this season in the U.S. is a bit more fit,” said Grohskopf. “It is promising evidence that what is at least believed to be the root cause of the problem has been fixed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernstein said the AAP was not as convinced by the data as the CDC. He voted against recommending FluMist for the 2018-2019 season at the February ACIP meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another place the CDC and AAP advice diverges slightly relates to when children should be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAP recommendations, published Monday in the journal Pediatrics, suggest pediatricians should start urging parents to vaccinate their children as soon as flu vaccine becomes available. That can be as early as late July or August, which — depending on when flu activity picks up — is often months ahead of when children will face a flu threat. Flu season often peaks in January or February, and influenza B viruses, which are particularly hard on children, often circulate late in the winter.[contextly_sidebar id=\"99nVOxVZDXqlh05RmfHN75NAR5MEv5RW\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some studies that have shown protection from flu vaccine starts to wear off as the season wears on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC’s recommendations, published Aug. 24, suggested people should be vaccinated by the end of October, when flu activity can start to tick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grohskopf acknowledged the variability and unpredictability of influenza makes it tough to know when to advise people to get the vaccine. “What we can say is the best time to get vaccinated is probably a couple of weeks before flu starts circulating where you are. But we can never really tell people when that is,” she admitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear though, she said. Parents of young children should start the vaccination process earlier. That’s because children under 8 years old who haven’t had at least two flu vaccines in their life need two doses of vaccine given at least four weeks apart. The second shot should be by the end of October, the CDC guidance said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/09/03/flumist-vaccine-recommendations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New recommendations urge parents to vaccinate their children as soon as flu vaccine becomes available. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1536135982,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1135},"headData":{"title":"Pediatrics Group Urges Parents to Ditch FluMist in Favor of Shots | KQED","description":"New recommendations urge parents to vaccinate their children as soon as flu vaccine becomes available. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Pediatrics Group Urges Parents to Ditch FluMist in Favor of Shots","datePublished":"2018-09-05T21:20:30.000Z","dateModified":"2018-09-05T08:26:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444271 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444271","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/05/pediatrics-group-says-avoid-popular-flumist/","disqusTitle":"Pediatrics Group Urges Parents to Ditch FluMist in Favor of Shots","nprByline":"Helen Branswell\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/444271/pediatrics-group-says-avoid-popular-flumist","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The American Academy of Pediatrics is recommending children be vaccinated with injectable flu vaccine for the coming season, rather than the nasal spray vaccine FluMist, unless a child will only be vaccinated if he or she can forgo a needle, or if a doctor runs out of flu shots.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AAP feels that the flu shot should be the primary vaccine choice for all children,” said Dr. Henry Bernstein, a pediatrician and an ex-officio member of the AAP’s committee on infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That advice puts the AAP’s annual flu vaccine recommendations slightly at odds with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/rr/rr6703a1.htm?s_cid=rr6703a1_w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">those of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>, which state that any of the flu vaccines available for children could be used for the coming flu season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both, however, share an end goal: getting more children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza can be deadly for children. In the past flu season, 180 children under the age of 18 died from the flu, making it the second most deadly flu season — after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic — since the CDC started recording pediatric flu deaths in the winter of 2005-2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC recommends everyone over the age of 6 months be vaccinated every year against the flu, unless there is a medical reason to avoid the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet only about 60 percent of children between the ages of 6 months and 17 years got vaccinated against flu in 2016-2017, the most recent year for which data are available. Roughly eight out of every 10 children who died from flu weren’t vaccinated, said Dr. Lisa Grohskopf, a medical officer in the CDC’s influenza division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The differing advice from the CDC and the AAP on AstraZeneca’s FluMist could befuddle parents and pediatricians.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no question that ideally we would like for the CDC and the AAP to be completely harmonized” when it comes to recommendations, said Bernstein who is also a member of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, which guides the CDC on vaccine decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both groups are harmonized in wanting as many children to receive flu vaccine as possible each and every year,” said Bernstein. “When recommendations are not perfectly harmonized, it does pose the possibility for confusion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But any confusion might be mitigated by the fact that finding FluMist might not be easy this flu season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision to once again recommend it — effectively giving doctors and pharmacists a go-head to use it again — was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/21/flu-flumist-vaccine/\">made by the ACIP in late February\u003c/a>. By that point, though, many flu vaccine orders would already have been placed for the 2018-2019 season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While dozens of lots of vaccine products made by Sanofi Pasteur, GlaxoSmithKline, and Seqirus have been given the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Post-MarketActivities/LotReleases/ucm613863.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">green light for distribution\u003c/a> by the Food and Drug Administration, no lots of FluMist had cleared that hurdle as of Aug. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been a rocky few years for FluMist, which once was deemed more effective in children than injectable flu vaccine. But just after ACIP gave FluMist a rare preferential recommendation in 2014, performance problems came into view. By the 2016-2017 flu season, the CDC’s vaccine advisers recommended it not be used in the U.S. ACIP retained that position for the following flu season as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was vaccine effectiveness studies that are done every year showed FluMist had not been offering much if any protection against the influenza A virus family H1N1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t clear why the vaccine’s performance was so poor in the U.S. during the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 seasons. To make matters more confounding, other countries that use FluMist — Canada, Finland, and Britain among them — did not see the puzzling lack of effectiveness.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike injectable flu vaccine, FluMist contains live viruses. The viruses in the vaccine, which is puffed up a nostril of the recipient, initiate the infection process, thereby activating an immune response. But the viruses in the vaccine are weakened and don’t induce illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to its U.S. performance problems, AstraZeneca reformulated the H1N1 portion of the vaccine. There is some evidence that suggests the updated vaccine may be more effective — although the company hasn’t been able to do studies in children to confirm that. H3N2 viruses have dominated in the last two flu seasons here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They provided some evidence that appeared promising that the new virus that’s going to go into the vaccine this season in the U.S. is a bit more fit,” said Grohskopf. “It is promising evidence that what is at least believed to be the root cause of the problem has been fixed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernstein said the AAP was not as convinced by the data as the CDC. He voted against recommending FluMist for the 2018-2019 season at the February ACIP meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another place the CDC and AAP advice diverges slightly relates to when children should be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAP recommendations, published Monday in the journal Pediatrics, suggest pediatricians should start urging parents to vaccinate their children as soon as flu vaccine becomes available. That can be as early as late July or August, which — depending on when flu activity picks up — is often months ahead of when children will face a flu threat. Flu season often peaks in January or February, and influenza B viruses, which are particularly hard on children, often circulate late in the winter.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some studies that have shown protection from flu vaccine starts to wear off as the season wears on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC’s recommendations, published Aug. 24, suggested people should be vaccinated by the end of October, when flu activity can start to tick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grohskopf acknowledged the variability and unpredictability of influenza makes it tough to know when to advise people to get the vaccine. “What we can say is the best time to get vaccinated is probably a couple of weeks before flu starts circulating where you are. But we can never really tell people when that is,” she admitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear though, she said. Parents of young children should start the vaccination process earlier. That’s because children under 8 years old who haven’t had at least two flu vaccines in their life need two doses of vaccine given at least four weeks apart. The second shot should be by the end of October, the CDC guidance said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/09/03/flumist-vaccine-recommendations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444271/pediatrics-group-says-avoid-popular-flumist","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444271"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_491","futureofyou_662","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1217","futureofyou_1488"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444273","label":"futureofyou_1093"},"futureofyou_440851":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_440851","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"440851","score":null,"sort":[1535312820000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"can-you-really-know-that-a-3-year-old-is-transgender","title":"Is Three Too Young for Children to Know They're a Different Gender? Transgender Researchers Disagree","publishDate":1535312820,"format":"audio","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003caside>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Many gender clinicians now recommend parents 'socially transition' kids who persistently express a transgender identity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>But research has shown most children will give up their transgender identity by the time they are adolescents.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Not all researchers agree, though, that this research is valid.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Gracie is the youngest transgender person I've ever met. She's so young, she still likes to tack on \"and-a-half\" when giving her age, which is six. One day last summer, bouncing all over the grounds at day camp, she looked as delighted as you'd expect any kid would on \"Water Day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/441784/the-controversial-research-on-desistance-in-transgender-youth\">The Controversial Research on 'Desistance' in Transgender Youth\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This is Rainbow Day Camp, in the East Bay town of El Cerrito. It was created specifically to be a safe place for transgender kids, and in fact, being transgender is so unremarkable here, when I asked Gracie what makes it “special,\" she shrugged and said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get to do fun stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mother, Molly, tried to coax a reporter-friendly answer out of her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is special about you, and the same as everybody else in the camp?” she prompted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know,” Gracie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'What if we let our son walk into the world in a dress with fairy wings, and crowns, and high heels, and even just in regular girl clothes … and then he changes his mind?'\u003ccite>Molly, whose 6-year-old daughter, Gracie, socially transitioned at age four\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“You’re transgender and there’s other kids that are transgender, too...”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m transgender and there’s other kids that are transgender, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah, kids. ... But when I asked Gracie how she \u003cem>used\u003c/em> to feel, when other people thought she was a boy, she got straight to the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was not right to me, and I didn’t want people to say that, but they said it,” she said. “It hurted my feelings a lot.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did it make her angry?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, it just made me sad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"mailto:jbrooks@kqed.org\">Email the reporter\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>How about now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It feels happy to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, in a child’s nutshell, sums up one side of a contentious debate about the right age for transgender children to begin what gender clinicians call “social transitioning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IS5Yankf1GY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Even Three-Year-Olds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I met Gracie, she was a few months out of kindergarten — pretty young for a transgender kid, I thought. Gracie lives with her parents and younger brother in a small city in the East Bay. She is already two years into her transition, having started her public life as a girl at four. The family began by discarding her boy name and referring to Gracie as “she” and “her.” She was also allowed to wear girl clothes outside the home, and her parents changed the gender on her birth certificate to avoid confusion at school.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright noborder\">\u003cstrong>How young is too young?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUCSF’s Diane Ehrensaft, one of the leading proponents of socially transitioning transgender children, believes there is no minimum age, really, to pursue such a change.'For all of these interventions, our model is stages not ages,” she said. 'When a child is at the place in their life that they can get themselves in focus, help us see them, and are clear, consistent, and stable in both their representation of themselves, and also can express their desires of how they want to live their gender, that's the age.'We have seen some kids as young as two whose parents are bringing them in because they're beginning to say, ‘Me not boy. Me girl.’ Social transition can happen as soon as a child has language or the ability to communicate to us who they are.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Steps like these make up the “social” aspects of social, not medical, transitioning. The distinction is important: According to Endocrine Society \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/102/11/3869/4157558\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guidelines\u003c/a>, patients who want to begin medical treatment like puberty blockers, hormones or surgery should be old enough to give “informed consent,” which the organization says is usually attained by 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Therapists at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/clinics/child_and_adolescent_gender_center/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF’s Child and Adolescent Gender Center Clinic\u003c/a> in San Francisco told me they’ve socially transitioned kids as young as three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diane Ehrensaft, the San Francisco Center’s mental health director and a leading proponent of early social transitioning, acknowledges this approach has been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some people that think folks like myself, and the people at our clinic, have fallen off the deep end,” she told me. She wasn’t just talking about the religious right, either. She was referring to other mental health professionals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I myself experienced a fair bit of surprise when Ehrensaft told me how young these kids are. My first, reflexive comment was a simple, \"Wow.\" This was not an uncommon reaction when I discussed this story with people in my own life, even in the progressive Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, when I spoke with Gracie’s mom, Molly (the family didn't want their last name used for reasons of privacy), nothing about the decision to allow her then-son to publicly make the switch to a girl, at an age when many kids are still sucking their thumbs, sounded in the slightest bit rash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spoke at Rainbow Day Camp, in a classroom set aside for interviews. The children’s art adorning the walls, the shrimpy seats — it felt like a place to talk about kickball, not the gender identity of first graders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet here we were.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>The Biological Roots of Gender Identity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMolly is the mother of two children, a 3-year-old boy and a 7-year-old transgender girl. The younger child is the “stereotype of what I thought having a son would be like,” she said. “He loves trucks, cars, construction, superheroes and destroying the house.”Her first child, also born male, just did not develop in the same way. Rather, from the time he acquired language on, he protested that he was really a girl. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/the-biological-roots-of-gender-identity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Continue reading)\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“What if we do this?” Molly recalled asking a gender therapist, back when they were debating the pros and cons of letting Gracie transition. “What if we let our son walk into the world in a dress with fairy wings, and crowns, and high heels, and even just in regular girl clothes … and then he changes his mind?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's not the question,” the therapist told Molly. “The question is, what if you don't do it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was only semi-rhetorical. Some gender therapists say there are serious potential dangers if adults suppress a child’s desired transition. On surveys, American transgender adults have reported attempting suicide at the startling \u003ca href=\"https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rate\u003c/a> of around 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes couldn’t have been higher, Molly knew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Rainbow Day Camp, recalling that time, she started to cry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as I knew there was even a chance that my kid could feel ashamed of who they are, there was no way … ” Her voice cracked into a higher register. “I had to support, I had to listen, and I had to let her steer, a little bit, the ship. Period. No matter what.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_441862\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-441862 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-1020x527.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-1020x527.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-160x83.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-800x414.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-768x397.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-1200x620.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-1180x610.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-960x496.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-240x124.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-375x194.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-520x269.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1.jpg 1209w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gracie, six, on Water Day at Rainbow Day Camp, which was created as a safe space for transgender kids. \u003ccite>(KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘I’m a Girl’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ehrensaft calls children like Gracie “persistent, consistent, and insistent” in their declarations of cross-gender identity. For Gracie, this manifested through words, wishes, and, well, practically everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Why would we deny for the vast majority of kids something that is basically suicide prevention?'\u003ccite>Diane Ehrensaft, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Gracie was her parents' first child. From toddlerhood on, Molly said, their son had displayed a “constant obsession and fixation on all things girl. As soon as she could tell us, it was, ‘I'm a girl. I'm a sister. I'm a daughter. I'm that girl on that show. I'm that girl in that book.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gracie's parents weren’t on board at first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We filled her world with trucks, and dinosaurs, and superheroes, and we refused girl things,” Molly said. “Like, ‘No, you can't be Elsa for Halloween. You have to be Superman. No, you can't have the dolls for Christmas. We're going to get you a pirate ship.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also made a rule: No girl clothing outside the house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molly tells me: “That’s the part I’m ashamed of now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'These Kids Do Come Forward'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molly and her husband finally relented — they just could not deny how much happier their child felt when recognized as a girl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_441832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Phoenix5-e1527011026777.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-441832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Phoenix5-1020x1530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix, a transgender girl who began wearing dresses to school at age 5. She began made a complete social transition at the start of second grade. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I asked: Has Gracie ever looked back?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molly chuckled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think of gender as a spectrum, she is like a full, all-the-way girl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not rocket science, Ehrensaft explained, if you really listen to the children. “A child will say: ‘Stop calling me Jane. Let me wear my dresses. Please call me she.’ That's a child making a clear statement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristina Olson, a University of Washington gender researcher, said parents do not always listen to what their kids are telling them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ones that are most likely to transition are kids who for many years are very consistently saying this is who they are,” she said. ”We often see this happen for years before parents socially transition their kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF gender specialist Erica Anderson recently treated a five-year-old who had reached a point of desperation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the bathtub, he would compare himself to his younger sister, and really start getting upset. At one point he went in the bathroom with a pair of shears — he was going to cut his penis off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This child has been so clear for a couple of years,” Anderson said. “These kids do come forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing Approaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gender clinicians who recommend social transition at such an early age call their model “gender affirmative,” and they believe their approach is now ascendant. Historically, clinicians more commonly treated transgender kids by discouraging cross-gender identity. The method was most famously practiced by longtime gender researcher Ken Zucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zucker is now an extraordinarily controversial figure in the transgender community. He believed that an outcome in which a child becomes transgender should be avoided, if possible. You can get a glimpse of his methods in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2008/05/07/90247842/two-families-grapple-with-sons-gender-preferences\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR story\u003c/a> from 2008. Zucker is counseling the family of a young boy he’d diagnosed with gender identity disorder, the term used for gender dysphoria before 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Zucker explained to Carol that she and her husband would have to radically change their parenting. Bradley would no longer be allowed to spend time with girls. He would no longer be allowed to play with girlish toys or pretend that he was a female character. Zucker said that all of these activities were dangerous to a kid with gender identity disorder. He explained that unless Carol and her husband helped the child to change his behavior, as Bradley grew older, he likely would be rejected by both peer groups.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Other researchers and transgender activists have criticized this approach as too close to the “conversion therapy” inflicted on gay and lesbian youth, a practice that is now illegal in a number of states, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/State-bans-gay-repair-therapy-for-minors-3906032.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']The World Professional Association for Transgender Health's guidelines for clinicians, called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wpath.org/publications/soc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Standards of Care\u003c/a>, states that “treatment aimed at trying to change a person’s gender identity and expression to become more congruent with sex assigned at birth” is “no longer considered ethical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zucker was the psychologist-in-chief and head of the gender identity clinic at a Toronto mental health hospital before administrators shut down the clinic in 2015, after a review of his practices. That was also \u003ca href=\"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/alleged-exchange-with-gender-identity-doctor-didnt-happen-camh-says/article28471923/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">controversial\u003c/a>, and Zucker is suing his former employer for defamation. (Zucker declined to comment for this article. For a defense of his work, you can read Jesse Singal’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecut.com/2016/02/fight-over-trans-kids-got-a-researcher-fired.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reporting\u003c/a> from 2016.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watchful Waiting\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zucker’s approach aside, there is another alternative to gender affirmative therapy. It’s the approach taken by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.vumc.com/branch/gender-dysphoria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria\u003c/a> in Amsterdam, and gender specialists commonly refer to it as the “Dutch Model.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This treatment sometimes involves the social transition of young children, according to Thomas Steensma, a researcher and clinician at the center. But for the most part, its counseling incorporates the idea that the vast majority of gender dysphoric children will eventually stop identifying as transgender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research literature calls these individuals “desistant.” The kids who retain their transgender identity as they grow up are dubbed “persistent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Desistance Controversy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing roils the world of transgender research like the topic of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/441784/the-controversial-research-on-desistance-in-transgender-youth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">desistance\u003c/a>. Brynn Tannehill, a transgender activist who follows the research closely, said the concept is often used by anti-LGBT groups to make the case that rejecting children’s transgender identity is in their best interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'[Desistance research] is used primarily as an attack on the validity of transgender identities, which usually quickly disintegrates into a debate on whether we should exist.' \u003ccite>Brynn Tannehill, transgender activist\u003c/cite>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is used primarily as an attack on the validity of transgender identities, which usually quickly disintegrates into a debate on whether we should exist,” Tannehill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, the fact is that just about every published study on the topic to date has found that a majority of children who once reported various degrees of gender dysphoria ended up eventually giving up their transgender identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To grasp the implications of this, remember Molly’s anxious questioning of the gender therapist: What if we go through all this, and it turns out to be just a phase? Shouldn’t we wait?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gender affirmative camp says no. That’s because it doesn’t believe that the body of research on desistance, some of it conducted by Zucker and his associates, is valid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many gender researchers maintain that the current criteria for diagnosing gender dysphoria are much more stringent than in the past. Therefore, many of the studies that found so many kids had \"grown out\" of their transgender identity were actually measuring children who were \u003cem>never really transgender\u003c/em> in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of those studies are decades old,” said gender researcher Kristina Olson. “So if you had a son in the early 1980s who liked playing with dolls and wanted to occasionally wear a dress, even today maybe you would think to bring that child to talk to a doctor about it. But that child wouldn't necessarily be transgender, because that kid doesn't necessarily think of himself as a girl.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ehrensaft said that her San Francisco clinic sees “a tiny, tiny proportion” of clients who stop identifying as transgender after transitioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the Amsterdam clinic’s Thomas Steensma, who firmly believes most gender dysphoric kids will \u003cem>not\u003c/em> grow up to be transgender, acknowledged the earlier studies probably included “milder cases” that are “hard to compare with the clinical samples we see now in our clinics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_441834\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-441834\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James.jpeg 720w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James-160x213.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James-240x320.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James-375x500.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James-520x693.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olivia, a transgender girl who socially transitioned when she was four, and her brother, James, who transitioned when he was eight. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, he said, “The only evidence I have from studies and reports in the literature ... is that children who struggle with gender incongruence … will not all persist into adolescence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talking to Steensma over Skype, he seemed bemused by the fact that the “Dutch model” is now considered conservative compared to what has taken hold in America. After all, his Amsterdam clinic had been a pioneer in the medical treatment of transgender youth, especially in the use of puberty blockers, which delay the onset of secondary sex characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the \u003cem>social transitioning\u003c/em> of young kids?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not a 'yes' or a 'no' in our opinion, but a 'maybe,' Steensma told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wondered if there was any real argument between him and Ehrensaft, after all. So I described to him the case of persistent, insistent, consistent Gracie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A slam dunk for social transition?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steensma said no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would counsel them ... that it's okay to express your feelings, your interests, to show your behaviors. But with certain steps like a name change, or a pronoun change, with a result that maybe others will only perceive you as a girl — that's somewhere where we say, ‘Okay, maybe you should explore things without taking steps that are hard to reverse.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are mental health professionals in the U.S. who agree. Dr. Jack Drescher is a clinical professor of psychiatry at Columbia University; he served on the American Psychiatric Association's committee that revised the diagnosis of gender identity disorder in 2013. He said gender affirmative therapists have never proven they can successfully identify those kids who will stick with transgender identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There are some people that think folks like myself, and the people at our clinic, have fallen off the deep end.”\u003ccite>Diane Ehrensaft, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He also says there’s no evidence to back a corollary belief, that kids who might later need to “detransition” back to their original gender will not suffer any long-lasting psychological effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what they believe, but it's not based on research,” he said of gender affirmative clinicians. “This is a meme, not really a piece of scientific finding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steensma concurred: “If a child transitions, it is not just, ‘Oh, we do the transition and we go on with our life.’ It has a huge impact on the child, on the family and their environment.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current Standards of Care, issued by the World Professional Association of Transgender Health in 2011, are more or less in accordance with this view, as even Ehrensaft acknowledges. The guidelines describe “relatively low persistence rates” as “relevant” to helping parents weigh the decision to socially transition. The standards also state that “a change back to the original gender role can be highly distressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one thing everyone in the field agrees on is more research is needed. Almost every gender specialist I spoke with cited Kristina Olson’s longitudinal study at the University of Washington as critical to answering some of these hotly debated unknowns. Olson recently received a $1 million grant from the National Science Foundation, which she's using to expand the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary research coming out of the project has already provided good news for the families of transgender kids. In a pair of studies published over the last several years, Olson and her colleagues found that socially transitioned children and adolescents between the ages of 3 and 14 did \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/stateofhealth/153172/transgender-children-living-openly-are-doing-well-study-shows\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">not experience\u003c/a> any more depression than separate control groups of peers and siblings, as well as the general population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transgender health association is now gearing up to revise the Standards of Care. Both Steensma, known for “watchful waiting,” and Ehrensaft, of the gender affirmative school, are on the committee in charge of the section about children. The jockeying to influence the direction of the committee has already begun, as evidenced by the critical \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentaries\u003c/a> now appearing in academic \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15532739.2017.1414649\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">journals\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My prediction is that there will be more endorsement of social transitions at earlier ages, without the cautionary tales,” Ehrensaft said of the upcoming revision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Not Just Numbers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes down to it, when we talk about the controversy over socially transitioning young kids, we are talking about risk analysis. Which is more disruptive and potentially harmful: to deny children their genuinely felt gender identity in the present moment, until the adults are \u003cem>absolutely sure\u003c/em> it will stick? Or to validate a child’s persistent, consistent and insistent protestations that ‘\u003cem>Hey, someone has made a terrible mistake here,\u003c/em>’ even if they eventually decide they no longer feel that way?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ehrensaft, at least, is clear on the answer:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would we deny for the vast majority of kids something that is basically suicide prevention?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a parent, I wonder: If my daughter became incandescently happy when allowed to change her name and take on other aspects of being transgender — as happy as Molly describes Gracie becoming when recognized as a girl — what would I do? If some statistics indicated my child might one day switch back, but my deepest parental instincts told me to trust her joyfulness, could I ignore the latter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Rainbow Day Camp, I spoke to James, a 9-year-old transgender boy who’d transitioned during second grade. He told me matter-of-factly that he’d been bullied by older kids, who’d called him an “It.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After he transitioned, his mother said, “There was just this comfort that came about him, and comfort's something that you can't really fake. He’s [just] a happier kid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, before Gracie’s transition, family life was “lackluster,” Molly recalled. The constant tension drained the joy out of childhood for everybody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You never got to see that sort of sparkle, or that sort of magic of, like, a Christmas morning, or a Halloween, or just regular day-to-day happiness,” Molly said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now she gets to really live.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many gender clinicians now recommend transgender kids as young as three be allowed to live publicly as the gender they identity with, even though studies have shown most kids won't stay transgender as they grow older. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1554749296,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":99,"wordCount":3721},"headData":{"title":"Is Three Too Young for Children to Know They're a Different Gender? Transgender Researchers Disagree | KQED","description":"Many gender clinicians now recommend transgender kids as young as three be allowed to live publicly as the gender they identity with, even though studies have shown most kids won't stay transgender as they grow older. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Is Three Too Young for Children to Know They're a Different Gender? Transgender Researchers Disagree","datePublished":"2018-08-26T19:47:00.000Z","dateModified":"2019-04-08T18:48:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"440851 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440851","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/08/26/can-you-really-know-that-a-3-year-old-is-transgender/","disqusTitle":"Is Three Too Young for Children to Know They're a Different Gender? Transgender Researchers Disagree","source":"Transgender Issues","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2018/08/brooks20180827.mp3","audioTrackLength":423,"path":"/futureofyou/440851/can-you-really-know-that-a-3-year-old-is-transgender","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003caside>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Many gender clinicians now recommend parents 'socially transition' kids who persistently express a transgender identity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>But research has shown most children will give up their transgender identity by the time they are adolescents.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Not all researchers agree, though, that this research is valid.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Gracie is the youngest transgender person I've ever met. She's so young, she still likes to tack on \"and-a-half\" when giving her age, which is six. One day last summer, bouncing all over the grounds at day camp, she looked as delighted as you'd expect any kid would on \"Water Day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/441784/the-controversial-research-on-desistance-in-transgender-youth\">The Controversial Research on 'Desistance' in Transgender Youth\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This is Rainbow Day Camp, in the East Bay town of El Cerrito. It was created specifically to be a safe place for transgender kids, and in fact, being transgender is so unremarkable here, when I asked Gracie what makes it “special,\" she shrugged and said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get to do fun stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mother, Molly, tried to coax a reporter-friendly answer out of her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is special about you, and the same as everybody else in the camp?” she prompted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know,” Gracie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'What if we let our son walk into the world in a dress with fairy wings, and crowns, and high heels, and even just in regular girl clothes … and then he changes his mind?'\u003ccite>Molly, whose 6-year-old daughter, Gracie, socially transitioned at age four\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“You’re transgender and there’s other kids that are transgender, too...”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m transgender and there’s other kids that are transgender, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah, kids. ... But when I asked Gracie how she \u003cem>used\u003c/em> to feel, when other people thought she was a boy, she got straight to the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was not right to me, and I didn’t want people to say that, but they said it,” she said. “It hurted my feelings a lot.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did it make her angry?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, it just made me sad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"mailto:jbrooks@kqed.org\">Email the reporter\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>How about now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It feels happy to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, in a child’s nutshell, sums up one side of a contentious debate about the right age for transgender children to begin what gender clinicians call “social transitioning.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/IS5Yankf1GY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/IS5Yankf1GY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Even Three-Year-Olds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I met Gracie, she was a few months out of kindergarten — pretty young for a transgender kid, I thought. Gracie lives with her parents and younger brother in a small city in the East Bay. She is already two years into her transition, having started her public life as a girl at four. The family began by discarding her boy name and referring to Gracie as “she” and “her.” She was also allowed to wear girl clothes outside the home, and her parents changed the gender on her birth certificate to avoid confusion at school.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright noborder\">\u003cstrong>How young is too young?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUCSF’s Diane Ehrensaft, one of the leading proponents of socially transitioning transgender children, believes there is no minimum age, really, to pursue such a change.'For all of these interventions, our model is stages not ages,” she said. 'When a child is at the place in their life that they can get themselves in focus, help us see them, and are clear, consistent, and stable in both their representation of themselves, and also can express their desires of how they want to live their gender, that's the age.'We have seen some kids as young as two whose parents are bringing them in because they're beginning to say, ‘Me not boy. Me girl.’ Social transition can happen as soon as a child has language or the ability to communicate to us who they are.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Steps like these make up the “social” aspects of social, not medical, transitioning. The distinction is important: According to Endocrine Society \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/102/11/3869/4157558\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guidelines\u003c/a>, patients who want to begin medical treatment like puberty blockers, hormones or surgery should be old enough to give “informed consent,” which the organization says is usually attained by 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Therapists at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/clinics/child_and_adolescent_gender_center/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF’s Child and Adolescent Gender Center Clinic\u003c/a> in San Francisco told me they’ve socially transitioned kids as young as three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diane Ehrensaft, the San Francisco Center’s mental health director and a leading proponent of early social transitioning, acknowledges this approach has been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some people that think folks like myself, and the people at our clinic, have fallen off the deep end,” she told me. She wasn’t just talking about the religious right, either. She was referring to other mental health professionals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I myself experienced a fair bit of surprise when Ehrensaft told me how young these kids are. My first, reflexive comment was a simple, \"Wow.\" This was not an uncommon reaction when I discussed this story with people in my own life, even in the progressive Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, when I spoke with Gracie’s mom, Molly (the family didn't want their last name used for reasons of privacy), nothing about the decision to allow her then-son to publicly make the switch to a girl, at an age when many kids are still sucking their thumbs, sounded in the slightest bit rash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spoke at Rainbow Day Camp, in a classroom set aside for interviews. The children’s art adorning the walls, the shrimpy seats — it felt like a place to talk about kickball, not the gender identity of first graders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet here we were.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>The Biological Roots of Gender Identity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMolly is the mother of two children, a 3-year-old boy and a 7-year-old transgender girl. The younger child is the “stereotype of what I thought having a son would be like,” she said. “He loves trucks, cars, construction, superheroes and destroying the house.”Her first child, also born male, just did not develop in the same way. Rather, from the time he acquired language on, he protested that he was really a girl. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/the-biological-roots-of-gender-identity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Continue reading)\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“What if we do this?” Molly recalled asking a gender therapist, back when they were debating the pros and cons of letting Gracie transition. “What if we let our son walk into the world in a dress with fairy wings, and crowns, and high heels, and even just in regular girl clothes … and then he changes his mind?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's not the question,” the therapist told Molly. “The question is, what if you don't do it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was only semi-rhetorical. Some gender therapists say there are serious potential dangers if adults suppress a child’s desired transition. On surveys, American transgender adults have reported attempting suicide at the startling \u003ca href=\"https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rate\u003c/a> of around 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes couldn’t have been higher, Molly knew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Rainbow Day Camp, recalling that time, she started to cry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as I knew there was even a chance that my kid could feel ashamed of who they are, there was no way … ” Her voice cracked into a higher register. “I had to support, I had to listen, and I had to let her steer, a little bit, the ship. Period. No matter what.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_441862\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-441862 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-1020x527.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-1020x527.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-160x83.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-800x414.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-768x397.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-1200x620.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-1180x610.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-960x496.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-240x124.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-375x194.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1-520x269.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/gracie-sliding-water-1.jpg 1209w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gracie, six, on Water Day at Rainbow Day Camp, which was created as a safe space for transgender kids. \u003ccite>(KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘I’m a Girl’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ehrensaft calls children like Gracie “persistent, consistent, and insistent” in their declarations of cross-gender identity. For Gracie, this manifested through words, wishes, and, well, practically everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Why would we deny for the vast majority of kids something that is basically suicide prevention?'\u003ccite>Diane Ehrensaft, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Gracie was her parents' first child. From toddlerhood on, Molly said, their son had displayed a “constant obsession and fixation on all things girl. As soon as she could tell us, it was, ‘I'm a girl. I'm a sister. I'm a daughter. I'm that girl on that show. I'm that girl in that book.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gracie's parents weren’t on board at first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We filled her world with trucks, and dinosaurs, and superheroes, and we refused girl things,” Molly said. “Like, ‘No, you can't be Elsa for Halloween. You have to be Superman. No, you can't have the dolls for Christmas. We're going to get you a pirate ship.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also made a rule: No girl clothing outside the house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molly tells me: “That’s the part I’m ashamed of now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'These Kids Do Come Forward'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molly and her husband finally relented — they just could not deny how much happier their child felt when recognized as a girl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_441832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Phoenix5-e1527011026777.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-441832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Phoenix5-1020x1530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix, a transgender girl who began wearing dresses to school at age 5. She began made a complete social transition at the start of second grade. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I asked: Has Gracie ever looked back?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molly chuckled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think of gender as a spectrum, she is like a full, all-the-way girl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not rocket science, Ehrensaft explained, if you really listen to the children. “A child will say: ‘Stop calling me Jane. Let me wear my dresses. Please call me she.’ That's a child making a clear statement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristina Olson, a University of Washington gender researcher, said parents do not always listen to what their kids are telling them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ones that are most likely to transition are kids who for many years are very consistently saying this is who they are,” she said. ”We often see this happen for years before parents socially transition their kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF gender specialist Erica Anderson recently treated a five-year-old who had reached a point of desperation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the bathtub, he would compare himself to his younger sister, and really start getting upset. At one point he went in the bathroom with a pair of shears — he was going to cut his penis off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This child has been so clear for a couple of years,” Anderson said. “These kids do come forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing Approaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gender clinicians who recommend social transition at such an early age call their model “gender affirmative,” and they believe their approach is now ascendant. Historically, clinicians more commonly treated transgender kids by discouraging cross-gender identity. The method was most famously practiced by longtime gender researcher Ken Zucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zucker is now an extraordinarily controversial figure in the transgender community. He believed that an outcome in which a child becomes transgender should be avoided, if possible. You can get a glimpse of his methods in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2008/05/07/90247842/two-families-grapple-with-sons-gender-preferences\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR story\u003c/a> from 2008. Zucker is counseling the family of a young boy he’d diagnosed with gender identity disorder, the term used for gender dysphoria before 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Zucker explained to Carol that she and her husband would have to radically change their parenting. Bradley would no longer be allowed to spend time with girls. He would no longer be allowed to play with girlish toys or pretend that he was a female character. Zucker said that all of these activities were dangerous to a kid with gender identity disorder. He explained that unless Carol and her husband helped the child to change his behavior, as Bradley grew older, he likely would be rejected by both peer groups.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Other researchers and transgender activists have criticized this approach as too close to the “conversion therapy” inflicted on gay and lesbian youth, a practice that is now illegal in a number of states, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/State-bans-gay-repair-therapy-for-minors-3906032.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"science","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The World Professional Association for Transgender Health's guidelines for clinicians, called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wpath.org/publications/soc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Standards of Care\u003c/a>, states that “treatment aimed at trying to change a person’s gender identity and expression to become more congruent with sex assigned at birth” is “no longer considered ethical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zucker was the psychologist-in-chief and head of the gender identity clinic at a Toronto mental health hospital before administrators shut down the clinic in 2015, after a review of his practices. That was also \u003ca href=\"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/alleged-exchange-with-gender-identity-doctor-didnt-happen-camh-says/article28471923/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">controversial\u003c/a>, and Zucker is suing his former employer for defamation. (Zucker declined to comment for this article. For a defense of his work, you can read Jesse Singal’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecut.com/2016/02/fight-over-trans-kids-got-a-researcher-fired.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reporting\u003c/a> from 2016.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watchful Waiting\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zucker’s approach aside, there is another alternative to gender affirmative therapy. It’s the approach taken by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.vumc.com/branch/gender-dysphoria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria\u003c/a> in Amsterdam, and gender specialists commonly refer to it as the “Dutch Model.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This treatment sometimes involves the social transition of young children, according to Thomas Steensma, a researcher and clinician at the center. But for the most part, its counseling incorporates the idea that the vast majority of gender dysphoric children will eventually stop identifying as transgender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research literature calls these individuals “desistant.” The kids who retain their transgender identity as they grow up are dubbed “persistent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Desistance Controversy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing roils the world of transgender research like the topic of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/441784/the-controversial-research-on-desistance-in-transgender-youth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">desistance\u003c/a>. Brynn Tannehill, a transgender activist who follows the research closely, said the concept is often used by anti-LGBT groups to make the case that rejecting children’s transgender identity is in their best interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'[Desistance research] is used primarily as an attack on the validity of transgender identities, which usually quickly disintegrates into a debate on whether we should exist.' \u003ccite>Brynn Tannehill, transgender activist\u003c/cite>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is used primarily as an attack on the validity of transgender identities, which usually quickly disintegrates into a debate on whether we should exist,” Tannehill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, the fact is that just about every published study on the topic to date has found that a majority of children who once reported various degrees of gender dysphoria ended up eventually giving up their transgender identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To grasp the implications of this, remember Molly’s anxious questioning of the gender therapist: What if we go through all this, and it turns out to be just a phase? Shouldn’t we wait?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gender affirmative camp says no. That’s because it doesn’t believe that the body of research on desistance, some of it conducted by Zucker and his associates, is valid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many gender researchers maintain that the current criteria for diagnosing gender dysphoria are much more stringent than in the past. Therefore, many of the studies that found so many kids had \"grown out\" of their transgender identity were actually measuring children who were \u003cem>never really transgender\u003c/em> in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of those studies are decades old,” said gender researcher Kristina Olson. “So if you had a son in the early 1980s who liked playing with dolls and wanted to occasionally wear a dress, even today maybe you would think to bring that child to talk to a doctor about it. But that child wouldn't necessarily be transgender, because that kid doesn't necessarily think of himself as a girl.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ehrensaft said that her San Francisco clinic sees “a tiny, tiny proportion” of clients who stop identifying as transgender after transitioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the Amsterdam clinic’s Thomas Steensma, who firmly believes most gender dysphoric kids will \u003cem>not\u003c/em> grow up to be transgender, acknowledged the earlier studies probably included “milder cases” that are “hard to compare with the clinical samples we see now in our clinics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_441834\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-441834\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James.jpeg 720w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James-160x213.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James-240x320.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James-375x500.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/James-520x693.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olivia, a transgender girl who socially transitioned when she was four, and her brother, James, who transitioned when he was eight. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, he said, “The only evidence I have from studies and reports in the literature ... is that children who struggle with gender incongruence … will not all persist into adolescence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talking to Steensma over Skype, he seemed bemused by the fact that the “Dutch model” is now considered conservative compared to what has taken hold in America. After all, his Amsterdam clinic had been a pioneer in the medical treatment of transgender youth, especially in the use of puberty blockers, which delay the onset of secondary sex characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the \u003cem>social transitioning\u003c/em> of young kids?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not a 'yes' or a 'no' in our opinion, but a 'maybe,' Steensma told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wondered if there was any real argument between him and Ehrensaft, after all. So I described to him the case of persistent, insistent, consistent Gracie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A slam dunk for social transition?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steensma said no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would counsel them ... that it's okay to express your feelings, your interests, to show your behaviors. But with certain steps like a name change, or a pronoun change, with a result that maybe others will only perceive you as a girl — that's somewhere where we say, ‘Okay, maybe you should explore things without taking steps that are hard to reverse.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are mental health professionals in the U.S. who agree. Dr. Jack Drescher is a clinical professor of psychiatry at Columbia University; he served on the American Psychiatric Association's committee that revised the diagnosis of gender identity disorder in 2013. He said gender affirmative therapists have never proven they can successfully identify those kids who will stick with transgender identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There are some people that think folks like myself, and the people at our clinic, have fallen off the deep end.”\u003ccite>Diane Ehrensaft, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He also says there’s no evidence to back a corollary belief, that kids who might later need to “detransition” back to their original gender will not suffer any long-lasting psychological effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what they believe, but it's not based on research,” he said of gender affirmative clinicians. “This is a meme, not really a piece of scientific finding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steensma concurred: “If a child transitions, it is not just, ‘Oh, we do the transition and we go on with our life.’ It has a huge impact on the child, on the family and their environment.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current Standards of Care, issued by the World Professional Association of Transgender Health in 2011, are more or less in accordance with this view, as even Ehrensaft acknowledges. The guidelines describe “relatively low persistence rates” as “relevant” to helping parents weigh the decision to socially transition. The standards also state that “a change back to the original gender role can be highly distressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one thing everyone in the field agrees on is more research is needed. Almost every gender specialist I spoke with cited Kristina Olson’s longitudinal study at the University of Washington as critical to answering some of these hotly debated unknowns. Olson recently received a $1 million grant from the National Science Foundation, which she's using to expand the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary research coming out of the project has already provided good news for the families of transgender kids. In a pair of studies published over the last several years, Olson and her colleagues found that socially transitioned children and adolescents between the ages of 3 and 14 did \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/stateofhealth/153172/transgender-children-living-openly-are-doing-well-study-shows\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">not experience\u003c/a> any more depression than separate control groups of peers and siblings, as well as the general population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transgender health association is now gearing up to revise the Standards of Care. Both Steensma, known for “watchful waiting,” and Ehrensaft, of the gender affirmative school, are on the committee in charge of the section about children. The jockeying to influence the direction of the committee has already begun, as evidenced by the critical \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentaries\u003c/a> now appearing in academic \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15532739.2017.1414649\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">journals\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My prediction is that there will be more endorsement of social transitions at earlier ages, without the cautionary tales,” Ehrensaft said of the upcoming revision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Not Just Numbers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes down to it, when we talk about the controversy over socially transitioning young kids, we are talking about risk analysis. Which is more disruptive and potentially harmful: to deny children their genuinely felt gender identity in the present moment, until the adults are \u003cem>absolutely sure\u003c/em> it will stick? Or to validate a child’s persistent, consistent and insistent protestations that ‘\u003cem>Hey, someone has made a terrible mistake here,\u003c/em>’ even if they eventually decide they no longer feel that way?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ehrensaft, at least, is clear on the answer:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would we deny for the vast majority of kids something that is basically suicide prevention?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a parent, I wonder: If my daughter became incandescently happy when allowed to change her name and take on other aspects of being transgender — as happy as Molly describes Gracie becoming when recognized as a girl — what would I do? If some statistics indicated my child might one day switch back, but my deepest parental instincts told me to trust her joyfulness, could I ignore the latter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Rainbow Day Camp, I spoke to James, a 9-year-old transgender boy who’d transitioned during second grade. He told me matter-of-factly that he’d been bullied by older kids, who’d called him an “It.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After he transitioned, his mother said, “There was just this comfort that came about him, and comfort's something that you can't really fake. He’s [just] a happier kid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, before Gracie’s transition, family life was “lackluster,” Molly recalled. The constant tension drained the joy out of childhood for everybody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You never got to see that sort of sparkle, or that sort of magic of, like, a Christmas morning, or a Halloween, or just regular day-to-day happiness,” Molly said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now she gets to really live.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/440851/can-you-really-know-that-a-3-year-old-is-transgender","authors":["80"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_491","futureofyou_1605","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1504","futureofyou_1018"],"featImg":"futureofyou_441819","label":"source_futureofyou_440851"},"futureofyou_443202":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_443202","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"443202","score":null,"sort":[1530892837000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"my-son-is-not-the-same-new-testimony-paints-bleak-picture-of-family-separation","title":"New Testimony Paints Bleak Picture of Family Separation","publishDate":1530892837,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Last week, Democratic attorneys general in 17 states and the District of Columbia \u003ca href=\"https://agportal-s3bucket.s3.amazonaws.com/uploadedfiles/Another/News/Press_Releases/complaint_6.pdf\">filed a lawsuit\u003c/a> against the Trump administration, arguing that its family separation policy violated the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fifth Amendment. Now, in a new filing, they’re asking the federal government to provide more immediate information and access to those detained under the policy on an “expedited schedule.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"Ia0vmAO4LjpX4fPD28WIz4H7lzlRAfCw\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motion \u003ca href=\"https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/child_declarations.pdf\">filed Monday\u003c/a> came with more than 900 pages of declarations that included personal testimonies from parents, children and other family members who were directly impacted by the Trump policy. It also included declarations from the state attorneys general offices, elected representatives, advocates and child and immigration experts who have dealt with families separated at the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump signed an executive order on June 20, halting the separation practice and ordering families to be detained together instead. But in a statement, the attorneys general criticized the administration’s response. “Hundreds of separated parents are in federal custody and the Administration can move them to other facilities at any time without notice,” they said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The PBS NewsHour reached out to the federal agencies involved in the separation of families at the border — the Departments of Homeland Security and Health and Human Services; U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement — for a response. All said they were unable to comment on ongoing litigation. The Department of Justice also declined to comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar said Thursday the agency was prepared to reunite separated children with their parents, and would prioritize children under age 5 starting next week. But Azar, speaking to reporters, said families that have been reunited could still experience long stays in detention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how the lawsuit filed by the attorneys general would impact the administration’s efforts to reunify separated families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NewsHour read through all 99 declarations and pulled 12 that offer a window into what’s has been happening under the family separation policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Parents Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“(My son) is not the same since we were reunited. I thought that, because he is so young he would not be traumatized by this experience, but he does not separate from me. He cries when he does not see me. That behavior is not normal. In El Salvador he would stay with his dad or my sister and not cry. Now he cries for fear of being alone.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Olivia Caceres was separated from her 1-year-old son in November at a legal point of entry. The boy’s father, who was seeking asylum, remains detained, Caceres said. It took three months for Caceres to get her son back from government custody. According to her testimony, she said that after reuniting with her toddler, “he continued to cry when we got home and would hold on to my leg and would not let me go. When I took off his clothes he was full of dirt and lice. It seemed like they had not bathed him the 85 days he was away from us.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"1wKaQAyAkuqMNlxTuDwuLOdhBF0iL0do\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They told me to sign a consent form to take my daughter, but that it did not matter whether or not I signed, because they were going to take her either way.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Angelica Rebeca Gonzalez-Garcia was apprehended and separated from her 7-year-old daughter in May. She hasn’t seen her since. She said officers at the border told her she would never see her daughter again, and that she had “‘endangered’ her by bringing her here,” she wrote. “I cannot express the pain and fear I felt at that point,” she wrote. Gonzalez-Garcia said she has spoken by phone to her daughter, who is currently in a shelter and said that she had been hit by a boy, was bruised and had gotten sick there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“…One of the officers asked me, “In Guatemala do they celebrate Mother’s Day?” When I answered yes he said, “then Happy Mother’s Day” because the next Sunday was Mother’s Day. I lowered my head so that my daughter would not see the tears forming in my eyes. That particular act of cruelty astonished me then as it does now. I could not understand why they hated me so much, or wanted to hurt me so much,” she wrote as part of her statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“For eight days I was held in a small room with over 60 men. We called it The Freezer because the air conditioning was so strong that we felt like ice. The men got sick inside and we had to sleep, use the toilet, and pass the time all in the same tiny room.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— “L. Doe,” the father to a 5-year-old son and 1.5-year-old daughter, wrote that he and his family presented themselves at a port of entry to apply for asylum. They were separated immediately. He remains in detention. “My thoughts run in circles, and I feel as though I am going to lose my mind. I need to see my family and take care of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“[The children] did not have shoes or blankets in the detention center, and there were people in the cells that had to sleep standing up. They did not have enough to eat either, and could not drink the water, because of the chlorine they added to it … the incarcerated children were insulted – called named such as “animals” and “donkeys.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Ludin Jimenez said she was separated from her children, age 9 and 17, when she crossed the border in May seeking asylum. The family was reunited June 28 in Boston. She wrote that she was kept in a cell with nearly 50 other mothers. “The officers told them that they could not eat because they were asking about their children. There was a pregnant woman who fainted from hunger.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"kgvbnXUJ4dTVqfuwXPRufwHcqHZbww8t\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to her statement, Jimenez was not allowed “to bathe or brush her teeth for the eight days that she spent in the ‘dog pound.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was an immigration officer who was a good person. He said that he understood what was going on, but could not help. He brought them cookies, since he knew they did not get enough to eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I am worried about M.’s mental health when he learns that we have to start the process again and that he is not going to be released soon.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Francisco Serrano, a Washington, D.C., resident whose niece Maria crossed the U.S. border at San Ysidro in Southern California with her two children, age 2 and 7, as part of a caravan. A week later, a shelter called Serrano, informing him that Maria was going to separated from her children, and that she had asked for Serrano to be a sponsor. Serrano describes trying to become an approved sponsor as a process marked by complications and insufficient communication. In June, he said a social worker told him he would have to restart the sponsorship process again “because the rules changed.” Maria is on her way to Washington, D.C., but the boys are still in custody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 7-year-old, identified in the declaration as “M.”, “asked me why I had not picked him up yet,” Serrano wrote. “The social worker told me that [he] is depressed and asked me for words of encouragement to cheer him up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Officials Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The guards would wake all the girls up at 4 a.m. to count them by kicking on their mats. … G cried when she told me she kept hoping her mother would show up to take her out of that horrible place, but that never happened. … G overheard a girl asking to make a phone call to her family, but she was told they did not allow girls to make phone calls while detained.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Alma Poletti, an investigator for Washington’s attorney general, interviewed eight children who were separated from their families and sent to the Seattle area for care and detention. “The place was freezing …The girls placed their mats in the floor very close to one another, since there was not enough space to fit them more comfortably. Girls as young as 3 years old were detained in this place and without their mothers,” Poletti wrote. She said one girl, 14, referred to as “G,” “felt hungry most of the time she was there because the food they provided her wasn’t good in quality or quantity.” “G” couldn’t sleep through the night, Poletti added.[contextly_sidebar id=\"tuJ0OrkOp5NgO3h12FPqNLMIK4Avv8wi\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The placement of children with sponsors who have not been subject to the degree of evaluation and screening required by New Jersey law in all other circumstances substantially increases the risk that such children will be abuse or neglected.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Christine Norbut-Beyer, the commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Children and Families, said the Office of Refugee Resettlement’s rules for taking care of children placed in foster care are less rigorous than state laws in New Jersey. “The home study requirements in ORR policy also fall short of requirements imposed by New Jersey law on all other foster care or adoptive placements in the state,” she wrote. “This is important because it shows that a child’s conditions in custody under ORR might meet federal guidelines, but don’t meet state laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“ORR does not provide information to [relevant state agencies] about the specific location or placement of unaccompanied minors.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Marcela Ruiz, the chief of the Immigration and Refugees Program Branch of the California Department of Social Services, added in her statement that “state-funded programs that serve unaccompanied minors in California rely on the State’s funding to support outreach, identification, and referral services.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Advocates Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I simply cannot believe that my government could have done this to these people.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Taylor Levy, the legal coordinator for the nonprofit Annunciation House, testified that he had worked with asylum seekers at the border for nine years. “I have borne witness to countless stories of rape, torture and murder. Despite all of this, I have never been as emotionally impacted by anything as intensely as I have been working with these mothers and fathers as they desperately struggle to be reunited with their minor children.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"eILFCrc43gQ59B9CldIZ5zJbSKdKYrsu\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“It is evident to [Kids in Need of Defense] that there is no consistent policy for ensuring communication among separated children and parents.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jennifer Podkul, policy director for KIND, which provides legal assistance to children in immigration court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Medical Experts Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Prolonged stress (also known as toxic stress) can permanently disrupt the structure and function of a child’s developing brain. These changes can manifest as greater likelihood of adopting unhealthy behaviors (e.g., smoking and illicit drug use), increased risk of diseases (e.g., obesity, heart disease and cancer), depression and socioeconomic inequalities.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"9mLnptrV4HdboTqxlLswdf057Cx9ZcrZ\"]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Howard Zucker, the Commissioner of the New York State Department of Health. In a separate testimony, Mitchell Katz, president and CEO of New York City’s public health care system, said that “NYC Health + Hospitals have treated several children who, based upon information provided to us in the course of taking patient histories, were separated from their families at the southwestern United States border … for such condition as asthma, strep throat, and suicidal ideation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Lawmakers Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Both men visibly struggled to maintain their composure while recounting the trauma that they experienced since coming to the United States and ultimately broke down into tears. Our interpreter too broke down into tears, finding their stories too painful to bear.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Rep. C.A. Dutch Ruppersberger, a Democratic congressman for Maryland, visited a detention center last month in Glen Burnie, Maryland, while the Trump administration was still separating children under its “zero tolerance” policy. There, he met two men who had been separated from their children under the policy. One of the men, identified as Carlos, fled Honduras with his 7-year-old son and reached the U.S. border at El Paso, Texas. He was arrested by border agents in March. The father, who said he was fleeing gang violence, wanted to claim asylum at the port of entry. Days later, Carlos was separated from his son. “Three months passed before Carlos was able to speak to his son again,” according to Ruppersberger’s testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carlos had the foresight to make his son memorize a relative’s phone number before they left Honduras. As a result, his son was able to contact the relative, who connected him to another family member in the United States. Carlos still did not know when he would be able to see his son again,” the congressman added.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Spotlighting 12 stories that offer a window into what’s has been happening under the family separation policy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1530853768,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":43,"wordCount":2259},"headData":{"title":"New Testimony Paints Bleak Picture of Family Separation | KQED","description":"Spotlighting 12 stories that offer a window into what’s has been happening under the family separation policy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Testimony Paints Bleak Picture of Family Separation","datePublished":"2018-07-06T16:00:37.000Z","dateModified":"2018-07-06T05:09:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443202 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443202","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/07/06/my-son-is-not-the-same-new-testimony-paints-bleak-picture-of-family-separation/","disqusTitle":"New Testimony Paints Bleak Picture of Family Separation","source":"Health","nprByline":"Lisa Desjardins\u003cbr />Joshua Barajas\u003cbr />Daniel Bush\u003cbr />PBS Health NewsHour","path":"/futureofyou/443202/my-son-is-not-the-same-new-testimony-paints-bleak-picture-of-family-separation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week, Democratic attorneys general in 17 states and the District of Columbia \u003ca href=\"https://agportal-s3bucket.s3.amazonaws.com/uploadedfiles/Another/News/Press_Releases/complaint_6.pdf\">filed a lawsuit\u003c/a> against the Trump administration, arguing that its family separation policy violated the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fifth Amendment. Now, in a new filing, they’re asking the federal government to provide more immediate information and access to those detained under the policy on an “expedited schedule.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motion \u003ca href=\"https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/child_declarations.pdf\">filed Monday\u003c/a> came with more than 900 pages of declarations that included personal testimonies from parents, children and other family members who were directly impacted by the Trump policy. It also included declarations from the state attorneys general offices, elected representatives, advocates and child and immigration experts who have dealt with families separated at the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump signed an executive order on June 20, halting the separation practice and ordering families to be detained together instead. But in a statement, the attorneys general criticized the administration’s response. “Hundreds of separated parents are in federal custody and the Administration can move them to other facilities at any time without notice,” they said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The PBS NewsHour reached out to the federal agencies involved in the separation of families at the border — the Departments of Homeland Security and Health and Human Services; U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement — for a response. All said they were unable to comment on ongoing litigation. The Department of Justice also declined to comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar said Thursday the agency was prepared to reunite separated children with their parents, and would prioritize children under age 5 starting next week. But Azar, speaking to reporters, said families that have been reunited could still experience long stays in detention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how the lawsuit filed by the attorneys general would impact the administration’s efforts to reunify separated families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NewsHour read through all 99 declarations and pulled 12 that offer a window into what’s has been happening under the family separation policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Parents Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“(My son) is not the same since we were reunited. I thought that, because he is so young he would not be traumatized by this experience, but he does not separate from me. He cries when he does not see me. That behavior is not normal. In El Salvador he would stay with his dad or my sister and not cry. Now he cries for fear of being alone.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Olivia Caceres was separated from her 1-year-old son in November at a legal point of entry. The boy’s father, who was seeking asylum, remains detained, Caceres said. It took three months for Caceres to get her son back from government custody. According to her testimony, she said that after reuniting with her toddler, “he continued to cry when we got home and would hold on to my leg and would not let me go. When I took off his clothes he was full of dirt and lice. It seemed like they had not bathed him the 85 days he was away from us.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They told me to sign a consent form to take my daughter, but that it did not matter whether or not I signed, because they were going to take her either way.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Angelica Rebeca Gonzalez-Garcia was apprehended and separated from her 7-year-old daughter in May. She hasn’t seen her since. She said officers at the border told her she would never see her daughter again, and that she had “‘endangered’ her by bringing her here,” she wrote. “I cannot express the pain and fear I felt at that point,” she wrote. Gonzalez-Garcia said she has spoken by phone to her daughter, who is currently in a shelter and said that she had been hit by a boy, was bruised and had gotten sick there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“…One of the officers asked me, “In Guatemala do they celebrate Mother’s Day?” When I answered yes he said, “then Happy Mother’s Day” because the next Sunday was Mother’s Day. I lowered my head so that my daughter would not see the tears forming in my eyes. That particular act of cruelty astonished me then as it does now. I could not understand why they hated me so much, or wanted to hurt me so much,” she wrote as part of her statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“For eight days I was held in a small room with over 60 men. We called it The Freezer because the air conditioning was so strong that we felt like ice. The men got sick inside and we had to sleep, use the toilet, and pass the time all in the same tiny room.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— “L. Doe,” the father to a 5-year-old son and 1.5-year-old daughter, wrote that he and his family presented themselves at a port of entry to apply for asylum. They were separated immediately. He remains in detention. “My thoughts run in circles, and I feel as though I am going to lose my mind. I need to see my family and take care of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“[The children] did not have shoes or blankets in the detention center, and there were people in the cells that had to sleep standing up. They did not have enough to eat either, and could not drink the water, because of the chlorine they added to it … the incarcerated children were insulted – called named such as “animals” and “donkeys.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Ludin Jimenez said she was separated from her children, age 9 and 17, when she crossed the border in May seeking asylum. The family was reunited June 28 in Boston. She wrote that she was kept in a cell with nearly 50 other mothers. “The officers told them that they could not eat because they were asking about their children. There was a pregnant woman who fainted from hunger.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to her statement, Jimenez was not allowed “to bathe or brush her teeth for the eight days that she spent in the ‘dog pound.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was an immigration officer who was a good person. He said that he understood what was going on, but could not help. He brought them cookies, since he knew they did not get enough to eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I am worried about M.’s mental health when he learns that we have to start the process again and that he is not going to be released soon.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Francisco Serrano, a Washington, D.C., resident whose niece Maria crossed the U.S. border at San Ysidro in Southern California with her two children, age 2 and 7, as part of a caravan. A week later, a shelter called Serrano, informing him that Maria was going to separated from her children, and that she had asked for Serrano to be a sponsor. Serrano describes trying to become an approved sponsor as a process marked by complications and insufficient communication. In June, he said a social worker told him he would have to restart the sponsorship process again “because the rules changed.” Maria is on her way to Washington, D.C., but the boys are still in custody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 7-year-old, identified in the declaration as “M.”, “asked me why I had not picked him up yet,” Serrano wrote. “The social worker told me that [he] is depressed and asked me for words of encouragement to cheer him up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Officials Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The guards would wake all the girls up at 4 a.m. to count them by kicking on their mats. … G cried when she told me she kept hoping her mother would show up to take her out of that horrible place, but that never happened. … G overheard a girl asking to make a phone call to her family, but she was told they did not allow girls to make phone calls while detained.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Alma Poletti, an investigator for Washington’s attorney general, interviewed eight children who were separated from their families and sent to the Seattle area for care and detention. “The place was freezing …The girls placed their mats in the floor very close to one another, since there was not enough space to fit them more comfortably. Girls as young as 3 years old were detained in this place and without their mothers,” Poletti wrote. She said one girl, 14, referred to as “G,” “felt hungry most of the time she was there because the food they provided her wasn’t good in quality or quantity.” “G” couldn’t sleep through the night, Poletti added.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The placement of children with sponsors who have not been subject to the degree of evaluation and screening required by New Jersey law in all other circumstances substantially increases the risk that such children will be abuse or neglected.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Christine Norbut-Beyer, the commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Children and Families, said the Office of Refugee Resettlement’s rules for taking care of children placed in foster care are less rigorous than state laws in New Jersey. “The home study requirements in ORR policy also fall short of requirements imposed by New Jersey law on all other foster care or adoptive placements in the state,” she wrote. “This is important because it shows that a child’s conditions in custody under ORR might meet federal guidelines, but don’t meet state laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“ORR does not provide information to [relevant state agencies] about the specific location or placement of unaccompanied minors.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Marcela Ruiz, the chief of the Immigration and Refugees Program Branch of the California Department of Social Services, added in her statement that “state-funded programs that serve unaccompanied minors in California rely on the State’s funding to support outreach, identification, and referral services.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Advocates Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I simply cannot believe that my government could have done this to these people.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Taylor Levy, the legal coordinator for the nonprofit Annunciation House, testified that he had worked with asylum seekers at the border for nine years. “I have borne witness to countless stories of rape, torture and murder. Despite all of this, I have never been as emotionally impacted by anything as intensely as I have been working with these mothers and fathers as they desperately struggle to be reunited with their minor children.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“It is evident to [Kids in Need of Defense] that there is no consistent policy for ensuring communication among separated children and parents.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jennifer Podkul, policy director for KIND, which provides legal assistance to children in immigration court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Medical Experts Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Prolonged stress (also known as toxic stress) can permanently disrupt the structure and function of a child’s developing brain. These changes can manifest as greater likelihood of adopting unhealthy behaviors (e.g., smoking and illicit drug use), increased risk of diseases (e.g., obesity, heart disease and cancer), depression and socioeconomic inequalities.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Howard Zucker, the Commissioner of the New York State Department of Health. In a separate testimony, Mitchell Katz, president and CEO of New York City’s public health care system, said that “NYC Health + Hospitals have treated several children who, based upon information provided to us in the course of taking patient histories, were separated from their families at the southwestern United States border … for such condition as asthma, strep throat, and suicidal ideation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Lawmakers Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Both men visibly struggled to maintain their composure while recounting the trauma that they experienced since coming to the United States and ultimately broke down into tears. Our interpreter too broke down into tears, finding their stories too painful to bear.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Rep. C.A. Dutch Ruppersberger, a Democratic congressman for Maryland, visited a detention center last month in Glen Burnie, Maryland, while the Trump administration was still separating children under its “zero tolerance” policy. There, he met two men who had been separated from their children under the policy. One of the men, identified as Carlos, fled Honduras with his 7-year-old son and reached the U.S. border at El Paso, Texas. He was arrested by border agents in March. The father, who said he was fleeing gang violence, wanted to claim asylum at the port of entry. Days later, Carlos was separated from his son. “Three months passed before Carlos was able to speak to his son again,” according to Ruppersberger’s testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carlos had the foresight to make his son memorize a relative’s phone number before they left Honduras. As a result, his son was able to contact the relative, who connected him to another family member in the United States. Carlos still did not know when he would be able to see his son again,” the congressman added.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443202/my-son-is-not-the-same-new-testimony-paints-bleak-picture-of-family-separation","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443202"],"categories":["futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_491","futureofyou_1176","futureofyou_466","futureofyou_1177","futureofyou_204"],"featImg":"futureofyou_443206","label":"source_futureofyou_443202"},"futureofyou_443180":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_443180","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"443180","score":null,"sort":[1530806447000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mother-caring-for-girl-amid-brain-death-debate-worth-it","title":"Mother: Caring for Girl Amid Brain-Death Debate ‘Worth It’","publishDate":1530806447,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The mother of a girl at the center of a medical and religious debate over brain death said she does not regret moving from California to New Jersey so her daughter could receive care after being declared dead.[contextly_sidebar id=\"23Ay0lmvAahQPeVvigzIETSKtEkm43UJ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nailah Winkfield told reporters Tuesday that she gave up everything for daughter Jahi McMath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that I did, from selling my house, to quitting my job, to moving across the country and taking all that time away from my family, it was all worth it,” Winkfield said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has said doctors declared Jahi dead on June 22 from excessive bleeding and liver failure after an operation to treat an intestinal issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jahi had been declared dead in December 2013 at age 13 after suffering irreversible brain damage during surgery in California to remove her tonsils. A coroner signed a death certificate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield refused to accept the conclusion and took Jahi to New Jersey, which accommodates religions that don’t recognize brain death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield said Tuesday that her daughter grew and went through puberty — evidence she was not dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way in the world that I would be holding onto a corpse for 4½ years,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also described her final moments with Jahi. Winkfield said she gave her daughter permission to “go” if she was tired, telling her not to worry about her mom.[contextly_sidebar id=\"aYsDGYXXZXPDLEprrXkMdRXaPOQCyavj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said, ‘You have my permission. You can go,’” she said. “I said, ‘My husband will see about me, your siblings will see about me. Don’t worry.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said Jahi died hours later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be hard without her,” she said. “She was a sweet girl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jahi will be buried Friday in Hayward, California, the San Francisco Chronicle \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Family-of-Jahi-McMath-gets-approval-to-bury-their-13047928.php\">reported\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservative religious groups rallied behind Winkfield and helped raise money for Jahi’s continued care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield and her lawyers have been trying to rescind the California death certificate as part of a medical malpractice lawsuit against the hospital where Jahi had her tonsillectomy.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The mother of a girl at the center of a medical and religious debate over brain death says she does not regret selling her home so her daughter could receive care after being declared dead. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1530775087,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":363},"headData":{"title":"Mother: Caring for Girl Amid Brain-Death Debate ‘Worth It’ | KQED","description":"The mother of a girl at the center of a medical and religious debate over brain death says she does not regret selling her home so her daughter could receive care after being declared dead. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Mother: Caring for Girl Amid Brain-Death Debate ‘Worth It’","datePublished":"2018-07-05T16:00:47.000Z","dateModified":"2018-07-05T07:18:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443180 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443180","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/07/05/mother-caring-for-girl-amid-brain-death-debate-worth-it/","disqusTitle":"Mother: Caring for Girl Amid Brain-Death Debate ‘Worth It’","source":"Health","nprByline":"The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/443180/mother-caring-for-girl-amid-brain-death-debate-worth-it","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The mother of a girl at the center of a medical and religious debate over brain death said she does not regret moving from California to New Jersey so her daughter could receive care after being declared dead.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nailah Winkfield told reporters Tuesday that she gave up everything for daughter Jahi McMath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that I did, from selling my house, to quitting my job, to moving across the country and taking all that time away from my family, it was all worth it,” Winkfield said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has said doctors declared Jahi dead on June 22 from excessive bleeding and liver failure after an operation to treat an intestinal issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jahi had been declared dead in December 2013 at age 13 after suffering irreversible brain damage during surgery in California to remove her tonsils. A coroner signed a death certificate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield refused to accept the conclusion and took Jahi to New Jersey, which accommodates religions that don’t recognize brain death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield said Tuesday that her daughter grew and went through puberty — evidence she was not dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way in the world that I would be holding onto a corpse for 4½ years,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also described her final moments with Jahi. Winkfield said she gave her daughter permission to “go” if she was tired, telling her not to worry about her mom.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said, ‘You have my permission. You can go,’” she said. “I said, ‘My husband will see about me, your siblings will see about me. Don’t worry.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said Jahi died hours later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be hard without her,” she said. “She was a sweet girl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jahi will be buried Friday in Hayward, California, the San Francisco Chronicle \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Family-of-Jahi-McMath-gets-approval-to-bury-their-13047928.php\">reported\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservative religious groups rallied behind Winkfield and helped raise money for Jahi’s continued care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield and her lawyers have been trying to rescind the California death certificate as part of a medical malpractice lawsuit against the hospital where Jahi had her tonsillectomy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443180/mother-caring-for-girl-amid-brain-death-debate-worth-it","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443180"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_491","futureofyou_1327","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_177"],"label":"source_futureofyou_443180"},"futureofyou_443058":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_443058","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"443058","score":null,"sort":[1530205524000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-family-separation-may-affect-kids-brains","title":"How Family Separation May Affect Kids’ Brains","publishDate":1530205524,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Doctors have long known that separating families and other traumatic events can damage children’s well-being. More recent research has shed some light on how that may happen: Severe early adversity may cause brain changes and “toxic stress,” resulting in lasting psychological and physical health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A “zero-tolerance” immigration policy announced this spring by the Trump Administration has separated 2,300 children from the adults they were traveling with and sent them to shelters and foster homes across the country, according to the government. The administration has 30 days to reunite families, but it remains unclear whether it can meet that deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what evidence shows this kind of separation can do and how some experts think immigrant children may be at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Stress Response\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stress is a normal response to challenging or threatening circumstances that cause the brain to trigger the body’s “fight or flight” mode. Stress hormones and chemicals are released that increase heart rate, blood pressure, alertness and energy levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels typically return to normal when the threat passes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the threat is ongoing — a result of things like war, famine, poverty, natural disasters, family discord or neighborhood violence — the stress system may remain on high alert, sometimes triggering anxiety, behavior problems, stomach aches, sleep problems and other mental and physical symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts believe that contact with a loving, nurturing parent or caregiver can help children weather stress and reduce chances for lasting ill effects. A recent U.S. study of toddlers from families living in poverty is an example. Youngsters who had a strong parent relationship had lower stress-hormone levels when they arrived at a clinic to get vaccinations than those without that parent buffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's Toxic Stress? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists increasingly believe that persistent stress, particularly when there’s no nurturing parent to help kids cope, can cause stress hormones and internal inflammatory markers to smolder at elevated levels, raising risks for later heart disease, diabetes and other health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science is not settled, but some studies also have shown that persistent stress may alter brain structure in regions affecting emotions and regulating behavior. Imaging studies have found these regions are smaller than usual in severely traumatized children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvard University neuroscientist Charles Nelson says children younger than 3, with rapidly developing brains, are most at risk for the toxic effects of ongoing stress. In his imaging studies, school-aged Romanian orphans sent to live with foster families had brains with less gray matter than orphans sent to nurturing foster homes before age 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Migrant Children \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central American children arriving with their families at the southern U.S. border have already endured the trauma of leaving their homes, some after violence or other threats, and faced the additional trauma of an arduous journey north, Nelson said Wednesday. “That may increase their susceptibility to the hazards of separation at the border,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson said the images he’s seen of U.S. detention centers housing children remind him of his research with Romanian children. In a recent research newsletter, Nelson wrote, “The lessons we learned then taught us that housing children in institution-like settings, with rotating shifts of caregivers and unfavorable ratios of caregivers to children, may cause severe and permanent damage to their minds and bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what science has taught us about separation,” he said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Doctors Say \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, a year before the separation policy was announced, the American Academy of Pediatrics advised against holding migrant children in detention centers and said they should receive health care and treatment to “support their well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAPStatementOpposingBorderSecurityandImmigrationReformAct.aspx\">academy\u003c/a> and several mental health \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/06/family-separation-policy.aspx\">groups\u003c/a> recently denounced the separation policy and cautiously supported last week’s executive order to overturn it. Tuesday’s order from a federal judge mandating that thousands of families be reunited within 30 days is an important step, the academy said in a joint statement with UNICEF USA, but it won’t undo the trauma separated children have already faced, said Academy President Dr. Colleen Kraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if they are eventually reunited, these families will need “trauma-informed” care to help them cope, Kraft said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their statement Wednesday, the academy and UNICEF USA said their organizations “stand ready to assist in reunifying families and supporting their needs. Pediatricians across the country are prepared to provide care for immigrant children as they enter our communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kraft attempted to enter a children’s shelter in McAllen, Texas on Wednesday to see what attempts were being made to reunite children and parents but said authorities turned her away. During an April visit to the same shelter, Kraft saw children who were “eerily quiet” and one who was crying inconsolably while attendants watched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Staff in the room were not allowed to pick her up and hold her,” Kraft said. It’s that kind of absence of nurturing contact that experts think worsens the effects of traumatic stress.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Severe early adversity may cause brain changes and “toxic stress,” resulting in lasting psychological and physical health problems.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1530853575,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":864},"headData":{"title":"How Family Separation May Affect Kids’ Brains | KQED","description":"Severe early adversity may cause brain changes and “toxic stress,” resulting in lasting psychological and physical health problems.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Family Separation May Affect Kids’ Brains","datePublished":"2018-06-28T17:05:24.000Z","dateModified":"2018-07-06T05:06:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443058 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443058","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/28/how-family-separation-may-affect-kids-brains/","disqusTitle":"How Family Separation May Affect Kids’ Brains","source":"Health","nprByline":"Lindsey Tanner\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/443058/how-family-separation-may-affect-kids-brains","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Doctors have long known that separating families and other traumatic events can damage children’s well-being. More recent research has shed some light on how that may happen: Severe early adversity may cause brain changes and “toxic stress,” resulting in lasting psychological and physical health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A “zero-tolerance” immigration policy announced this spring by the Trump Administration has separated 2,300 children from the adults they were traveling with and sent them to shelters and foster homes across the country, according to the government. The administration has 30 days to reunite families, but it remains unclear whether it can meet that deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what evidence shows this kind of separation can do and how some experts think immigrant children may be at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Stress Response\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stress is a normal response to challenging or threatening circumstances that cause the brain to trigger the body’s “fight or flight” mode. Stress hormones and chemicals are released that increase heart rate, blood pressure, alertness and energy levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels typically return to normal when the threat passes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the threat is ongoing — a result of things like war, famine, poverty, natural disasters, family discord or neighborhood violence — the stress system may remain on high alert, sometimes triggering anxiety, behavior problems, stomach aches, sleep problems and other mental and physical symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts believe that contact with a loving, nurturing parent or caregiver can help children weather stress and reduce chances for lasting ill effects. A recent U.S. study of toddlers from families living in poverty is an example. Youngsters who had a strong parent relationship had lower stress-hormone levels when they arrived at a clinic to get vaccinations than those without that parent buffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's Toxic Stress? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists increasingly believe that persistent stress, particularly when there’s no nurturing parent to help kids cope, can cause stress hormones and internal inflammatory markers to smolder at elevated levels, raising risks for later heart disease, diabetes and other health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science is not settled, but some studies also have shown that persistent stress may alter brain structure in regions affecting emotions and regulating behavior. Imaging studies have found these regions are smaller than usual in severely traumatized children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvard University neuroscientist Charles Nelson says children younger than 3, with rapidly developing brains, are most at risk for the toxic effects of ongoing stress. In his imaging studies, school-aged Romanian orphans sent to live with foster families had brains with less gray matter than orphans sent to nurturing foster homes before age 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Migrant Children \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central American children arriving with their families at the southern U.S. border have already endured the trauma of leaving their homes, some after violence or other threats, and faced the additional trauma of an arduous journey north, Nelson said Wednesday. “That may increase their susceptibility to the hazards of separation at the border,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson said the images he’s seen of U.S. detention centers housing children remind him of his research with Romanian children. In a recent research newsletter, Nelson wrote, “The lessons we learned then taught us that housing children in institution-like settings, with rotating shifts of caregivers and unfavorable ratios of caregivers to children, may cause severe and permanent damage to their minds and bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what science has taught us about separation,” he said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Doctors Say \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, a year before the separation policy was announced, the American Academy of Pediatrics advised against holding migrant children in detention centers and said they should receive health care and treatment to “support their well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAPStatementOpposingBorderSecurityandImmigrationReformAct.aspx\">academy\u003c/a> and several mental health \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/06/family-separation-policy.aspx\">groups\u003c/a> recently denounced the separation policy and cautiously supported last week’s executive order to overturn it. Tuesday’s order from a federal judge mandating that thousands of families be reunited within 30 days is an important step, the academy said in a joint statement with UNICEF USA, but it won’t undo the trauma separated children have already faced, said Academy President Dr. Colleen Kraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if they are eventually reunited, these families will need “trauma-informed” care to help them cope, Kraft said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their statement Wednesday, the academy and UNICEF USA said their organizations “stand ready to assist in reunifying families and supporting their needs. Pediatricians across the country are prepared to provide care for immigrant children as they enter our communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kraft attempted to enter a children’s shelter in McAllen, Texas on Wednesday to see what attempts were being made to reunite children and parents but said authorities turned her away. During an April visit to the same shelter, Kraft saw children who were “eerily quiet” and one who was crying inconsolably while attendants watched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Staff in the room were not allowed to pick her up and hold her,” Kraft said. It’s that kind of absence of nurturing contact that experts think worsens the effects of traumatic stress.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443058/how-family-separation-may-affect-kids-brains","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443058"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_491","futureofyou_204","futureofyou_1224"],"label":"source_futureofyou_443058"},"futureofyou_442953":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_442953","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"442953","score":null,"sort":[1529607640000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"separating-kids-from-their-parents-can-lead-to-long-term-health-problems","title":"Separating Kids From Their Parents Can Lead To Long-Term Health Problems","publishDate":1529607640,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Rachel Osborn knows kids who slept in the immigrant detention centers in Texas that have dominated recent headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have kids who will say that was the worst part of their journey,\" Osborn says. \"They were traveling for weeks and the hardest part was being in this freezing cold room where, you know, they were fed a cold sandwich and had a thin blanket to shiver under.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they had no parent or caregiver to comfort them and make them feel safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osborn is a therapist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.maryscenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mary's Center\u003c/a> in Washington, D.C., who works in schools with children who immigrated from Latin America to the U.S. without their parents. The kids she works with weren't forcefully taken from their parents by U.S. immigration agents, but the trauma, Osborn says, is similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of kids were taken from their parents by immigration officials and placed in detention facilities under the Trump administration policy that was in place from April until \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/20/621798823/speaker-ryan-plans-immigration-votes-amid-doubts-that-bills-can-pass\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it was changed Wednesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers suggest these children, and others who have spent time in those detention facilities, may have increased long-term health care needs. That's because the stress of being separated from a parent can also cause lasting \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/journal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">physical harm \u003c/a>to children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harms can include reduced immune system functioning in the short term, and increased risk of heart disease, diabetes or other chronic health problems in the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids, like everyone, have a physical response to stress. The heart rate speeds up and the body releases hormones like cortisol. But when they don't have a parent or adult that they trust to comfort them, a prolonged stress response can become toxic and cause physical damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The most powerful stress buffer known to humans is the presence and availability of the parents for young children,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://cnbd.umn.edu/bio/cnbd-faculty-staff/megan-gunnar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Gunnar\u003c/a>, a professor at the Center for Neurobehavioral Development at the University of Minnesota Medical School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's impossible to know which of the detained kids may see damage to their health or how severe that damage may be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the conditions are there, according to Nithya Nathan-Pineau, who works for the detained children's program at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.caircoalition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Capital Area Immigrants Rights Coalition,\u003c/a> in Washington, D.C. Her organization advocates for the rights of immigrants and has direct contact with some children who were separated from their parents under the Trump administration policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We talk to these kids directly. What we're seeing is that they are extraordinarily traumatized,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She describes a meeting with a 10-year-old child in a government detention center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Essentially during the first intake [the child] couldn't really report anything to us because the child was so distraught they just cried through the whole intake,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she went back later, she found out what was going on. \"We learned that at this point they had been in the area for over four weeks and the child has not been able to speak with their parent,\" she says. \"They don't know where their parent is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without a parent's comfort, a child's stress response can go into overdrive, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/08/25/545092982/nadine-burke-harris-how-does-trauma-affect-a-childs-dna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Nadine Burke Harris\u003c/a>, CEO of the Center for Youth Wellness in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center includes a clinic that treats kids who have gone through trauma, and it also conducts research on the effects of trauma on children and ways to counter them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke Harris says when children are comforted by their parents, they produce more of the hormone oxytocin, which helps relieve the stress response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People call it the cuddle hormone,\" she says. \"It helps to shut off the stress response when it's activated. But it also helps to protect our organs from damage when the stress response is activated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that leads to many different health problems, she says, including \"changes in brain development, changes in the hormonal systems, immune system, cardiovascular system, and even the way our DNA is read and transcribed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gunnar says her research suggests removing children from their parents' care can make them more vulnerable to infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says evidence first showed up in monkeys that were taken away from their mothers for as little as two weeks. Years later, those monkeys showed a weaker immune system than the ones who stayed with their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gunnar says she is now seeing a similar response in teenagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you were an old person it would be called immune senescence,\" Gunnar says. \"Your immune system getting beyond the point where it can function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, she says, the body's immune system wears out early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gunnar says she's not sure whether these signs mean there is long-term harm in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know if we see them in teenagers, whether it means that their cells are not going to be able to fight as long,\" she says. \"But we do know if we see this in the aged, that is a sign that the immune system is coming to a point where it's not going to be able to fight things off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Separating+Kids+From+Their+Parents+Can+Lead+To+Long-Term+Health+Problems&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Though the federal government is changing its policy of separating immigrant children and parents, some children who were detained may suffer ongoing health consequences from the trauma.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1529601736,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":861},"headData":{"title":"Separating Kids From Their Parents Can Lead To Long-Term Health Problems | KQED","description":"Though the federal government is changing its policy of separating immigrant children and parents, some children who were detained may suffer ongoing health consequences from the trauma.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Separating Kids From Their Parents Can Lead To Long-Term Health Problems","datePublished":"2018-06-21T19:00:40.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-21T17:22:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442953 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442953","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/21/separating-kids-from-their-parents-can-lead-to-long-term-health-problems/","disqusTitle":"Separating Kids From Their Parents Can Lead To Long-Term Health Problems","source":"Health","nprImageCredit":"Loren Elliott","nprByline":"Alison Kodjak, NPR","nprImageAgency":"AFP/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"621872722","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=621872722&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/20/621872722/separating-kids-from-their-parents-is-a-recipe-for-long-term-health-problems?ft=nprml&f=621872722","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 20 Jun 2018 19:01:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 20 Jun 2018 17:50:53 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 20 Jun 2018 19:01:37 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/442953/separating-kids-from-their-parents-can-lead-to-long-term-health-problems","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rachel Osborn knows kids who slept in the immigrant detention centers in Texas that have dominated recent headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have kids who will say that was the worst part of their journey,\" Osborn says. \"They were traveling for weeks and the hardest part was being in this freezing cold room where, you know, they were fed a cold sandwich and had a thin blanket to shiver under.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they had no parent or caregiver to comfort them and make them feel safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osborn is a therapist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.maryscenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mary's Center\u003c/a> in Washington, D.C., who works in schools with children who immigrated from Latin America to the U.S. without their parents. The kids she works with weren't forcefully taken from their parents by U.S. immigration agents, but the trauma, Osborn says, is similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of kids were taken from their parents by immigration officials and placed in detention facilities under the Trump administration policy that was in place from April until \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/20/621798823/speaker-ryan-plans-immigration-votes-amid-doubts-that-bills-can-pass\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it was changed Wednesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers suggest these children, and others who have spent time in those detention facilities, may have increased long-term health care needs. That's because the stress of being separated from a parent can also cause lasting \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/journal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">physical harm \u003c/a>to children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harms can include reduced immune system functioning in the short term, and increased risk of heart disease, diabetes or other chronic health problems in the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids, like everyone, have a physical response to stress. The heart rate speeds up and the body releases hormones like cortisol. But when they don't have a parent or adult that they trust to comfort them, a prolonged stress response can become toxic and cause physical damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The most powerful stress buffer known to humans is the presence and availability of the parents for young children,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://cnbd.umn.edu/bio/cnbd-faculty-staff/megan-gunnar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Gunnar\u003c/a>, a professor at the Center for Neurobehavioral Development at the University of Minnesota Medical School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's impossible to know which of the detained kids may see damage to their health or how severe that damage may be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the conditions are there, according to Nithya Nathan-Pineau, who works for the detained children's program at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.caircoalition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Capital Area Immigrants Rights Coalition,\u003c/a> in Washington, D.C. Her organization advocates for the rights of immigrants and has direct contact with some children who were separated from their parents under the Trump administration policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We talk to these kids directly. What we're seeing is that they are extraordinarily traumatized,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She describes a meeting with a 10-year-old child in a government detention center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Essentially during the first intake [the child] couldn't really report anything to us because the child was so distraught they just cried through the whole intake,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she went back later, she found out what was going on. \"We learned that at this point they had been in the area for over four weeks and the child has not been able to speak with their parent,\" she says. \"They don't know where their parent is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without a parent's comfort, a child's stress response can go into overdrive, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/08/25/545092982/nadine-burke-harris-how-does-trauma-affect-a-childs-dna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Nadine Burke Harris\u003c/a>, CEO of the Center for Youth Wellness in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center includes a clinic that treats kids who have gone through trauma, and it also conducts research on the effects of trauma on children and ways to counter them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke Harris says when children are comforted by their parents, they produce more of the hormone oxytocin, which helps relieve the stress response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People call it the cuddle hormone,\" she says. \"It helps to shut off the stress response when it's activated. But it also helps to protect our organs from damage when the stress response is activated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that leads to many different health problems, she says, including \"changes in brain development, changes in the hormonal systems, immune system, cardiovascular system, and even the way our DNA is read and transcribed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gunnar says her research suggests removing children from their parents' care can make them more vulnerable to infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says evidence first showed up in monkeys that were taken away from their mothers for as little as two weeks. Years later, those monkeys showed a weaker immune system than the ones who stayed with their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gunnar says she is now seeing a similar response in teenagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you were an old person it would be called immune senescence,\" Gunnar says. \"Your immune system getting beyond the point where it can function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, she says, the body's immune system wears out early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gunnar says she's not sure whether these signs mean there is long-term harm in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know if we see them in teenagers, whether it means that their cells are not going to be able to fight as long,\" she says. \"But we do know if we see this in the aged, that is a sign that the immune system is coming to a point where it's not going to be able to fight things off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Separating+Kids+From+Their+Parents+Can+Lead+To+Long-Term+Health+Problems&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442953/separating-kids-from-their-parents-can-lead-to-long-term-health-problems","authors":["byline_futureofyou_442953"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_491","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1556","futureofyou_1554","futureofyou_1048","futureofyou_1555"],"featImg":"futureofyou_442954","label":"source_futureofyou_442953"},"futureofyou_442415":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_442415","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"442415","score":null,"sort":[1528411525000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-sues-two-makers-of-baby-formula-for-lead-contamination","title":"California Sues Two Makers of Baby Formula For Lead Contamination","publishDate":1528411525,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The state of California is suing two companies, Nutraceutical Corp. and Graceleigh Inc., whose toddler formulas contain dangerous levels of lead that exceed both state and federal standards.[contextly_sidebar id=\"dDFZfxJC6DngGGIurpGHrevnbYYzKMAg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State \u003ca href=\"https://www.oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-issues-cease-and-desist-letters-and-files-suit-over\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">testing\u003c/a> revealed that the two products -- Peaceful Planet Toddler Supreme and Sammy’s Milk Free-Range Goat Milk Toddler Formula – contained between 13 and 15 times the maximum allowable dose level under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra told reporters on Thursday that after the state Department of Justice issued cease-and-desist orders, the companies voluntarily agreed to stop selling the contaminated baby formulas in California.[contextly_sidebar id=\"A1OKE7foNBL4C7EMCs4DtnAcdEd76Tw8\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents across America, and certainly in California, on a daily basis rely on the representations made by companies,\" said Becerra during the press conference, \"to make sure that what our children are eating is not only good for them, but is safe as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In\u003ca href=\"https://www.oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-issues-cease-and-desist-letters-and-files-suit-over\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> a statement\u003c/a> accompanying the announcement, the department called the findings a “parent’s worst nightmare\" and said the lawsuit is intended to put all manufacturers on notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The California Department of Justice will hold you accountable for gambling with our children’s health,\" the agency warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit, which seeks monetary penalties, alleges that the companies violated California’s Unfair Competition Law, False Advertising Law, and Proposition 65, which requires companies to adequately warn consumers that their products expose them to toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents across America, and certainly in California, on a daily basis rely on the representations made by companies,\" said Becerra during today's presser, \"to make sure that what our children are eating is not only good for them, but is safe as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when it comes to lead consumption, there really isn't a tolerable level for children, according to Dr. Timur Durrani, a toxicologist at UCSF.[contextly_sidebar id=\"2INd1f7DezHFZVXzQK6VbkQZUIqMUhE2\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One message I would put to you is that there really is no safe level of lead, particularly for children,\" he told reporters at the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Mayo Clinic, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lead-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354717\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even small amounts\u003c/a> of lead can cause serious health problems in children, affecting their mental and physical development. Chronic lead exposure can seriously impair brain development and lead to learning and behavioral problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of lead in baby formula is especially concerning, said Becerra, since toddlers consume it daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead, a naturally occurring chemical, is found in the environment in small amounts. The majority of human exposure to it is through activities such as ceramics, or products such as cosmetics, paint and toys, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lead/learn-about-lead\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra has urged parents of toddlers who consumed the contaminated formulas to get them tested for lead exposure.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Products contained 13 to 15 times allowable levels -- but physicians warn there is no \"safe\" level for children.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1528410442,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":454},"headData":{"title":"California Sues Two Makers of Baby Formula For Lead Contamination | KQED","description":"Products contained 13 to 15 times allowable levels -- but physicians warn there is no "safe" level for children.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Sues Two Makers of Baby Formula For Lead Contamination","datePublished":"2018-06-07T22:45:25.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-07T22:27:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442415 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442415","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/07/california-sues-two-makers-of-baby-formula-for-lead-contamination/","disqusTitle":"California Sues Two Makers of Baby Formula For Lead Contamination","source":"Health Policy","path":"/futureofyou/442415/california-sues-two-makers-of-baby-formula-for-lead-contamination","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The state of California is suing two companies, Nutraceutical Corp. and Graceleigh Inc., whose toddler formulas contain dangerous levels of lead that exceed both state and federal standards.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State \u003ca href=\"https://www.oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-issues-cease-and-desist-letters-and-files-suit-over\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">testing\u003c/a> revealed that the two products -- Peaceful Planet Toddler Supreme and Sammy’s Milk Free-Range Goat Milk Toddler Formula – contained between 13 and 15 times the maximum allowable dose level under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra told reporters on Thursday that after the state Department of Justice issued cease-and-desist orders, the companies voluntarily agreed to stop selling the contaminated baby formulas in California.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents across America, and certainly in California, on a daily basis rely on the representations made by companies,\" said Becerra during the press conference, \"to make sure that what our children are eating is not only good for them, but is safe as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In\u003ca href=\"https://www.oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-issues-cease-and-desist-letters-and-files-suit-over\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> a statement\u003c/a> accompanying the announcement, the department called the findings a “parent’s worst nightmare\" and said the lawsuit is intended to put all manufacturers on notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The California Department of Justice will hold you accountable for gambling with our children’s health,\" the agency warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit, which seeks monetary penalties, alleges that the companies violated California’s Unfair Competition Law, False Advertising Law, and Proposition 65, which requires companies to adequately warn consumers that their products expose them to toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents across America, and certainly in California, on a daily basis rely on the representations made by companies,\" said Becerra during today's presser, \"to make sure that what our children are eating is not only good for them, but is safe as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when it comes to lead consumption, there really isn't a tolerable level for children, according to Dr. Timur Durrani, a toxicologist at UCSF.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One message I would put to you is that there really is no safe level of lead, particularly for children,\" he told reporters at the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Mayo Clinic, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lead-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354717\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even small amounts\u003c/a> of lead can cause serious health problems in children, affecting their mental and physical development. Chronic lead exposure can seriously impair brain development and lead to learning and behavioral problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of lead in baby formula is especially concerning, said Becerra, since toddlers consume it daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead, a naturally occurring chemical, is found in the environment in small amounts. The majority of human exposure to it is through activities such as ceramics, or products such as cosmetics, paint and toys, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lead/learn-about-lead\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra has urged parents of toddlers who consumed the contaminated formulas to get them tested for lead exposure.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442415/california-sues-two-makers-of-baby-formula-for-lead-contamination","authors":["11428"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_221","futureofyou_1519","futureofyou_491","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1518","futureofyou_1517"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_442418","label":"source_futureofyou_442415"},"futureofyou_441113":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_441113","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"441113","score":null,"sort":[1525096835000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"autism-is-on-the-rise-cdc-says-heres-what-that-actually-means","title":"Autism Is on the Rise, CDC Says. Here’s What That Actually Means","publishDate":1525096835,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>One in 59 children in the U.S. have autism spectrum disorder, based on a new estimate released Thursday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This finding indicates the prevalence of autism is slightly higher than previously thought, but does it mean autism is becoming more common? Here is what you need to know.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Sevxx0pxynIJeAlOQQl1WQbPkkyNrlRB\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Where the new numbers came from:\u003c/b> Since the turn of the century, the CDC and partner hospitals have measured the prevalence and evolution of autism spectrum disorder by using a massive group of 8-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/addm.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network\u003c/a>, this survey ranges in size — depending on the year — from 180,000 to 400,000 children. It is spread across 11 communities in Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Tennessee and Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every two years, the CDC compiles this health data into a report, but due to a lag, Thursday’s findings technically reflect how many autism cases existed in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The new rate, in context:\u003c/b> The latest figure from the network represents a small — less than a quarter of a percentage point — increase compared to the autism rate released in 2016 (one in 68). CDC officials partially attribute this rise to improved surveillance and diagnosis in minority communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0011551\">Socioeconomics factors into whether or not\u003c/a> a child will receive access to autism screening, and prior research has found white and Asian children \u003ca href=\"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131243\">are more likely to be diagnosed\u003c/a> than black and Hispanic kids. In 2012, the ADDM survey detected 20 percent more cases of autism in white versus black children. Compared to Latino children, the gap was even larger, at 50 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/aS0mh0kUlzo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Autism prevalence among black and Hispanic children is approaching that of white children,” Stuart Shapira, associate director for science at CDC’s National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0426-autism-prevalence.html\">statement\u003c/a>. “The higher number of black and Hispanic children now being identified with autism could be due to more effective outreach in minority communities and increased efforts to have all children screened for autism so they can get the services they need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if it’s the case that the rate grew only because of better diagnosis, that would mean that autism spectrum disorder isn’t becoming more common among American children. Doctors are just better at spotting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why it matters:\u003c/b> There is huge room for improvement when it comes to diagnosing autism. Based on the latest survey, doctors had noted developmental concerns early on with 85 percent of the children with autism, typically by age 3. But physicians only referred them for specialized evaluation 42 percent of the time. The autism rate also varied dramatically by region, with New Jersey reporting a prevalence that is twice what is found in Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until screening becomes level across the nation, it will be difficult to fully determine the degree to which regional, environmental and socioeconomic factors contribute to autism.[contextly_sidebar id=\"geBXqLoqg0oZNnzzsN71l0qnyTuBs8AV\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, any increase in the autism rate is met with a strong public scrutiny, as parents of children with the conditions continue to look, \u003ca href=\"https://spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/the-seekers-parents-who-find-fringe-therapies-for-autism/\">sometimes in alternative places\u003c/a>, for a cause and cure. This year also marks two decades since The Lancet published a now retracted study by Dr. Andrew Wakefield that falsified a link between measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism. Since its publication, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/pdf/cdcstudiesonvaccinesandautism.pdf\">dozens\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa021134\">studies\u003c/a> have looked into any possible link between the measles vaccine and autism, and the evidence overwhelming shows no link.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Wakefield’s study, the autism advocacy and medical communities endured a strained relationship, said Dr. Susan Hyman, division chief of developmental and behavioral pediatrics at the University of Rochester Medical Center. Just last autumn, a study found children whose older siblings have autism are about 14 percent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1708223\">less likely\u003c/a> to be vaccinated than siblings of those without the disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parents are still afraid because when you put that scary idea out there, it’s hard to put it back in,” said Alison Singer, president of the Autism Science Foundation (ASF). “So, there is still a legacy 20 years later from the Wakefield paper, and that legacy is disease and death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/G3jiqymFDGg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the anti-vaccination movement has survived both in the United States and Europe. In the United Kingdom, MMR immunization rates \u003ca href=\"http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN02581/SN02581.pdf\">dropped\u003c/a> about 4 percent after the Wakefield study’s publication. A measles outbreak at Disneyland in 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6627a1.htm\">was attributed directly\u003c/a> to misinformation about vaccines and autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We tell parents all the time: when you withhold vaccines from your child, you are doing absolutely nothing to reduce the likelihood that they will be diagnosed with autism,” Singer said. “But you are absolutely increasing the likelihood that they will contract a disease from which they could potentially die.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The prevalence of autism is slightly higher -- one in 59 children -- than previously thought. But does this finding mean autism has become more common? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1525111349,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":820},"headData":{"title":"Autism Is on the Rise, CDC Says. Here’s What That Actually Means | KQED","description":"The prevalence of autism is slightly higher -- one in 59 children -- than previously thought. But does this finding mean autism has become more common? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Autism Is on the Rise, CDC Says. Here’s What That Actually Means","datePublished":"2018-04-30T14:00:35.000Z","dateModified":"2018-04-30T18:02:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"441113 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=441113","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/04/30/autism-is-on-the-rise-cdc-says-heres-what-that-actually-means/","disqusTitle":"Autism Is on the Rise, CDC Says. Here’s What That Actually Means","source":"Health","nprByline":"Nsikan Akpan\u003cbr />Hannah Grabenstein\u003cbr />PBS Health","path":"/futureofyou/441113/autism-is-on-the-rise-cdc-says-heres-what-that-actually-means","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One in 59 children in the U.S. have autism spectrum disorder, based on a new estimate released Thursday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This finding indicates the prevalence of autism is slightly higher than previously thought, but does it mean autism is becoming more common? Here is what you need to know.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Where the new numbers came from:\u003c/b> Since the turn of the century, the CDC and partner hospitals have measured the prevalence and evolution of autism spectrum disorder by using a massive group of 8-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/addm.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network\u003c/a>, this survey ranges in size — depending on the year — from 180,000 to 400,000 children. It is spread across 11 communities in Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Tennessee and Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every two years, the CDC compiles this health data into a report, but due to a lag, Thursday’s findings technically reflect how many autism cases existed in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The new rate, in context:\u003c/b> The latest figure from the network represents a small — less than a quarter of a percentage point — increase compared to the autism rate released in 2016 (one in 68). CDC officials partially attribute this rise to improved surveillance and diagnosis in minority communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0011551\">Socioeconomics factors into whether or not\u003c/a> a child will receive access to autism screening, and prior research has found white and Asian children \u003ca href=\"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131243\">are more likely to be diagnosed\u003c/a> than black and Hispanic kids. In 2012, the ADDM survey detected 20 percent more cases of autism in white versus black children. Compared to Latino children, the gap was even larger, at 50 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/aS0mh0kUlzo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Autism prevalence among black and Hispanic children is approaching that of white children,” Stuart Shapira, associate director for science at CDC’s National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0426-autism-prevalence.html\">statement\u003c/a>. “The higher number of black and Hispanic children now being identified with autism could be due to more effective outreach in minority communities and increased efforts to have all children screened for autism so they can get the services they need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if it’s the case that the rate grew only because of better diagnosis, that would mean that autism spectrum disorder isn’t becoming more common among American children. Doctors are just better at spotting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why it matters:\u003c/b> There is huge room for improvement when it comes to diagnosing autism. Based on the latest survey, doctors had noted developmental concerns early on with 85 percent of the children with autism, typically by age 3. But physicians only referred them for specialized evaluation 42 percent of the time. The autism rate also varied dramatically by region, with New Jersey reporting a prevalence that is twice what is found in Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until screening becomes level across the nation, it will be difficult to fully determine the degree to which regional, environmental and socioeconomic factors contribute to autism.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, any increase in the autism rate is met with a strong public scrutiny, as parents of children with the conditions continue to look, \u003ca href=\"https://spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/the-seekers-parents-who-find-fringe-therapies-for-autism/\">sometimes in alternative places\u003c/a>, for a cause and cure. This year also marks two decades since The Lancet published a now retracted study by Dr. Andrew Wakefield that falsified a link between measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism. Since its publication, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/pdf/cdcstudiesonvaccinesandautism.pdf\">dozens\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa021134\">studies\u003c/a> have looked into any possible link between the measles vaccine and autism, and the evidence overwhelming shows no link.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Wakefield’s study, the autism advocacy and medical communities endured a strained relationship, said Dr. Susan Hyman, division chief of developmental and behavioral pediatrics at the University of Rochester Medical Center. Just last autumn, a study found children whose older siblings have autism are about 14 percent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1708223\">less likely\u003c/a> to be vaccinated than siblings of those without the disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parents are still afraid because when you put that scary idea out there, it’s hard to put it back in,” said Alison Singer, president of the Autism Science Foundation (ASF). “So, there is still a legacy 20 years later from the Wakefield paper, and that legacy is disease and death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/G3jiqymFDGg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the anti-vaccination movement has survived both in the United States and Europe. In the United Kingdom, MMR immunization rates \u003ca href=\"http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN02581/SN02581.pdf\">dropped\u003c/a> about 4 percent after the Wakefield study’s publication. A measles outbreak at Disneyland in 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6627a1.htm\">was attributed directly\u003c/a> to misinformation about vaccines and autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We tell parents all the time: when you withhold vaccines from your child, you are doing absolutely nothing to reduce the likelihood that they will be diagnosed with autism,” Singer said. “But you are absolutely increasing the likelihood that they will contract a disease from which they could potentially die.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/441113/autism-is-on-the-rise-cdc-says-heres-what-that-actually-means","authors":["byline_futureofyou_441113"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_555","futureofyou_854","futureofyou_491","futureofyou_141","futureofyou_198"],"featImg":"futureofyou_441114","label":"source_futureofyou_441113"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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