California Proposes Strict Limit on Toxic Chemical in Drinking Water
Voters Revisit 1950s Debate Over Whether Fluoride Should be Added to Drinking Water
Tiny Central Valley Community Tests California's Clean-Water Law
Uranium Contaminates Water Across California's Central Valley
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Chemical in Drinking Water","publishDate":1493399964,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>California regulators are proposing a strict limit on a toxic man-made chemical that has contaminated water supplies throughout the state, particularly in its vast agricultural heartland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would be the second state, after Hawaii, to establish a threshold for the former pesticide ingredient and industrial solvent known as TCP (1,2,3-trichloropropane) in drinking water. The chemical compound, identified in California as a human carcinogen, is no longer in wide use but has leached over the years into many wells and reservoirs in California and other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California State Water Resources Control Board’s proposal would set the maximum allowable amount of TCP in public tap water at five parts per trillion — the lowest level that existing filtration systems can reliably detect and far lower than Hawaii’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It “is a top priority for the state water board,” said board spokesman Andrew DiLuccia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TCP taints water systems serving nearly a million people from Sacramento to San Diego, according to the state water board. The compound is present at levels above the proposed limit in 562 wells, reservoirs and other sources belonging to 94 public water systems, according to 2016 data. Those numbers do not include private wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Citing federal data, the Environmental Working Group, a Washington, D.C.-based advocacy organization, says the chemical also has been detected in water supplies of a dozen other states, including New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, as well as Puerto Rico. The group, or EWG, said the extent of contamination is likely underestimated because federal tests used a contamination threshold much higher than California’s. (The federal government does not set restrictions on TCP in drinking water.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once TCP gets into the groundwater, it “persists for centuries,” according to the EWG’s April report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the contamination exists in many urban areas, including in Los Angeles, San Bernardino and San Mateo counties. Though the source in those more populated regions is not known, the pollution is believed to come from industrial and hazardous waste sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Los Angeles has quite a bit of contamination,” said Andria Ventura, toxics program manager for the environmental advocacy group Clean Water Action. “It’s hard for water providers to pinpoint where it came from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s most serious and widespread TCP contamination is in the agricultural counties of the Central Valley, where the chemical was an ingredient in soil fumigants sold by the Shell Oil and Dow Chemical companies from at least the 1950s into the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that period, farmers who grew potatoes, sugar beets and other vegetables used the fumigants to kill tiny, soil-dwelling worms called nematodes. Dozens of municipalities and public water suppliers across the state have filed lawsuits against Shell and Dow, alleging that the companies knew — or should have known — that the TCP in their soil-fumigating pesticides would migrate into groundwater and pose a serious health hazard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell and Dow have denied wrongdoing. Shell quit selling its product, known as D-D, in the mid-1980s. About the same time, Dow opted to reformulate its fumigant, known as Telone, after which TCP declined to “generally undetectable” levels, according to company spokesman Jarrod Erpelding. He declined to comment further, citing pending litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell sent an email response: “The former Shell agricultural product, last manufactured more than 30 years ago, contained trace amounts of 1,2,3 trichloropropane (TCP). It was used to control microscopic worms that attacked crops causing millions of dollars a year of crop loss for farmers, and was approved for use by the U.S. government and the State of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocates say the adoption of a regulatory limit for TCP is a crucial step to help cash-strapped, rural water districts pay for the cleanup of their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows the districts when they go into court to be very specific and say to the judge, ‘We’re going to need exactly this amount of money to purchase this kind of system to meet the state standards,’” said Bill Walker, managing editor at the Environmental Working Group and co-author of its report on the role of Shell and Dow in California’s TCP drinking water problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t guarantee they’ll win,” he said, “but it increases their leverage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a public hearing on April 19, water board members heard testimony and received written comments on the proposed limit. Now the board is reviewing the input it received and will likely vote on the plan by summer, DiLuccia said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulation would require water utilities to test their supplies for TCP and remove it from any public drinking water source that exceeded the threshold, starting in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed limit is more stringent than Hawaii’s because it is as close as California could get to meeting its stated “public health goal” for TCP set in 2009, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it is difficult to know how long the California cleanup might take, the cost of TCP testing and subsequent cleanup could reach nearly $500 million over 20 years, according to one water board estimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TCP contamination “disproportionately impacts poor communities and communities of color,” said Jenny Rempel, of Community Water Center, a Visalia, Calif.-based advocacy group. “This is a problem where the cost should not be borne by taxpayers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Todd E. Robins, a San Francisco attorney who is representing more than two dozen of the water suppliers that are suing Shell and Dow, argues that the companies included TCP in their worm-killing pesticides to get rid of the compound without having to pay for proper disposal. It was a byproduct of unrelated manufacturing processes and, according to the suits, played no role in killing the plant-damaging worms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The TCP that we find today in groundwater is the result of past use of soil fumigants that contained TCP as an unnecessary ingredient,” Robins said. “Instead of paying for disposal costs, they started getting farmers to pay for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The saddest part of the story,” Robins added, “is that the … actual active ingredient breaks down in the soil after a matter of days and has rarely been detected in anyone’s groundwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the lawsuits filed by Robins, on behalf of the Del Rey Community Service District in Fresno County, says the companies knew they could remove or reduce the amount of TCP in their pesticides without compromising its effectiveness but failed to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complaint calls TCP a “hazardous waste” — a byproduct created in the manufacturing of a different chemical, allyl chloride, that Shell and Dow used to make plastics and other commercial products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An internal Shell memo uncovered in Robins’ litigation cites $3.2 million in savings from “cost avoidance for disposal” related to the allyl chloride operations. The memo is dated Jan. 20, 1983 — a year before the company stopped producing the TCP-laced pesticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the pending cases, which also name distributors and marketers as defendants, Robins said he has settled eight cases against both Shell and Dow since 2010. He said he cannot disclose the amounts because of confidentiality agreements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last December, in a case tried by a different lawyer, a Fresno Superior Court jury awarded the city of Clovis $22 million against Shell to clean up its TCP-tainted drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, in a case brought by the city of Redlands, Shell won. The company argued that a nearby aerospace plant was the source of the toxin. Moreover, the wells in question were used for irrigation, and the jury didn’t believe they’d ever be used for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the lawsuits proceed, some California residents do what they can to protest the toxic chemicals in their water supply. Bartolo Chavez, 57, took time off his job in a juice packing house to testify at the recent hearing in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We talk about the contaminants and the danger,” said Chavez, who has lived for 21 years in the Central Valley town of Arvin, Calif. “And [that] we’re exposed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he gets tokens from the water district to get free filtered water — not just because of TCP but because of other contaminants as well, such as arsenic and chromium-6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the tokens aren’t enough,” Chavez said, speaking through a Spanish-language interpreter. “So in addition, we buy bottled water at Costco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chavez and his wife, a hotel worker, pay about $50 a month for that water — a price they say they can ill afford. But leaving Arvin isn’t an option either, Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have thought about moving, but it’s not so easy to find work in other places, especially when you’re older,” he said. “Our house is almost paid off, and to move would be to start over again, so it’s almost impossible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>California Healthline Managing Editor Bernard Wolfson contributed to this report.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"TCP contamination is found in water supplies in the agricultural Central Valley and in some urban areas of the state, including Los Angeles, San Bernardino and San Mateo counties.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1493407583,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":39,"wordCount":1558},"headData":{"title":"California Proposes Strict Limit on Toxic Chemical in Drinking Water | KQED","description":"TCP contamination is found in water supplies in the agricultural Central Valley and in some urban areas of the state, including Los Angeles, San Bernardino and San Mateo counties.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Proposes Strict Limit on Toxic Chemical in Drinking Water","datePublished":"2017-04-28T17:19:24.000Z","dateModified":"2017-04-28T19:26:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"323597 https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=323597","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2017/04/28/california-proposes-strict-limit-on-toxic-chemical-in-drinking-water/","disqusTitle":"California Proposes Strict Limit on Toxic Chemical in Drinking Water","nprByline":"\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/news/author/stephanie-oneill/\"_blank\">Stephanie O'Neill \u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/br>California Healthline","path":"/stateofhealth/323597/california-proposes-strict-limit-on-toxic-chemical-in-drinking-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California regulators are proposing a strict limit on a toxic man-made chemical that has contaminated water supplies throughout the state, particularly in its vast agricultural heartland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would be the second state, after Hawaii, to establish a threshold for the former pesticide ingredient and industrial solvent known as TCP (1,2,3-trichloropropane) in drinking water. The chemical compound, identified in California as a human carcinogen, is no longer in wide use but has leached over the years into many wells and reservoirs in California and other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California State Water Resources Control Board’s proposal would set the maximum allowable amount of TCP in public tap water at five parts per trillion — the lowest level that existing filtration systems can reliably detect and far lower than Hawaii’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It “is a top priority for the state water board,” said board spokesman Andrew DiLuccia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TCP taints water systems serving nearly a million people from Sacramento to San Diego, according to the state water board. The compound is present at levels above the proposed limit in 562 wells, reservoirs and other sources belonging to 94 public water systems, according to 2016 data. Those numbers do not include private wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Citing federal data, the Environmental Working Group, a Washington, D.C.-based advocacy organization, says the chemical also has been detected in water supplies of a dozen other states, including New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, as well as Puerto Rico. The group, or EWG, said the extent of contamination is likely underestimated because federal tests used a contamination threshold much higher than California’s. (The federal government does not set restrictions on TCP in drinking water.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once TCP gets into the groundwater, it “persists for centuries,” according to the EWG’s April report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the contamination exists in many urban areas, including in Los Angeles, San Bernardino and San Mateo counties. Though the source in those more populated regions is not known, the pollution is believed to come from industrial and hazardous waste sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Los Angeles has quite a bit of contamination,” said Andria Ventura, toxics program manager for the environmental advocacy group Clean Water Action. “It’s hard for water providers to pinpoint where it came from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s most serious and widespread TCP contamination is in the agricultural counties of the Central Valley, where the chemical was an ingredient in soil fumigants sold by the Shell Oil and Dow Chemical companies from at least the 1950s into the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that period, farmers who grew potatoes, sugar beets and other vegetables used the fumigants to kill tiny, soil-dwelling worms called nematodes. Dozens of municipalities and public water suppliers across the state have filed lawsuits against Shell and Dow, alleging that the companies knew — or should have known — that the TCP in their soil-fumigating pesticides would migrate into groundwater and pose a serious health hazard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell and Dow have denied wrongdoing. Shell quit selling its product, known as D-D, in the mid-1980s. About the same time, Dow opted to reformulate its fumigant, known as Telone, after which TCP declined to “generally undetectable” levels, according to company spokesman Jarrod Erpelding. He declined to comment further, citing pending litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell sent an email response: “The former Shell agricultural product, last manufactured more than 30 years ago, contained trace amounts of 1,2,3 trichloropropane (TCP). It was used to control microscopic worms that attacked crops causing millions of dollars a year of crop loss for farmers, and was approved for use by the U.S. government and the State of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocates say the adoption of a regulatory limit for TCP is a crucial step to help cash-strapped, rural water districts pay for the cleanup of their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows the districts when they go into court to be very specific and say to the judge, ‘We’re going to need exactly this amount of money to purchase this kind of system to meet the state standards,’” said Bill Walker, managing editor at the Environmental Working Group and co-author of its report on the role of Shell and Dow in California’s TCP drinking water problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t guarantee they’ll win,” he said, “but it increases their leverage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a public hearing on April 19, water board members heard testimony and received written comments on the proposed limit. Now the board is reviewing the input it received and will likely vote on the plan by summer, DiLuccia said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulation would require water utilities to test their supplies for TCP and remove it from any public drinking water source that exceeded the threshold, starting in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed limit is more stringent than Hawaii’s because it is as close as California could get to meeting its stated “public health goal” for TCP set in 2009, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it is difficult to know how long the California cleanup might take, the cost of TCP testing and subsequent cleanup could reach nearly $500 million over 20 years, according to one water board estimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TCP contamination “disproportionately impacts poor communities and communities of color,” said Jenny Rempel, of Community Water Center, a Visalia, Calif.-based advocacy group. “This is a problem where the cost should not be borne by taxpayers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Todd E. Robins, a San Francisco attorney who is representing more than two dozen of the water suppliers that are suing Shell and Dow, argues that the companies included TCP in their worm-killing pesticides to get rid of the compound without having to pay for proper disposal. It was a byproduct of unrelated manufacturing processes and, according to the suits, played no role in killing the plant-damaging worms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The TCP that we find today in groundwater is the result of past use of soil fumigants that contained TCP as an unnecessary ingredient,” Robins said. “Instead of paying for disposal costs, they started getting farmers to pay for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The saddest part of the story,” Robins added, “is that the … actual active ingredient breaks down in the soil after a matter of days and has rarely been detected in anyone’s groundwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the lawsuits filed by Robins, on behalf of the Del Rey Community Service District in Fresno County, says the companies knew they could remove or reduce the amount of TCP in their pesticides without compromising its effectiveness but failed to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complaint calls TCP a “hazardous waste” — a byproduct created in the manufacturing of a different chemical, allyl chloride, that Shell and Dow used to make plastics and other commercial products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An internal Shell memo uncovered in Robins’ litigation cites $3.2 million in savings from “cost avoidance for disposal” related to the allyl chloride operations. The memo is dated Jan. 20, 1983 — a year before the company stopped producing the TCP-laced pesticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the pending cases, which also name distributors and marketers as defendants, Robins said he has settled eight cases against both Shell and Dow since 2010. He said he cannot disclose the amounts because of confidentiality agreements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last December, in a case tried by a different lawyer, a Fresno Superior Court jury awarded the city of Clovis $22 million against Shell to clean up its TCP-tainted drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, in a case brought by the city of Redlands, Shell won. The company argued that a nearby aerospace plant was the source of the toxin. Moreover, the wells in question were used for irrigation, and the jury didn’t believe they’d ever be used for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the lawsuits proceed, some California residents do what they can to protest the toxic chemicals in their water supply. Bartolo Chavez, 57, took time off his job in a juice packing house to testify at the recent hearing in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We talk about the contaminants and the danger,” said Chavez, who has lived for 21 years in the Central Valley town of Arvin, Calif. “And [that] we’re exposed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he gets tokens from the water district to get free filtered water — not just because of TCP but because of other contaminants as well, such as arsenic and chromium-6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the tokens aren’t enough,” Chavez said, speaking through a Spanish-language interpreter. “So in addition, we buy bottled water at Costco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chavez and his wife, a hotel worker, pay about $50 a month for that water — a price they say they can ill afford. But leaving Arvin isn’t an option either, Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have thought about moving, but it’s not so easy to find work in other places, especially when you’re older,” he said. “Our house is almost paid off, and to move would be to start over again, so it’s almost impossible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>California Healthline Managing Editor Bernard Wolfson contributed to this report.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/323597/california-proposes-strict-limit-on-toxic-chemical-in-drinking-water","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_323597"],"categories":["stateofhealth_14","stateofhealth_1"],"tags":["stateofhealth_2808","stateofhealth_2519","stateofhealth_3100","stateofhealth_3099","stateofhealth_2610"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_323599","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_241715":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_241715","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"241715","score":null,"sort":[1474905268000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"voters-revisit-1950s-debate-over-whether-fluoride-should-be-added-to-drinking-water","title":"Voters Revisit 1950s Debate Over Whether Fluoride Should be Added to Drinking Water","publishDate":1474905268,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>Many people take for granted the addition of fluoride into public drinking water systems that aims to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/factsheets/70-years.htm\" target=\"_blank\">prevent tooth decay\u003c/a>. It’s a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/factsheets/70-years.htm\" target=\"_blank\">seven-decade-old public health effort\u003c/a>. But it’s not nearly as universally accepted as one might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least seven cities or towns across the country debated it just this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">For example, \u003c/span>\u003ca style=\"line-height: 1.5\" href=\"http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/news/opinion/editorial-fluoride-vote-acknowledges-passion-yield/nrsfP/\" target=\"_blank\">Wellington, Fla.\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">, decided to add fluoride back into the water in July after the city council voted two years ago to remove it. Across the country in \u003c/span>\u003ca style=\"line-height: 1.5\" href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5767942-181/healdsburg-voters-will-again-decide\" target=\"_blank\">Healdsburg, Calif.\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">, voters will revisit a ballot question in November regarding whether to stop adding the mineral to the water supply.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There has always been periodic discussion,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.dentistry.uiowa.edu/steven-m-levy\" target=\"_blank\">Steven Levy\u003c/a>, a dentistry professor at the University of Iowa. Levy is involved in an Iowa-based longitudinal study that tracks fluoride intake and its effects on children’s bones. “We are seeing more challenges now because of the communication explosion with the internet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate started well before 1945 when Grand Rapids, Mich., became the first U.S. city to add fluoride to its water supply. In the decades since, opposition usually stems from studies linking fluoride intake by children with lower IQs, higher rates of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and potential toxicity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, fluoridation has become a fairly common practice, with about 74 percent of the population receiving fluoridated water from community water systems, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/statistics/fsgrowth.htm.http:/www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/statistics/fsgrowth.htm.\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. But the intervention, which is considered by the CDC to be one of the 10 top public health achievements of the 20th century and backed by the American Dental Association and the World Health Organization, also continues to raise grass roots concerns. These \u003ca href=\"http://fluoridealert.org/\" target=\"_blank\">arguments\u003c/a> range from casting fluoride as unnecessary and ineffective to efforts to paint the mineral as “mass medication” and a “damaging environmental pollutant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fluoridation is not safe or cost-effective,” said Bill Osmunson, director of the Fluoride Action Network, a national organization against fluoridation of water supplies, adding that people should be given the freedom of choice so they can avoid ingesting excess fluoride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Wellington, Mayor \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellingtonfl.gov/government/village-council/councilwoman-anne-gerwig#ad-image-1\" target=\"_blank\">Anne Gerwig\u003c/a> often fields angry emails on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I watch the videos that they email me, I read the information they send me,” Gerwig said. Gerwig has no background in science, but she read studies and fact-checked the claims being made by the town’s residents. Gerwig said she decided to support fluoridation after she found scientific consensus about the benefits of fluoridation in preventing tooth decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC, for instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/basics/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">considers\u003c/a> water fluoridation to be the most cost-effective method of delivering fluoride to all, reducing tooth decay by 25 percent in children and adults.\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/factsheets/70-years.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Tooth decay\u003c/a> is still one of the most common chronic conditions among children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big thing about community water fluoridation is that it’s a passive intervention, you don’t really have to do anything other than drink tap water,” said Katherine Weno, oral health director at the CDC. “You don’t have to buy a product or access to a dental professional. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/oral_health_disparities/\">benefits\u003c/a> people who don’t have money to go to a dentist or don’t have any insurance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some question the need for continued fluoridation, especially as products such as toothpaste and rinses containing fluoride are available, and because the chemical’s levels vary and indications of harm are not always clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/philippe-grandjean/\" target=\"_blank\">Philippe Grandjean\u003c/a>, an adjunct professor at Harvard University School of Public Health, has authored a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Grandjean%20P%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22820538\" target=\"_blank\">couple of studies\u003c/a> questioning the need for the added fluoride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our dental health is clearly much less dependent on fluoride in drinking water than way back when this important public health intervention was initiated,” Grandjean said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/fluoridated-drinking-water/\" target=\"_blank\">Harvard Public Health article\u003c/a>, Grandjean commented about the need for more research about populations that may be vulnerable to the mineral and the proper dose of it in drinking water. In response, the article drew multiple critical \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/letters-in-response-to-is-fluoridated-drinking-water-safe/\" target=\"_blank\">letters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The article misrepresents the current state of the science of community water fluoridation, and does not provide a fair and balanced perspective,” wrote Francis Kim and Scott L. Tomar from the American Association of Public Health Dentistry and Bruce Donoff, dean of the Harvard School of Dental Medicine in \u003ca href=\"https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2016/04/Fluoride-letter-Frantsve-Hawley.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">one of the letters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New studies are published almost every year that bring up concerns about fluoridation in drinking water, linking the intake with various \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491930/\" target=\"_blank\">developmental\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-015-0003-1\" target=\"_blank\">issues\u003c/a> and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/women/news/20150225/fluoride-in-drinking-water-tied-to-higher-rates-of-underactive-thyroid\" target=\"_blank\">thyroid problems\u003c/a>, issues that Osmunson also brought up. Weno and Levy said those studies were performed in places where natural fluoride levels are higher and where residents may get fluoride through milk or salt rather than water. Excessive fluoride intake does have health implications — \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/fluoridation/en/\" target=\"_blank\">a problem\u003c/a> commonly found in places with high concentrations of natural fluoride such as China, India and Africa. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/read/11571/chapter/2#3\" target=\"_blank\">Most Americans\u003c/a> receive water with low natural levels of fluoride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials also monitor and review what is appropriate. The Department of Health and Human Services in April 2015 released new recommendations for fluoride levels in drinking water, updating and replacing the level in place since 1962 in order to reflect the fact that Americans now have more sources of fluoride in toothpaste, mouthwashes and other products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other towns continue to wrestle with the issue. In July, the commissioners of \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2016/jul/20/soddy-daisy-nixes-water-fluoridation/376861/\" target=\"_blank\">Soddy-Daisy, Tenn.\u003c/a>, voted to stop adding fluoride and \u003ca href=\"http://www.houstonherald.com/news/council-to-leave-fluoride-in-water-supply-discusses-ordinances/article_aa9d7178-4dbb-11e6-b57c-8bbf000939c4.html\" target=\"_blank\">Houston’s\u003c/a> city council chose to leave it in. In August, \u003ca href=\"http://www.peninsuladailynews.com/news/port-angeles-stops-fluoridation/\" target=\"_blank\">Port Angeles, Wash.\u003c/a>, stopped fluoridation until voters decide in November 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for some of the local officials involved in these debates, their take on the issue is part of even greater political questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The individuals who benefit the most are poor children,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.durangogov.org/index.aspx?NID=828\" target=\"_blank\">Dick White\u003c/a>, mayor pro tem of Durango, Colo. The town \u003ca href=\"http://www.durangoherald.com/article/20160628/NEWS01/160629568/City-Councilors-opt-for-fluoridation-of-drinking-water\" target=\"_blank\">decided in June\u003c/a> to continue adding fluoride to its water. “If we get national health care for every single person, we could probably eliminate fluoridation in the water because we can ensure that every child is getting dental care.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"People in towns across the country, including Healdsburg, Calif., are reconsidering the issue.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1474941116,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1030},"headData":{"title":"Voters Revisit 1950s Debate Over Whether Fluoride Should be Added to Drinking Water | KQED","description":"People in towns across the country, including Healdsburg, Calif., are reconsidering the issue.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Voters Revisit 1950s Debate Over Whether Fluoride Should be Added to Drinking Water","datePublished":"2016-09-26T15:54:28.000Z","dateModified":"2016-09-27T01:51:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"241715 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=241715","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/09/26/voters-revisit-1950s-debate-over-whether-fluoride-should-be-added-to-drinking-water/","disqusTitle":"Voters Revisit 1950s Debate Over Whether Fluoride Should be Added to Drinking Water","nprByline":"Zhai Yun Tan\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>","path":"/stateofhealth/241715/voters-revisit-1950s-debate-over-whether-fluoride-should-be-added-to-drinking-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many people take for granted the addition of fluoride into public drinking water systems that aims to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/factsheets/70-years.htm\" target=\"_blank\">prevent tooth decay\u003c/a>. It’s a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/factsheets/70-years.htm\" target=\"_blank\">seven-decade-old public health effort\u003c/a>. But it’s not nearly as universally accepted as one might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least seven cities or towns across the country debated it just this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">For example, \u003c/span>\u003ca style=\"line-height: 1.5\" href=\"http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/news/opinion/editorial-fluoride-vote-acknowledges-passion-yield/nrsfP/\" target=\"_blank\">Wellington, Fla.\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">, decided to add fluoride back into the water in July after the city council voted two years ago to remove it. Across the country in \u003c/span>\u003ca style=\"line-height: 1.5\" href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5767942-181/healdsburg-voters-will-again-decide\" target=\"_blank\">Healdsburg, Calif.\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">, voters will revisit a ballot question in November regarding whether to stop adding the mineral to the water supply.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There has always been periodic discussion,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.dentistry.uiowa.edu/steven-m-levy\" target=\"_blank\">Steven Levy\u003c/a>, a dentistry professor at the University of Iowa. Levy is involved in an Iowa-based longitudinal study that tracks fluoride intake and its effects on children’s bones. “We are seeing more challenges now because of the communication explosion with the internet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate started well before 1945 when Grand Rapids, Mich., became the first U.S. city to add fluoride to its water supply. In the decades since, opposition usually stems from studies linking fluoride intake by children with lower IQs, higher rates of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and potential toxicity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, fluoridation has become a fairly common practice, with about 74 percent of the population receiving fluoridated water from community water systems, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/statistics/fsgrowth.htm.http:/www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/statistics/fsgrowth.htm.\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. But the intervention, which is considered by the CDC to be one of the 10 top public health achievements of the 20th century and backed by the American Dental Association and the World Health Organization, also continues to raise grass roots concerns. These \u003ca href=\"http://fluoridealert.org/\" target=\"_blank\">arguments\u003c/a> range from casting fluoride as unnecessary and ineffective to efforts to paint the mineral as “mass medication” and a “damaging environmental pollutant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fluoridation is not safe or cost-effective,” said Bill Osmunson, director of the Fluoride Action Network, a national organization against fluoridation of water supplies, adding that people should be given the freedom of choice so they can avoid ingesting excess fluoride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Wellington, Mayor \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellingtonfl.gov/government/village-council/councilwoman-anne-gerwig#ad-image-1\" target=\"_blank\">Anne Gerwig\u003c/a> often fields angry emails on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I watch the videos that they email me, I read the information they send me,” Gerwig said. Gerwig has no background in science, but she read studies and fact-checked the claims being made by the town’s residents. Gerwig said she decided to support fluoridation after she found scientific consensus about the benefits of fluoridation in preventing tooth decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC, for instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/basics/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">considers\u003c/a> water fluoridation to be the most cost-effective method of delivering fluoride to all, reducing tooth decay by 25 percent in children and adults.\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/factsheets/70-years.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Tooth decay\u003c/a> is still one of the most common chronic conditions among children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big thing about community water fluoridation is that it’s a passive intervention, you don’t really have to do anything other than drink tap water,” said Katherine Weno, oral health director at the CDC. “You don’t have to buy a product or access to a dental professional. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/oral_health_disparities/\">benefits\u003c/a> people who don’t have money to go to a dentist or don’t have any insurance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some question the need for continued fluoridation, especially as products such as toothpaste and rinses containing fluoride are available, and because the chemical’s levels vary and indications of harm are not always clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/philippe-grandjean/\" target=\"_blank\">Philippe Grandjean\u003c/a>, an adjunct professor at Harvard University School of Public Health, has authored a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Grandjean%20P%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22820538\" target=\"_blank\">couple of studies\u003c/a> questioning the need for the added fluoride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our dental health is clearly much less dependent on fluoride in drinking water than way back when this important public health intervention was initiated,” Grandjean said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/fluoridated-drinking-water/\" target=\"_blank\">Harvard Public Health article\u003c/a>, Grandjean commented about the need for more research about populations that may be vulnerable to the mineral and the proper dose of it in drinking water. In response, the article drew multiple critical \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/letters-in-response-to-is-fluoridated-drinking-water-safe/\" target=\"_blank\">letters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The article misrepresents the current state of the science of community water fluoridation, and does not provide a fair and balanced perspective,” wrote Francis Kim and Scott L. Tomar from the American Association of Public Health Dentistry and Bruce Donoff, dean of the Harvard School of Dental Medicine in \u003ca href=\"https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2016/04/Fluoride-letter-Frantsve-Hawley.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">one of the letters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New studies are published almost every year that bring up concerns about fluoridation in drinking water, linking the intake with various \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491930/\" target=\"_blank\">developmental\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-015-0003-1\" target=\"_blank\">issues\u003c/a> and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/women/news/20150225/fluoride-in-drinking-water-tied-to-higher-rates-of-underactive-thyroid\" target=\"_blank\">thyroid problems\u003c/a>, issues that Osmunson also brought up. Weno and Levy said those studies were performed in places where natural fluoride levels are higher and where residents may get fluoride through milk or salt rather than water. Excessive fluoride intake does have health implications — \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/fluoridation/en/\" target=\"_blank\">a problem\u003c/a> commonly found in places with high concentrations of natural fluoride such as China, India and Africa. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/read/11571/chapter/2#3\" target=\"_blank\">Most Americans\u003c/a> receive water with low natural levels of fluoride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials also monitor and review what is appropriate. The Department of Health and Human Services in April 2015 released new recommendations for fluoride levels in drinking water, updating and replacing the level in place since 1962 in order to reflect the fact that Americans now have more sources of fluoride in toothpaste, mouthwashes and other products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other towns continue to wrestle with the issue. In July, the commissioners of \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2016/jul/20/soddy-daisy-nixes-water-fluoridation/376861/\" target=\"_blank\">Soddy-Daisy, Tenn.\u003c/a>, voted to stop adding fluoride and \u003ca href=\"http://www.houstonherald.com/news/council-to-leave-fluoride-in-water-supply-discusses-ordinances/article_aa9d7178-4dbb-11e6-b57c-8bbf000939c4.html\" target=\"_blank\">Houston’s\u003c/a> city council chose to leave it in. In August, \u003ca href=\"http://www.peninsuladailynews.com/news/port-angeles-stops-fluoridation/\" target=\"_blank\">Port Angeles, Wash.\u003c/a>, stopped fluoridation until voters decide in November 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for some of the local officials involved in these debates, their take on the issue is part of even greater political questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The individuals who benefit the most are poor children,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.durangogov.org/index.aspx?NID=828\" target=\"_blank\">Dick White\u003c/a>, mayor pro tem of Durango, Colo. The town \u003ca href=\"http://www.durangoherald.com/article/20160628/NEWS01/160629568/City-Councilors-opt-for-fluoridation-of-drinking-water\" target=\"_blank\">decided in June\u003c/a> to continue adding fluoride to its water. “If we get national health care for every single person, we could probably eliminate fluoridation in the water because we can ensure that every child is getting dental care.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/241715/voters-revisit-1950s-debate-over-whether-fluoride-should-be-added-to-drinking-water","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_241715"],"categories":["stateofhealth_14"],"tags":["stateofhealth_2925","stateofhealth_2808","stateofhealth_2943","stateofhealth_2519","stateofhealth_2945","stateofhealth_2610"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_241719","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_177403":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_177403","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"177403","score":null,"sort":[1461789686000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-central-valley-clean-water-law-arsenic","title":"Tiny Central Valley Community Tests California's Clean-Water Law","publishDate":1461789686,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>Here’s a statistic that, no matter how many times we report about it, still sounds shocking: \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/dwdocuments/2014/2014_acr_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">More than a million Californians \u003c/a>lack access to safe, clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"When the doctor told me that I had high arsenic contamination in my body, I thought, 'If this is happening to me, then this must be happening to everyone.'\"\u003ccite>Reinelda Palma, resident Matheny Tract\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The crisis is particularly acute in the rural Central Valley, where some communities -- like tiny Matheny Tract outside Tulare -- have struggled with unsafe drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Matheny Tract, the community's two wells are contaminated with arsenic. Reinelda Palma knows about it firsthand. She drank the tap water until a few years ago, when a doctor told her that she had been exposed to arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was very traumatic when the doctor told me that I had high arsenic contamination in my body,\" she says in Spanish. \"And I thought, if this is happening to me, then this must be happening to everyone, including the children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when she became an advocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matheny Tract is not a city or a town. It’s unincorporated, which means it has no elected government, and it’s hard to get services like sidewalks or streetlights. About 1,200 people live here, and almost a third of them live below the federal poverty line. Like Palma, most are Latino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-177434 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/IMG_0977_0-e1461788970527.jpg\" alt=\"This hydrant, installed over a year ago, is still not hooked up to running water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This hydrant, installed over a year ago, is still not hooked up to running water. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KVPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palma and her neighbor Javier Medina, took me on a tour of the neighborhood. We saw a lot of bright yellow fire hydrants that looked brand-new, but Palma and Medina said they didn't work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because they are waiting to be hooked up to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashley Werner of the nonprofit advocacy group the \u003ca href=\"http://www.leadershipcounsel.org/#!about/cjn9\">Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability\u003c/a> says people in unincorporated communities like Matheny Tract have been fighting for clean water for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Effectively in local government, often there’s no elected representatives claiming to have any responsibility to ensure that people have access to clean water,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Matheny’s case, getting water from the nearby city of Tulare seemed like an obvious solution. The city is so close, Palma can point to it from her backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Matheny and Tulare signed a contract to connect their water systems. Roads were dug up and hydrants put in place. But in 2014, the city sued to re-evaluate the contract. Construction stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177435\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-177435 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/IMG_1009_0-e1461789066582.jpg\" alt=\"Scars of dark pavement in Matheny Tract's roads remind residents of the water mains that are still not hooked up to water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scars of dark pavement in Matheny Tract's roads remind residents of the water mains that are still not hooked up to water. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KVPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We did not have capacity to serve 300 homes at a turn of the switch, \" says Martin Koczanowicz, Tulare's city attorney. \"We spent over half a million dollars in short-term fixes to our infrastructure, and we had jurisdictional issues which were a barrier.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ashley Werner says the community’s residents -- mostly immigrants, farmworkers, and minorities -- felt discriminated against. With the help of Werner’s group, Matheny countersued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a lack of responsibility on the part of elected officials to the residents of Matheny Tract,\" says Werner. \"In a sense, by everybody involved, that they had no duty and no commitment to this community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"3syvmgeeaRwdP3TVOQNBOwaofFQPiC0D\"]Matheny and Tulare remained in a legal stalemate until March of this year, when the state intervened under a new law. \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB88\">Senate Bill 88\u003c/a> allows the state to order a city to share its water with communities that need it. Matheny Tract is the law’s first success. By June, Tulare will be forced to share its drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting clean water is a huge relief for Javier Medina. He’s a dairy worker, and his family of six has been using bottled water. He’s glad that the state stepped in. But he wishes it hadn’t been necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We live in the best country in the world and everyone should be looking out for everyone’s well-being,\" says Medina. \"Everyone should try to find a way to help their neighbor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matheny Tract should have safe drinking water soon, but hundreds of California communities still don’t. Maybe some of them are your neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/261171293\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The two community wells in Matheny Tract were contaminated with arsenic. Advocates turned to new state law to force nearby Tulare to share its clean drinking water. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1463419006,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":757},"headData":{"title":"Tiny Central Valley Community Tests California's Clean-Water Law | KQED","description":"The two community wells in Matheny Tract were contaminated with arsenic. Advocates turned to new state law to force nearby Tulare to share its clean drinking water. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tiny Central Valley Community Tests California's Clean-Water Law","datePublished":"2016-04-27T20:41:26.000Z","dateModified":"2016-05-16T17:16:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"177403 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=177403","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/04/27/california-central-valley-clean-water-law-arsenic/","disqusTitle":"Tiny Central Valley Community Tests California's Clean-Water Law","nprByline":"Kerry Klein\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"hhttp://kvpr.org/post/new-state-law-bring-arsenic-free-drinking-water-tulare-county-community\">KVPR\u003c/a>","path":"/stateofhealth/177403/california-central-valley-clean-water-law-arsenic","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here’s a statistic that, no matter how many times we report about it, still sounds shocking: \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/dwdocuments/2014/2014_acr_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">More than a million Californians \u003c/a>lack access to safe, clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"When the doctor told me that I had high arsenic contamination in my body, I thought, 'If this is happening to me, then this must be happening to everyone.'\"\u003ccite>Reinelda Palma, resident Matheny Tract\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The crisis is particularly acute in the rural Central Valley, where some communities -- like tiny Matheny Tract outside Tulare -- have struggled with unsafe drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Matheny Tract, the community's two wells are contaminated with arsenic. Reinelda Palma knows about it firsthand. She drank the tap water until a few years ago, when a doctor told her that she had been exposed to arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was very traumatic when the doctor told me that I had high arsenic contamination in my body,\" she says in Spanish. \"And I thought, if this is happening to me, then this must be happening to everyone, including the children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when she became an advocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matheny Tract is not a city or a town. It’s unincorporated, which means it has no elected government, and it’s hard to get services like sidewalks or streetlights. About 1,200 people live here, and almost a third of them live below the federal poverty line. Like Palma, most are Latino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-177434 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/IMG_0977_0-e1461788970527.jpg\" alt=\"This hydrant, installed over a year ago, is still not hooked up to running water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This hydrant, installed over a year ago, is still not hooked up to running water. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KVPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palma and her neighbor Javier Medina, took me on a tour of the neighborhood. We saw a lot of bright yellow fire hydrants that looked brand-new, but Palma and Medina said they didn't work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because they are waiting to be hooked up to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashley Werner of the nonprofit advocacy group the \u003ca href=\"http://www.leadershipcounsel.org/#!about/cjn9\">Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability\u003c/a> says people in unincorporated communities like Matheny Tract have been fighting for clean water for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Effectively in local government, often there’s no elected representatives claiming to have any responsibility to ensure that people have access to clean water,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Matheny’s case, getting water from the nearby city of Tulare seemed like an obvious solution. The city is so close, Palma can point to it from her backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Matheny and Tulare signed a contract to connect their water systems. Roads were dug up and hydrants put in place. But in 2014, the city sued to re-evaluate the contract. Construction stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177435\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-177435 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/IMG_1009_0-e1461789066582.jpg\" alt=\"Scars of dark pavement in Matheny Tract's roads remind residents of the water mains that are still not hooked up to water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scars of dark pavement in Matheny Tract's roads remind residents of the water mains that are still not hooked up to water. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KVPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We did not have capacity to serve 300 homes at a turn of the switch, \" says Martin Koczanowicz, Tulare's city attorney. \"We spent over half a million dollars in short-term fixes to our infrastructure, and we had jurisdictional issues which were a barrier.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ashley Werner says the community’s residents -- mostly immigrants, farmworkers, and minorities -- felt discriminated against. With the help of Werner’s group, Matheny countersued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a lack of responsibility on the part of elected officials to the residents of Matheny Tract,\" says Werner. \"In a sense, by everybody involved, that they had no duty and no commitment to this community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Matheny and Tulare remained in a legal stalemate until March of this year, when the state intervened under a new law. \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB88\">Senate Bill 88\u003c/a> allows the state to order a city to share its water with communities that need it. Matheny Tract is the law’s first success. By June, Tulare will be forced to share its drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting clean water is a huge relief for Javier Medina. He’s a dairy worker, and his family of six has been using bottled water. He’s glad that the state stepped in. But he wishes it hadn’t been necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We live in the best country in the world and everyone should be looking out for everyone’s well-being,\" says Medina. \"Everyone should try to find a way to help their neighbor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matheny Tract should have safe drinking water soon, but hundreds of California communities still don’t. Maybe some of them are your neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/261171293&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/261171293'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/177403/california-central-valley-clean-water-law-arsenic","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_177403"],"categories":["stateofhealth_14","stateofhealth_2746"],"tags":["stateofhealth_20","stateofhealth_2519","stateofhealth_461","stateofhealth_2735","stateofhealth_2610"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_177436","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_120396":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_120396","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"120396","score":null,"sort":[1449610967000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"uranium-contaminates-water-california-central-valley","title":"Uranium Contaminates Water Across California's Central Valley","publishDate":1449610967,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In a trailer park tucked among the irrigated orchards outside Fresno that help make California's San Joaquin Valley the richest farm region in the world, 16-year-old Giselle Alvarez, one of the few English speakers in this community of farmworkers, puzzles over the notices posted on front doors: There's a danger in their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This has been a decades-long process that has occurred. It’s going to take many decades to reverse.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Bryant Jurgens, U.S. Geological Survey hydrologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tests for uranium, the notices warn, show a level considered unsafe by federal and state standards. The trailer park's owners are legally required to post the warnings. But the notices are awkwardly worded and in English, a language few of the park's dozens of Spanish-speaking families can read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It says you can drink the water -- but if you drink the water over a period of time, you can get cancer,\" said Alvarez, whose working-class family has no choice but to keep drinking and cooking with the tainted tap water daily, as they have since Alvarez was just learning to walk. \"They really don't explain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium, the stuff of nuclear fuel for power plants and atom bombs, \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/\" target=\"_blank\">increasingly is showing up in drinking water systems \u003c/a>in major farming regions of the U.S. West — a naturally occurring but unexpected byproduct of irrigation, of drought, and of the overpumping of natural underground water reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An Associated Press investigation in Central California — along with the U.S. Central Plains, among the areas most affected — found authorities are doing little to inform the public at large of the growing risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At particular risk are the San Joaquin Valley families who rely on private wells; as many as one out of every four of them are unknowingly drinking dangerous amounts of uranium, researchers determined this year and last. Government authorities say long-term exposure to uranium can damage kidneys and raise cancer risks, and scientists say it can have other harmful effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this swath of farmland, roughly 250 miles long and encompassing major cities, including Fresno, Bakersfield, and Modesto, the pre-treated water of up to one in 10 public systems has uranium levels that exceed federal and state safety standards, the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey has found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More broadly, nearly 2 million people in California's Central Valley and in the U.S. Midwest live within a half-mile of groundwater containing uranium over the safety standards, University of Nebraska researchers said in a study published in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything from state agencies to tiny rural schools are scrambling to deal with hundreds of tainted public wells — more regulated than private wells under safe-drinking-water laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes water wells at Westport Elementary School, where 450 children from rural families study outside the Central California farm hub of Modesto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Westport's playground, schoolchildren take a break from tetherball to sip from fountains marked with Spanish and English placards: \"SAFE TO DRINK.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school, which draws on its own wells for its drinking fountains, sinks and cafeteria, is one of about 10 water systems in the farm region that have installed uranium removal facilities in recent years. Prices range from $65,000 for the smallest system to millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"rPJv8j1Ci8bZ6nTksYCUVlSr51iN6Pw7\"]Just off Westport's playground, a school maintenance chief jangles the keys to the school's treatment operation, locked in a shed the size of a garage. Inside, a system of tubes, dials and canisters resembling large scuba tanks removes up to a pound a year of uranium from the school's wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The uranium gleaned from the school's well water and other Central California water systems is handled like the nuclear material it is — taken away by workers in masks, gloves and other protective garments, said Ron Dollar, a vice president at Water Remediation Technology, a Colorado-based firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is then processed into nuclear fuel for power plants, Dollar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before treatment, Westport's water tested up to four times state and federal limits. After treatment, it's safe for the children, teachers and staff to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Central California farm schools opt to buy bottled water in place of drinking fountains, which are off limits because of uranium and other contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't have a choice,\" said Terri Lancaster, principal of the 260 students at Waukena Elementary School in rural Tulare County. \"You do what you have to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until winning a state grant to pay for trucked-in drinking water, her school was spending $10,000 a year from its general fund on bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city of Modesto, with a half-million residents, recently spent more than $500,000 to start blending water from one contaminated well to dilute the uranium to safe levels. The city has retired a half-dozen other wells with excess levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials don't track spending on uranium-contaminated wells. But the state's Water Resources Control Board identified at least $16.7 million the state has spent since 2010 helping public water systems deal with high levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In coming years, more public water systems likely will be compelled to invest in such costly fixes, said Miranda Fram, a researcher with the U.S. Geological Survey in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fram and colleagues at USGS have taken the lead over the past decade in identifying the problem in farm centers, including Central California, which produces a quarter of the country's agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists and water experts are still piecing together the ways in which levels of uranium exceeding federal and state health standards are seeping into more public water systems and household wells in major farm areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fram and her colleagues believe the amount of uranium increased in Central Valley drinking water supplies over the last 150 years with the spread of farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, as in the Rockies, mountain snowmelt washes uranium-laden sediment to the flatlands, where groundwater is used to irrigate crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irrigation allows year-round farming, and the irrigated plants naturally create a weak acid that is leeching more and more uranium from sediment, said Fram and Bryant Jurgens, another USGS researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ongoing Drought is a Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater pumping pulls the contaminated water down into the earth, where it is tapped by wells that supply drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is now experiencing its driest four-year span on record, and farmers and other users are pumping groundwater at the highest rates ever, helping to pull yet more uranium into areas of aquifers tapped by water wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This has been a decades-long process that has occurred,\" Jurgens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if authorities were to intervene to somehow curb uranium contamination — and no such effort is under way — \"we expect that it's going to take many decades to reverse this,\" Jurgens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We should not have any doubts as to whether drinking water with uranium in it is a problem or not. It is.' \u003ccite>Doug Brugge, professor of public health, Tufts University School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The USGS calculates that the average level of uranium in public-supply wells of the eastern San Joaquin Valley increased 17 percent from 1990 to the mid-2000s. The number of public-supply wells with unsafe levels of uranium, meantime, climbed from 7 percent to 10 percent over the same period there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the problem remains so unpublicized that even Fresno County farmer Mark Sorensen — who grows grapes and blueberries in one of the most impacted parts of the country, and deals with water issues routinely as a leader of the local farm bureau — admits to not knowing about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To be honest, I have never spoken to anybody about uranium,\" said Sorensen, a fifth-generation farmer. \"I've never even heard of it in drinking water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long known that uranium can damage kidneys and increase the risks of cancer when consumed over a year or more, which is why authorities have set maximum levels for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drinking water tainted by uranium is the chief concern — but uranium also sticks to potatoes, radishes and other root vegetables if they're not properly washed. (While studies have confirmed livestock and people can ingest high levels of uranium by eating contaminated vegetation, scientists have yet to fully research the dangers involved.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though people think mainly about uranium's radioactivity, the danger in water mainly comes from the toxic chemical effects of the metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old public health models for uranium date back to the U.S. uranium boom of the 1940s and 1950s, when the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission set off a nuclear-age mining boom in the Central Valley and other points West as the country sought to build uranium stockpiles. Countless miners succumbed to cancer from breathing radioactive gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those models now need revising to deal with the larger population exposed through sources like drinking water, academics say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should not have any doubts as to whether drinking water with uranium in it is a problem or not. It is,\" said Doug Brugge, professor of public health and community medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston. \"The larger the population that's drinking this water, the more people that are going to be affected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because \"there has not been an appreciation of the number of people exposed, it has received a lot less attention\" than it should, said researcher Johnnye Lewis at the University of New Mexico, which along with Brugge's team is studying the health impacts of uranium on communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research teams at Tufts and the University of New Mexico also link long-term exposure to signs of reproductive and genetic damage, among other problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, changes in water standards since the late 2000s have mandated testing for uranium in public water systems, and the state frequently helps public water systems deal with wells testing at high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I'm Sure A Lot of People Are Unaware'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For private well owners and small water systems, however, officials were unable to point to any public health campaigns in the most affected areas or any help with testing or dealing with wells that do test for high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USGS researchers recently sampled 170 domestic water wells in the San Joaquin Valley, and found 20 to 25 percent bore uranium at levels that broke federal and state limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal regulators say the U.S. Congress, outlining drinking water standards, has limited its enforcement authority to public water systems. \"Your home's your castle. If you've got a well at home, that's your business,\" said Bruce Macler, a San Francisco-based water program toxicologist for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium is on the radar of California water officials, but the officials are\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/03/13/nitrates-in-california-drinking-water-new-attention-from-state-water-board/?_ga=1.249130563.514739197.1438904388\" target=\"_blank\"> paying more attention to other farming-related contaminants\u003c/a>, including nitrates, as well as simply having enough water in the fourth year of the state's drought, said John Borkovich, head of water quality at the state Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When it comes to private domestic wells, we do what we can to get the word out,\" Borkovich said. \"It's safe to say that there's always more that can be done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press commissioned sampling of wells at five homes in the countryside outside Modesto, to look more closely at whether unregulated private wells that families depend on were as vulnerable as contaminated public water systems nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results: Water from two of the five wells contained dangerous levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the five families, however, had ever heard that uranium could be a problem in groundwater — let alone that it was a problem in their area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's something I'm sure a lot of people are unaware of,\" said Reyna Rico, whose rural home overlooking farm fields had a well that tested three times the federal and state health limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be nice to be informed, so we can make an informed decision, and those wells can be tested,\" said a resident nearby, Michelle Norleen, who was relieved to know that her own water — unlike those of two of her neighbors — tested below the limits in the AP sampling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even for bigger water systems for which government help is available, accessing safe water doesn't always come quickly. That's true at the Double L Mobile Ranch outside Fresno, where Giselle Alvarez lives in a one-room trailer with her mother and father.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities have recorded years of tests showing dangerous levels of uranium in the water provided to the Double L's low-income residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park's owner, Carl Hunt, minimized the health risks to the families who live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not afraid of that water at all,\" Hunt told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An independent water test commissioned by the AP found water at Hunt's trailer park remained over the limits for uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials trying to set up delivery of safe water for the Double L's families have arranged with a local farm town, Kerman, to run its own water lines out to the trailer park — but Kerman is awaiting funding to deal with its own, uranium-contaminated well first. State officials expect it will take another three years to get safe water to the trailer park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, families in the rural trailer park mostly throw away the regular water notices, unable to comprehend their meaning. Suspicious in general of the park's tap water, families at the Double L who can afford it buy bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn't include Alvarez's family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't really do anything about it,\" she says on the wooden steps of her mobile home. \"As you can see, we're not rich.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Manuel Valdes and Serdar Tumgoren contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As many as one in four San Joaquin Valley families with private wells are unknowingly drinking dangerous amounts of uranium.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1449688404,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":67,"wordCount":2316},"headData":{"title":"Uranium Contaminates Water Across California's Central Valley | KQED","description":"As many as one in four San Joaquin Valley families with private wells are unknowingly drinking dangerous amounts of uranium.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Uranium Contaminates Water Across California's Central Valley","datePublished":"2015-12-08T21:42:47.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-09T19:13:24.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"120396 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=120396","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/12/08/uranium-contaminates-water-california-central-valley/","disqusTitle":"Uranium Contaminates Water Across California's Central Valley","source":"Associated Press","nprByline":"Ellen Knickmeyer and Scott Smith ","path":"/stateofhealth/120396/uranium-contaminates-water-california-central-valley","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a trailer park tucked among the irrigated orchards outside Fresno that help make California's San Joaquin Valley the richest farm region in the world, 16-year-old Giselle Alvarez, one of the few English speakers in this community of farmworkers, puzzles over the notices posted on front doors: There's a danger in their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This has been a decades-long process that has occurred. It’s going to take many decades to reverse.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Bryant Jurgens, U.S. Geological Survey hydrologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tests for uranium, the notices warn, show a level considered unsafe by federal and state standards. The trailer park's owners are legally required to post the warnings. But the notices are awkwardly worded and in English, a language few of the park's dozens of Spanish-speaking families can read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It says you can drink the water -- but if you drink the water over a period of time, you can get cancer,\" said Alvarez, whose working-class family has no choice but to keep drinking and cooking with the tainted tap water daily, as they have since Alvarez was just learning to walk. \"They really don't explain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium, the stuff of nuclear fuel for power plants and atom bombs, \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/\" target=\"_blank\">increasingly is showing up in drinking water systems \u003c/a>in major farming regions of the U.S. West — a naturally occurring but unexpected byproduct of irrigation, of drought, and of the overpumping of natural underground water reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An Associated Press investigation in Central California — along with the U.S. Central Plains, among the areas most affected — found authorities are doing little to inform the public at large of the growing risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At particular risk are the San Joaquin Valley families who rely on private wells; as many as one out of every four of them are unknowingly drinking dangerous amounts of uranium, researchers determined this year and last. Government authorities say long-term exposure to uranium can damage kidneys and raise cancer risks, and scientists say it can have other harmful effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this swath of farmland, roughly 250 miles long and encompassing major cities, including Fresno, Bakersfield, and Modesto, the pre-treated water of up to one in 10 public systems has uranium levels that exceed federal and state safety standards, the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey has found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More broadly, nearly 2 million people in California's Central Valley and in the U.S. Midwest live within a half-mile of groundwater containing uranium over the safety standards, University of Nebraska researchers said in a study published in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything from state agencies to tiny rural schools are scrambling to deal with hundreds of tainted public wells — more regulated than private wells under safe-drinking-water laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes water wells at Westport Elementary School, where 450 children from rural families study outside the Central California farm hub of Modesto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Westport's playground, schoolchildren take a break from tetherball to sip from fountains marked with Spanish and English placards: \"SAFE TO DRINK.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school, which draws on its own wells for its drinking fountains, sinks and cafeteria, is one of about 10 water systems in the farm region that have installed uranium removal facilities in recent years. Prices range from $65,000 for the smallest system to millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Just off Westport's playground, a school maintenance chief jangles the keys to the school's treatment operation, locked in a shed the size of a garage. Inside, a system of tubes, dials and canisters resembling large scuba tanks removes up to a pound a year of uranium from the school's wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The uranium gleaned from the school's well water and other Central California water systems is handled like the nuclear material it is — taken away by workers in masks, gloves and other protective garments, said Ron Dollar, a vice president at Water Remediation Technology, a Colorado-based firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is then processed into nuclear fuel for power plants, Dollar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before treatment, Westport's water tested up to four times state and federal limits. After treatment, it's safe for the children, teachers and staff to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Central California farm schools opt to buy bottled water in place of drinking fountains, which are off limits because of uranium and other contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't have a choice,\" said Terri Lancaster, principal of the 260 students at Waukena Elementary School in rural Tulare County. \"You do what you have to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until winning a state grant to pay for trucked-in drinking water, her school was spending $10,000 a year from its general fund on bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city of Modesto, with a half-million residents, recently spent more than $500,000 to start blending water from one contaminated well to dilute the uranium to safe levels. The city has retired a half-dozen other wells with excess levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials don't track spending on uranium-contaminated wells. But the state's Water Resources Control Board identified at least $16.7 million the state has spent since 2010 helping public water systems deal with high levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In coming years, more public water systems likely will be compelled to invest in such costly fixes, said Miranda Fram, a researcher with the U.S. Geological Survey in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fram and colleagues at USGS have taken the lead over the past decade in identifying the problem in farm centers, including Central California, which produces a quarter of the country's agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists and water experts are still piecing together the ways in which levels of uranium exceeding federal and state health standards are seeping into more public water systems and household wells in major farm areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fram and her colleagues believe the amount of uranium increased in Central Valley drinking water supplies over the last 150 years with the spread of farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, as in the Rockies, mountain snowmelt washes uranium-laden sediment to the flatlands, where groundwater is used to irrigate crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irrigation allows year-round farming, and the irrigated plants naturally create a weak acid that is leeching more and more uranium from sediment, said Fram and Bryant Jurgens, another USGS researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ongoing Drought is a Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater pumping pulls the contaminated water down into the earth, where it is tapped by wells that supply drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is now experiencing its driest four-year span on record, and farmers and other users are pumping groundwater at the highest rates ever, helping to pull yet more uranium into areas of aquifers tapped by water wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This has been a decades-long process that has occurred,\" Jurgens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if authorities were to intervene to somehow curb uranium contamination — and no such effort is under way — \"we expect that it's going to take many decades to reverse this,\" Jurgens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We should not have any doubts as to whether drinking water with uranium in it is a problem or not. It is.' \u003ccite>Doug Brugge, professor of public health, Tufts University School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The USGS calculates that the average level of uranium in public-supply wells of the eastern San Joaquin Valley increased 17 percent from 1990 to the mid-2000s. The number of public-supply wells with unsafe levels of uranium, meantime, climbed from 7 percent to 10 percent over the same period there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the problem remains so unpublicized that even Fresno County farmer Mark Sorensen — who grows grapes and blueberries in one of the most impacted parts of the country, and deals with water issues routinely as a leader of the local farm bureau — admits to not knowing about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To be honest, I have never spoken to anybody about uranium,\" said Sorensen, a fifth-generation farmer. \"I've never even heard of it in drinking water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long known that uranium can damage kidneys and increase the risks of cancer when consumed over a year or more, which is why authorities have set maximum levels for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drinking water tainted by uranium is the chief concern — but uranium also sticks to potatoes, radishes and other root vegetables if they're not properly washed. (While studies have confirmed livestock and people can ingest high levels of uranium by eating contaminated vegetation, scientists have yet to fully research the dangers involved.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though people think mainly about uranium's radioactivity, the danger in water mainly comes from the toxic chemical effects of the metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old public health models for uranium date back to the U.S. uranium boom of the 1940s and 1950s, when the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission set off a nuclear-age mining boom in the Central Valley and other points West as the country sought to build uranium stockpiles. Countless miners succumbed to cancer from breathing radioactive gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those models now need revising to deal with the larger population exposed through sources like drinking water, academics say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should not have any doubts as to whether drinking water with uranium in it is a problem or not. It is,\" said Doug Brugge, professor of public health and community medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston. \"The larger the population that's drinking this water, the more people that are going to be affected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because \"there has not been an appreciation of the number of people exposed, it has received a lot less attention\" than it should, said researcher Johnnye Lewis at the University of New Mexico, which along with Brugge's team is studying the health impacts of uranium on communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research teams at Tufts and the University of New Mexico also link long-term exposure to signs of reproductive and genetic damage, among other problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, changes in water standards since the late 2000s have mandated testing for uranium in public water systems, and the state frequently helps public water systems deal with wells testing at high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I'm Sure A Lot of People Are Unaware'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For private well owners and small water systems, however, officials were unable to point to any public health campaigns in the most affected areas or any help with testing or dealing with wells that do test for high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USGS researchers recently sampled 170 domestic water wells in the San Joaquin Valley, and found 20 to 25 percent bore uranium at levels that broke federal and state limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal regulators say the U.S. Congress, outlining drinking water standards, has limited its enforcement authority to public water systems. \"Your home's your castle. If you've got a well at home, that's your business,\" said Bruce Macler, a San Francisco-based water program toxicologist for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium is on the radar of California water officials, but the officials are\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/03/13/nitrates-in-california-drinking-water-new-attention-from-state-water-board/?_ga=1.249130563.514739197.1438904388\" target=\"_blank\"> paying more attention to other farming-related contaminants\u003c/a>, including nitrates, as well as simply having enough water in the fourth year of the state's drought, said John Borkovich, head of water quality at the state Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When it comes to private domestic wells, we do what we can to get the word out,\" Borkovich said. \"It's safe to say that there's always more that can be done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press commissioned sampling of wells at five homes in the countryside outside Modesto, to look more closely at whether unregulated private wells that families depend on were as vulnerable as contaminated public water systems nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results: Water from two of the five wells contained dangerous levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the five families, however, had ever heard that uranium could be a problem in groundwater — let alone that it was a problem in their area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's something I'm sure a lot of people are unaware of,\" said Reyna Rico, whose rural home overlooking farm fields had a well that tested three times the federal and state health limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be nice to be informed, so we can make an informed decision, and those wells can be tested,\" said a resident nearby, Michelle Norleen, who was relieved to know that her own water — unlike those of two of her neighbors — tested below the limits in the AP sampling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even for bigger water systems for which government help is available, accessing safe water doesn't always come quickly. That's true at the Double L Mobile Ranch outside Fresno, where Giselle Alvarez lives in a one-room trailer with her mother and father.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities have recorded years of tests showing dangerous levels of uranium in the water provided to the Double L's low-income residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park's owner, Carl Hunt, minimized the health risks to the families who live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not afraid of that water at all,\" Hunt told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An independent water test commissioned by the AP found water at Hunt's trailer park remained over the limits for uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials trying to set up delivery of safe water for the Double L's families have arranged with a local farm town, Kerman, to run its own water lines out to the trailer park — but Kerman is awaiting funding to deal with its own, uranium-contaminated well first. State officials expect it will take another three years to get safe water to the trailer park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, families in the rural trailer park mostly throw away the regular water notices, unable to comprehend their meaning. Suspicious in general of the park's tap water, families at the Double L who can afford it buy bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn't include Alvarez's family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't really do anything about it,\" she says on the wooden steps of her mobile home. \"As you can see, we're not rich.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Manuel Valdes and Serdar Tumgoren contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/120396/uranium-contaminates-water-california-central-valley","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_120396"],"categories":["stateofhealth_11"],"tags":["stateofhealth_280","stateofhealth_2519","stateofhealth_461","stateofhealth_2610"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_120448","label":"source_stateofhealth_120396"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. 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