Reviews of Medical Studies May be Tainted by Funders' Influence
Zuckerberg, Chan Just Pledged $3 Billion to Cure All Diseases
California Could Soon Legalize Marijuana But Pot’s Brain Effects Remain a Mystery
Sugar Industry Funded 1960s Harvard Research That Blamed Heart Disease on Fat
Sponsored
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Funders' Influence","publishDate":1476472406,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When doctors want to help untangle confusing and sometimes contradictory findings in the scientific literature, they often turn to specially crafted summary studies. These are considered the gold standard for evidence. But one of the leading advocates for this practice is now raising alarm about them, because they are increasingly being tainted by commercial interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, these studies — called meta-analyses and systematic reviews — seemed to solve a big problem. Doctors who had once relied on each other's expert opinions to select the best treatments gradually turned to careful scientific studies instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the number of studies mushroomed and often came to different conclusions. So in the 1990s, doctors and medical advisory committees started relying on studies that combined results from many different research projects to streamline the search for answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of studies are \"extremely important,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/john-ioannidis\">Dr. John Ioannidis\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine health research and policy at Stanford University. He has conducted many of these types of studies over the course of his career. \"They're trying to make some sense out of a very convoluted scientific and medical literature.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ioannidis says unfortunately things have gotten out of hand. First, \"the problem is that there are just too many meta-analyses,\" Ioannidis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.milbank.org/wp-content/files/documents/The_Mass_Production_of_Redundant_Misleading_and_Conflicted_Systematic_Reviews_and_Meta-Analyses.pdf\">recent study on the subject\u003c/a>, titled \"The Mass Production of Redundant, Misleading, and Conflicted Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses,\" he chose as an example studies involving antidepressant drugs. \"There are 185 of them published in the literature within seven years, which means about 25 of them published every year for the very same drugs and the very same indication, major depression,\" Ioannidis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's worse, they're increasingly being generated by scientists who have financial interests in the outcome, Ioannidis \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399904\">found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About 80 percent of them have been funded or have some other conflicts of interest with manufacturers of these drugs,\" he says. \"If you look at what their conclusions are, those that have been authored by industry employees, practically all of them, with one exception, have claimed that there are no caveats about antidepressants.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to read deep into the studies to find warnings about potential suicide risks, for example — if downsides are mentioned at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's potentially misleading to doctors who turn to this kind of analysis to get a quick take on what works and what doesn't. Ioannidis says the drug industry has started using meta-analysis for commercial purposes, rather than as a disinterested look at the evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They can get the results or at least the interpretation that fits their needs. So you have the most powerful and most prestigious design in current medical evidence, and it can be easily manipulated as an advertisement, as a marketing tool.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that defeats one of the main purposes of these studies, which is to make an overflowing scientific literature more manageable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kramer, a clinical professor emeritus at Brown University and author of \u003cem>Listening to Prozac,\u003c/em> took a deep dive into meta-analyses when he was writing his latest book, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2016/06/16/peter-kramers-new-defense-of-antidepressants\">Ordinarily Well\u003c/a>. He found the situation even worse than Ioannidis suggests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In some ways my doubts are stronger than his,\" Kramer told Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some analyses he looked at were trying to parse very subtle differences — for example, comparing two very similar antidepressants. You could get any answer you want, depending on how you set up the study, Kramer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the problems he found aren't simply commercial conflicts of interest. For example, he saw biases among academics who were wedded to the notion that placebos are just as good as actual drugs for depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even on that side of the equation, where there's no adverse sponsorship but just an allegiance to an idea, I thought it wasn't always the case that everybody's hands were on the table,\" Kramer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But financial conflicts are easier to identify. Five years ago, the National Academy's Institute of Medicine (now called the National Academy of Medicine) suggested dozens of standards that should apply to systematic reviews of the research literature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The influence of funders is a concern, says \u003ca href=\"https://depts.washington.edu/fammed/profile/?id=00041\">Dr. Alfred Berg\u003c/a>, a professor emeritus of family medicine at the University of Washington who chaired one of the committees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If there's obvious sponsorship from an organization that might have a conflict of interest, that's probably not a good idea,\" he says. It's reasonable to suggest that scientists with clear financial conflicts of interest should not be producing these studies. \"Is it going to happen in my lifetime?\" Berg says. \"Probably not!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer, one of the many drug companies that fund meta-analyses involving their own products, declined an interview request. But the company noted in an emailed statement that the drug company \"shares data from its clinical trials with outside members of the research community for them to conduct their own independent meta-analyses.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, scientific journals are starting to do a better job of making sure researchers disclose their financial interests. It's up to readers now to take heed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Email Richard Harris at \u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">rharris@npr.org.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Reviews+Of+Medical+Studies+May+Be+Tainted+By+Funders%27+Influence&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers often combine the results of many medical studies to evaluate treatments. But when the combiners have a financial interest, the results might be inaccurate, a scientist says.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476488138,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":868},"headData":{"title":"Reviews of Medical Studies May be Tainted by Funders' Influence | KQED","description":"Researchers often combine the results of many medical studies to evaluate treatments. But when the combiners have a financial interest, the results might be inaccurate, a scientist says.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reviews of Medical Studies May be Tainted by Funders' Influence","datePublished":"2016-10-14T19:13:26.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-14T23:35:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"248365 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=248365","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/10/14/reviews-of-medical-studies-may-be-tainted-by-funders-influence/","disqusTitle":"Reviews of Medical Studies May be Tainted by Funders' Influence","source":"NPR","nprImageCredit":"Roy Scott","nprByline":"Richard Harris \u003cbr> NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Ikon Images/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"497550681","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=497550681&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/10/12/497550681/reviews-of-medical-studies-may-be-tainted-by-funders-influence?ft=nprml&f=497550681","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 14 Oct 2016 10:43:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 12 Oct 2016 12:16:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 14 Oct 2016 10:43:51 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/10/20161012_atc_reviews_of_medical_studies_may_be_tainted_by_funders_influence.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=266&p=2&story=497550681&t=progseg&e=497640285&seg=5&ft=nprml&f=497550681","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1497715254-8f09f1.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=266&p=2&story=497550681&t=progseg&e=497640285&seg=5&ft=nprml&f=497550681","path":"/stateofhealth/248365/reviews-of-medical-studies-may-be-tainted-by-funders-influence","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/10/20161012_atc_reviews_of_medical_studies_may_be_tainted_by_funders_influence.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=266&p=2&story=497550681&t=progseg&e=497640285&seg=5&ft=nprml&f=497550681","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When doctors want to help untangle confusing and sometimes contradictory findings in the scientific literature, they often turn to specially crafted summary studies. These are considered the gold standard for evidence. But one of the leading advocates for this practice is now raising alarm about them, because they are increasingly being tainted by commercial interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, these studies — called meta-analyses and systematic reviews — seemed to solve a big problem. Doctors who had once relied on each other's expert opinions to select the best treatments gradually turned to careful scientific studies instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the number of studies mushroomed and often came to different conclusions. So in the 1990s, doctors and medical advisory committees started relying on studies that combined results from many different research projects to streamline the search for answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of studies are \"extremely important,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/john-ioannidis\">Dr. John Ioannidis\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine health research and policy at Stanford University. He has conducted many of these types of studies over the course of his career. \"They're trying to make some sense out of a very convoluted scientific and medical literature.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ioannidis says unfortunately things have gotten out of hand. First, \"the problem is that there are just too many meta-analyses,\" Ioannidis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.milbank.org/wp-content/files/documents/The_Mass_Production_of_Redundant_Misleading_and_Conflicted_Systematic_Reviews_and_Meta-Analyses.pdf\">recent study on the subject\u003c/a>, titled \"The Mass Production of Redundant, Misleading, and Conflicted Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses,\" he chose as an example studies involving antidepressant drugs. \"There are 185 of them published in the literature within seven years, which means about 25 of them published every year for the very same drugs and the very same indication, major depression,\" Ioannidis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's worse, they're increasingly being generated by scientists who have financial interests in the outcome, Ioannidis \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399904\">found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About 80 percent of them have been funded or have some other conflicts of interest with manufacturers of these drugs,\" he says. \"If you look at what their conclusions are, those that have been authored by industry employees, practically all of them, with one exception, have claimed that there are no caveats about antidepressants.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to read deep into the studies to find warnings about potential suicide risks, for example — if downsides are mentioned at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's potentially misleading to doctors who turn to this kind of analysis to get a quick take on what works and what doesn't. Ioannidis says the drug industry has started using meta-analysis for commercial purposes, rather than as a disinterested look at the evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They can get the results or at least the interpretation that fits their needs. So you have the most powerful and most prestigious design in current medical evidence, and it can be easily manipulated as an advertisement, as a marketing tool.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that defeats one of the main purposes of these studies, which is to make an overflowing scientific literature more manageable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kramer, a clinical professor emeritus at Brown University and author of \u003cem>Listening to Prozac,\u003c/em> took a deep dive into meta-analyses when he was writing his latest book, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2016/06/16/peter-kramers-new-defense-of-antidepressants\">Ordinarily Well\u003c/a>. He found the situation even worse than Ioannidis suggests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In some ways my doubts are stronger than his,\" Kramer told Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some analyses he looked at were trying to parse very subtle differences — for example, comparing two very similar antidepressants. You could get any answer you want, depending on how you set up the study, Kramer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the problems he found aren't simply commercial conflicts of interest. For example, he saw biases among academics who were wedded to the notion that placebos are just as good as actual drugs for depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even on that side of the equation, where there's no adverse sponsorship but just an allegiance to an idea, I thought it wasn't always the case that everybody's hands were on the table,\" Kramer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But financial conflicts are easier to identify. Five years ago, the National Academy's Institute of Medicine (now called the National Academy of Medicine) suggested dozens of standards that should apply to systematic reviews of the research literature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The influence of funders is a concern, says \u003ca href=\"https://depts.washington.edu/fammed/profile/?id=00041\">Dr. Alfred Berg\u003c/a>, a professor emeritus of family medicine at the University of Washington who chaired one of the committees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If there's obvious sponsorship from an organization that might have a conflict of interest, that's probably not a good idea,\" he says. It's reasonable to suggest that scientists with clear financial conflicts of interest should not be producing these studies. \"Is it going to happen in my lifetime?\" Berg says. \"Probably not!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer, one of the many drug companies that fund meta-analyses involving their own products, declined an interview request. But the company noted in an emailed statement that the drug company \"shares data from its clinical trials with outside members of the research community for them to conduct their own independent meta-analyses.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, scientific journals are starting to do a better job of making sure researchers disclose their financial interests. It's up to readers now to take heed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Email Richard Harris at \u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">rharris@npr.org.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Reviews+Of+Medical+Studies+May+Be+Tainted+By+Funders%27+Influence&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/248365/reviews-of-medical-studies-may-be-tainted-by-funders-influence","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_248365"],"categories":["stateofhealth_1"],"tags":["stateofhealth_2808","stateofhealth_2519","stateofhealth_2898","stateofhealth_461"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_248366","label":"source_stateofhealth_248365"},"stateofhealth_239875":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_239875","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"239875","score":null,"sort":[1474486082000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"zuckerberg-chan-just-pledged-3-billion-to-cure-all-diseases","title":"Zuckerberg, Chan Just Pledged $3 Billion to Cure All Diseases","publishDate":1474486082,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg has a goal that's even more ambitious than connecting the entire world to the internet: He and his wife, Priscilla Chan, a pediatrician, want to help eradicate all disease by the end of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan are committing $3 billion over the next 10 years to accelerate basic scientific research, including the creation of research tools — from software to hardware to yet-undiscovered techniques — they hope will ultimately lead to scientific breakthroughs, the way the microscope and DNA sequencing have in generations past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal, which they are unlikely to live to see accomplished, is to \"cure, prevent or manage all disease\" in the next 80 or so years. They acknowledge that this might sound a crazy, but point to how far medicine and science have come in the last century — with vaccines, statins for heart disease, chemotherapy, and so on — following millennia with little progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So if you even just assume that we'll be able to continue to make progress on that same trajectory, then that implies that by the end of this century we will have been able to solve most of these types of things,\" Zuckerberg said in an interview. He and Chan have spent the past two years speaking to scientists and other experts to plan the endeavor. He emphasized \"that this isn't something where we just read a book and decided we're going to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through their philanthropic organization, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, the commitment includes $600 million to fund a new research center in San Francisco where scientific and medical researchers will work alongside engineers on long-term projects spanning years or even decades. The goal is not to focus narrowly on specific ailments, such as bone cancer or Parkinson's disease, but rather to do basic research. One example: a cell atlas that maps out all the different types of cells in the body, which could help researchers create various types of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan's work as a pediatrician seems to be a big driver in their couple's decision to take up this latest cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been with families where we've hit the limit of what's possible through medicine and science,\" Chan said. \"I've had to tell families devastating diagnoses of leukemia, or that we just weren't able to resuscitate their child.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple spoke with The Associated Press in their home in Palo Alto, California, where their infant daughter, Max, had just woken from a nap. Their dog, Beast, came by to sit briefly during the 25-minute interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan hope that their effort will inspire other far-reaching efforts and collaboration in science, medicine and engineering, so that basic research is no longer relegated to the margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We spend 50 times more on health care treating people who are sick than we spend on science research (to cure) diseases so that people don't get sick in the first place,\" Zuckerberg said. He added that the approach reflects a belief that \"people are always going to suffer from disease so therefore we should focus on treating people who are sick.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Lander, a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and director of the Broad Institute at MIT and Harvard, said he's had some 20 conversations with Zuckerberg and Chan over the past year about the initiative and called their goal \"the right kind of goal for thinking about that kind of timeframe.\" He is not involved with the project itself, but expressed confidence in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mark has brought new models to industry with Facebook,\" he said, adding that while organizations like the National Institutes of Health are \"fantastic,\" there is \"no point in replicating what existing models do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very hard with today's science funding to build a team to work on scientific problems that are like what you would find at a world-class technology company, that are that scale,\" Zuckerberg said. \"So that's something I think we can concretely help out with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their new center, called Biohub, will run as an independent research center at the University of California, San Francisco in collaboration with UC Berkeley and Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chan Zuckerberg science initiative will be headed by Cori Bargmann, a neuroscientist who is best known in scientific circles for her research on the behavior of a tiny worm called C. elegans. Bargmann said the idea of bringing engineers and scientists together presents a \"unique opportunity to take science in a new direction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg said the couple decided to focus on creating better tools because this is where they see need, based on their conversations with scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that no one is doing this today, but out of all the money that our society spends on science funding, probably not enough is going toward tool development,\" Zuckerberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tools, he added, are long-term investments. It will likely take years for the first tools to be developed through this initiative, and even longer before they are used to cure diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan, who have committed to donating 99 percent of their wealth, have spent the past two years meeting with scientists and other experts to come up with the endeavor. The two stressed that they believe that their goal can be accomplished, if not in their lifetime, then in their child's lifetime. It was Max's birth last November that inspired the billionaire couple to give away nearly all their money to help solve the world's problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, this was valued at more than $45 billion worth of Facebook stock, which the couple transferred to the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. The couple's philanthropy plan won't affect Zuckerberg's status as controlling shareholder of Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan often draw comparisons to Bill and Melinda Gates, whose philanthropic work also focuses on health and education. In an emailed statement, the Gates said investing \"in basic science research is at the root of the world's most important innovations and achievements.\" Zuckerberg and Chan, they added \"are making an incredible commitment to research and development that will lead to the breakthroughs to cure disease and lift millions out of poverty.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Their new center, called Biohub, will run as an independent research center at the University of California, San Francisco in collaboration with UC Berkeley and Stanford University.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1474561291,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1050},"headData":{"title":"Zuckerberg, Chan Just Pledged $3 Billion to Cure All Diseases | KQED","description":"Their new center, called Biohub, will run as an independent research center at the University of California, San Francisco in collaboration with UC Berkeley and Stanford University.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Zuckerberg, Chan Just Pledged $3 Billion to Cure All Diseases","datePublished":"2016-09-21T19:28:02.000Z","dateModified":"2016-09-22T16:21:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"239875 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=239875","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/09/21/zuckerberg-chan-just-pledged-3-billion-to-cure-all-diseases/","disqusTitle":"Zuckerberg, Chan Just Pledged $3 Billion to Cure All Diseases","nprByline":"Associated Press","path":"/stateofhealth/239875/zuckerberg-chan-just-pledged-3-billion-to-cure-all-diseases","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg has a goal that's even more ambitious than connecting the entire world to the internet: He and his wife, Priscilla Chan, a pediatrician, want to help eradicate all disease by the end of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan are committing $3 billion over the next 10 years to accelerate basic scientific research, including the creation of research tools — from software to hardware to yet-undiscovered techniques — they hope will ultimately lead to scientific breakthroughs, the way the microscope and DNA sequencing have in generations past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal, which they are unlikely to live to see accomplished, is to \"cure, prevent or manage all disease\" in the next 80 or so years. They acknowledge that this might sound a crazy, but point to how far medicine and science have come in the last century — with vaccines, statins for heart disease, chemotherapy, and so on — following millennia with little progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So if you even just assume that we'll be able to continue to make progress on that same trajectory, then that implies that by the end of this century we will have been able to solve most of these types of things,\" Zuckerberg said in an interview. He and Chan have spent the past two years speaking to scientists and other experts to plan the endeavor. He emphasized \"that this isn't something where we just read a book and decided we're going to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through their philanthropic organization, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, the commitment includes $600 million to fund a new research center in San Francisco where scientific and medical researchers will work alongside engineers on long-term projects spanning years or even decades. The goal is not to focus narrowly on specific ailments, such as bone cancer or Parkinson's disease, but rather to do basic research. One example: a cell atlas that maps out all the different types of cells in the body, which could help researchers create various types of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan's work as a pediatrician seems to be a big driver in their couple's decision to take up this latest cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been with families where we've hit the limit of what's possible through medicine and science,\" Chan said. \"I've had to tell families devastating diagnoses of leukemia, or that we just weren't able to resuscitate their child.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple spoke with The Associated Press in their home in Palo Alto, California, where their infant daughter, Max, had just woken from a nap. Their dog, Beast, came by to sit briefly during the 25-minute interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan hope that their effort will inspire other far-reaching efforts and collaboration in science, medicine and engineering, so that basic research is no longer relegated to the margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We spend 50 times more on health care treating people who are sick than we spend on science research (to cure) diseases so that people don't get sick in the first place,\" Zuckerberg said. He added that the approach reflects a belief that \"people are always going to suffer from disease so therefore we should focus on treating people who are sick.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Lander, a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and director of the Broad Institute at MIT and Harvard, said he's had some 20 conversations with Zuckerberg and Chan over the past year about the initiative and called their goal \"the right kind of goal for thinking about that kind of timeframe.\" He is not involved with the project itself, but expressed confidence in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mark has brought new models to industry with Facebook,\" he said, adding that while organizations like the National Institutes of Health are \"fantastic,\" there is \"no point in replicating what existing models do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very hard with today's science funding to build a team to work on scientific problems that are like what you would find at a world-class technology company, that are that scale,\" Zuckerberg said. \"So that's something I think we can concretely help out with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their new center, called Biohub, will run as an independent research center at the University of California, San Francisco in collaboration with UC Berkeley and Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chan Zuckerberg science initiative will be headed by Cori Bargmann, a neuroscientist who is best known in scientific circles for her research on the behavior of a tiny worm called C. elegans. Bargmann said the idea of bringing engineers and scientists together presents a \"unique opportunity to take science in a new direction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg said the couple decided to focus on creating better tools because this is where they see need, based on their conversations with scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that no one is doing this today, but out of all the money that our society spends on science funding, probably not enough is going toward tool development,\" Zuckerberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tools, he added, are long-term investments. It will likely take years for the first tools to be developed through this initiative, and even longer before they are used to cure diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan, who have committed to donating 99 percent of their wealth, have spent the past two years meeting with scientists and other experts to come up with the endeavor. The two stressed that they believe that their goal can be accomplished, if not in their lifetime, then in their child's lifetime. It was Max's birth last November that inspired the billionaire couple to give away nearly all their money to help solve the world's problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, this was valued at more than $45 billion worth of Facebook stock, which the couple transferred to the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. The couple's philanthropy plan won't affect Zuckerberg's status as controlling shareholder of Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan often draw comparisons to Bill and Melinda Gates, whose philanthropic work also focuses on health and education. In an emailed statement, the Gates said investing \"in basic science research is at the root of the world's most important innovations and achievements.\" Zuckerberg and Chan, they added \"are making an incredible commitment to research and development that will lead to the breakthroughs to cure disease and lift millions out of poverty.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/239875/zuckerberg-chan-just-pledged-3-billion-to-cure-all-diseases","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_239875"],"categories":["stateofhealth_2407","stateofhealth_2746"],"tags":["stateofhealth_2932","stateofhealth_2933","stateofhealth_2808","stateofhealth_2519","stateofhealth_2898","stateofhealth_461","stateofhealth_308","stateofhealth_2931"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_239878","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_236779":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_236779","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"236779","score":null,"sort":[1473785035000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-could-soon-legalize-marijuana-but-pots-brain-effects-remain-a-mystery","title":"California Could Soon Legalize Marijuana But Pot’s Brain Effects Remain a Mystery","publishDate":1473785035,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cdiv id=\"storytext\" class=\"storytext storylocation linkLocation\">\n\u003cp>Five states are voting this fall on whether marijuana should be legal, like alcohol, for recreational use. That has sparked questions about what we know — and don't know — about marijuana's effect on the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research is scarce. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency classifies marijuana as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml\">Schedule I drug\u003c/a>. That classification puts up barriers to conducting research on it, including a cumbersome \u003ca href=\"http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1301/1301_18.htm\">DEA approval\u003c/a> application and a requirement that scientists \u003ca href=\"http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not99-091.html\">procure\u003c/a> very specific marijuana plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One long-term study in New Zealand compared the IQs of people at age 13 and then through adolescence and adulthood to age 38. Those who used pot heavily from adolescence onward showed an average 8 percent drop in IQ. People who never smoked, by contrast, showed slightly increased IQ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics pounced on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/40/E2657.full.pdf\">the study\u003c/a>, which was published in 2012, because it didn't adjust for many other things that affect IQ such as home life or family income. And there's no proof the IQ differences are due to pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those critics, \u003ca href=\"http://domstat.med.ucla.edu/pages/nicholas-jackson\">Nicholas Jackson\u003c/a>, now a senior statistician at the University of California, Los Angeles, wondered what would happen if he could rule out some of those elements by comparing twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individuals that share the same genes, grew up in the same household, where the difference between them was that one of the twins was using marijuana and one was not,\" Jackson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson and \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joshua_Isen\">Joshua Isen\u003c/a>, now an assistant professor of psychology at the University of South Alabama, conducted \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/5/E500.abstract\">a study\u003c/a> comparing IQ tests of twins age 9 to 12, before either had smoked marijuana, and then seven to 10 years later, after one had started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If marijuana was causing IQ decline, what we would expect to see is that the twin who goes on and uses marijuana should have IQ deficits,\" Jackson says. \"We don't find that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IQ scores for both twins varied slightly over time. And for twins who smoked marijuana, there was no significant difference in effect between daily and occasional use. So was the New Zealand finding wrong? The authors did not comment for this story, but have said that the twins study of teenagers does not address the effects of decades of heavy marijuana use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marijuana seems to affect a particular kind of intelligence, like short term retention of vocabulary words and other information that you might learn in school, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.albany.edu/psychology/20874.php\">Mitch Earleywine\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Albany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They haven't learned a whole lot of vocabulary words or they never learned the capital of Maine because they were high at school that day,\" he says. \"But when it comes to things that are more liquid intelligence, more fluid intelligence, they're usually pretty good at those because it requires just intelligence in the moment, so to speak.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear how marijuana use may keep Augusta from being filed next to \"capital of Maine\" in the brain. Some studies that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\">compare brain scans\u003c/a> of teenagers who use marijuana to those who don't show thinner, less dense connections between lobes. \u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/directors-page/biography-dr-nora-volkow\">Nora Volkow\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, says brains with less connectivity don't work as well as they should.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could expect that that will decrease your capacity to memorize things and to learn them which is necessary to you to actually further develop your cognitive abilities,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkow says there's little proof that marijuana causes poor brain connections. Studies so far have not compared brains before and after pot. Maybe kids who are already having trouble in school are more likely to try marijuana. Still, she is convinced that marijuana is bad for the brains of adults who began smoking in their youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who regularly smoked marijuana as teens, \"are achieving much less both in their education as well as their profession as well as their economic earnings,\" Volkow says. \"They also tend to be much more dissatisfied with life. Many studies have shown that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NIDA is one of several agencies behind a major study that will map the effects of marijuana and other substances on brain development. The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) will follow 10,000 9- to 10- year-olds through early adulthood, using neuroimaging to map changes in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as of now, the research suggests if you don't start young and don't use marijuana often, there's not much evidence of permanent harm to the brain. That's led some experts in marijuana brain science to say it might be OK to make pot legal, with strong oversight. That includes \u003ca href=\"http://drkevinhill.com/three-big-reasons-marijuana-is-misunderstood/\">Kevin Hill,\u003c/a> an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm not sure how I would vote [on the Massachusetts ballot question] at this point. I want to see sensible marijuana policy that works, that gives people what they want while limiting risk,\" says Hill, who wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Marijuana-Unbiased-Truth-World%C2%92s-Popular/dp/1616495596\">Marijuana: The Unbiased Truth about the World's Most Popular Weed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts is one of five states, including Arizona, California, Maine and Nevada, that will vote in November on legalizing recreational marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill would like to see stronger regulation of marijuana if it becomes legal, with limits on advertising and of edible products that attract children, as well as a higher rate of taxation than the proposed 12 percent. If Massachusetts approves marijuana for recreational use, it would not be legal for anyone under age 21, when most, but not all, brain development occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a reporting partnership with NPR, WBUR and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tags\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency's classification of Marijuana puts up barriers to conducting research on it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1473788862,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":937},"headData":{"title":"California Could Soon Legalize Marijuana But Pot’s Brain Effects Remain a Mystery | KQED","description":"The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency's classification of Marijuana puts up barriers to conducting research on it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Could Soon Legalize Marijuana But Pot’s Brain Effects Remain a Mystery","datePublished":"2016-09-13T16:43:55.000Z","dateModified":"2016-09-13T17:47:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"236779 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=236779","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/09/13/california-could-soon-legalize-marijuana-but-pots-brain-effects-remain-a-mystery/","disqusTitle":"California Could Soon Legalize Marijuana But Pot’s Brain Effects Remain a Mystery","nprByline":"Martha Bebinger \u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/\">NPR Shots\u003c/a>","path":"/stateofhealth/236779/california-could-soon-legalize-marijuana-but-pots-brain-effects-remain-a-mystery","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv id=\"storytext\" class=\"storytext storylocation linkLocation\">\n\u003cp>Five states are voting this fall on whether marijuana should be legal, like alcohol, for recreational use. That has sparked questions about what we know — and don't know — about marijuana's effect on the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research is scarce. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency classifies marijuana as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml\">Schedule I drug\u003c/a>. That classification puts up barriers to conducting research on it, including a cumbersome \u003ca href=\"http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1301/1301_18.htm\">DEA approval\u003c/a> application and a requirement that scientists \u003ca href=\"http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not99-091.html\">procure\u003c/a> very specific marijuana plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One long-term study in New Zealand compared the IQs of people at age 13 and then through adolescence and adulthood to age 38. Those who used pot heavily from adolescence onward showed an average 8 percent drop in IQ. People who never smoked, by contrast, showed slightly increased IQ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics pounced on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/40/E2657.full.pdf\">the study\u003c/a>, which was published in 2012, because it didn't adjust for many other things that affect IQ such as home life or family income. And there's no proof the IQ differences are due to pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those critics, \u003ca href=\"http://domstat.med.ucla.edu/pages/nicholas-jackson\">Nicholas Jackson\u003c/a>, now a senior statistician at the University of California, Los Angeles, wondered what would happen if he could rule out some of those elements by comparing twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individuals that share the same genes, grew up in the same household, where the difference between them was that one of the twins was using marijuana and one was not,\" Jackson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson and \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joshua_Isen\">Joshua Isen\u003c/a>, now an assistant professor of psychology at the University of South Alabama, conducted \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/5/E500.abstract\">a study\u003c/a> comparing IQ tests of twins age 9 to 12, before either had smoked marijuana, and then seven to 10 years later, after one had started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If marijuana was causing IQ decline, what we would expect to see is that the twin who goes on and uses marijuana should have IQ deficits,\" Jackson says. \"We don't find that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IQ scores for both twins varied slightly over time. And for twins who smoked marijuana, there was no significant difference in effect between daily and occasional use. So was the New Zealand finding wrong? The authors did not comment for this story, but have said that the twins study of teenagers does not address the effects of decades of heavy marijuana use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marijuana seems to affect a particular kind of intelligence, like short term retention of vocabulary words and other information that you might learn in school, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.albany.edu/psychology/20874.php\">Mitch Earleywine\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Albany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They haven't learned a whole lot of vocabulary words or they never learned the capital of Maine because they were high at school that day,\" he says. \"But when it comes to things that are more liquid intelligence, more fluid intelligence, they're usually pretty good at those because it requires just intelligence in the moment, so to speak.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear how marijuana use may keep Augusta from being filed next to \"capital of Maine\" in the brain. Some studies that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\">compare brain scans\u003c/a> of teenagers who use marijuana to those who don't show thinner, less dense connections between lobes. \u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/directors-page/biography-dr-nora-volkow\">Nora Volkow\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, says brains with less connectivity don't work as well as they should.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could expect that that will decrease your capacity to memorize things and to learn them which is necessary to you to actually further develop your cognitive abilities,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkow says there's little proof that marijuana causes poor brain connections. Studies so far have not compared brains before and after pot. Maybe kids who are already having trouble in school are more likely to try marijuana. Still, she is convinced that marijuana is bad for the brains of adults who began smoking in their youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who regularly smoked marijuana as teens, \"are achieving much less both in their education as well as their profession as well as their economic earnings,\" Volkow says. \"They also tend to be much more dissatisfied with life. Many studies have shown that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NIDA is one of several agencies behind a major study that will map the effects of marijuana and other substances on brain development. The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) will follow 10,000 9- to 10- year-olds through early adulthood, using neuroimaging to map changes in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as of now, the research suggests if you don't start young and don't use marijuana often, there's not much evidence of permanent harm to the brain. That's led some experts in marijuana brain science to say it might be OK to make pot legal, with strong oversight. That includes \u003ca href=\"http://drkevinhill.com/three-big-reasons-marijuana-is-misunderstood/\">Kevin Hill,\u003c/a> an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm not sure how I would vote [on the Massachusetts ballot question] at this point. I want to see sensible marijuana policy that works, that gives people what they want while limiting risk,\" says Hill, who wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Marijuana-Unbiased-Truth-World%C2%92s-Popular/dp/1616495596\">Marijuana: The Unbiased Truth about the World's Most Popular Weed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts is one of five states, including Arizona, California, Maine and Nevada, that will vote in November on legalizing recreational marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill would like to see stronger regulation of marijuana if it becomes legal, with limits on advertising and of edible products that attract children, as well as a higher rate of taxation than the proposed 12 percent. If Massachusetts approves marijuana for recreational use, it would not be legal for anyone under age 21, when most, but not all, brain development occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a reporting partnership with NPR, WBUR and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tags\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/236779/california-could-soon-legalize-marijuana-but-pots-brain-effects-remain-a-mystery","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_236779"],"categories":["stateofhealth_166"],"tags":["stateofhealth_2902","stateofhealth_2722","stateofhealth_2808","stateofhealth_2907","stateofhealth_2906","stateofhealth_2901","stateofhealth_2622","stateofhealth_2519","stateofhealth_2898"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_236793","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_236447":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_236447","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"236447","score":null,"sort":[1473705447000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sugar-industry-funded-1960s-harvard-research-that-blamed-heart-disease-on-fat","title":"Sugar Industry Funded 1960s Harvard Research That Blamed Heart Disease on Fat","publishDate":1473705447,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>The sugar industry began funding research that cast doubt on sugar's role in heart disease — in part by pointing the finger at fat — as early as the 1960s, according to an analysis of newly uncovered documents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis published Monday is based on correspondence between a sugar trade group and researchers at Harvard University, and is the latest example showing how food and beverage makers attempt to shape public understanding of nutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1964, the group now known as the Sugar Association internally discussed a campaign to address \"negative attitudes toward sugar\" after studies began emerging linking sugar with heart disease, according to documents dug up from public archives. The following year the group approved \"Project 226,\" which entailed paying Harvard researchers today's equivalent of $48,900 for an article reviewing the scientific literature, supplying materials they wanted reviewed, and receiving drafts of the article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting article published in 1967 concluded there was \"no doubt\" that reducing cholesterol and saturated fat was the only dietary intervention needed to prevent heart disease. The researchers overstated the consistency of the literature on fat and cholesterol, while downplaying studies on sugar, according to the analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let me assure you this is quite what we had in mind and we look forward to its appearance in print,\" wrote an employee of the sugar industry group to one of the authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sugar industry's funding and role were not disclosed when the article was published by the New England Journal of Medicine. The journal, which did not require such disclosures at the time, began requesting author disclosures in 1984.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an editorial published Monday that accompanied the sugar industry analysis, New York University professor of nutrition Marion Nestle noted that for decades following the study, scientists and health officials focused on reducing saturated fat, not sugar, to prevent heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists are still working to understand links between diet and heart disease, concern has shifted in recent years to sugar and carbohydrates, and away from fat, Nestle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A committee advising the federal government on dietary guidelines says the available evidence shows \"no appreciable relationship\" between the dietary cholesterol and heart disease, although it still recommended limiting saturated fats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Heart Association cites a study published in 2014 in saying that too much added sugar can increase risk of heart disease, though the authors of that study says the biological reasons for the link are not completely understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings published Monday are part of an ongoing project by a former dentist, Cristin Kearns, to reveal the sugar industry's decades-long efforts to counter science linking sugar with negative health effects, including diabetes. The latest work, published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine, is based primarily on 31 pages of correspondence between the sugar group and one of the Harvard researchers who authored the review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the Sugar Association said it \"should have exercised greater transparency in all of its research activities,\" but that funding disclosures were not the norm when the review was published. The group also questioned Kearns' \"continued attempts to reframe historical occurrences\" to play into the current public sentiment against sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sugar Association said it was a \"disservice\" that industry-funded research in general is considered \"tainted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies including Coca-Cola Co. and Kellogg Co. as well as groups for agricultural products like beef and blueberries regularly fund studies that become a part of scientific literature, are cited by other researchers, and are touted in press releases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies say they adhere to scientific standards, and many researchers feel that industry funding is critical to advancing science given the growing competition for government funds. But critics say such studies are often thinly veiled marketing that undermine efforts to improve public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Food company sponsorship, whether or not intentionally manipulative, undermines public trust in nutrition science, contributes to public confusion about what to eat,\" wrote Nestle, a longtime critic of industry funding of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the analysis note they were unable to interview key actors quoted in the documents because they are no longer alive. They also note there is no direct evidence the sugar industry wrote or changed the manuscript, that the documents provide a limited window into the activities of the sugar industry group and that the roles of other industries and nutrition leaders in shaping the discussion about heart disease were not studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, they say the documents underscore why policy makers should consider giving less weight to industry-funded studies. Although funding disclosures are now common practice in the scientific community, the role sponsors play behind the scenes is still not always clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the Associated Press reported on a study funded by the candy industry's trade group that found children who eat candy tend to weigh less than those who don't. The National Confectioners Association, which touted the findings in a press release, provided feedback to the authors on a draft even though a disclosure said it had no role in the paper. The association said its suggestions didn't alter the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, the AP also reported on emails showing Coca-Cola was instrumental in creating a nonprofit that said its mission was to fight obesity, even though the group publicly said the soda maker had \"no input\" into its activities. A document circulated at Coke said the group would counter the \"shrill rhetoric\" of \"public health extremists.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coca-Cola subsequently conceded that it had not been transparent, and the group later disbanded.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An historical analysis shows that researchers overstated the consistency of the literature on fat and cholesterol, while downplaying studies on sugar.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1474941165,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":926},"headData":{"title":"Sugar Industry Funded 1960s Harvard Research That Blamed Heart Disease on Fat | KQED","description":"An historical analysis shows that researchers overstated the consistency of the literature on fat and cholesterol, while downplaying studies on sugar.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Sugar Industry Funded 1960s Harvard Research That Blamed Heart Disease on Fat","datePublished":"2016-09-12T18:37:27.000Z","dateModified":"2016-09-27T01:52:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"236447 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=236447","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/09/12/sugar-industry-funded-1960s-harvard-research-that-blamed-heart-disease-on-fat/","disqusTitle":"Sugar Industry Funded 1960s Harvard Research That Blamed Heart Disease on Fat","nprByline":"Associated Press","path":"/stateofhealth/236447/sugar-industry-funded-1960s-harvard-research-that-blamed-heart-disease-on-fat","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The sugar industry began funding research that cast doubt on sugar's role in heart disease — in part by pointing the finger at fat — as early as the 1960s, according to an analysis of newly uncovered documents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis published Monday is based on correspondence between a sugar trade group and researchers at Harvard University, and is the latest example showing how food and beverage makers attempt to shape public understanding of nutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1964, the group now known as the Sugar Association internally discussed a campaign to address \"negative attitudes toward sugar\" after studies began emerging linking sugar with heart disease, according to documents dug up from public archives. The following year the group approved \"Project 226,\" which entailed paying Harvard researchers today's equivalent of $48,900 for an article reviewing the scientific literature, supplying materials they wanted reviewed, and receiving drafts of the article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting article published in 1967 concluded there was \"no doubt\" that reducing cholesterol and saturated fat was the only dietary intervention needed to prevent heart disease. The researchers overstated the consistency of the literature on fat and cholesterol, while downplaying studies on sugar, according to the analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let me assure you this is quite what we had in mind and we look forward to its appearance in print,\" wrote an employee of the sugar industry group to one of the authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sugar industry's funding and role were not disclosed when the article was published by the New England Journal of Medicine. The journal, which did not require such disclosures at the time, began requesting author disclosures in 1984.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an editorial published Monday that accompanied the sugar industry analysis, New York University professor of nutrition Marion Nestle noted that for decades following the study, scientists and health officials focused on reducing saturated fat, not sugar, to prevent heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists are still working to understand links between diet and heart disease, concern has shifted in recent years to sugar and carbohydrates, and away from fat, Nestle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A committee advising the federal government on dietary guidelines says the available evidence shows \"no appreciable relationship\" between the dietary cholesterol and heart disease, although it still recommended limiting saturated fats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Heart Association cites a study published in 2014 in saying that too much added sugar can increase risk of heart disease, though the authors of that study says the biological reasons for the link are not completely understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings published Monday are part of an ongoing project by a former dentist, Cristin Kearns, to reveal the sugar industry's decades-long efforts to counter science linking sugar with negative health effects, including diabetes. The latest work, published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine, is based primarily on 31 pages of correspondence between the sugar group and one of the Harvard researchers who authored the review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the Sugar Association said it \"should have exercised greater transparency in all of its research activities,\" but that funding disclosures were not the norm when the review was published. The group also questioned Kearns' \"continued attempts to reframe historical occurrences\" to play into the current public sentiment against sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sugar Association said it was a \"disservice\" that industry-funded research in general is considered \"tainted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies including Coca-Cola Co. and Kellogg Co. as well as groups for agricultural products like beef and blueberries regularly fund studies that become a part of scientific literature, are cited by other researchers, and are touted in press releases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies say they adhere to scientific standards, and many researchers feel that industry funding is critical to advancing science given the growing competition for government funds. But critics say such studies are often thinly veiled marketing that undermine efforts to improve public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Food company sponsorship, whether or not intentionally manipulative, undermines public trust in nutrition science, contributes to public confusion about what to eat,\" wrote Nestle, a longtime critic of industry funding of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the analysis note they were unable to interview key actors quoted in the documents because they are no longer alive. They also note there is no direct evidence the sugar industry wrote or changed the manuscript, that the documents provide a limited window into the activities of the sugar industry group and that the roles of other industries and nutrition leaders in shaping the discussion about heart disease were not studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, they say the documents underscore why policy makers should consider giving less weight to industry-funded studies. Although funding disclosures are now common practice in the scientific community, the role sponsors play behind the scenes is still not always clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the Associated Press reported on a study funded by the candy industry's trade group that found children who eat candy tend to weigh less than those who don't. The National Confectioners Association, which touted the findings in a press release, provided feedback to the authors on a draft even though a disclosure said it had no role in the paper. The association said its suggestions didn't alter the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, the AP also reported on emails showing Coca-Cola was instrumental in creating a nonprofit that said its mission was to fight obesity, even though the group publicly said the soda maker had \"no input\" into its activities. A document circulated at Coke said the group would counter the \"shrill rhetoric\" of \"public health extremists.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coca-Cola subsequently conceded that it had not been transparent, and the group later disbanded.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/236447/sugar-industry-funded-1960s-harvard-research-that-blamed-heart-disease-on-fat","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_236447"],"categories":["stateofhealth_2746"],"tags":["stateofhealth_2925","stateofhealth_2899","stateofhealth_2808","stateofhealth_2900","stateofhealth_2871","stateofhealth_2519","stateofhealth_2898","stateofhealth_161"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_236465","label":"stateofhealth"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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