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Parents in Small Businesses","publishDate":1476212334,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Election 2016 | The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Aiming to attract and keep top-notch talent, a growing number of companies are dangling family-friendly perks such as lengthy paid leave for new moms and dads, backup child care and on-site infant vaccines. But the attention-grabbing headlines — such as \"\u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2015/07/13/ibm-ship-employee-breast-milk/\">IBM plans to ship employees' breast milk home\u003c/a>\" — obscure the reality that for many workers, basic benefits such as guaranteed parental leave, even unpaid, is unavailable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, long a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/10/07/496936072/how-californias-paid-family-leave-law-buys-time-for-new-parents\">trailblazer on paid leave\u003c/a>, work-life advocates suffered a setback recently when the governor vetoed a bill that would have required small businesses to guarantee employees' jobs after they take a parental leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workers at larger employers already have that protection under federal law. The Family and Medical Leave Act allows workers at companies with 50 or more employees to \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs28.pdf\">take up to 12 weeks off without pay\u003c/a> following the birth or adoption of a child without jeopardizing their job. It also applies for care for themselves or a family member with a serious health condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California takes it a step further, however. It's one of just four states that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalpartnership.org/research-library/work-family/paid-leave/state-paid-family-leave-laws.pdf\">replace a portion of workers' wages\u003c/a> while they're on unpaid family leave. New Jersey, Rhode Island and, beginning in 2018, New York, are the others. Washington state also has passed a law but never funded it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though other states have expressed interest in this type of coverage, \"change is glacial, and most people still don't have access\" to paid family leave, said Vicki Shabo, vice president at the National Partnership for Women and Families, an advocacy group based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, workers at companies of all sizes who take family leave can receive up to 55 percent of their wages, going up to a maximum 70 percent in 2018, for up to six weeks to care for a newborn, newly adopted or foster child or ill family member. The leave is financed by a payroll tax on employees that was added to the state's existing temporary disability program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though workers pay into the fund and are entitled to the state payments during a family leave, people who use the benefit can find themselves out of work at smaller companies. In some cases, workers reluctantly use their more limited paid vacation instead, or they may skip parental leave entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Charles and Angelique Anderson's daughter was born in July, Charles asked his company for a month off to bond with the baby. But the debt collection company he works for turned down his request because, he said, they told him his office of roughly 30 workers isn't bound by the family leave law. So when the baby was born, Anderson, 32, took just a week of vacation before returning to his Sacramento job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was angry,\" said Anderson, who has worked at the firm since 2007. \"Now I have my first baby and they deny me leave because it would have hurt their money.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB654\">bill vetoed\u003c/a> by Gov. Jerry Brown on Sept. 30, would have allowed workers at small businesses with between 20 and 49 employees to take up to six weeks off after the birth or adoption of a child without losing their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/docs/SB_654_Veto_Message.pdf\">veto message\u003c/a>, Brown said he was worried about the effect on small businesses. The California Chamber of Commerce \u003ca href=\"http://advocacy.calchamber.com/2016/08/23/sb-654-is-attack-on-small-business-calchamber-issues-call-to-action/\">opposed the bill\u003c/a>, calling it a \"job killer\" because it would impose another protected leave of absence on small businesses. The chamber didn't respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small businesses, however, didn't necessarily agree with that assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Small employers need to compete for talent and they want to be able to offer their employees the whole suite of benefits,\" said Mark Herbert, California director of the Small Business Majority, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the organization didn't take a position on the bill, Herbert said the financial consequences of such a law might be positive for small businesses. That's because employers don't pay workers' wages while they're on family leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A survey of 250 California employers in 2010 found that roughly 90 percent \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/asp/evaluation/reports/PaidLeaveDeliverable.pdf\">reported no problems\u003c/a> with morale, productivity, profit or costs because of the family leaves. That's generally consistent with national employer surveys about family leave laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, just 13 percent of private sector workers have access to paid family leave, while 87 percent have access to unpaid family leave, according to the U.S. Department of Labor's \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/benefits/2016/ebbl0059.pdf\">annual national compensation survey\u003c/a> of employee benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixteen percent of workers who were eligible for leave under the federal Family and Medical Leave Act in 2012 took it, usually because of their own illness. Of those, about one in five took leave because of pregnancy or a new child, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/asp/evaluation/fmla/fmla-2012-technical-report.pdf\">according to a report\u003c/a> prepared by Abt Associates for the Department of Labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although big-name companies offer generous paid family benefits — sometimes months of leave for both parents — many workers can't take more than a few days off, even without pay. But work-life advocates say they're encouraged by generous corporate perks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a cultural shift,\" said Maya Raghu, director of workplace equality at the National Women's Law Center. \"Some employees don't see this as a benefit but as a necessity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their part, California advocates aren't giving up on small business protections. \"Instead of being sad, people feel really energized,\" said Jenya Cassidy, director of the California Work and Family Coalition, which advocated for the bill. \"We're still not done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kaiser Health News is an editorially independent news service that is part of the nonpartisan Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. \u003c/em>\u003cem>Michelle Andrews is on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mandrews110\">@mandrews110\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Kaiser Health News. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+Fails+To+Extend+Family+Leave+Rights+For+Parents+In+Small+Businesses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The reality for many workers is that basic benefits such as guaranteed parental leave are unavailable.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476226782,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":969},"headData":{"title":"California Fails to Extend Family Leave Rights for Parents in Small Businesses | KQED","description":"The reality for many workers is that basic benefits such as guaranteed parental leave are unavailable.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"California Fails to Extend Family Leave Rights for Parents in Small Businesses","datePublished":"2016-10-11T18:58:54.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-11T22:59:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11125326 http://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11125326","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/11/california-fails-to-extend-family-leave-rights-for-parents-in-small-businesses/","disqusTitle":"California Fails to Extend Family Leave Rights for Parents in Small Businesses","source":"NPR","nprImageCredit":"Skopein","nprByline":"\u003cstrong>Michelle Andrews \u003cbr> Kaiser Health News \u003c/br>\u003c/strong>","nprImageAgency":"Ikon Images/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"497522507","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=497522507&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/10/11/497522507/california-fails-to-extend-rights-for-parents-in-small-businesses?ft=nprml&f=497522507","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 11 Oct 2016 11:59:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 11 Oct 2016 11:58:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 11 Oct 2016 12:06:24 -0400","path":"/news/11125326/california-fails-to-extend-family-leave-rights-for-parents-in-small-businesses","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Aiming to attract and keep top-notch talent, a growing number of companies are dangling family-friendly perks such as lengthy paid leave for new moms and dads, backup child care and on-site infant vaccines. But the attention-grabbing headlines — such as \"\u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2015/07/13/ibm-ship-employee-breast-milk/\">IBM plans to ship employees' breast milk home\u003c/a>\" — obscure the reality that for many workers, basic benefits such as guaranteed parental leave, even unpaid, is unavailable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, long a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/10/07/496936072/how-californias-paid-family-leave-law-buys-time-for-new-parents\">trailblazer on paid leave\u003c/a>, work-life advocates suffered a setback recently when the governor vetoed a bill that would have required small businesses to guarantee employees' jobs after they take a parental leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workers at larger employers already have that protection under federal law. The Family and Medical Leave Act allows workers at companies with 50 or more employees to \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs28.pdf\">take up to 12 weeks off without pay\u003c/a> following the birth or adoption of a child without jeopardizing their job. It also applies for care for themselves or a family member with a serious health condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California takes it a step further, however. It's one of just four states that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalpartnership.org/research-library/work-family/paid-leave/state-paid-family-leave-laws.pdf\">replace a portion of workers' wages\u003c/a> while they're on unpaid family leave. New Jersey, Rhode Island and, beginning in 2018, New York, are the others. Washington state also has passed a law but never funded it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though other states have expressed interest in this type of coverage, \"change is glacial, and most people still don't have access\" to paid family leave, said Vicki Shabo, vice president at the National Partnership for Women and Families, an advocacy group based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, workers at companies of all sizes who take family leave can receive up to 55 percent of their wages, going up to a maximum 70 percent in 2018, for up to six weeks to care for a newborn, newly adopted or foster child or ill family member. The leave is financed by a payroll tax on employees that was added to the state's existing temporary disability program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though workers pay into the fund and are entitled to the state payments during a family leave, people who use the benefit can find themselves out of work at smaller companies. In some cases, workers reluctantly use their more limited paid vacation instead, or they may skip parental leave entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Charles and Angelique Anderson's daughter was born in July, Charles asked his company for a month off to bond with the baby. But the debt collection company he works for turned down his request because, he said, they told him his office of roughly 30 workers isn't bound by the family leave law. So when the baby was born, Anderson, 32, took just a week of vacation before returning to his Sacramento job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was angry,\" said Anderson, who has worked at the firm since 2007. \"Now I have my first baby and they deny me leave because it would have hurt their money.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB654\">bill vetoed\u003c/a> by Gov. Jerry Brown on Sept. 30, would have allowed workers at small businesses with between 20 and 49 employees to take up to six weeks off after the birth or adoption of a child without losing their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/docs/SB_654_Veto_Message.pdf\">veto message\u003c/a>, Brown said he was worried about the effect on small businesses. The California Chamber of Commerce \u003ca href=\"http://advocacy.calchamber.com/2016/08/23/sb-654-is-attack-on-small-business-calchamber-issues-call-to-action/\">opposed the bill\u003c/a>, calling it a \"job killer\" because it would impose another protected leave of absence on small businesses. The chamber didn't respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small businesses, however, didn't necessarily agree with that assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Small employers need to compete for talent and they want to be able to offer their employees the whole suite of benefits,\" said Mark Herbert, California director of the Small Business Majority, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the organization didn't take a position on the bill, Herbert said the financial consequences of such a law might be positive for small businesses. That's because employers don't pay workers' wages while they're on family leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A survey of 250 California employers in 2010 found that roughly 90 percent \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/asp/evaluation/reports/PaidLeaveDeliverable.pdf\">reported no problems\u003c/a> with morale, productivity, profit or costs because of the family leaves. That's generally consistent with national employer surveys about family leave laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, just 13 percent of private sector workers have access to paid family leave, while 87 percent have access to unpaid family leave, according to the U.S. Department of Labor's \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/benefits/2016/ebbl0059.pdf\">annual national compensation survey\u003c/a> of employee benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixteen percent of workers who were eligible for leave under the federal Family and Medical Leave Act in 2012 took it, usually because of their own illness. Of those, about one in five took leave because of pregnancy or a new child, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/asp/evaluation/fmla/fmla-2012-technical-report.pdf\">according to a report\u003c/a> prepared by Abt Associates for the Department of Labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although big-name companies offer generous paid family benefits — sometimes months of leave for both parents — many workers can't take more than a few days off, even without pay. But work-life advocates say they're encouraged by generous corporate perks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a cultural shift,\" said Maya Raghu, director of workplace equality at the National Women's Law Center. \"Some employees don't see this as a benefit but as a necessity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their part, California advocates aren't giving up on small business protections. \"Instead of being sad, people feel really energized,\" said Jenya Cassidy, director of the California Work and Family Coalition, which advocated for the bill. \"We're still not done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kaiser Health News is an editorially independent news service that is part of the nonpartisan Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. \u003c/em>\u003cem>Michelle Andrews is on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mandrews110\">@mandrews110\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Kaiser Health News. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+Fails+To+Extend+Family+Leave+Rights+For+Parents+In+Small+Businesses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11125326/california-fails-to-extend-family-leave-rights-for-parents-in-small-businesses","authors":["byline_news_11125326"],"programs":["news_6944","news_72"],"series":["news_19101"],"categories":["news_1758","news_457","news_8"],"tags":["news_18919","news_30"],"featImg":"news_11125327","label":"source_news_11125326"},"stateofhealth_213092":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_213092","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"213092","score":null,"sort":[1468607928000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"early-bedtime-for-preschoolers-might-help-reduce-obesity-risk-later","title":"Early Bedtime For Preschoolers Might Help Reduce Obesity Risk Later","publishDate":1468607928,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>For parents concerned that their preschoolers may one day gain excess weight, a study published Thursday suggests one strategy for keeping the little ones on track that isn't related to food: Tuck them in earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists reporting online in \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(16)30361-4/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>The Journal of Pediatrics\u003c/em>\u003c/a> found, in a study of not quite a thousand U.S. children, that preschoolers who got to bed by 8 p.m. were about half as likely as those who turned in after 9 p.m. to develop obesity in their teenage years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"jPIXR8GOOfJd5mPFAxQvpndbBriGwmfs\"]Obesity continues to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/04/26/475622225/plateau-but-no-decline-child-obesity-rates-hold-steady\" target=\"_blank\">a major health issue\u003c/a> for children and teens in the United States, and many studies have shown that issues with \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/12/11/369837792/does-snoring-leave-tots-more-vulnerable-to-childhood-obesity\" target=\"_blank\">sleep quality\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129636783\">duration\u003c/a> can contribute to that risk, says \u003ca href=\"https://cph.osu.edu/people/sanderson\" target=\"_blank\">Sarah Anderson\u003c/a>, epidemiologist at the Ohio State University and lead author on the current research. But \"there haven't been many studies that have looked at bedtime,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A child's bedtime is an important factor to examine because it's something a parent generally has some control over, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.uchospitals.edu/physicians/lisa-medalie.html\" target=\"_blank\">Lisa Medalie\u003c/a>, director of the Pediatric Insomnia Program at the University of Chicago Medicine, whereas kids often have a fixed wakeup time because they have to get out the door in time for camp or school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Kids can get really fussy when you keep them up too late,\" Medalie says. \"If they get too fussy and get overtired, then it actually makes it harder for them to sleep.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out whether preschooler bedtimes might be linked to obesity later in life, Anderson and colleagues looked back at data collected for 977 children across nine states as part of a government-funded research project called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nichd.nih.gov/research/supported/Pages/seccyd.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers followed these children from birth in 1991 through their adolescent years. They recorded a range of data — everything from a child's height and weight at different ages to a mother's education level and attention to her child's needs as observed through video recordings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly for Anderson's study, when the children reached about 4.5 years old, researchers included this in the list of questions they asked mothers: \"What time does your child go to bed on most weekday evenings?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turned out that about 25 percent of the children went to bed at 8 p.m. or earlier, half went to bed between 8 and 9 p.m., and 25 percent went to bed after 9 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"deHc98MUGwkG1StedGBE4DHnw4WdkXE8\"]Anderson and her team found that the bedtime category a child fell into was linked to his or her likelihood of being obese. When the preschoolers reached about age 15, 10 percent of the early-to-bed group, 16 percent of the middle group, and 23 percent of the late-to-bed group were obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the researchers controlled for other factors like birthweight, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and the mother's weight, the preschoolers who went to bed late — after 9 p.m. — were still twice as likely to develop obesity in their teens as the early-to-bed group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That you can ask one question of a mother of a 4.5-year-old child and it relates to body mass index 10 years later — that's pretty remarkable,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.auburn.edu/~buckhja/\" target=\"_blank\">Joseph Buckhalt\u003c/a>, a pediatric sleep researcher at Auburn University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research hasn't proved that later bedtimes directly cause obesity, only that there seems to be some connection between the two, the sleep scientists agree. Research on this point has only just begun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Anderson says she recognizes that it's not always possible to get kids to bed early. Some parents' work schedules \"don't allow them to arrive home early enough in the evening to both spend time with the child and have an early bedtime,\" she notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Anderson says, for lots of reasons, \"parents might want to consider what it would take for them to have a regular early bedtime routine for their preschool-aged child.\" And aim for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Early+Bedtime+For+Preschoolers+Might+Help+Reduce+Obesity+Risk+Later&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Little kids who hit the sack early may be less likely to get overtired and fussy in a way that messes with their sleep cycle, researchers say.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1468608162,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":688},"headData":{"title":"Early Bedtime For Preschoolers Might Help Reduce Obesity Risk Later | KQED","description":"Little kids who hit the sack early may be less likely to get overtired and fussy in a way that messes with their sleep cycle, researchers say.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Early Bedtime For Preschoolers Might Help Reduce Obesity Risk Later","datePublished":"2016-07-15T18:38:48.000Z","dateModified":"2016-07-15T18:42:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"213092 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=213092","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/07/15/early-bedtime-for-preschoolers-might-help-reduce-obesity-risk-later/","disqusTitle":"Early Bedtime For Preschoolers Might Help Reduce Obesity Risk Later","nprByline":"Carolyn Beans\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/\">NPR Shots\u003c/a>","nprStoryId":"486019084","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=486019084&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/07/14/486019084/early-bedtime-for-preschoolers-might-help-reduce-obesity-risk-later?ft=nprml&f=486019084","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 14 Jul 2016 13:36:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 14 Jul 2016 13:36:50 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 14 Jul 2016 13:36:50 -0400","path":"/stateofhealth/213092/early-bedtime-for-preschoolers-might-help-reduce-obesity-risk-later","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For parents concerned that their preschoolers may one day gain excess weight, a study published Thursday suggests one strategy for keeping the little ones on track that isn't related to food: Tuck them in earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists reporting online in \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(16)30361-4/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>The Journal of Pediatrics\u003c/em>\u003c/a> found, in a study of not quite a thousand U.S. children, that preschoolers who got to bed by 8 p.m. were about half as likely as those who turned in after 9 p.m. to develop obesity in their teenage years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Obesity continues to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/04/26/475622225/plateau-but-no-decline-child-obesity-rates-hold-steady\" target=\"_blank\">a major health issue\u003c/a> for children and teens in the United States, and many studies have shown that issues with \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/12/11/369837792/does-snoring-leave-tots-more-vulnerable-to-childhood-obesity\" target=\"_blank\">sleep quality\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129636783\">duration\u003c/a> can contribute to that risk, says \u003ca href=\"https://cph.osu.edu/people/sanderson\" target=\"_blank\">Sarah Anderson\u003c/a>, epidemiologist at the Ohio State University and lead author on the current research. But \"there haven't been many studies that have looked at bedtime,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A child's bedtime is an important factor to examine because it's something a parent generally has some control over, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.uchospitals.edu/physicians/lisa-medalie.html\" target=\"_blank\">Lisa Medalie\u003c/a>, director of the Pediatric Insomnia Program at the University of Chicago Medicine, whereas kids often have a fixed wakeup time because they have to get out the door in time for camp or school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Kids can get really fussy when you keep them up too late,\" Medalie says. \"If they get too fussy and get overtired, then it actually makes it harder for them to sleep.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out whether preschooler bedtimes might be linked to obesity later in life, Anderson and colleagues looked back at data collected for 977 children across nine states as part of a government-funded research project called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nichd.nih.gov/research/supported/Pages/seccyd.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers followed these children from birth in 1991 through their adolescent years. They recorded a range of data — everything from a child's height and weight at different ages to a mother's education level and attention to her child's needs as observed through video recordings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly for Anderson's study, when the children reached about 4.5 years old, researchers included this in the list of questions they asked mothers: \"What time does your child go to bed on most weekday evenings?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turned out that about 25 percent of the children went to bed at 8 p.m. or earlier, half went to bed between 8 and 9 p.m., and 25 percent went to bed after 9 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Anderson and her team found that the bedtime category a child fell into was linked to his or her likelihood of being obese. When the preschoolers reached about age 15, 10 percent of the early-to-bed group, 16 percent of the middle group, and 23 percent of the late-to-bed group were obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the researchers controlled for other factors like birthweight, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and the mother's weight, the preschoolers who went to bed late — after 9 p.m. — were still twice as likely to develop obesity in their teens as the early-to-bed group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That you can ask one question of a mother of a 4.5-year-old child and it relates to body mass index 10 years later — that's pretty remarkable,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.auburn.edu/~buckhja/\" target=\"_blank\">Joseph Buckhalt\u003c/a>, a pediatric sleep researcher at Auburn University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research hasn't proved that later bedtimes directly cause obesity, only that there seems to be some connection between the two, the sleep scientists agree. Research on this point has only just begun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Anderson says she recognizes that it's not always possible to get kids to bed early. Some parents' work schedules \"don't allow them to arrive home early enough in the evening to both spend time with the child and have an early bedtime,\" she notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Anderson says, for lots of reasons, \"parents might want to consider what it would take for them to have a regular early bedtime routine for their preschool-aged child.\" And aim for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Early+Bedtime+For+Preschoolers+Might+Help+Reduce+Obesity+Risk+Later&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/213092/early-bedtime-for-preschoolers-might-help-reduce-obesity-risk-later","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_213092"],"categories":["stateofhealth_12"],"tags":["stateofhealth_2520","stateofhealth_2808","stateofhealth_93"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_213093","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_209356":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_209356","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"209356","score":null,"sort":[1467832575000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-parents-can-help-their-teenage-kids-resist-alcohol","title":"How Parents Can Help Their Teenage Kids Resist Alcohol","publishDate":1467832575,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>While a sense of inevitability often surrounds the topic of teen drinking, adults can play an important role in preventing underage alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two recent studies provide guidance for parents. One finds that parents who set limits in a warm and supportive environment reduced the risk that their adolescent children would binge drink. The other study reports on the potential of a home-based program that educates parents and children about alcohol prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are high. About 1 in 6 teens drank alcohol before turning 13, and about the same proportion of high school kids has binged on alcohol, according to the latest biannual \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trends/2015_us_alcohol_trend_yrbs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Youth Risk Behavior Survey\u003c/a> by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overall, a third of teenagers drink — down from about half of teens 25 years ago, but still a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Although it is common for adolescents and young adults to try psychoactive substances, it is important that this experimentation not be condoned, facilitated, or trivialized by adults,\" notes the introduction to an updated screening \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/06/16/peds.2016-1211#ref-32\" target=\"_blank\">protocol\u003c/a> by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The group encourages doctors to ask adolescents about drug and alcohol use during routine visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At home, how Mom and Dad manage their roles — and the signals they send about alcohol use — affects their children's future drinking behavior. Parenting style, drinking frequency, and expectations influence whether adolescents will binge drink, according to results of a \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11121-016-0656-1\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> published in the July issue of \u003cem>Prevention Science\u003c/em>. In the same issue, another \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11121-016-0659-y\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> finds that a home-based prevention program given by parents to their elementary school-aged children made the kids less inclined to drink four years after the start of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When adolescents drink, they tend to do so excessively, making the most of their limited access to alcohol. Binge drinking — consuming four, for females, or five, for males, drinks at a time — puts the imbiber at risk of fatal accidents, injuries, violence, and legal problems. Social psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://cgu.edu/pages/972.asp\" target=\"_blank\">William D. Crano\u003c/a> at Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, Calif., and his colleagues wondered whether certain conditions in adolescence \"had any predictive power for what's going to happen\" in terms of alcohol use and incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth\" target=\"_blank\">Add Health\u003c/a>), which has interviewed a nationally representative group four times, beginning in the 1994-1995 school year, when the participants were in seventh through 12th grades. The most recent survey occurred in 2008, when the respondents had reached ages ranging from 24 to 32. Parent interviews occurred in the first year of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crano and his group focused on four factors from the first wave of interviews:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>whether parents monitored their teens,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>the warmth parents expressed to their teens,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>how frequently parents drank,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>if parents thought their kids were drinking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The study involved more than 9,400 adolescents and their parents. Teens answered questions about parental monitoring and warmth; parents responded to queries about their drinking and expectations. In later surveys, the Add Health project collected data on teen and young adult binge drinking and incarceration rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adolescents whose parents neither kept an eye on them nor provided a supportive home environment were more likely to binge drink. These parental behaviors, along with underage drinking, predicted binge drinking as young adults. Furthermore, those who binged as teens and young adults were more likely to be arrested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study suggests that parents do make a difference. \"Parental monitoring and warmth are a protective device against kids' binge drinking,\" says Crano. But the two need to go hand in hand. \"If you have surveillance without warmth, you've got a problem,\" he adds. \"You want the relationship between a parent and a child to be close enough and warm enough that the child discloses behaviors and what they are thinking, and the parent can offer advice\" that reinforces rules but doesn't disparage the child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that how often parents drank was predictive of teen and young adult binge drinking. While the survey didn't ask about the amount of alcohol consumed, the research supports the idea that parents' drinking behavior can send a powerful message to kids in terms of what is acceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, it was more likely that adolescents were drinking if their parents expected they were drinking. This self-fulfilling prophecy may stem from parents not intervening and educating their kids when they suspect alcohol use, says Crano, even though that is exactly what is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crano and his group argue that national prevention campaigns would do well to target parents, not just teens. \"Parents are an easier audience,\" he says. \"They are quite open to learning how to do better for their children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armed with the right information, parents can direct a prevention campaign in their own living rooms. Social ecologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.rti.org/expert/christine-jackson\" target=\"_blank\">Christine Jackson\u003c/a> at RTI International in Durham, North Carolina, and colleagues there and at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill report on a home-based parenting program meant to counter parents' misconceptions about kids and alcohol, support communication in the family, and encourage parents to set rules regarding alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson notes that a child's first taste of alcohol often comes from a drink offered by a parent. Contrary to the belief that sipping will satisfy kids' curiosity about alcohol and deter future drinking, previous work by Jackson and colleagues found that fifth-grade children permitted by parents to try an alcoholic beverage were twice as likely to drink in seventh grade as peers not granted sips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the short term, allowing children to try alcohol simply teaches them that parents don't mind if they have alcohol,\" Jackson says. \"In the long term, allowing children to have alcohol increases their odds of underage drinking during adolescence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If kids have positive ideas about alcohol — for example, that drinking makes one popular — they are more likely to drink, notes Jackson. The program set out to provide alternative, protective ideas. It helped parents discuss how alcohol is harmful to children's health and commit to keeping kids alcohol-free. It also sought to empower kids to reject social pressures to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test the approach, the researchers recruited third-grade children and their mothers from school districts in three southern states, primarily North Carolina. Just over 1,000 children were randomly divided into two groups, one whose families received the five-month-long alcohol prevention program, and one provided with an obesity-prevention program for comparison. The materials included magazines, games and role-playing activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson and her colleagues interviewed the kids about their beliefs and attitudes regarding alcohol before the program started. At the same time, they queried mothers about how often both parents drank and about the mother's racial and ethnic identity and education. In the second and third years of the study, families received a one-month booster program. Four years from the start of the program, the researchers asked the kids again about their alcohol-related beliefs and attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third-graders who had received the alcohol prevention program were significantly less inclined to drink at the four-year follow-up, when they were in seventh grade, than those in the obesity program. This was true regardless of their parents' drinking habits or mother's education, race or ethnicity. \"This means that the program has a sustained effect on children's attitudes and intentions about alcohol use,\" says Jackson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids develop ideas about alcohol with or without their parents' direct input. \"Encourage conversation with kids about issues that are important to them,\" says Crano. \"You want to be the person to help them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Aimee Cunningham is a freelance science journalist based in the Washington, D.C., area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Parents+Can+Help+Their+Underage+Kids+Resist+Alcohol&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Armed with the right information, parents can direct a prevention campaign in their own living rooms.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1467833921,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1310},"headData":{"title":"How Parents Can Help Their Teenage Kids Resist Alcohol | KQED","description":"Armed with the right information, parents can direct a prevention campaign in their own living rooms.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Parents Can Help Their Teenage Kids Resist Alcohol","datePublished":"2016-07-06T19:16:15.000Z","dateModified":"2016-07-06T19:38:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"209356 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=209356","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/07/06/how-parents-can-help-their-teenage-kids-resist-alcohol/","disqusTitle":"How Parents Can Help Their Teenage Kids Resist Alcohol","nprByline":"Aimee Cunningham\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/\">NPR Shots\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Imagezoo/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"484839264","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=484839264&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/07/06/484839264/how-parents-can-help-their-underage-kids-resist-alcohol?ft=nprml&f=484839264","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 06 Jul 2016 11:52:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 06 Jul 2016 11:52:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 06 Jul 2016 11:54:47 -0400","path":"/stateofhealth/209356/how-parents-can-help-their-teenage-kids-resist-alcohol","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>While a sense of inevitability often surrounds the topic of teen drinking, adults can play an important role in preventing underage alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two recent studies provide guidance for parents. One finds that parents who set limits in a warm and supportive environment reduced the risk that their adolescent children would binge drink. The other study reports on the potential of a home-based program that educates parents and children about alcohol prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are high. About 1 in 6 teens drank alcohol before turning 13, and about the same proportion of high school kids has binged on alcohol, according to the latest biannual \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trends/2015_us_alcohol_trend_yrbs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Youth Risk Behavior Survey\u003c/a> by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overall, a third of teenagers drink — down from about half of teens 25 years ago, but still a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Although it is common for adolescents and young adults to try psychoactive substances, it is important that this experimentation not be condoned, facilitated, or trivialized by adults,\" notes the introduction to an updated screening \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/06/16/peds.2016-1211#ref-32\" target=\"_blank\">protocol\u003c/a> by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The group encourages doctors to ask adolescents about drug and alcohol use during routine visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At home, how Mom and Dad manage their roles — and the signals they send about alcohol use — affects their children's future drinking behavior. Parenting style, drinking frequency, and expectations influence whether adolescents will binge drink, according to results of a \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11121-016-0656-1\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> published in the July issue of \u003cem>Prevention Science\u003c/em>. In the same issue, another \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11121-016-0659-y\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> finds that a home-based prevention program given by parents to their elementary school-aged children made the kids less inclined to drink four years after the start of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When adolescents drink, they tend to do so excessively, making the most of their limited access to alcohol. Binge drinking — consuming four, for females, or five, for males, drinks at a time — puts the imbiber at risk of fatal accidents, injuries, violence, and legal problems. Social psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://cgu.edu/pages/972.asp\" target=\"_blank\">William D. Crano\u003c/a> at Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, Calif., and his colleagues wondered whether certain conditions in adolescence \"had any predictive power for what's going to happen\" in terms of alcohol use and incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth\" target=\"_blank\">Add Health\u003c/a>), which has interviewed a nationally representative group four times, beginning in the 1994-1995 school year, when the participants were in seventh through 12th grades. The most recent survey occurred in 2008, when the respondents had reached ages ranging from 24 to 32. Parent interviews occurred in the first year of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crano and his group focused on four factors from the first wave of interviews:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>whether parents monitored their teens,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>the warmth parents expressed to their teens,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>how frequently parents drank,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>if parents thought their kids were drinking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The study involved more than 9,400 adolescents and their parents. Teens answered questions about parental monitoring and warmth; parents responded to queries about their drinking and expectations. In later surveys, the Add Health project collected data on teen and young adult binge drinking and incarceration rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adolescents whose parents neither kept an eye on them nor provided a supportive home environment were more likely to binge drink. These parental behaviors, along with underage drinking, predicted binge drinking as young adults. Furthermore, those who binged as teens and young adults were more likely to be arrested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study suggests that parents do make a difference. \"Parental monitoring and warmth are a protective device against kids' binge drinking,\" says Crano. But the two need to go hand in hand. \"If you have surveillance without warmth, you've got a problem,\" he adds. \"You want the relationship between a parent and a child to be close enough and warm enough that the child discloses behaviors and what they are thinking, and the parent can offer advice\" that reinforces rules but doesn't disparage the child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that how often parents drank was predictive of teen and young adult binge drinking. While the survey didn't ask about the amount of alcohol consumed, the research supports the idea that parents' drinking behavior can send a powerful message to kids in terms of what is acceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, it was more likely that adolescents were drinking if their parents expected they were drinking. This self-fulfilling prophecy may stem from parents not intervening and educating their kids when they suspect alcohol use, says Crano, even though that is exactly what is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crano and his group argue that national prevention campaigns would do well to target parents, not just teens. \"Parents are an easier audience,\" he says. \"They are quite open to learning how to do better for their children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armed with the right information, parents can direct a prevention campaign in their own living rooms. Social ecologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.rti.org/expert/christine-jackson\" target=\"_blank\">Christine Jackson\u003c/a> at RTI International in Durham, North Carolina, and colleagues there and at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill report on a home-based parenting program meant to counter parents' misconceptions about kids and alcohol, support communication in the family, and encourage parents to set rules regarding alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson notes that a child's first taste of alcohol often comes from a drink offered by a parent. Contrary to the belief that sipping will satisfy kids' curiosity about alcohol and deter future drinking, previous work by Jackson and colleagues found that fifth-grade children permitted by parents to try an alcoholic beverage were twice as likely to drink in seventh grade as peers not granted sips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the short term, allowing children to try alcohol simply teaches them that parents don't mind if they have alcohol,\" Jackson says. \"In the long term, allowing children to have alcohol increases their odds of underage drinking during adolescence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If kids have positive ideas about alcohol — for example, that drinking makes one popular — they are more likely to drink, notes Jackson. The program set out to provide alternative, protective ideas. It helped parents discuss how alcohol is harmful to children's health and commit to keeping kids alcohol-free. It also sought to empower kids to reject social pressures to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test the approach, the researchers recruited third-grade children and their mothers from school districts in three southern states, primarily North Carolina. Just over 1,000 children were randomly divided into two groups, one whose families received the five-month-long alcohol prevention program, and one provided with an obesity-prevention program for comparison. The materials included magazines, games and role-playing activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson and her colleagues interviewed the kids about their beliefs and attitudes regarding alcohol before the program started. At the same time, they queried mothers about how often both parents drank and about the mother's racial and ethnic identity and education. In the second and third years of the study, families received a one-month booster program. Four years from the start of the program, the researchers asked the kids again about their alcohol-related beliefs and attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third-graders who had received the alcohol prevention program were significantly less inclined to drink at the four-year follow-up, when they were in seventh grade, than those in the obesity program. This was true regardless of their parents' drinking habits or mother's education, race or ethnicity. \"This means that the program has a sustained effect on children's attitudes and intentions about alcohol use,\" says Jackson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids develop ideas about alcohol with or without their parents' direct input. \"Encourage conversation with kids about issues that are important to them,\" says Crano. \"You want to be the person to help them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Aimee Cunningham is a freelance science journalist based in the Washington, D.C., area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Parents+Can+Help+Their+Underage+Kids+Resist+Alcohol&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/209356/how-parents-can-help-their-teenage-kids-resist-alcohol","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_209356"],"categories":["stateofhealth_12"],"tags":["stateofhealth_562","stateofhealth_96","stateofhealth_93"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_209357","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_202242":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_202242","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"202242","score":null,"sort":[1466619308000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-it-ok-for-boys-to-cry","title":"Is It OK For Boys To Cry?","publishDate":1466619308,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>A few weeks ago at a soccer game I was coaching, my team got trounced. They are 7 and they are not used to losing. As soon as I called the game and they realized what had just happened, two of the boys burst out crying.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Boys can cry -- if they do it in just the right way\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The first one cried loudly, and desperately. He was upset because he hadn't run hard enough or passed enough or scored enough goals. It was the cry of a battle commander who had let his troops down, and his father hugged him proudly. The second boy cried because of a minor injury and a general sense of exhaustion. His mom gave him a stern face and whisked him away to the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do we care if our sons cry? When I asked that question on Twitter, a handful of moms immediately wrote me back to say: Of course! I want my son to cry!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I suspect that reaction only applies to the kind of parents who follow me on Twitter, and even less so for the dads. The most fulsome and possibly honest answer I received (from a dad) was: \"I don't mind at all when my 11-year-old cries when he is overcome with emotion. I do mind when he cries over small injuries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My conclusion: I think we care a lot less about boys crying than we used to, but more than we will admit. Or to put it another way: boys can cry, if they do it in just the right way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The academic research about boys and crying – or more accurately, vulnerability – shows that society is right now in a precarious place. One body of research shows that boys will fall further behind in school and in an increasingly complex society if we do not teach them how to be emotionally open and honest, able to recognize and navigate their feelings rather than stuffing them down. But another body of research shows that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/10/education/edlife/teaching-men-to-be-emotionally-honest.html\" target=\"_blank\">teaching boys to accept their own vulnerability is harder than we think.\u003c/a> Despite our best intentions, our progressive instincts, and an increasingly gender-fluid society — the mama's boy stigma dies hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, we have been stuck in this spot for a while. Nearly 20 years ago \u003cem>The Atlantic\u003c/em> ran a cover story about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/05/the-war-against-boys/304659/\" target=\"_blank\">boy crisis in schools\u003c/a>. Boys were falling behind in math and reading scores, in high school and college graduation rates. For working-class men this translated into a very slim chance of an easy middle-class life, as I wrote about in my 2012 book \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/End-Men-Rise-Women/dp/B00D9TA4VY\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>The End of Men\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em> Initially researchers thought that what boys needed was more ... boyishness, more rough and tumble play, more adventure stories!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now it looks like they might need the opposite. In a 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://pages.uoregon.edu/eherman/teaching/texts/DiPrete%20&%20Buchmann,%202013%20Briefing%20The-rise-of-women.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">repor\u003c/a>t, sociologists Thomas Di Prete and Claudia Buchmann wrote that \"boys' underperformance in school has more to do with society's norms about masculinity than with anatomy, hormones or brain structure.\" Boys who do extracurriculars like music, art and drama tend to get higher grades, they found, but those things are often denigrated as \"un-masculine,\" they write. And they found many examples of boys who strive for good grades being called \"pussies\" or \"fags\" by their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why at a time when acceptable behavior for women has expanded, do men remain stuck? After all, studies of infants and young children show that \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/35/1/175/\" target=\"_blank\">babies and very young boys are just as emotive\u003c/a> as little girls. So why do we socialize it out of them? Sociologist Stephanie Coontz calls this the age of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stephaniecoontz.com/articles/article93.htm\" target=\"_blank\">masculine mystique\u003c/a>. In the 50s and early 60s it was women who were stuck in a box. But now it's men who are trapped in a narrow gender stereotype that \"prevents them from exploring the full range of their individual capabilities,\" she writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I own a 1958 book called \u003cem>The Decline of the American Male\u003c/em>. It shows a picture of a wickedly indifferent goddess woman pulling the puppet strings of a boy. Chapter One is called \"Why Do Women Dominate Him?\" The fear of female domination runs deep. You can see it in Gamergate, in Donald Trump, in bro culture on campus. In fact, it's a strain of misogyny that runs alongside gender equality. Ask the question: \"Can Boys Cry?\" and you are only likely to inflame it, confirm the fear that boys are being forced to conform to a girls' world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My guess is that there has always been an acceptable category of male vulnerability and that it always looked different from the female kind. You can see it in boys' eternal attraction to superheroes, who are simultaneously invincible and tender. You can see it in boy-men's undying love for Bruce Springsteen. Boys seem magnetized to men who express the full range of emotions. But we have lost that along the way, or at least it's gotten perverted. In her 1999 book \u003cem>Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man\u003c/em>, Susan Faludi says that these days boys are modeling themselves on what she calls \"ornamental masculinity\" – the flattened, crude version of macho that dominates TV and music and porn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me the most promising efforts are the ones that address male vulnerability on its own terms, or at least in gender-neutral terms. As it happens, some of the most exciting trends in education right now are ones boys can get behind. New research on motivation encourages kids to \u003ca href=\"http://mindsetonline.com/abouttheauthor/\" target=\"_blank\">fail\u003c/a>. The newly trendy concept of grit implies a life of endless obstacle courses and toughness, something boys can also own. And my favorite, psychiatrist Jonathan Shay's program to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/us/excerpt-odysseus.html\" target=\"_blank\">ease combat trauma with Greek classics\u003c/a>. Shay sees that the classics understood something we have forgotten — that men who are coming back from war, or who have just lost a soccer game, or who are just plain tired, would naturally want to cry. But he also sees that the message is easier to take coming from a Greek hero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hanna Rosin is a co-host of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/invisibilia/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR podcast Invisibilia\u003c/a>. She's written for The Atlantic and Slate, and is the author of The End of Men.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+It+OK+For+Boys+To+Cry%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"We may be more accepting of boys who cry -- but only if they cry in the right way, Hanna Rosin suggests. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1466619772,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":1059},"headData":{"title":"Is It OK For Boys To Cry? | KQED","description":"We may be more accepting of boys who cry -- but only if they cry in the right way, Hanna Rosin suggests. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Is It OK For Boys To Cry?","datePublished":"2016-06-22T18:15:08.000Z","dateModified":"2016-06-22T18:22:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"202242 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=202242","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/06/22/is-it-ok-for-boys-to-cry/","disqusTitle":"Is It OK For Boys To Cry?","nprByline":"Hanna Rosin\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/\">NPR Shots\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Keith Negley for NPR","nprStoryId":"482156268","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=482156268&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/18/482156268/is-it-ok-for-boys-to-cry?ft=nprml&f=482156268","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 20 Jun 2016 09:40:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Sat, 18 Jun 2016 07:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 20 Jun 2016 09:40:36 -0400","path":"/stateofhealth/202242/is-it-ok-for-boys-to-cry","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few weeks ago at a soccer game I was coaching, my team got trounced. They are 7 and they are not used to losing. As soon as I called the game and they realized what had just happened, two of the boys burst out crying.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Boys can cry -- if they do it in just the right way\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The first one cried loudly, and desperately. He was upset because he hadn't run hard enough or passed enough or scored enough goals. It was the cry of a battle commander who had let his troops down, and his father hugged him proudly. The second boy cried because of a minor injury and a general sense of exhaustion. His mom gave him a stern face and whisked him away to the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do we care if our sons cry? When I asked that question on Twitter, a handful of moms immediately wrote me back to say: Of course! I want my son to cry!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I suspect that reaction only applies to the kind of parents who follow me on Twitter, and even less so for the dads. The most fulsome and possibly honest answer I received (from a dad) was: \"I don't mind at all when my 11-year-old cries when he is overcome with emotion. I do mind when he cries over small injuries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My conclusion: I think we care a lot less about boys crying than we used to, but more than we will admit. Or to put it another way: boys can cry, if they do it in just the right way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The academic research about boys and crying – or more accurately, vulnerability – shows that society is right now in a precarious place. One body of research shows that boys will fall further behind in school and in an increasingly complex society if we do not teach them how to be emotionally open and honest, able to recognize and navigate their feelings rather than stuffing them down. But another body of research shows that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/10/education/edlife/teaching-men-to-be-emotionally-honest.html\" target=\"_blank\">teaching boys to accept their own vulnerability is harder than we think.\u003c/a> Despite our best intentions, our progressive instincts, and an increasingly gender-fluid society — the mama's boy stigma dies hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, we have been stuck in this spot for a while. Nearly 20 years ago \u003cem>The Atlantic\u003c/em> ran a cover story about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/05/the-war-against-boys/304659/\" target=\"_blank\">boy crisis in schools\u003c/a>. Boys were falling behind in math and reading scores, in high school and college graduation rates. For working-class men this translated into a very slim chance of an easy middle-class life, as I wrote about in my 2012 book \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/End-Men-Rise-Women/dp/B00D9TA4VY\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>The End of Men\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em> Initially researchers thought that what boys needed was more ... boyishness, more rough and tumble play, more adventure stories!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now it looks like they might need the opposite. In a 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://pages.uoregon.edu/eherman/teaching/texts/DiPrete%20&%20Buchmann,%202013%20Briefing%20The-rise-of-women.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">repor\u003c/a>t, sociologists Thomas Di Prete and Claudia Buchmann wrote that \"boys' underperformance in school has more to do with society's norms about masculinity than with anatomy, hormones or brain structure.\" Boys who do extracurriculars like music, art and drama tend to get higher grades, they found, but those things are often denigrated as \"un-masculine,\" they write. And they found many examples of boys who strive for good grades being called \"pussies\" or \"fags\" by their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why at a time when acceptable behavior for women has expanded, do men remain stuck? After all, studies of infants and young children show that \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/35/1/175/\" target=\"_blank\">babies and very young boys are just as emotive\u003c/a> as little girls. So why do we socialize it out of them? Sociologist Stephanie Coontz calls this the age of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stephaniecoontz.com/articles/article93.htm\" target=\"_blank\">masculine mystique\u003c/a>. In the 50s and early 60s it was women who were stuck in a box. But now it's men who are trapped in a narrow gender stereotype that \"prevents them from exploring the full range of their individual capabilities,\" she writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I own a 1958 book called \u003cem>The Decline of the American Male\u003c/em>. It shows a picture of a wickedly indifferent goddess woman pulling the puppet strings of a boy. Chapter One is called \"Why Do Women Dominate Him?\" The fear of female domination runs deep. You can see it in Gamergate, in Donald Trump, in bro culture on campus. In fact, it's a strain of misogyny that runs alongside gender equality. Ask the question: \"Can Boys Cry?\" and you are only likely to inflame it, confirm the fear that boys are being forced to conform to a girls' world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My guess is that there has always been an acceptable category of male vulnerability and that it always looked different from the female kind. You can see it in boys' eternal attraction to superheroes, who are simultaneously invincible and tender. You can see it in boy-men's undying love for Bruce Springsteen. Boys seem magnetized to men who express the full range of emotions. But we have lost that along the way, or at least it's gotten perverted. In her 1999 book \u003cem>Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man\u003c/em>, Susan Faludi says that these days boys are modeling themselves on what she calls \"ornamental masculinity\" – the flattened, crude version of macho that dominates TV and music and porn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me the most promising efforts are the ones that address male vulnerability on its own terms, or at least in gender-neutral terms. As it happens, some of the most exciting trends in education right now are ones boys can get behind. New research on motivation encourages kids to \u003ca href=\"http://mindsetonline.com/abouttheauthor/\" target=\"_blank\">fail\u003c/a>. The newly trendy concept of grit implies a life of endless obstacle courses and toughness, something boys can also own. And my favorite, psychiatrist Jonathan Shay's program to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/us/excerpt-odysseus.html\" target=\"_blank\">ease combat trauma with Greek classics\u003c/a>. Shay sees that the classics understood something we have forgotten — that men who are coming back from war, or who have just lost a soccer game, or who are just plain tired, would naturally want to cry. But he also sees that the message is easier to take coming from a Greek hero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hanna Rosin is a co-host of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/invisibilia/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR podcast Invisibilia\u003c/a>. She's written for The Atlantic and Slate, and is the author of The End of Men.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+It+OK+For+Boys+To+Cry%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/202242/is-it-ok-for-boys-to-cry","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_202242"],"categories":["stateofhealth_12"],"tags":["stateofhealth_96","stateofhealth_93"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_202243","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_194704":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_194704","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"194704","score":null,"sort":[1465233753000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"think-mothering-young-kids-is-hard-get-ready-for-even-tougher-times","title":"Think Mothering Young Kids Is Hard? Get Ready For Even Tougher Times","publishDate":1465233753,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>As a mother of young children, I've heard the following rosy message from more than one slightly more-seasoned mom: \"Don't worry, it gets easier!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a message of hope and encouragement, a recognition of how hard some aspects of early motherhood can be. But according to new research, it might also be wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Yes, parenting toddlers is exhausting, but research suggests middle school age is toughest on mothers\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000062\" target=\"_blank\">paper\u003c/a>, published earlier this year in the journal \u003cem>Developmental Psychology,\u003c/em> suggests that the hardest time for mothers isn't when their children are in early childhood, but later — when their children reach middle school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, by Suniya Luthar and Lucia Ciciolla of Arizona State University, reports the findings from an Internet-based survey of 2,247 relatively well-educated American mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants responded to a series of questions designed to assess multiple facets of their well-being, including aspects of their personal adjustment (such as stress and life satisfaction), perceptions of their child's behavior (including both positive and negative behaviors toward the mother) and aspects of their experiences as a parent (including feelings of guilt and being subsumed by parenthood). The mothers were also classified according to the ages of their children, with categories including infancy, preschool, elementary school, middle school, high school and adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data revealed different patterns of well-being for mothers with children of different ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early years, when motherhood is often portrayed as especially demanding, mothers reported high levels of parenting \"overload.\" They felt that mothering crowded out time and energy for themselves and for other facets of their identities. But they also reported high levels of positive behaviors from their children and relatively high levels of parenting satisfaction overall. This suggests that the early challenges of motherhood were partially offset by high rewards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time children reached adulthood, mothers reported significantly lower levels of parenting overload and guilt but maintained relatively high levels of parenting satisfaction. Contrary to the idea that mothers suffer from an empty nest, the data suggested that mothers of adult children enjoy relatively high levels of maternal well-being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was between these two periods that mothers reported the highest levels of dissatisfaction with parenting, with mothers of middle-school children representing the peak. Overall, life satisfaction also dipped in this period, with highs in stress, loneliness and feelings of emptiness — though ratings for these dimensions did not differ significantly between mothers of middle-school children and those in neighboring age groups. Mothers with middle school children also tended to perceive more negative behaviors from their children, and to perceive their children as less well-adjusted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, these trends reflected group averages; there was considerable variation in the experiences of individual mothers. But the findings do suggest that some of the periods that are typically most difficult for children themselves — with the onset of puberty, a renegotiation of identities and sometimes forays into risky behavior — are also the most difficult for their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a conversation by email, professor Luthar suggested that some of these threats to maternal well-being could be offset by \"mutually supportive groups for moms\" at schools, in the workplace or in individual communities. She also speculated that fathers similarly experience their children's middle school years as an especially stressful period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for mothers of young children, does it get easier? The data suggest that \u003cem>eventually\u003c/em> it does, but it might take longer than you expect — and there might be some rough spots along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tania Lombrozo is a psychology professor at the University of California, Berkeley. She writes about psychology, cognitive science and philosophy, with occasional forays into parenting and veganism. You can keep up with more of what she is thinking on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tanialombrozo\" target=\"_blank\">@TaniaLombrozo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Think+Mothering+Young+Kids+Is+Hard%3F+Get+Ready+For+Even+Tougher+Times&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New research suggests the toughest time for mothers isn't when children are very young — but when the kids reach middle school.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1465233753,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":650},"headData":{"title":"Think Mothering Young Kids Is Hard? Get Ready For Even Tougher Times | KQED","description":"New research suggests the toughest time for mothers isn't when children are very young — but when the kids reach middle school.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Think Mothering Young Kids Is Hard? Get Ready For Even Tougher Times","datePublished":"2016-06-06T17:22:33.000Z","dateModified":"2016-06-06T17:22:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"194704 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=194704","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/06/06/think-mothering-young-kids-is-hard-get-ready-for-even-tougher-times/","disqusTitle":"Think Mothering Young Kids Is Hard? Get Ready For Even Tougher Times","nprImageCredit":"Wander Woman Collective","nprByline":"Tania Lombrozo\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"480906083","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=480906083&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/06/06/480906083/think-mothering-young-kids-is-hard-get-ready-for-even-tougher-times?ft=nprml&f=480906083","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 06 Jun 2016 13:13:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 06 Jun 2016 05:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 06 Jun 2016 13:13:14 -0400","path":"/stateofhealth/194704/think-mothering-young-kids-is-hard-get-ready-for-even-tougher-times","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As a mother of young children, I've heard the following rosy message from more than one slightly more-seasoned mom: \"Don't worry, it gets easier!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a message of hope and encouragement, a recognition of how hard some aspects of early motherhood can be. But according to new research, it might also be wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Yes, parenting toddlers is exhausting, but research suggests middle school age is toughest on mothers\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000062\" target=\"_blank\">paper\u003c/a>, published earlier this year in the journal \u003cem>Developmental Psychology,\u003c/em> suggests that the hardest time for mothers isn't when their children are in early childhood, but later — when their children reach middle school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, by Suniya Luthar and Lucia Ciciolla of Arizona State University, reports the findings from an Internet-based survey of 2,247 relatively well-educated American mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants responded to a series of questions designed to assess multiple facets of their well-being, including aspects of their personal adjustment (such as stress and life satisfaction), perceptions of their child's behavior (including both positive and negative behaviors toward the mother) and aspects of their experiences as a parent (including feelings of guilt and being subsumed by parenthood). The mothers were also classified according to the ages of their children, with categories including infancy, preschool, elementary school, middle school, high school and adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data revealed different patterns of well-being for mothers with children of different ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early years, when motherhood is often portrayed as especially demanding, mothers reported high levels of parenting \"overload.\" They felt that mothering crowded out time and energy for themselves and for other facets of their identities. But they also reported high levels of positive behaviors from their children and relatively high levels of parenting satisfaction overall. This suggests that the early challenges of motherhood were partially offset by high rewards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time children reached adulthood, mothers reported significantly lower levels of parenting overload and guilt but maintained relatively high levels of parenting satisfaction. Contrary to the idea that mothers suffer from an empty nest, the data suggested that mothers of adult children enjoy relatively high levels of maternal well-being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was between these two periods that mothers reported the highest levels of dissatisfaction with parenting, with mothers of middle-school children representing the peak. Overall, life satisfaction also dipped in this period, with highs in stress, loneliness and feelings of emptiness — though ratings for these dimensions did not differ significantly between mothers of middle-school children and those in neighboring age groups. Mothers with middle school children also tended to perceive more negative behaviors from their children, and to perceive their children as less well-adjusted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, these trends reflected group averages; there was considerable variation in the experiences of individual mothers. But the findings do suggest that some of the periods that are typically most difficult for children themselves — with the onset of puberty, a renegotiation of identities and sometimes forays into risky behavior — are also the most difficult for their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a conversation by email, professor Luthar suggested that some of these threats to maternal well-being could be offset by \"mutually supportive groups for moms\" at schools, in the workplace or in individual communities. She also speculated that fathers similarly experience their children's middle school years as an especially stressful period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for mothers of young children, does it get easier? The data suggest that \u003cem>eventually\u003c/em> it does, but it might take longer than you expect — and there might be some rough spots along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tania Lombrozo is a psychology professor at the University of California, Berkeley. She writes about psychology, cognitive science and philosophy, with occasional forays into parenting and veganism. You can keep up with more of what she is thinking on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tanialombrozo\" target=\"_blank\">@TaniaLombrozo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Think+Mothering+Young+Kids+Is+Hard%3F+Get+Ready+For+Even+Tougher+Times&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/194704/think-mothering-young-kids-is-hard-get-ready-for-even-tougher-times","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_194704"],"categories":["stateofhealth_12"],"tags":["stateofhealth_96","stateofhealth_93","stateofhealth_397"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_194705","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_181308":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_181308","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"181308","score":null,"sort":[1462561108000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"stanford-study-how-to-teach-children-that-failure-is-secret-to-success","title":"Stanford Study: How To Teach Children That Failure Is Secret To Success","publishDate":1462561108,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>Is failure a positive opportunity to learn and grow, or is it a negative experience that hinders success? How parents answer that question has a big influence on how much children think they can improve their intelligence through hard work, a study says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents are a really critical force in child development when you think about how motivation and mindsets develop,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://https/psychology.stanford.edu/node/2343\">Kyla Haimovitz\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Stanford University. She coauthored the \u003ca href=\"http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/04/23/0956797616639727.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">study, published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Psychological Science\u003c/em> with colleague \u003ca href=\"http://https/psychology.stanford.edu/cdweck\">Carol Dweck\u003c/a>, who \u003ca href=\"http://https/www.ted.com/speakers/carol_dweck\">pioneered\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://mindsetonline.com/abouttheauthor/\">research on mindsets\u003c/a>. \"Parents have this powerful effect really early on and throughout childhood to send messages about what is failure, how to respond to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there's been a lot of research on how these forces play out, relatively little looks at what parents can do to motivate their kids in school, Haimovitz says. This study begins filling that gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a fair amount of evidence showing that when children view their abilities as more malleable and something they can change over time, then they deal with obstacles in a more constructive way,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://heymanlab.ucsd.edu/\">Gail Heyman\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of California at San Diego who was not involved in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But communicating that message to children is not so .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents need to represent this to their kids in the ways they react about their kids' failures and setbacks,\" Haimovitz says. \"We need to really think about what's visible to the other person, what message I'm sending in terms of my words and my deeds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if a child comes home with a D on a math test, how a parent responds will influence how the child perceives their own ability to learn math. Even a well-intentioned, comforting response of \"It's okay, you're still a great writer\" may send the message that it's time to give up on math rather than learn from the problems they got wrong, Haimovitz explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and Dweck conducted a series of smaller studies to explore how the interactions between parents' failure and intelligence mindsets affected their children's beliefs about intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they interviewed 73 parents and their fourth- and fifth-grade children about their beliefs on failure and intelligence. The parents were mostly mothers with at least a college degree; they lived in the Bay Area. The questions focused on whether they viewed intelligence as something that could change and whether they saw failure as positive, facilitating growth and enhancing productivity or as negative, debilitating and inhibiting learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way children perceived \"being smart\" was not related to how their parents perceived intelligence, but it was related to how their parents reacted toward failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents who had more of a failure-is-debilitating mindset had children who were significantly more likely to believe that intelligence is fixed,\" they found, even after accounting for how parents perceived their children's academic success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more parents believed that failure is debilitating, the more likely their children were to see them as concerned with their performance outcomes and grades rather than their learning and improvement,\" the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers surveyed 160 different parents online to find out how they would respond to their child coming home with a failing quiz grade. Those who saw failure as negative were more likely to worry about their child's abilities in that subject or to comfort their child about not being talented in all subjects. But parents who saw failure as an opportunity were more likely to ask their child what they learned from the quiz, what they still can learn and whether asking the teacher for help would be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through two more surveys of 102 Bay Area parents and their children and 100 fourth- and fifth-grade students, the researchers found that children could correctly identify their parents' beliefs about failure but not necessarily about intelligence — and it was the former that matched up with the children's own beliefs about intelligence. Finally, the researchers conducted a randomized experiment with 132 parents to discover whether parents' failure beliefs directly cause their children's beliefs through parents' reactions to failure: they did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The takeaway is that when your child is struggling on something or has setbacks, don't focus on their abilities, focus on what they can learn from it,\" Haimovitz says. One way, she says, is to ask a child: \"How can you use this as a jumping-off point?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's unclear how much the study's findings relate to children of various ethnic, racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Related research Heyman has done in China revealed a mixed bag in terms of results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cultures have very different beliefs about effort and ability, and asking subtly different questions you can get different answers,\" Heyman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whereas academic success often correlates with athletic or social success among white students, the same is not necessarily true among black or Latino students, according to \u003ca href=\"http://gero.usc.edu/faculty/abdou/\">Cleopatra Abdou\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Southern California. What is consistent across cultures, however, is the powerful influence that beliefs people internalize as children follow them through life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The messages we get from our parents, whether explicitly or symbolically or subconsciously, stay with us and are very hard to unlearn and to overcome\" if they're not helpful, she says. \"Sometimes we have internalized faulty beliefs or beliefs that don't serve us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, taking the learn-from-failure message too far might backfire eventually. \"If you're being told this message you can learn anything and you've done everything you can and you're not getting anywhere, then maybe at a certain point you say you're going to say I just don't believe this,\" she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, children's mindsets can also be influenced by their temperament, such as their tolerance for frustration, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One thing we do know in recent years, there's too much blaming of parents,\" Heyman says. \"Temperament is extremely important and it's biologically based, and to deny that causes all kinds of problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge for parents is to support children without setting them up for failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's this very difficult fine line between parents and teachers helping children enough so that they can do things on their own that they couldn't do otherwise but not to help them so much that they expect other people to do it for them and don't get pulled up to a higher level,\" Heyman says. \"You slowly pull back as the kids get better on their own. but not let them flail around so much that they get frustrated and give up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is the co-author of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\">The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003c/a>\u003cem>. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tarahaelle\">@tarahaelle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+To+Teach+Children+That+Failure+Is+The+Secret+To+Success&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When children view their abilities as something they can change over time, they're more apt to deal well with challenges, researchers say. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1462561558,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1157},"headData":{"title":"Stanford Study: How To Teach Children That Failure Is Secret To Success | KQED","description":"When children view their abilities as something they can change over time, they're more apt to deal well with challenges, researchers say. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Stanford Study: How To Teach Children That Failure Is Secret To Success","datePublished":"2016-05-06T18:58:28.000Z","dateModified":"2016-05-06T19:05:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"181308 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=181308","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/05/06/stanford-study-how-to-teach-children-that-failure-is-secret-to-success/","disqusTitle":"Stanford Study: How To Teach Children That Failure Is Secret To Success","nprImageCredit":"CAP","nprByline":"Tara Haelle\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/\">NPR Shots\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"476884049","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=476884049&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/06/476884049/how-to-teach-children-that-failure-is-the-secret-to-success?ft=nprml&f=476884049","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 06 May 2016 13:45:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 06 May 2016 13:45:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 06 May 2016 13:52:10 -0400","path":"/stateofhealth/181308/stanford-study-how-to-teach-children-that-failure-is-secret-to-success","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Is failure a positive opportunity to learn and grow, or is it a negative experience that hinders success? How parents answer that question has a big influence on how much children think they can improve their intelligence through hard work, a study says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents are a really critical force in child development when you think about how motivation and mindsets develop,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://https/psychology.stanford.edu/node/2343\">Kyla Haimovitz\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Stanford University. She coauthored the \u003ca href=\"http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/04/23/0956797616639727.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">study, published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Psychological Science\u003c/em> with colleague \u003ca href=\"http://https/psychology.stanford.edu/cdweck\">Carol Dweck\u003c/a>, who \u003ca href=\"http://https/www.ted.com/speakers/carol_dweck\">pioneered\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://mindsetonline.com/abouttheauthor/\">research on mindsets\u003c/a>. \"Parents have this powerful effect really early on and throughout childhood to send messages about what is failure, how to respond to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there's been a lot of research on how these forces play out, relatively little looks at what parents can do to motivate their kids in school, Haimovitz says. This study begins filling that gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a fair amount of evidence showing that when children view their abilities as more malleable and something they can change over time, then they deal with obstacles in a more constructive way,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://heymanlab.ucsd.edu/\">Gail Heyman\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of California at San Diego who was not involved in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But communicating that message to children is not so .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents need to represent this to their kids in the ways they react about their kids' failures and setbacks,\" Haimovitz says. \"We need to really think about what's visible to the other person, what message I'm sending in terms of my words and my deeds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if a child comes home with a D on a math test, how a parent responds will influence how the child perceives their own ability to learn math. Even a well-intentioned, comforting response of \"It's okay, you're still a great writer\" may send the message that it's time to give up on math rather than learn from the problems they got wrong, Haimovitz explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and Dweck conducted a series of smaller studies to explore how the interactions between parents' failure and intelligence mindsets affected their children's beliefs about intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they interviewed 73 parents and their fourth- and fifth-grade children about their beliefs on failure and intelligence. The parents were mostly mothers with at least a college degree; they lived in the Bay Area. The questions focused on whether they viewed intelligence as something that could change and whether they saw failure as positive, facilitating growth and enhancing productivity or as negative, debilitating and inhibiting learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way children perceived \"being smart\" was not related to how their parents perceived intelligence, but it was related to how their parents reacted toward failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents who had more of a failure-is-debilitating mindset had children who were significantly more likely to believe that intelligence is fixed,\" they found, even after accounting for how parents perceived their children's academic success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more parents believed that failure is debilitating, the more likely their children were to see them as concerned with their performance outcomes and grades rather than their learning and improvement,\" the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers surveyed 160 different parents online to find out how they would respond to their child coming home with a failing quiz grade. Those who saw failure as negative were more likely to worry about their child's abilities in that subject or to comfort their child about not being talented in all subjects. But parents who saw failure as an opportunity were more likely to ask their child what they learned from the quiz, what they still can learn and whether asking the teacher for help would be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through two more surveys of 102 Bay Area parents and their children and 100 fourth- and fifth-grade students, the researchers found that children could correctly identify their parents' beliefs about failure but not necessarily about intelligence — and it was the former that matched up with the children's own beliefs about intelligence. Finally, the researchers conducted a randomized experiment with 132 parents to discover whether parents' failure beliefs directly cause their children's beliefs through parents' reactions to failure: they did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The takeaway is that when your child is struggling on something or has setbacks, don't focus on their abilities, focus on what they can learn from it,\" Haimovitz says. One way, she says, is to ask a child: \"How can you use this as a jumping-off point?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's unclear how much the study's findings relate to children of various ethnic, racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Related research Heyman has done in China revealed a mixed bag in terms of results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cultures have very different beliefs about effort and ability, and asking subtly different questions you can get different answers,\" Heyman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whereas academic success often correlates with athletic or social success among white students, the same is not necessarily true among black or Latino students, according to \u003ca href=\"http://gero.usc.edu/faculty/abdou/\">Cleopatra Abdou\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Southern California. What is consistent across cultures, however, is the powerful influence that beliefs people internalize as children follow them through life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The messages we get from our parents, whether explicitly or symbolically or subconsciously, stay with us and are very hard to unlearn and to overcome\" if they're not helpful, she says. \"Sometimes we have internalized faulty beliefs or beliefs that don't serve us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, taking the learn-from-failure message too far might backfire eventually. \"If you're being told this message you can learn anything and you've done everything you can and you're not getting anywhere, then maybe at a certain point you say you're going to say I just don't believe this,\" she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, children's mindsets can also be influenced by their temperament, such as their tolerance for frustration, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One thing we do know in recent years, there's too much blaming of parents,\" Heyman says. \"Temperament is extremely important and it's biologically based, and to deny that causes all kinds of problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge for parents is to support children without setting them up for failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's this very difficult fine line between parents and teachers helping children enough so that they can do things on their own that they couldn't do otherwise but not to help them so much that they expect other people to do it for them and don't get pulled up to a higher level,\" Heyman says. \"You slowly pull back as the kids get better on their own. but not let them flail around so much that they get frustrated and give up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is the co-author of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\">The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003c/a>\u003cem>. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tarahaelle\">@tarahaelle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+To+Teach+Children+That+Failure+Is+The+Secret+To+Success&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/181308/stanford-study-how-to-teach-children-that-failure-is-secret-to-success","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_181308"],"categories":["stateofhealth_12"],"tags":["stateofhealth_96","stateofhealth_2519","stateofhealth_93"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_181309","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_169309":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_169309","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"169309","score":null,"sort":[1459959841000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kids-grades-can-suffer-when-mom-or-dad-is-depressed","title":"Kids' Grades Can Suffer When Mom Or Dad Is Depressed","publishDate":1459959841,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>When parents suffer depression, there can be a ripple effect on children. Kids may become anxious, even sad. There may be behavior problems. Health may suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a large \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2488039\" target=\"_blank\">Swedish study\u003c/a> showed that grades may decline, too, when a parent is depressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using data from 1984 to 1994, researchers from Philadelphia's Dornsife School of Public Health, at Drexel University, measured school grades for more than 1.1 million children in Sweden and compared them with their parents' mental health status. The study was published in a February issue of \u003cem>JAMA Psychiatry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At age 16, children of mothers who had experienced depression scored about 4.5 percentage points lower in their school grades than children of nondepressed mothers. Similarly, 16-year-olds with fathers who had experienced depression scored about 4 percentage points lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though 4 or 4.5 points may not sound like much, it \"can mean a lot for a student,\" says Drexel epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"http://drexel.edu/dornsife/academics/faculty/Felice%20Le-Scherban/\" target=\"_blank\">Felice Le-Scherban\u003c/a>. It may be the difference between an A grade or a B — or between a D and a C — and small grade differences can add up, sometimes shaping a decision about whether to stay in school or quit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quantity and quality of education can make a difference well beyond school years, says Le-Scherban. It's one of the \"strongest predictors of health and life expectancy that we have,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies \u003ca href=\"http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/issue_briefs/2012/rwjf403347\">show\u003c/a> that better-educated individuals are less likely to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol or be obese than those who don't finish high school or college. They tend to have a lower risk of heart disease and diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of reasons why depressed parents can have a difficult time nurturing their children, says epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/mmw3\" target=\"_blank\">Myrna Weissman\u003c/a>, of Columbia University Medical Center in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just think about the symptoms of depression — the feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, loss of energy, interest in things that usually give you pleasure,\" she says. \"And think about having those symptoms and trying to take care of children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The needs and demands of children can be overwhelming even for mentally healthy parents, much less those struggling to cope with depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A parent who's depressed may not arrange an appointment with a teacher; may not have time to go; may not listen to the child; and may not find some solution to problems so that it lingers,\" says Weissman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, there is a silver lining: Depression is extremely treatable. Weissman has done numerous studies, including one that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16551710\" target=\"_blank\">focused\u003c/a> on depressed mothers. \"We showed that at the end of three months, if mom got better, the children got better,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women who recovered from depression got interested in their children once again and were more loving and able to show it. Weissman says she heard from children themselves that their mom \"just loves me more and listens to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and others have found that psychotherapy or medication alone or a combination of the two can be effective treatments, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, clinical depression is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16203955\" target=\"_blank\">common\u003c/a>, and a large number of adults can be expected to suffer a serious episode at some point in their lives. But even if you've inherited a propensity to depression, Weissman says, you can get diagnosed and \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2488037\" target=\"_blank\">treated\u003c/a> as soon as possible, to good effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Kids%27+Grades+Can+Suffer+When+Mom+Or+Dad+Is+Depressed&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Children with a depressed parent do worse in school, a study finds. Early diagnosis and treatment can help turn that around for the whole family.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1459959877,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":568},"headData":{"title":"Kids' Grades Can Suffer When Mom Or Dad Is Depressed | KQED","description":"Children with a depressed parent do worse in school, a study finds. Early diagnosis and treatment can help turn that around for the whole family.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Kids' Grades Can Suffer When Mom Or Dad Is Depressed","datePublished":"2016-04-06T16:24:01.000Z","dateModified":"2016-04-06T16:24:37.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"169309 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=169309","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/04/06/kids-grades-can-suffer-when-mom-or-dad-is-depressed/","disqusTitle":"Kids' Grades Can Suffer When Mom Or Dad Is Depressed","nprByline":"Patti Neighmond\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/\">NPR Shots\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Mary McLain for NPR","nprStoryId":"471783738","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=471783738&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/04/04/471783738/kids-grades-can-suffer-when-mom-or-dad-are-depressed?ft=nprml&f=471783738","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 06 Apr 2016 11:01:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 04 Apr 2016 05:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 06 Apr 2016 11:01:51 -0400","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2016/04/20160404_me_kids_grades_can_suffer_when_mom_or_dad_are_depressed.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=236&p=3&story=471783738&t=progseg&e=472927216&seg=12&ft=nprml&f=471783738","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1472929240-d2ec22.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=236&p=3&story=471783738&t=progseg&e=472927216&seg=12&ft=nprml&f=471783738","path":"/stateofhealth/169309/kids-grades-can-suffer-when-mom-or-dad-is-depressed","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2016/04/20160404_me_kids_grades_can_suffer_when_mom_or_dad_are_depressed.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=236&p=3&story=471783738&t=progseg&e=472927216&seg=12&ft=nprml&f=471783738","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When parents suffer depression, there can be a ripple effect on children. Kids may become anxious, even sad. There may be behavior problems. Health may suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a large \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2488039\" target=\"_blank\">Swedish study\u003c/a> showed that grades may decline, too, when a parent is depressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using data from 1984 to 1994, researchers from Philadelphia's Dornsife School of Public Health, at Drexel University, measured school grades for more than 1.1 million children in Sweden and compared them with their parents' mental health status. The study was published in a February issue of \u003cem>JAMA Psychiatry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At age 16, children of mothers who had experienced depression scored about 4.5 percentage points lower in their school grades than children of nondepressed mothers. Similarly, 16-year-olds with fathers who had experienced depression scored about 4 percentage points lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though 4 or 4.5 points may not sound like much, it \"can mean a lot for a student,\" says Drexel epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"http://drexel.edu/dornsife/academics/faculty/Felice%20Le-Scherban/\" target=\"_blank\">Felice Le-Scherban\u003c/a>. It may be the difference between an A grade or a B — or between a D and a C — and small grade differences can add up, sometimes shaping a decision about whether to stay in school or quit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quantity and quality of education can make a difference well beyond school years, says Le-Scherban. It's one of the \"strongest predictors of health and life expectancy that we have,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies \u003ca href=\"http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/issue_briefs/2012/rwjf403347\">show\u003c/a> that better-educated individuals are less likely to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol or be obese than those who don't finish high school or college. They tend to have a lower risk of heart disease and diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of reasons why depressed parents can have a difficult time nurturing their children, says epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/mmw3\" target=\"_blank\">Myrna Weissman\u003c/a>, of Columbia University Medical Center in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just think about the symptoms of depression — the feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, loss of energy, interest in things that usually give you pleasure,\" she says. \"And think about having those symptoms and trying to take care of children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The needs and demands of children can be overwhelming even for mentally healthy parents, much less those struggling to cope with depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A parent who's depressed may not arrange an appointment with a teacher; may not have time to go; may not listen to the child; and may not find some solution to problems so that it lingers,\" says Weissman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, there is a silver lining: Depression is extremely treatable. Weissman has done numerous studies, including one that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16551710\" target=\"_blank\">focused\u003c/a> on depressed mothers. \"We showed that at the end of three months, if mom got better, the children got better,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women who recovered from depression got interested in their children once again and were more loving and able to show it. Weissman says she heard from children themselves that their mom \"just loves me more and listens to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and others have found that psychotherapy or medication alone or a combination of the two can be effective treatments, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, clinical depression is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16203955\" target=\"_blank\">common\u003c/a>, and a large number of adults can be expected to suffer a serious episode at some point in their lives. But even if you've inherited a propensity to depression, Weissman says, you can get diagnosed and \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2488037\" target=\"_blank\">treated\u003c/a> as soon as possible, to good effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Kids%27+Grades+Can+Suffer+When+Mom+Or+Dad+Is+Depressed&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/169309/kids-grades-can-suffer-when-mom-or-dad-is-depressed","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_169309"],"categories":["stateofhealth_12"],"tags":["stateofhealth_68","stateofhealth_93"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_169310","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_168874":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_168874","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"168874","score":null,"sort":[1459881160000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"huh-for-new-parents-dad-may-be-the-one-missing-the-most-sleep","title":"Huh? For New Parents, Dad May Be The One Missing The Most Sleep","publishDate":1459881160,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: This is an excerpt from the book \u003c/em>The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven't experienced it, no simple description will capture the feeling of deep, dizzying fatigue that can accompany the first few weeks with a newborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the third child, Emily was wishing for an infant boarding school that could keep her son for those first few weeks of constant night waking and return him in a semiregulated state at about eight weeks. Well, not really, but the thought might have crossed her admittedly addled brain at 3 a.m. on several successive nights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that mothers, being the ones with the breast milk, have it the worst. But science seems to indicate otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-168917\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-168917 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/Screen-Shot-2016-04-05-at-11.43.24-AM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2016-04-05 at 11.43.24 AM\" width=\"307\" height=\"457\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one 2013 study of 21 mother-father pairs enjoying their first infant experience found that fathers actually got less sleep than the mothers and experienced more confirmed sleepiness, as measured using wrist trackers. The study authors also found that even though the mothers got more sleep, their sleep was disturbed more often, which makes sense given their role in feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both parents reported feeling about the same level of tiredness, but mothers scored worse on neurobehavioral testing (all those awakenings). Lest you think that maybe that study, with its small sample, was a one-off, a 2004 study of 72 couples during the first postpartum month also used wrist trackers and also found that fathers had objectively less sleep than mothers. Sleep was measured throughout the day, though, and the mothers appeared to play catch-up during daytime hours when fathers were unable to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors noted that work factors played a role in the level of sleep disturbance, which seems like yet another bit of evidence in favor of family or parental leave for both parents. Not unexpectedly, both mothers and fathers were tired, and both parents were a lot more sleep disturbed and fatigued during that first month with an infant than they were in the last month of pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The allure of the studies that include fathers is that much of the earlier research focused only on mothers and their level of fatigue. But a family with a newborn typically involves a parental partnership of some sort, and the role of the nonbirthing partner can be critical. And the sleep deprivation and fatigue of the nonbirthing partner go unrecognized by their birthing partner. A 2011 study of 21 new parent pairs suggests as much, and that this lack of recognition of sleep-deprivation problems goes both ways. Mothers overestimated how well fathers slept (the study looked only at mother–father parenting pairs), and fathers overestimated mothers' disturbed mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the women didn't think the men were as sleep deprived as the men felt, and the men thought the women were moodier than the women felt. Just one more reason that a good partnership is key for surviving the stresses of parenting an infant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a 2009 review takes on the reasons for what the authors call a \"robust decline in marital satisfaction across the transition to parenthood.\" The term \"robust decline\" sounds rather dire, and these authors point to sleep deprivation and disruption as having a role in this fraying of the partnership following the arrival of the bundle of joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to these short-term effects on function and mood and potentially long-term effects on partnership, sleep deprivation can have more acute consequences. Again, fathers bear the brunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 study of 241 new fathers found that even though they got less than six hours of sleep a night — interrupted sleep, at that — they still worked \"long hours.\" The fathers, completing a questionnaire when their infants were 6 and 12 weeks of age, were tired, and that fatigue seemed to feed into reduced vigilance about safe behaviors in the workplace. Without the ability to compensate for lost sleep during the day, these fathers simply rode out their fatigue while working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mothers who stay at home also need relief, and science supports them in that. A 2014 cross-sectional study of women in Taiwan, for example, found that women whose daily housework duties were reduced experienced better sleep quality in the postpartum period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, in special cases such as a mother recovering from a cesarean section, sleep deprivation can be even worse. One study comparing women who'd had cesarean sections with those who had vaginal deliveries found that the women who'd delivered by cesarean section got less sleep (4.5 hours a night) than those who'd had vaginal deliveries (6 hours a night). The study was tiny, with only six women who'd had a cesarean section and 15 who had had a vaginal delivery, and all of the infants spent time in ICU just after birth, but the results do suggest some extra support is needed for women who have had the major surgery that is a cesarean section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twins are another special case, and not only because they change the parent-to-baby ratio from 2:1 to 1:1. Here again fathers take the bigger hit: In a 2008 study of eight parent pairs of full-term twins, the dads got less sleep, whether measured only for the night or for the entire day. The good news is that things got better over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the message we leave behind here. In general, things do get better when it comes to parental sleep deprivation. But don't underestimate the dangers, especially in those early days. Studies have shown that sleepy driving can be as dangerous as or worse than drunk driving. Plus plenty of research links insufficient sleep to various health problems and to irritability, higher stress levels, and reduced patience, all of which can be dangerous for an infant if the parent is severely sleep-deprived. For those with a history of mental illness, sleep deprivation can cause relapses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, tend to your partnership, and if you have the opportunity, don't refuse to take family or parental leave if it's offered. And that includes you stay-at-home moms who want to do it all yourself. Let Grandma, uncle, aunt, sister, nephew, neighbor help if it's offered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Emily Willingham is a research scientist and science journalist, with a Ph.D. in biological sciences from the University of Texas at Austin, and a completed postdoctoral fellowship in pediatric urology at the University of California, San Francisco. Her writing has been featured in \u003c/em>The New York Times\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Scientific American\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Slate\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Discover\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Forbes,\u003cem> among other outlets.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is a reporter and journalist who writes about health, science and evidence-based parenting. She has a master's degree in photojournalism from the University of Texas at Austin. Her writing has appeared in \u003c/em>NPR\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Scientific American\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Slate\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Forbes\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Politico\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Healthday\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Everyday Health\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+New+Parents%2C+Dad+May+Be+The+One+Missing+The+Most+Sleep&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New moms get a lot of sympathy over lack of sleep, but studies find that dads may be hurting more, a new book on the science of parenting says. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1459890548,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1174},"headData":{"title":"Huh? For New Parents, Dad May Be The One Missing The Most Sleep | KQED","description":"New moms get a lot of sympathy over lack of sleep, but studies find that dads may be hurting more, a new book on the science of parenting says. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Huh? For New Parents, Dad May Be The One Missing The Most Sleep","datePublished":"2016-04-05T18:32:40.000Z","dateModified":"2016-04-05T21:09:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"168874 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=168874","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/04/05/huh-for-new-parents-dad-may-be-the-one-missing-the-most-sleep/","disqusTitle":"Huh? For New Parents, Dad May Be The One Missing The Most Sleep","nprImageCredit":"Thanasis Zovoilis","nprByline":"Tara Haelle, Emily Willingham \u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/\">NPR Shots\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Flickr RF/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"473002684","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=473002684&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/04/05/473002684/for-new-parents-dad-may-be-the-one-missing-the-most-sleep?ft=nprml&f=473002684","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 05 Apr 2016 13:05:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 05 Apr 2016 10:11:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 05 Apr 2016 13:04:59 -0400","path":"/stateofhealth/168874/huh-for-new-parents-dad-may-be-the-one-missing-the-most-sleep","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: This is an excerpt from the book \u003c/em>The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven't experienced it, no simple description will capture the feeling of deep, dizzying fatigue that can accompany the first few weeks with a newborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the third child, Emily was wishing for an infant boarding school that could keep her son for those first few weeks of constant night waking and return him in a semiregulated state at about eight weeks. Well, not really, but the thought might have crossed her admittedly addled brain at 3 a.m. on several successive nights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that mothers, being the ones with the breast milk, have it the worst. But science seems to indicate otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-168917\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-168917 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/Screen-Shot-2016-04-05-at-11.43.24-AM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2016-04-05 at 11.43.24 AM\" width=\"307\" height=\"457\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one 2013 study of 21 mother-father pairs enjoying their first infant experience found that fathers actually got less sleep than the mothers and experienced more confirmed sleepiness, as measured using wrist trackers. The study authors also found that even though the mothers got more sleep, their sleep was disturbed more often, which makes sense given their role in feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both parents reported feeling about the same level of tiredness, but mothers scored worse on neurobehavioral testing (all those awakenings). Lest you think that maybe that study, with its small sample, was a one-off, a 2004 study of 72 couples during the first postpartum month also used wrist trackers and also found that fathers had objectively less sleep than mothers. Sleep was measured throughout the day, though, and the mothers appeared to play catch-up during daytime hours when fathers were unable to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors noted that work factors played a role in the level of sleep disturbance, which seems like yet another bit of evidence in favor of family or parental leave for both parents. Not unexpectedly, both mothers and fathers were tired, and both parents were a lot more sleep disturbed and fatigued during that first month with an infant than they were in the last month of pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The allure of the studies that include fathers is that much of the earlier research focused only on mothers and their level of fatigue. But a family with a newborn typically involves a parental partnership of some sort, and the role of the nonbirthing partner can be critical. And the sleep deprivation and fatigue of the nonbirthing partner go unrecognized by their birthing partner. A 2011 study of 21 new parent pairs suggests as much, and that this lack of recognition of sleep-deprivation problems goes both ways. Mothers overestimated how well fathers slept (the study looked only at mother–father parenting pairs), and fathers overestimated mothers' disturbed mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the women didn't think the men were as sleep deprived as the men felt, and the men thought the women were moodier than the women felt. Just one more reason that a good partnership is key for surviving the stresses of parenting an infant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a 2009 review takes on the reasons for what the authors call a \"robust decline in marital satisfaction across the transition to parenthood.\" The term \"robust decline\" sounds rather dire, and these authors point to sleep deprivation and disruption as having a role in this fraying of the partnership following the arrival of the bundle of joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to these short-term effects on function and mood and potentially long-term effects on partnership, sleep deprivation can have more acute consequences. Again, fathers bear the brunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 study of 241 new fathers found that even though they got less than six hours of sleep a night — interrupted sleep, at that — they still worked \"long hours.\" The fathers, completing a questionnaire when their infants were 6 and 12 weeks of age, were tired, and that fatigue seemed to feed into reduced vigilance about safe behaviors in the workplace. Without the ability to compensate for lost sleep during the day, these fathers simply rode out their fatigue while working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mothers who stay at home also need relief, and science supports them in that. A 2014 cross-sectional study of women in Taiwan, for example, found that women whose daily housework duties were reduced experienced better sleep quality in the postpartum period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, in special cases such as a mother recovering from a cesarean section, sleep deprivation can be even worse. One study comparing women who'd had cesarean sections with those who had vaginal deliveries found that the women who'd delivered by cesarean section got less sleep (4.5 hours a night) than those who'd had vaginal deliveries (6 hours a night). The study was tiny, with only six women who'd had a cesarean section and 15 who had had a vaginal delivery, and all of the infants spent time in ICU just after birth, but the results do suggest some extra support is needed for women who have had the major surgery that is a cesarean section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twins are another special case, and not only because they change the parent-to-baby ratio from 2:1 to 1:1. Here again fathers take the bigger hit: In a 2008 study of eight parent pairs of full-term twins, the dads got less sleep, whether measured only for the night or for the entire day. The good news is that things got better over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the message we leave behind here. In general, things do get better when it comes to parental sleep deprivation. But don't underestimate the dangers, especially in those early days. Studies have shown that sleepy driving can be as dangerous as or worse than drunk driving. Plus plenty of research links insufficient sleep to various health problems and to irritability, higher stress levels, and reduced patience, all of which can be dangerous for an infant if the parent is severely sleep-deprived. For those with a history of mental illness, sleep deprivation can cause relapses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, tend to your partnership, and if you have the opportunity, don't refuse to take family or parental leave if it's offered. And that includes you stay-at-home moms who want to do it all yourself. Let Grandma, uncle, aunt, sister, nephew, neighbor help if it's offered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Emily Willingham is a research scientist and science journalist, with a Ph.D. in biological sciences from the University of Texas at Austin, and a completed postdoctoral fellowship in pediatric urology at the University of California, San Francisco. Her writing has been featured in \u003c/em>The New York Times\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Scientific American\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Slate\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Discover\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Forbes,\u003cem> among other outlets.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is a reporter and journalist who writes about health, science and evidence-based parenting. She has a master's degree in photojournalism from the University of Texas at Austin. Her writing has appeared in \u003c/em>NPR\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Scientific American\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Slate\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Forbes\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Politico\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Healthday\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Everyday Health\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+New+Parents%2C+Dad+May+Be+The+One+Missing+The+Most+Sleep&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/168874/huh-for-new-parents-dad-may-be-the-one-missing-the-most-sleep","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_168874"],"categories":["stateofhealth_12"],"tags":["stateofhealth_93","stateofhealth_2597"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_168875","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_72796":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_72796","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"72796","score":null,"sort":[1441386116000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-likely-is-it-really-that-your-athletic-kid-will-turn-pro","title":"How Likely Is It, Really, That Your Athletic Kid Will Turn Pro?","publishDate":1441386116,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>On the way to his son's baseball game on Long Island, sportswriter J.R. Gamble tells me that his son, J.C., is quite a ballplayer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have a lot of clips and highlights that I show people of him doing amazing things — jumping over catches, hitting balls right-handed, hitting balls left-handed,\" Gamble says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason his son is so good at baseball, Gamble explains, is that he started at an early age — a \u003cem>very \u003c/em>early age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When he was about 14 months, I put a golf ball in his hand to let him know how a baseball would feel when he got older,\" Gamble says. By age 2, J.C., was hitting and throwing the ball. By age 3, he was playing organized T-ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, Gamble says, he has spent quite a bit of money on baseball for J.C. — bats and gloves, league fees, hotels, gas and more — and it seems a good investment. Several people have told Gamble that his son looks like he's good enough to play professionally one day. School will remain J.C.'s top priority, Gamble says. But he has high hopes for his son's baseball career, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'd love it if he went pro,\" Gamble says. \"I'd quit whatever I'm doing and just go be at every game.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stop to pick up J.C., and I'm expecting a teenage Derek Jeter — someone tall and muscular. So I'm rather taken aback when Gamble introduces me to his son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J.C. is just 9 years old, and about 4 feet 6 inches tall. He's wearing a crisp white baseball uniform and a blue cap with a \"D\" for his team, the Brooklyn Dukes. His dad calls him by the nickname \"Little Legend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My dad gave [the nickname] to me when I was 3 years old,\" J.C. says. \"I had just started playing baseball. And when I got my first hit, he just started calling me 'Little Legend.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His dad laughs, and adds, \"I had to make sure that he was the goods first. I didn't just name him before I saw that he was pretty good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J.C. now has his baseball future all mapped out. \"I'm going to go to Stanford and get a scholarship, and then I'm going to go to the Yankees in the MLB draft,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those big dreams aren't all that unusual. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/06/15/413379700/a-look-at-sports-and-health-in-america\" target=\"_blank\">recent poll\u003c/a> from NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 26 percent of U.S. parents whose children in high school play sports hope their child will become a professional athlete one day. Among families with household incomes of less than $50,000 annually, the number is 39 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the National Collegiate Athletic Association\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/probability-competing-beyond-high-school\">,\u003c/a> only a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/probability-competing-beyond-high-school\" target=\"_blank\">tiny percentage\u003c/a> of high school athletes actually go on to play professionally — roughly 1 in 168 high school baseball players will get drafted by a Major League Baseball team, and just 1 in 2,451 men's high school basketball players will get drafted by a National Basketball Association team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's extremely difficult to make the pros; we all know that,\" says Tom Farrey, director of the Sports and Society Program at the Aspen Institute and \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Game-On-All-American-Champions-Children/dp/1933060468\" target=\"_blank\">author\u003c/a> of \"Game On: The All-American Race to Make Champions of Our Children.\" Yet, in recent years, he has started to see a shift among the parents of kids playing youth sports. \"The difference is that a lot of parents today see those odds and say, well, I'd better get started early with my kid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farrey says more and more parents are putting their children on travel teams, hiring private coaches, and having their kids play a single sport year-round. They \"basically feed these kids sports with a fire hose from a very early age,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farrey says some parents are simply following their child's passions and aptitudes. But some push their kids into competitive sports early because they believe that's how their child will get an athletic scholarship or become a professional athlete. Now, there \u003cem>are\u003c/em> some famous examples of the latter strategy paying off, he says — Andre Agassi, Serena Williams and Tiger Woods were all groomed for success basically from the time they could walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But for the vast majority of [professional] athletes, that's not their path,\" Farrey says. \"They played multiple sports when they were young. It was not about chasing the college scholarship or becoming a pro; they were just enjoying the games and falling in love with sports.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's that love of sports, Farrey says, that drives kids to keep playing and to become successful — not just their parents' dreams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents who are too enthusiastic sometimes create problems, says Dr. David Conant-Norville, a child psychiatrist with the International Society for Sports Psychiatry. About 20 years ago, doctors noticed a worrying trend: more and more parents obsessing over their kids' athletic careers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They would spend all the family's money,\" says Conant-Norville. \"They would spend all the family's time. They would ignore all the other children. They would ignore school — just to push children to be successful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors developed a name for this extreme behavior: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16169447\">achievement by proxy distortion\u003c/a>. The idea is that, if the kids are successful, the parents feel successful. The parents may have good intentions, says Conant-Norville, but the behavior can be extremely harmful to children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It really leads to a lot of anxiety, a lot of depression, a lot of family discord and traumatic childhood experience,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One person who has seen this firsthand is \u003ca href=\"http://ussoccerplayers.com/player/jones-cobi\">Cobi Jones\u003c/a>, a sports broadcaster and former professional soccer player who competed in the Olympics and three World Cups, and was elected in 2011 to the National Soccer Hall of Fame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in California, Jones had a close friend whose father pushed him very hard and made his friend's life miserable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't tell you how many times we would just be sitting and talking, and he would not have any nice things to say about his father,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones is now an \u003ca href=\"http://togetherwearesoccer.org/our-game-our-stories/our-game-our-stories-jones\">ambassador\u003c/a> for the U.S. Soccer Foundation, and has made it something of a mission to help parents put professional sports in perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wanting your child to be a college athlete or even play sports professionally is \"a great goal to have,\" Jones says. \"But I think it needs to be tempered with the sense of understanding that, most likely, your kid is not going to be a professional player.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones is taking his own advice. He's the father of two young boys and says he's careful not to pressure them into trying to follow in his footsteps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you came into my house, you'd see that I don't have soccer stuff in my house at all,\" Jones says. \"I don't want this to be something where they have to look at, 'Oh, Dad did this,' 'Dad did that.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it doesn't matter to Jones whether his kids become great soccer players or professionals, he says. He just wants them to love sports — and to benefit from being part of a team.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Our summer series \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/413970894/sports-and-health-in-america\">Sports and Health in America\u003c/a>\u003cem> has been based on the results of our \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://media.npr.org/documents/2015/june/sportsandhealthpoll.pdf\">poll\u003c/a> \u003cem>with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.rwjf.org/\">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation\u003c/a>\u003cem> and the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/\">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Likely+Is+It%2C+Really%2C+That+Your+Athletic+Kid+Will+Turn+Pro%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"26% of parents polled say they hope their teens who play high school sports will become professional athletes. There can be a dark side to that level of expectation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1441411896,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1281},"headData":{"title":"How Likely Is It, Really, That Your Athletic Kid Will Turn Pro? | KQED","description":"26% of parents polled say they hope their teens who play high school sports will become professional athletes. There can be a dark side to that level of expectation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Likely Is It, Really, That Your Athletic Kid Will Turn Pro?","datePublished":"2015-09-04T17:01:56.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-05T00:11:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"72796 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=72796","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/09/04/how-likely-is-it-really-that-your-athletic-kid-will-turn-pro/","disqusTitle":"How Likely Is It, Really, That Your Athletic Kid Will Turn Pro?","nprByline":"Anders Kelto","nprStoryId":"432795481","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=432795481&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/04/432795481/how-likely-is-it-really-that-your-athletic-kid-will-turn-pro?ft=nprml&f=432795481","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 04 Sep 2015 08:01:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 04 Sep 2015 04:38:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 04 Sep 2015 08:01:34 -0400","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2015/09/20150904_me_how_likely_is_it_really_that_your_athletic_kid_will_turn_pro.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=413970894&d=365&p=3&story=432795481&t=progseg&e=437434196&seg=7&ft=nprml&f=432795481","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1437443498-7b075f.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=413970894&d=365&p=3&story=432795481&t=progseg&e=437434196&seg=7&ft=nprml&f=432795481","path":"/stateofhealth/72796/how-likely-is-it-really-that-your-athletic-kid-will-turn-pro","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2015/09/20150904_me_how_likely_is_it_really_that_your_athletic_kid_will_turn_pro.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=413970894&d=365&p=3&story=432795481&t=progseg&e=437434196&seg=7&ft=nprml&f=432795481","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On the way to his son's baseball game on Long Island, sportswriter J.R. Gamble tells me that his son, J.C., is quite a ballplayer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have a lot of clips and highlights that I show people of him doing amazing things — jumping over catches, hitting balls right-handed, hitting balls left-handed,\" Gamble says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason his son is so good at baseball, Gamble explains, is that he started at an early age — a \u003cem>very \u003c/em>early age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When he was about 14 months, I put a golf ball in his hand to let him know how a baseball would feel when he got older,\" Gamble says. By age 2, J.C., was hitting and throwing the ball. By age 3, he was playing organized T-ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, Gamble says, he has spent quite a bit of money on baseball for J.C. — bats and gloves, league fees, hotels, gas and more — and it seems a good investment. Several people have told Gamble that his son looks like he's good enough to play professionally one day. School will remain J.C.'s top priority, Gamble says. But he has high hopes for his son's baseball career, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'd love it if he went pro,\" Gamble says. \"I'd quit whatever I'm doing and just go be at every game.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stop to pick up J.C., and I'm expecting a teenage Derek Jeter — someone tall and muscular. So I'm rather taken aback when Gamble introduces me to his son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J.C. is just 9 years old, and about 4 feet 6 inches tall. He's wearing a crisp white baseball uniform and a blue cap with a \"D\" for his team, the Brooklyn Dukes. His dad calls him by the nickname \"Little Legend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My dad gave [the nickname] to me when I was 3 years old,\" J.C. says. \"I had just started playing baseball. And when I got my first hit, he just started calling me 'Little Legend.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His dad laughs, and adds, \"I had to make sure that he was the goods first. I didn't just name him before I saw that he was pretty good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J.C. now has his baseball future all mapped out. \"I'm going to go to Stanford and get a scholarship, and then I'm going to go to the Yankees in the MLB draft,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those big dreams aren't all that unusual. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/06/15/413379700/a-look-at-sports-and-health-in-america\" target=\"_blank\">recent poll\u003c/a> from NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 26 percent of U.S. parents whose children in high school play sports hope their child will become a professional athlete one day. Among families with household incomes of less than $50,000 annually, the number is 39 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the National Collegiate Athletic Association\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/probability-competing-beyond-high-school\">,\u003c/a> only a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/probability-competing-beyond-high-school\" target=\"_blank\">tiny percentage\u003c/a> of high school athletes actually go on to play professionally — roughly 1 in 168 high school baseball players will get drafted by a Major League Baseball team, and just 1 in 2,451 men's high school basketball players will get drafted by a National Basketball Association team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's extremely difficult to make the pros; we all know that,\" says Tom Farrey, director of the Sports and Society Program at the Aspen Institute and \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Game-On-All-American-Champions-Children/dp/1933060468\" target=\"_blank\">author\u003c/a> of \"Game On: The All-American Race to Make Champions of Our Children.\" Yet, in recent years, he has started to see a shift among the parents of kids playing youth sports. \"The difference is that a lot of parents today see those odds and say, well, I'd better get started early with my kid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farrey says more and more parents are putting their children on travel teams, hiring private coaches, and having their kids play a single sport year-round. They \"basically feed these kids sports with a fire hose from a very early age,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farrey says some parents are simply following their child's passions and aptitudes. But some push their kids into competitive sports early because they believe that's how their child will get an athletic scholarship or become a professional athlete. Now, there \u003cem>are\u003c/em> some famous examples of the latter strategy paying off, he says — Andre Agassi, Serena Williams and Tiger Woods were all groomed for success basically from the time they could walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But for the vast majority of [professional] athletes, that's not their path,\" Farrey says. \"They played multiple sports when they were young. It was not about chasing the college scholarship or becoming a pro; they were just enjoying the games and falling in love with sports.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's that love of sports, Farrey says, that drives kids to keep playing and to become successful — not just their parents' dreams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents who are too enthusiastic sometimes create problems, says Dr. David Conant-Norville, a child psychiatrist with the International Society for Sports Psychiatry. About 20 years ago, doctors noticed a worrying trend: more and more parents obsessing over their kids' athletic careers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They would spend all the family's money,\" says Conant-Norville. \"They would spend all the family's time. They would ignore all the other children. They would ignore school — just to push children to be successful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors developed a name for this extreme behavior: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16169447\">achievement by proxy distortion\u003c/a>. The idea is that, if the kids are successful, the parents feel successful. The parents may have good intentions, says Conant-Norville, but the behavior can be extremely harmful to children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It really leads to a lot of anxiety, a lot of depression, a lot of family discord and traumatic childhood experience,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One person who has seen this firsthand is \u003ca href=\"http://ussoccerplayers.com/player/jones-cobi\">Cobi Jones\u003c/a>, a sports broadcaster and former professional soccer player who competed in the Olympics and three World Cups, and was elected in 2011 to the National Soccer Hall of Fame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in California, Jones had a close friend whose father pushed him very hard and made his friend's life miserable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't tell you how many times we would just be sitting and talking, and he would not have any nice things to say about his father,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones is now an \u003ca href=\"http://togetherwearesoccer.org/our-game-our-stories/our-game-our-stories-jones\">ambassador\u003c/a> for the U.S. Soccer Foundation, and has made it something of a mission to help parents put professional sports in perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wanting your child to be a college athlete or even play sports professionally is \"a great goal to have,\" Jones says. \"But I think it needs to be tempered with the sense of understanding that, most likely, your kid is not going to be a professional player.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones is taking his own advice. He's the father of two young boys and says he's careful not to pressure them into trying to follow in his footsteps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you came into my house, you'd see that I don't have soccer stuff in my house at all,\" Jones says. \"I don't want this to be something where they have to look at, 'Oh, Dad did this,' 'Dad did that.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it doesn't matter to Jones whether his kids become great soccer players or professionals, he says. He just wants them to love sports — and to benefit from being part of a team.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Our summer series \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/413970894/sports-and-health-in-america\">Sports and Health in America\u003c/a>\u003cem> has been based on the results of our \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://media.npr.org/documents/2015/june/sportsandhealthpoll.pdf\">poll\u003c/a> \u003cem>with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.rwjf.org/\">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation\u003c/a>\u003cem> and the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/\">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Likely+Is+It%2C+Really%2C+That+Your+Athletic+Kid+Will+Turn+Pro%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/72796/how-likely-is-it-really-that-your-athletic-kid-will-turn-pro","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_72796"],"categories":["stateofhealth_12"],"tags":["stateofhealth_96","stateofhealth_93"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_72797","label":"stateofhealth"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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