San Francisco Breast Cancer Advocates Jubilant Over Supreme Court Human Genes Ruling
Supreme Court Seems Skeptical of Patenting Human Genes
Gene Patent Supreme Court Case Centers Around Two Breast Cancer Genes
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Since 2011, she's been writing and editing stories for the site. Before taking up blogging, she toiled for many years (more than we can count) producing health stories for television, including\u003cem> Dateline NBC\u003c/em> and San Francisco's CBS affiliate, KPIX-TV. She also wrote up a \u003ca title=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/health/obamacare/obamacare-guide.jsp\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/health/obamacare/obamacare-guide.jsp\">handy guide to the Affordable Care Act\u003c/a>, especially for Californians. Her work has been honored for many awards. Most recently she was a finalist for \"Best Topical Reporting\" from the Online News Association. You can follow her on Twitter: \u003ca title=\"https://twitter.com/laliferis\" href=\"https://twitter.com/laliferis\">@laliferis\u003c/a>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86c339d5cdcb0dcd2b6cf5d7c3f5886b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"laliferis","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"science","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"food","roles":["contributor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lisa Aliferis | 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FM","link":"/"}},"stateofhealth_13223":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_13223","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"13223","score":null,"sort":[1371147653000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"san-francisco-breast-cancer-advocates-jubilant-over-supreme-court-human-genes-ruling","title":"San Francisco Breast Cancer Advocates Jubilant Over Supreme Court Human Genes Ruling","publishDate":1371147653,"format":"aside","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13262\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-13262\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/06/RS5070_81147632-scr-620x377.jpg\" alt=\"(William West/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"620\" height=\"377\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(William West/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a unanimous decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled Thursday morning that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/06/13/supreme-court-rules-human-genes-cannot-be-patented/\" target=\"_blank\">human genes are not patentable\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case/\" target=\"_blank\">The case \u003c/a>centered around Myriad Genetics, the holder of patents on two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/12/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case/\" target=\"_blank\">Some mutations of these genes\u003c/a> are associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. For women with a strong family history of these cancers, the only place they could be tested was Myriad Genetics, which sometimes charged more than $3,000 for the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast Cancer Action, an advocacy group based in San Francisco, was a plaintiff in the case, and executive director Karuna Jaggar sounded jubilant in a phone call Thursday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From our perspective, these patents never should have been granted in the first place,\" Jaggar said. \"There's no question that DNA is a product of nature, and so it's very affirming to see the court rule in our favor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BRCA1 and 2 mutations became international news when actress \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/05/14/why-angelina-jolies-medical-choice-is-likely-not-yours/\" target=\"_blank\">Angelina Jolie\u003c/a> revealed that she'd had a preventive double mastectomy after testing showed that she had a specific mutation that put her at very high risk of developing breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast Cancer Action has long argued against the high cost of the test, and said that the patent gave an unfair monopoly to Myriad Genetics, which is located in Salt Lake City. With the court's ruling, Jaggar believes that more companies will be able to offer a test to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They'll have access to new tests at lower costs and will have access to second opinions,\" Jaggar said. \"Currently Myriad offers the one and only test. It has not been peer reviewed; it has not been scientifically validated. New labs will now be able to offer new tests using new methodologies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Myriad Genetics played down the magnitude of the decision, pointing to its 500 other valid patent claims as well as the BRCA test. The court upheld patent claims on what's known as synthetic DNA or \"cDNA.\" Synthetic DNA is man-made, not a \"product of nature,\" and is still patentable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We believe the Court appropriately upheld our claims on cDNA,\" Myriad's CEO Peter Meldrum said in a release, \"ensuring strong intellectual property protection for our BRACAnalysis test moving forward.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Breast Cancer Action insists the Supreme Court's decision opens the door to new options for women who worry about inherited risk of breast cancer. “Laboratories can conduct genetic testing without using cDNA and this means that Myriad no longer holds a monopoly on the BRCA genes,\" Jaggar said in a release this morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 5 to 10 percent of women carry a BRCA1 or 2 mutation, according to the National Cancer Institute. Not all mutations are harmful, but some can be devastating. Angelina Jolie said that she had a mutation that put her at an 87 percent risk of breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn More:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-398_8njq.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Read the decision: Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled Thursday morning that human genes are not patentable.\r\n\r\nThe case centered around Myriad Genetics, the holder of patents on two genes, BRCA 1 and BRCA 2. Some mutations of these genes are associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. For women with a strong family history of these cancers, the only place they could be tested was Myriad Genetics, which sometimes charged more than $3,000 for the test.\r\n\r\nBreast Cancer Action, an advocacy group based in San Francisco, was a plaintiff in the case and executive director Karuna Jagger sounded jubilant in a phone call Thursday morning.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371231263,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":504},"headData":{"title":"San Francisco Breast Cancer Advocates Jubilant Over Supreme Court Human Genes Ruling | KQED","description":"In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled Thursday morning that human genes are not patentable.\r\n\r\nThe case centered around Myriad Genetics, the holder of patents on two genes, BRCA 1 and BRCA 2. Some mutations of these genes are associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. For women with a strong family history of these cancers, the only place they could be tested was Myriad Genetics, which sometimes charged more than $3,000 for the test.\r\n\r\nBreast Cancer Action, an advocacy group based in San Francisco, was a plaintiff in the case and executive director Karuna Jagger sounded jubilant in a phone call Thursday morning.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"San Francisco Breast Cancer Advocates Jubilant Over Supreme Court Human Genes Ruling","datePublished":"2013-06-13T18:20:53.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-14T17:34:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"13223 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=13223","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/06/13/san-francisco-breast-cancer-advocates-jubilant-over-supreme-court-human-genes-ruling/","disqusTitle":"San Francisco Breast Cancer Advocates Jubilant Over Supreme Court Human Genes Ruling","path":"/stateofhealth/13223/san-francisco-breast-cancer-advocates-jubilant-over-supreme-court-human-genes-ruling","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13262\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-13262\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/06/RS5070_81147632-scr-620x377.jpg\" alt=\"(William West/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"620\" height=\"377\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(William West/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a unanimous decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled Thursday morning that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/06/13/supreme-court-rules-human-genes-cannot-be-patented/\" target=\"_blank\">human genes are not patentable\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case/\" target=\"_blank\">The case \u003c/a>centered around Myriad Genetics, the holder of patents on two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/12/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case/\" target=\"_blank\">Some mutations of these genes\u003c/a> are associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. For women with a strong family history of these cancers, the only place they could be tested was Myriad Genetics, which sometimes charged more than $3,000 for the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast Cancer Action, an advocacy group based in San Francisco, was a plaintiff in the case, and executive director Karuna Jaggar sounded jubilant in a phone call Thursday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From our perspective, these patents never should have been granted in the first place,\" Jaggar said. \"There's no question that DNA is a product of nature, and so it's very affirming to see the court rule in our favor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BRCA1 and 2 mutations became international news when actress \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/05/14/why-angelina-jolies-medical-choice-is-likely-not-yours/\" target=\"_blank\">Angelina Jolie\u003c/a> revealed that she'd had a preventive double mastectomy after testing showed that she had a specific mutation that put her at very high risk of developing breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast Cancer Action has long argued against the high cost of the test, and said that the patent gave an unfair monopoly to Myriad Genetics, which is located in Salt Lake City. With the court's ruling, Jaggar believes that more companies will be able to offer a test to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They'll have access to new tests at lower costs and will have access to second opinions,\" Jaggar said. \"Currently Myriad offers the one and only test. It has not been peer reviewed; it has not been scientifically validated. New labs will now be able to offer new tests using new methodologies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Myriad Genetics played down the magnitude of the decision, pointing to its 500 other valid patent claims as well as the BRCA test. The court upheld patent claims on what's known as synthetic DNA or \"cDNA.\" Synthetic DNA is man-made, not a \"product of nature,\" and is still patentable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We believe the Court appropriately upheld our claims on cDNA,\" Myriad's CEO Peter Meldrum said in a release, \"ensuring strong intellectual property protection for our BRACAnalysis test moving forward.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Breast Cancer Action insists the Supreme Court's decision opens the door to new options for women who worry about inherited risk of breast cancer. “Laboratories can conduct genetic testing without using cDNA and this means that Myriad no longer holds a monopoly on the BRCA genes,\" Jaggar said in a release this morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 5 to 10 percent of women carry a BRCA1 or 2 mutation, according to the National Cancer Institute. Not all mutations are harmful, but some can be devastating. Angelina Jolie said that she had a mutation that put her at an 87 percent risk of breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn More:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-398_8njq.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Read the decision: Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/13223/san-francisco-breast-cancer-advocates-jubilant-over-supreme-court-human-genes-ruling","authors":["240"],"categories":["stateofhealth_14"],"tags":["stateofhealth_46","stateofhealth_496","stateofhealth_461"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_13262","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_12138":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_12138","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"12138","score":null,"sort":[1366133427000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"supreme-court-seems-skeptical-of-patenting-human-genes","title":"Supreme Court Seems Skeptical of Patenting Human Genes","publishDate":1366133427,"format":"aside","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/03/28/audiotranscripts-of-wednesdays-supreme-court-hearings-on-the-fate-of-the-health-law/scotus_supremecourt/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4470\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-4470\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/03/SCOTUS_SupremeCourt-300x236.jpg\" alt=\"SCOTUS_SupremeCourt\" width=\"300\" height=\"236\">\u003c/a>In arguments at the Supreme Court Monday, justices appeared skeptical about \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case\" target=\"_blank\">patenting human genes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has been granting parents on human genes for nearly 30 years. This is the first case questioning that premise to reach the Supreme Court. At the heart of the case are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/12/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case/\" target=\"_blank\">two genes associated with breast cancer\u003c/a>, BRCA1 and BRCA 2. People with certain mutations in these genes have a significantly higher risk for breast, ovarian and other cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of patenting human genes say genes are products of nature and therefore cannot be patented. Myriad Genetics, which holds the patent on the genes, say that once genes are isolated from the body and processed they are no longer a product of nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press captured the back and forth:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Justices attempted to break the argument down to an everyday level by discussing things like chocolate chip cookies, baseball bats and jungle plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Gregory A.] Castanias, the Myriad lawyer, argued that the justices could think about the gene question like a baseball bat. \"A baseball bat doesn't exist until it's isolated from a tree. But that's still the product of human invention to decide where to begin the bat and where to end the bat,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That didn't work for Chief Justice John Roberts.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The baseball bat is quite different. You don't look at a tree and say, well, I've cut the branch here and cut it here and all of a sudden I've got a baseball bat. You have to invent it, if you will,\" Roberts said. \"You don't have to invent the particular segment of the strand. You just have to cut it off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court moved on to body parts. Said Justice Sonia Sotomayor, \"If you cut off a piece of the whole in the kidney or liver, you're saying that's not patentable, but you take a gene and snip off a piece, that is? What's the difference between the two?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castanias tried again, comparing the company's patented genes to medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important to note that molecules have been patented for a very long time. That's what drugs are. And drugs are often made by taking one molecule and another molecule, both of which are known, reacting them in a test tube,\" he said. \"Reactions have been around 100 years just like snipping has been, but they make something new and useful and lifesaving from that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberts still wasn't convinced. \"Well, I don't understand how this is at all like that, because there you're obviously combining things and getting something new. Here you're just snipping, and you don't have anything new, you have something that is a part of something that has existed previous to your intervention,\" he said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The ACLU filed its lawsuit against Myriad in 2009. According to the AP, U.S. District Judge Robert Sweet invalidated the patents. But a federal appeals court reversed him in 2011, saying genes are indeed patentable. The Supreme Court first sent the case back to lower courts for rehearing. The federal court again upheld Myriad's patents last August. And that's where we are today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court is expected to issue a decision this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In arguments at the Supreme Court Monday, justices appeared skeptical about patenting human genes. \r\nThe U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has been granting parents on human genes for nearly 30 years. This is the first case questioning that premise to reach the Supreme Court. At the heart of the case are two genes associated with breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA 2. People with certain mutations in these genes have a significantly higher risk for breast, ovarian and other cancers.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366312169,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":565},"headData":{"title":"Supreme Court Seems Skeptical of Patenting Human Genes | KQED","description":"In arguments at the Supreme Court Monday, justices appeared skeptical about patenting human genes. \r\nThe U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has been granting parents on human genes for nearly 30 years. This is the first case questioning that premise to reach the Supreme Court. At the heart of the case are two genes associated with breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA 2. People with certain mutations in these genes have a significantly higher risk for breast, ovarian and other cancers.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Supreme Court Seems Skeptical of Patenting Human Genes","datePublished":"2013-04-16T17:30:27.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-18T19:09:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"12138 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=12138","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/16/supreme-court-seems-skeptical-of-patenting-human-genes/","disqusTitle":"Supreme Court Seems Skeptical of Patenting Human Genes","path":"/stateofhealth/12138/supreme-court-seems-skeptical-of-patenting-human-genes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/03/28/audiotranscripts-of-wednesdays-supreme-court-hearings-on-the-fate-of-the-health-law/scotus_supremecourt/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4470\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-4470\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/03/SCOTUS_SupremeCourt-300x236.jpg\" alt=\"SCOTUS_SupremeCourt\" width=\"300\" height=\"236\">\u003c/a>In arguments at the Supreme Court Monday, justices appeared skeptical about \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case\" target=\"_blank\">patenting human genes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has been granting parents on human genes for nearly 30 years. This is the first case questioning that premise to reach the Supreme Court. At the heart of the case are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/12/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case/\" target=\"_blank\">two genes associated with breast cancer\u003c/a>, BRCA1 and BRCA 2. People with certain mutations in these genes have a significantly higher risk for breast, ovarian and other cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of patenting human genes say genes are products of nature and therefore cannot be patented. Myriad Genetics, which holds the patent on the genes, say that once genes are isolated from the body and processed they are no longer a product of nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press captured the back and forth:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Justices attempted to break the argument down to an everyday level by discussing things like chocolate chip cookies, baseball bats and jungle plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Gregory A.] Castanias, the Myriad lawyer, argued that the justices could think about the gene question like a baseball bat. \"A baseball bat doesn't exist until it's isolated from a tree. But that's still the product of human invention to decide where to begin the bat and where to end the bat,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That didn't work for Chief Justice John Roberts.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The baseball bat is quite different. You don't look at a tree and say, well, I've cut the branch here and cut it here and all of a sudden I've got a baseball bat. You have to invent it, if you will,\" Roberts said. \"You don't have to invent the particular segment of the strand. You just have to cut it off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court moved on to body parts. Said Justice Sonia Sotomayor, \"If you cut off a piece of the whole in the kidney or liver, you're saying that's not patentable, but you take a gene and snip off a piece, that is? What's the difference between the two?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castanias tried again, comparing the company's patented genes to medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important to note that molecules have been patented for a very long time. That's what drugs are. And drugs are often made by taking one molecule and another molecule, both of which are known, reacting them in a test tube,\" he said. \"Reactions have been around 100 years just like snipping has been, but they make something new and useful and lifesaving from that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberts still wasn't convinced. \"Well, I don't understand how this is at all like that, because there you're obviously combining things and getting something new. Here you're just snipping, and you don't have anything new, you have something that is a part of something that has existed previous to your intervention,\" he said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The ACLU filed its lawsuit against Myriad in 2009. According to the AP, U.S. District Judge Robert Sweet invalidated the patents. But a federal appeals court reversed him in 2011, saying genes are indeed patentable. The Supreme Court first sent the case back to lower courts for rehearing. The federal court again upheld Myriad's patents last August. And that's where we are today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court is expected to issue a decision this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/12138/supreme-court-seems-skeptical-of-patenting-human-genes","authors":["240"],"categories":["stateofhealth_166","stateofhealth_14"],"tags":["stateofhealth_496"],"label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_12082":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_12082","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"12082","score":null,"sort":[1365784563000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case","title":"Gene Patent Supreme Court Case Centers Around Two Breast Cancer Genes","publishDate":1365784563,"format":"aside","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12112\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/12/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case/doublehelix_gettyimages/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12112\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-12112\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/04/DoubleHelix_GettyImages-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"It's not the genes themselves, but mutations that can put women at higher risk of breast cancer.(Getty Images)\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It's not the genes themselves, but mutations that can put women at higher risk of breast cancer.(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the U.S. Supreme Court will hear oral arguments in \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/association-for-molecular-pathology-v-myriad-genetics-inc/?wpmp_switcher=desktop\" target=\"_blank\">a case\u003c/a> that asks a central question: Can you patent a human gene?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are genes naturally occurring and therefore not patentable by law? Or, since DNA must be extracted and processed to be read, is it no longer a natural product and so indeed can be patented, as human genes have been for 30 years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over at \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED Science\u003c/a>, reporter Lauren Sommer has a great breakdown of the issues in this case -- not only the ethical questions but also the business angle, so critical to the Bay Area's thriving biotechnology industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Everyone has these genes -- women and men alike -- but the question is whether you have a mutation in one or both of these genes that inhibits tumor suppression function.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But let's take a step back and look at the genes at the heart of the case, BRCA1 and BRCA2\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">.\u003c/span> According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/BRCA\" target=\"_blank\">National Cancer Institute\u003c/a>, these genes help keep cells' genetic material in order. They handle what's called tumor suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone has these genes -- women and men alike -- but the question is whether you have a mutation in one or both of these genes that inhibits the tumor suppression function. With impaired tumor suppression, you're at higher risk for cancer. Women with certain types of BRCA mutations are five times more likely to develop breast cancer and at least 10 times more likely to develop ovarian cancer. Both women and men with these mutations are also at increased risk for other cancers, including pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and melanoma.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsfhealth.org/robert.nussbaum\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Robert Nussbaum\u003c/a> is a medical geneticist at UCSF. He stresses these are fairly rare mutations, accounting for perhaps 5 percent of all breast cancers. The BRCA gene, like other genes, \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">can mutate in many ways, but not all those mutations are harmful.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In a genetic test, analysts are \"looking for misspellings, like a spellcheck,\" of the cell's DNA, he said. And that misspelling might not mean anything. It could be just a \"common variation\" such as having brown eyes or blue eyes. Or it could be a change \"which is actually going to affect the function of that protein and result in someone having a markedly increased risk for cancer,\" he added.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genetic analysis, the gene is compared with a catalog of thousands -- or hundreds of thousands -- of other people who had the test to determine if the mutation is positive, negative or ambiguous. The NCI cited a study that found 10 percent of women who had the BRCA 1 or 2 test were in this \"ambiguous\" category, \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/BRCA\" target=\"_blank\">then add\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/BRCA\" target=\"_blank\">ed\u003c/a>:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Because everyone has genetic differences that are not associated with an increased risk of disease, it is sometimes not known whether a specific DNA change affects a person’s risk of developing cancer. As more research is conducted and more people are tested for BRCA1 or BRCA2 changes, scientists will learn more about these changes and cancer risk.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But even if a woman has a mutation that puts her at increased risk of cancer, it's just that: an increased risk. Genes do not determine everything, Nussbaum said. Diet, culture, behavior and environment all play a role in cancer development. The NCI lists different approaches -- from more frequent screening tests to prophylactic surgery -- that women might consider when receiving a positive result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to Forum: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201304120900\" target=\"_blank\">Who Owns Your Genes?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject width=\"335\" height=\"85\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201304120900.xml\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\">\u003cembed width=\"335\" height=\"85\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\" flashvars=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201304120900.xml\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On Monday, the Supreme Court will hear oral arguments in a case that asks a central question: can you patent a human gene? Are genes naturally occurring and therefore not patentable by law? Or since DNA must be extracted and processed to be read, it is no longer a natural product and so indeed can be patented, as human genes have been for 30 years?\r\n\r\nOver at KQED Science, reporter Lauren Sommer has a great breakdown of the issues in this case -- not only the ethical questions, but also the business angle, so critical to the Bay Area's thriving biotechnology industry.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366312225,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":596},"headData":{"title":"Gene Patent Supreme Court Case Centers Around Two Breast Cancer Genes | KQED","description":"On Monday, the Supreme Court will hear oral arguments in a case that asks a central question: can you patent a human gene? Are genes naturally occurring and therefore not patentable by law? Or since DNA must be extracted and processed to be read, it is no longer a natural product and so indeed can be patented, as human genes have been for 30 years?\r\n\r\nOver at KQED Science, reporter Lauren Sommer has a great breakdown of the issues in this case -- not only the ethical questions, but also the business angle, so critical to the Bay Area's thriving biotechnology industry.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Gene Patent Supreme Court Case Centers Around Two Breast Cancer Genes","datePublished":"2013-04-12T16:36:03.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-18T19:10:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"12082 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=12082","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/12/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case/","disqusTitle":"Gene Patent Supreme Court Case Centers Around Two Breast Cancer Genes","path":"/stateofhealth/12082/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12112\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/12/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case/doublehelix_gettyimages/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12112\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-12112\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/04/DoubleHelix_GettyImages-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"It's not the genes themselves, but mutations that can put women at higher risk of breast cancer.(Getty Images)\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It's not the genes themselves, but mutations that can put women at higher risk of breast cancer.(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the U.S. Supreme Court will hear oral arguments in \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/association-for-molecular-pathology-v-myriad-genetics-inc/?wpmp_switcher=desktop\" target=\"_blank\">a case\u003c/a> that asks a central question: Can you patent a human gene?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are genes naturally occurring and therefore not patentable by law? Or, since DNA must be extracted and processed to be read, is it no longer a natural product and so indeed can be patented, as human genes have been for 30 years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over at \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED Science\u003c/a>, reporter Lauren Sommer has a great breakdown of the issues in this case -- not only the ethical questions but also the business angle, so critical to the Bay Area's thriving biotechnology industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Everyone has these genes -- women and men alike -- but the question is whether you have a mutation in one or both of these genes that inhibits tumor suppression function.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But let's take a step back and look at the genes at the heart of the case, BRCA1 and BRCA2\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">.\u003c/span> According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/BRCA\" target=\"_blank\">National Cancer Institute\u003c/a>, these genes help keep cells' genetic material in order. They handle what's called tumor suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone has these genes -- women and men alike -- but the question is whether you have a mutation in one or both of these genes that inhibits the tumor suppression function. With impaired tumor suppression, you're at higher risk for cancer. Women with certain types of BRCA mutations are five times more likely to develop breast cancer and at least 10 times more likely to develop ovarian cancer. Both women and men with these mutations are also at increased risk for other cancers, including pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and melanoma.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsfhealth.org/robert.nussbaum\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Robert Nussbaum\u003c/a> is a medical geneticist at UCSF. He stresses these are fairly rare mutations, accounting for perhaps 5 percent of all breast cancers. The BRCA gene, like other genes, \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">can mutate in many ways, but not all those mutations are harmful.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In a genetic test, analysts are \"looking for misspellings, like a spellcheck,\" of the cell's DNA, he said. And that misspelling might not mean anything. It could be just a \"common variation\" such as having brown eyes or blue eyes. Or it could be a change \"which is actually going to affect the function of that protein and result in someone having a markedly increased risk for cancer,\" he added.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genetic analysis, the gene is compared with a catalog of thousands -- or hundreds of thousands -- of other people who had the test to determine if the mutation is positive, negative or ambiguous. The NCI cited a study that found 10 percent of women who had the BRCA 1 or 2 test were in this \"ambiguous\" category, \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/BRCA\" target=\"_blank\">then add\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/BRCA\" target=\"_blank\">ed\u003c/a>:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Because everyone has genetic differences that are not associated with an increased risk of disease, it is sometimes not known whether a specific DNA change affects a person’s risk of developing cancer. As more research is conducted and more people are tested for BRCA1 or BRCA2 changes, scientists will learn more about these changes and cancer risk.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But even if a woman has a mutation that puts her at increased risk of cancer, it's just that: an increased risk. Genes do not determine everything, Nussbaum said. Diet, culture, behavior and environment all play a role in cancer development. The NCI lists different approaches -- from more frequent screening tests to prophylactic surgery -- that women might consider when receiving a positive result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to Forum: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201304120900\" target=\"_blank\">Who Owns Your Genes?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject width=\"335\" height=\"85\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201304120900.xml\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\">\u003cembed width=\"335\" height=\"85\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\" flashvars=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201304120900.xml\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/12082/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case","authors":["240"],"categories":["stateofhealth_14"],"tags":["stateofhealth_496","stateofhealth_461"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_12112","label":"stateofhealth"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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