Schools Should Recognize Trauma as a Disability, Compton Lawsuit Says
Bay Area Research Group to Focus on 'Adverse Childhood Experiences'
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Urevich","isLoading":false},"lisaaliferis":{"type":"authors","id":"240","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"240","found":true},"name":"Lisa Aliferis","firstName":"Lisa","lastName":"Aliferis","slug":"lisaaliferis","email":"laliferis@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Lisa Aliferis is the founding editor of KQED's \u003cem>State of Health\u003c/em> blog. Since 2011, she's been writing and editing stories for the site. Before taking up blogging, she toiled for many years (more than we can count) producing health stories for television, including\u003cem> Dateline NBC\u003c/em> and San Francisco's CBS affiliate, KPIX-TV. She also wrote up a \u003ca title=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/health/obamacare/obamacare-guide.jsp\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/health/obamacare/obamacare-guide.jsp\">handy guide to the Affordable Care Act\u003c/a>, especially for Californians. Her work has been honored for many awards. Most recently she was a finalist for \"Best Topical Reporting\" from the Online News Association. You can follow her on Twitter: \u003ca title=\"https://twitter.com/laliferis\" href=\"https://twitter.com/laliferis\">@laliferis\u003c/a>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86c339d5cdcb0dcd2b6cf5d7c3f5886b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"laliferis","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"science","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"food","roles":["contributor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lisa Aliferis | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86c339d5cdcb0dcd2b6cf5d7c3f5886b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86c339d5cdcb0dcd2b6cf5d7c3f5886b?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lisaaliferis"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"stateofhealth_151636":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_151636","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"151636","score":null,"sort":[1456170289000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"schools-should-recognize-trauma-as-a-disability-lawsuit-says","title":"Schools Should Recognize Trauma as a Disability, Compton Lawsuit Says","publishDate":1456170289,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A group of middle and high school students in Compton have filed a first-of-its-kind federal lawsuit saying violence at home and in their neighborhoods has impaired their ability to learn at school. The students, along with three teachers who are also plaintiffs, allege the Compton Unified School District has failed to recognize and address their trauma-induced disabilities, and therefore has denied their legal right to an equal education.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You have to address trauma in order to do anything about the achievement gap.'\u003ccite>Anne Hudson-Price, attorney representing students\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lead plaintiff Peter P. (not his real name) was raped by an abusive stepfather, who also beat his siblings and his mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d go to school with black eyes and busted teeth,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter’s neighborhood was as dangerous as his home. He was once mistaken for his older brother and shot in the street, and said he’s has witnessed his friends and others being shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re surrounded in an area that’s gang-affiliated, you go to school having to watch your back all the time,” Peter said. “You’re already scared senseless. That’s what affects studying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter said he has excelled in school at times, but often he’s been too preoccupied to focus. His rage led to a slew of suspensions and expulsions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other plaintiffs reported witnessing repeated shootings and being shot at themselves. One boy was mistaken for someone else, arrested at gunpoint and handcuffed at his elementary school when he was a sixth grader. Another watched his father point a gun at his mother, while a young woman said she’d been sexually assaulted on a public bus on her way home from school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to address trauma in order to do anything about the achievement gap,\" said Anne Hudson-Price, an attorney with Public Counsel who represents the students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning requires a state of attentive calm, Hudson-Price and her colleagues note in court papers. But it’s one that traumatized kids rarely if ever achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>May Be Eligible for Accommodations \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last September, District Judge Michael Fitzgerald allowed the case to move forward, ruling that the students could be entitled to accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act, just as learning-disabled students are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the plaintiffs prevail, they could pave the way for large-scale changes in school policies nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit seeks consistent mental health support for students, as well as training and coaching for teachers to understand trauma and respond appropriately. The plaintiffs want to end punitive discipline like suspensions and expulsions, which they allege are counter-productive because they push traumatized kids out of school and into the criminal justice system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter argued that throughout his school career, Compton school district teachers and administrators knew of the issues that caused him to act out and do poorly in school, but offered no help, even last year when he was homeless. He lived openly on the roof of the cafeteria at Dominguez High School for two months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'To Me, It’s a Civil Rights Issue'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hudson-Price said the plaintiffs are not asking for screening of individual children. Instead, they demand that the district establish so-called trauma-informed policies for all of its 26,000 students because so many of them are affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of the district’s students have experienced at least one traumatic event, based on an analysis of self-reported data by Christina Bethell, a professor of public health at Johns Hopkins University who directs the Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homicide rates in Compton are five times the national average. A significant number of the districts students are homeless or in foster care and many are poor. Ninety three percent of the district’s students qualify for free or reduced price lunches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, it’s a civil rights issue,” said Marleen Wong, an associate dean and professor at the University of Southern California, School of Social Work, who’s filed a declaration in support of the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compton school officials declined interview requests. But, District Superintendent Darin Brawley said in a written statement that school officials believe the lawsuit targets Compton for its “name recognition and publicity value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In court papers, Compton Unified School District officials contend that trauma isn’t a disability. They argue that attaching the stigma of disability to kids because they come from poor, high crime neighborhoods would be devastating. What’s more, they say students’ bad behavior could be the result of immaturity or bad judgment, not the trauma they might have suffered. Still, they contend that the district is sensitive to trauma, citing trainings for teachers and school staff. An item posted last month on the district website highlights increased counseling services for students through a partnership with a local non-profit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underpinning the plaintiffs’ case is relatively new research that shows repeated exposure to trauma causes both long-term and immediate damage to developing brains and bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/\" target=\"_blank\">1998 Adverse Childhood Experiences study\u003c/a>, conducted by researchers at Kaiser Permanente in San Diego and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, showed that traumatic childhood experiences, like abuse or neglect, or living with alcoholic, drug-addicted or mentally ill parents raised the risk of physical and mental health issues in later life. The more trauma a person experienced in childhood, the more likely she was to suffer health consequences like cancer, addiction or obesity as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"yWp5rXRUR0385dImwL3RJ0d36hRQTS0H\"]But repeated trauma also affects children profoundly during their earliest years, because of the plasticity of their brains, writes Joyce Dorado, a psychologist and professor at the UC San Francisco in her declaration supporting the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the brain’s basic survival mechanisms of fight or flight or freeze and surrender are triggered again and again, the limbic system, which controls those responses is overdeveloped and the pre-frontal cortex, which is responsible for clear thinking and concentration is stunted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result, according to scientists, is that the brains of traumatized children are essentially re-wired so that the smallest upset can cause them to lash out in anger in a fight or flight state or to withdraw, removing themselves psychologically from a situation. Thus, traumatized kids can’t learn as well as those whose brains have developed in calmer circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students in Washington state who reported three or more adverse childhood experiences were four times more likely to fail in school and six times more likely to have serious behavior problems, according to a 2015 study by researchers at Washington State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that trauma is treatable, USC's Wong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her colleagues published \u003ca href=\"http://www.nctsnet.org/nctsn_assets/Articles/100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">a study \u003c/a>in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2003 that showed that students in South and East Los Angeles who reported PTSD saw their symptoms ease after just 10 weeks of group therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a handful of schools and school districts around the country, including some in Oakland, San Francisco and San Diego have gone farther, incorporating therapy, teacher training and restorative discipline policies to create trauma-informed campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco,\u003ca href=\"http://,%20the%20UCSF%20Healthy%20Environments%20and%20Response%20to%20Trauma%20in%20Schools%20or%20HEAR%E2%80%A6\" target=\"_blank\"> the UCSF Healthy Environments and Response to Trauma in Schools\u003c/a> or HEARTS establishes prevention programs to help kids deal with trauma and intervention efforts for kids who are at-risk or suffer from post-traumatic stress. In addition to training for teachers and parents, the program provides support for teachers who may suffer from stress and burnout because of their work with troubled kids. Additionally, HEARTS has worked with schools and district-wide to create alternatives to punitive discipline like suspensions from school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After five years in one school, Dorado said she’s seen an 86 percent decrease in physical aggression, a 95 percent decrease in suspensions, and an 87 percent decrease in referrals to the office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such transformations take three to five years, Dorado said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be misguided to think it happens quickly. If you think one year is enough, no. That flies in the face of what we’ve learned from organizational change research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no still no data on whether trauma-informed programs have improved students’ academic performance, Dorado said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HEARTS program has received a number of grants for its work, including one that contributed about $90,000 per year. But Dorado said she and others are creating a model for trauma informed schools that administrators can replicate at a more sustainable cost of about $50,000 or $60,000 annually, or what a principal might spend to hire a reading specialist or other support staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students’ lawsuit is set for a hearing next January. Hudson-Price said that the two sides have engaged in mediation, which was recommended by the judge, but she declined to elaborate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead plaintiff Peter P said that he thinks the problem in Compton is that adults have simply ignored the problems of kids in need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How can you not tell a kid is worried? How can you not see it. You have to ask what’s going on?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Peter has left the Compton school district for his senior year, and hopes to attend a community college next year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Students exposed to trauma may be eligible for accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act, just as learning-disabled students are.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1456170403,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":42,"wordCount":1576},"headData":{"title":"Schools Should Recognize Trauma as a Disability, Compton Lawsuit Says | KQED","description":"Students exposed to trauma may be eligible for accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act, just as learning-disabled students are.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Schools Should Recognize Trauma as a Disability, Compton Lawsuit Says","datePublished":"2016-02-22T19:44:49.000Z","dateModified":"2016-02-22T19:46:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"151636 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=151636","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/02/22/schools-should-recognize-trauma-as-a-disability-lawsuit-says/","disqusTitle":"Schools Should Recognize Trauma as a Disability, Compton Lawsuit Says","source":"California Health Report","sourceUrl":"http://www.calhealthreport.org/2016/02/22/18944/","nprByline":"Robin Urevich","path":"/stateofhealth/151636/schools-should-recognize-trauma-as-a-disability-lawsuit-says","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A group of middle and high school students in Compton have filed a first-of-its-kind federal lawsuit saying violence at home and in their neighborhoods has impaired their ability to learn at school. The students, along with three teachers who are also plaintiffs, allege the Compton Unified School District has failed to recognize and address their trauma-induced disabilities, and therefore has denied their legal right to an equal education.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You have to address trauma in order to do anything about the achievement gap.'\u003ccite>Anne Hudson-Price, attorney representing students\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lead plaintiff Peter P. (not his real name) was raped by an abusive stepfather, who also beat his siblings and his mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d go to school with black eyes and busted teeth,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter’s neighborhood was as dangerous as his home. He was once mistaken for his older brother and shot in the street, and said he’s has witnessed his friends and others being shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re surrounded in an area that’s gang-affiliated, you go to school having to watch your back all the time,” Peter said. “You’re already scared senseless. That’s what affects studying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter said he has excelled in school at times, but often he’s been too preoccupied to focus. His rage led to a slew of suspensions and expulsions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other plaintiffs reported witnessing repeated shootings and being shot at themselves. One boy was mistaken for someone else, arrested at gunpoint and handcuffed at his elementary school when he was a sixth grader. Another watched his father point a gun at his mother, while a young woman said she’d been sexually assaulted on a public bus on her way home from school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to address trauma in order to do anything about the achievement gap,\" said Anne Hudson-Price, an attorney with Public Counsel who represents the students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning requires a state of attentive calm, Hudson-Price and her colleagues note in court papers. But it’s one that traumatized kids rarely if ever achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>May Be Eligible for Accommodations \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last September, District Judge Michael Fitzgerald allowed the case to move forward, ruling that the students could be entitled to accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act, just as learning-disabled students are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the plaintiffs prevail, they could pave the way for large-scale changes in school policies nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit seeks consistent mental health support for students, as well as training and coaching for teachers to understand trauma and respond appropriately. The plaintiffs want to end punitive discipline like suspensions and expulsions, which they allege are counter-productive because they push traumatized kids out of school and into the criminal justice system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter argued that throughout his school career, Compton school district teachers and administrators knew of the issues that caused him to act out and do poorly in school, but offered no help, even last year when he was homeless. He lived openly on the roof of the cafeteria at Dominguez High School for two months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'To Me, It’s a Civil Rights Issue'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hudson-Price said the plaintiffs are not asking for screening of individual children. Instead, they demand that the district establish so-called trauma-informed policies for all of its 26,000 students because so many of them are affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of the district’s students have experienced at least one traumatic event, based on an analysis of self-reported data by Christina Bethell, a professor of public health at Johns Hopkins University who directs the Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homicide rates in Compton are five times the national average. A significant number of the districts students are homeless or in foster care and many are poor. Ninety three percent of the district’s students qualify for free or reduced price lunches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, it’s a civil rights issue,” said Marleen Wong, an associate dean and professor at the University of Southern California, School of Social Work, who’s filed a declaration in support of the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compton school officials declined interview requests. But, District Superintendent Darin Brawley said in a written statement that school officials believe the lawsuit targets Compton for its “name recognition and publicity value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In court papers, Compton Unified School District officials contend that trauma isn’t a disability. They argue that attaching the stigma of disability to kids because they come from poor, high crime neighborhoods would be devastating. What’s more, they say students’ bad behavior could be the result of immaturity or bad judgment, not the trauma they might have suffered. Still, they contend that the district is sensitive to trauma, citing trainings for teachers and school staff. An item posted last month on the district website highlights increased counseling services for students through a partnership with a local non-profit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underpinning the plaintiffs’ case is relatively new research that shows repeated exposure to trauma causes both long-term and immediate damage to developing brains and bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/\" target=\"_blank\">1998 Adverse Childhood Experiences study\u003c/a>, conducted by researchers at Kaiser Permanente in San Diego and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, showed that traumatic childhood experiences, like abuse or neglect, or living with alcoholic, drug-addicted or mentally ill parents raised the risk of physical and mental health issues in later life. The more trauma a person experienced in childhood, the more likely she was to suffer health consequences like cancer, addiction or obesity as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But repeated trauma also affects children profoundly during their earliest years, because of the plasticity of their brains, writes Joyce Dorado, a psychologist and professor at the UC San Francisco in her declaration supporting the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the brain’s basic survival mechanisms of fight or flight or freeze and surrender are triggered again and again, the limbic system, which controls those responses is overdeveloped and the pre-frontal cortex, which is responsible for clear thinking and concentration is stunted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result, according to scientists, is that the brains of traumatized children are essentially re-wired so that the smallest upset can cause them to lash out in anger in a fight or flight state or to withdraw, removing themselves psychologically from a situation. Thus, traumatized kids can’t learn as well as those whose brains have developed in calmer circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students in Washington state who reported three or more adverse childhood experiences were four times more likely to fail in school and six times more likely to have serious behavior problems, according to a 2015 study by researchers at Washington State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that trauma is treatable, USC's Wong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her colleagues published \u003ca href=\"http://www.nctsnet.org/nctsn_assets/Articles/100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">a study \u003c/a>in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2003 that showed that students in South and East Los Angeles who reported PTSD saw their symptoms ease after just 10 weeks of group therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a handful of schools and school districts around the country, including some in Oakland, San Francisco and San Diego have gone farther, incorporating therapy, teacher training and restorative discipline policies to create trauma-informed campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco,\u003ca href=\"http://,%20the%20UCSF%20Healthy%20Environments%20and%20Response%20to%20Trauma%20in%20Schools%20or%20HEAR%E2%80%A6\" target=\"_blank\"> the UCSF Healthy Environments and Response to Trauma in Schools\u003c/a> or HEARTS establishes prevention programs to help kids deal with trauma and intervention efforts for kids who are at-risk or suffer from post-traumatic stress. In addition to training for teachers and parents, the program provides support for teachers who may suffer from stress and burnout because of their work with troubled kids. Additionally, HEARTS has worked with schools and district-wide to create alternatives to punitive discipline like suspensions from school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After five years in one school, Dorado said she’s seen an 86 percent decrease in physical aggression, a 95 percent decrease in suspensions, and an 87 percent decrease in referrals to the office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such transformations take three to five years, Dorado said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be misguided to think it happens quickly. If you think one year is enough, no. That flies in the face of what we’ve learned from organizational change research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no still no data on whether trauma-informed programs have improved students’ academic performance, Dorado said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HEARTS program has received a number of grants for its work, including one that contributed about $90,000 per year. But Dorado said she and others are creating a model for trauma informed schools that administrators can replicate at a more sustainable cost of about $50,000 or $60,000 annually, or what a principal might spend to hire a reading specialist or other support staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students’ lawsuit is set for a hearing next January. Hudson-Price said that the two sides have engaged in mediation, which was recommended by the judge, but she declined to elaborate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead plaintiff Peter P said that he thinks the problem in Compton is that adults have simply ignored the problems of kids in need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How can you not tell a kid is worried? How can you not see it. You have to ask what’s going on?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Peter has left the Compton school district for his senior year, and hopes to attend a community college next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/151636/schools-should-recognize-trauma-as-a-disability-lawsuit-says","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_151636"],"categories":["stateofhealth_14"],"tags":["stateofhealth_2587","stateofhealth_2589"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_151691","label":"source_stateofhealth_151636"},"stateofhealth_111055":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_111055","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"111055","score":null,"sort":[1448031599000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-research-group-to-focus-on-adverse-childhood-experiences","title":"Bay Area Research Group to Focus on 'Adverse Childhood Experiences'","publishDate":1448031599,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>It's been more than 15 years since a team of researchers, led by a California physician, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9635069?dopt=Abstract\" target=\"_blank\">identified \u003c/a>how traumatic events in childhood can be associated with risk factors for the leading causes of death later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team referred to the traumatic events they assessed -- including emotional, physical or sexual abuse, as well as household dysfunction -- as \"adverse childhood experiences\" or ACEs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a straightforward \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/03/02/387007941/take-the-ace-quiz-and-learn-what-it-does-and-doesnt-mean\" target=\"_blank\">10-question quiz\u003c/a> of abuse and neglect. The more times you answer \"yes,\" the greater your risk of physical health as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's taken awhile for the idea that ACEs can profoundly shape adult health to take hold. But over the last few years, the concept of ACEs have entered more mainstream conversations. Still, there's no recommended screening. A new Bay Area research collaboration wants to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Center for Youth and Wellness, in partnership with researchers at UC San Francisco children's hospitals in both San Francisco and Oakland have teamed up to launch a multi-year study to evaluate screening for ACEs in primary care settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is \"to develop and create a prospective pediatric screening tool which currently doesn't exist,\" said pediatrician Dayna Long who directs the health equity initiatives program at UCSF Children's Hospital Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Nadine Burke Harris is founder and CEO of the San Francisco-based Center for Youth Wellness. She says that the influential American Academy of Pediatrics told her that a \"rigorous study\" showing the impact of screening is needed, before it would recommend that its pediatrician members commence doing so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group's research is funded by a $4.8 million grant from the Tara Health Foundation. \"This is the type of research that the NIH isn't funding right now,\" Burke Harris said, in reference to the federal government's National Institutes of Health. \"So to be able to have organizations like Tara Health Foundation step up to advance the science is absolutely critical.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the researchers can demonstrate the impact of screening, then the next step is treatment. \"Once we validate the screening tool,\" says Long, \"we're going to be able to pilot different intervention and mental health treatments to mitigate the harmful consequences of ACEs and prevent long term consequences.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/03/02/377569413/can-family-secrets-make-you-sick\" target=\"_blank\">Learn more about ACEs. \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Their goal is to create a tool that pediatricians and others who treat children can use in their practice.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1448302562,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":393},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Research Group to Focus on 'Adverse Childhood Experiences' | KQED","description":"Their goal is to create a tool that pediatricians and others who treat children can use in their practice.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bay Area Research Group to Focus on 'Adverse Childhood Experiences'","datePublished":"2015-11-20T14:59:59.000Z","dateModified":"2015-11-23T18:16:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"111055 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=111055","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/11/20/bay-area-research-group-to-focus-on-adverse-childhood-experiences/","disqusTitle":"Bay Area Research Group to Focus on 'Adverse Childhood Experiences'","path":"/stateofhealth/111055/bay-area-research-group-to-focus-on-adverse-childhood-experiences","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's been more than 15 years since a team of researchers, led by a California physician, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9635069?dopt=Abstract\" target=\"_blank\">identified \u003c/a>how traumatic events in childhood can be associated with risk factors for the leading causes of death later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team referred to the traumatic events they assessed -- including emotional, physical or sexual abuse, as well as household dysfunction -- as \"adverse childhood experiences\" or ACEs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a straightforward \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/03/02/387007941/take-the-ace-quiz-and-learn-what-it-does-and-doesnt-mean\" target=\"_blank\">10-question quiz\u003c/a> of abuse and neglect. The more times you answer \"yes,\" the greater your risk of physical health as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's taken awhile for the idea that ACEs can profoundly shape adult health to take hold. But over the last few years, the concept of ACEs have entered more mainstream conversations. Still, there's no recommended screening. A new Bay Area research collaboration wants to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Center for Youth and Wellness, in partnership with researchers at UC San Francisco children's hospitals in both San Francisco and Oakland have teamed up to launch a multi-year study to evaluate screening for ACEs in primary care settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is \"to develop and create a prospective pediatric screening tool which currently doesn't exist,\" said pediatrician Dayna Long who directs the health equity initiatives program at UCSF Children's Hospital Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Nadine Burke Harris is founder and CEO of the San Francisco-based Center for Youth Wellness. She says that the influential American Academy of Pediatrics told her that a \"rigorous study\" showing the impact of screening is needed, before it would recommend that its pediatrician members commence doing so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group's research is funded by a $4.8 million grant from the Tara Health Foundation. \"This is the type of research that the NIH isn't funding right now,\" Burke Harris said, in reference to the federal government's National Institutes of Health. \"So to be able to have organizations like Tara Health Foundation step up to advance the science is absolutely critical.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the researchers can demonstrate the impact of screening, then the next step is treatment. \"Once we validate the screening tool,\" says Long, \"we're going to be able to pilot different intervention and mental health treatments to mitigate the harmful consequences of ACEs and prevent long term consequences.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/03/02/377569413/can-family-secrets-make-you-sick\" target=\"_blank\">Learn more about ACEs. \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/111055/bay-area-research-group-to-focus-on-adverse-childhood-experiences","authors":["240"],"categories":["stateofhealth_11","stateofhealth_14"],"tags":["stateofhealth_2587","stateofhealth_2589"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_111369","label":"stateofhealth"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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