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(NASA/JPL)","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/sapas-mons-venus-400x225.png","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/png"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/sapas-mons-venus-800x450.png","width":800,"height":450,"mimeType":"image/png"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/sapas-mons-venus-1440x810.png","width":1440,"height":810,"mimeType":"image/png"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/sapas-mons-venus-1180x664.png","width":1180,"height":664,"mimeType":"image/png"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/sapas-mons-venus-960x540.png","width":960,"height":540,"mimeType":"image/png"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/sapas-mons-venus-672x372.png","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/png"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/sapas-mons-venus-1038x576.png","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/png"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/sapas-mons-venus-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/png"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/sapas-mons-venus-64x64.png","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/png"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/sapas-mons-venus-96x96.png","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/png"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/sapas-mons-venus-128x128.png","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/png"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/sapas-mons-venus-75x75.png","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/png"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/sapas-mons-venus.png","width":1920,"height":1080}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"byline_science_1981803":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_science_1981803","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_science_1981803","name":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/348778932/michaeleen-doucleff\">Michaeleen Doucleff\u003c/a>","isLoading":false},"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1981803":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1981803","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1981803","score":null,"sort":[1677718478000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"look-up-venus-and-jupiter-are-going-in-for-a-nighttime-kiss","title":"Look Up! Venus and Jupiter Are Going In for a Nighttime Kiss","publishDate":1677718478,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Look Up! Venus and Jupiter Are Going In for a Nighttime Kiss | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Last night, after dinner, I went outside to take care of our chickens. And I literally gasped. Up in the sky were two dazzlingly bright objects close to each other. It was a beautiful, extraordinary sight. I felt a tingle of joy and a moment of calm. I felt what psychologists call \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/06/29/1010319240/stuck-in-a-rut-sometimes-joy-takes-a-little-practice\">awe\u003c/a> – an emotion that can relieve stress and calm nerves. Who doesn’t need that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And tonight is going to be an even better night to experience this awe. So, after sunset I’m taking my entire family outside to feel this warm and lovely feeling of awe. Because these two bright objects – the planets Venus and Jupiter – will be even closer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve been coming in closer and closer for a little nighttime kiss,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.jackiefaherty.com/\">Jackie Faherty\u003c/a>, who’s an astronomer at the American Museum of Natural History.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course in space the planets aren’t really going to smooch. “They are actually 400 million miles apart,” Faherty says. That’s more than four times the distance than we are from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is happening, is a Venus-Jupiter “conjunction” — that’s what astronomers call it. “Venus is passing Jupiter as they both orbit the sun,” Faherty explains. “The inner planets move a lot faster than the outer planets. So you get a lot of these like racetrack passes,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as the orbits pass, they’ll appear to be about .5 degrees apart from our earthly vantage point. That means, the two planets will be separated by the width of a pencil erasure held up at arms’ length in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see this beautiful event, go outside as darkness falls and look west toward the sunset. “There is no way that you’ll miss these two bright lights in the sky,” says \u003ca href=\"https://skyandtelescope.org/about-us/diana-hannikainen/\">Diana Hannikainen\u003c/a>, who’s an editor at \u003cem>Sky & Telescope\u003c/em> magazine. “Venus is definitely brighter and is the rightmost one. Jupiter is the leftmost one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while you’re looking up, try something new. Pause for a moment and focus on how extraordinary the universe is. How far away these planets are. How mysterious they are. And how small you are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at that sky and think, ‘Wow! That’s big,” says psychologist \u003ca href=\"https://search.asu.edu/profile/977684\">Michelle Shiota\u003c/a> at Arizona State University. “That’s so much bigger than me. That’s so much bigger than my life and my problems. However real those problems are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the feeling of awe, Shiota says, which can give us perspective and be humbling. “And it seems to just help us calm down a little bit in a powerful way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you miss the event tonight, check back on Thursday night. The two planets will still seem quite close, continuing their celestial dance. But soon, they’ll go back to arms length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Look+up%21+Venus+and+Jupiter+are+going+in+for+a+nighttime+kiss&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The two brightest planets in Earth's night sky are millions of miles apart. But due to an astronomical quirk, they appear to be engaging in a cosmic dance tonight. Now, that's a moment of awe.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846080,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":520},"headData":{"title":"Look Up! Venus and Jupiter Are Going In for a Nighttime Kiss | KQED","description":"The two brightest planets in Earth's night sky are millions of miles apart. But due to an astronomical quirk, they appear to be engaging in a cosmic dance tonight. Now, that's a moment of awe.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Look Up! Venus and Jupiter Are Going In for a Nighttime Kiss","datePublished":"2023-03-02T00:54:38.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:21:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Stan Honda","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/348778932/michaeleen-doucleff\">Michaeleen Doucleff\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"AFP via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"1160382060","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1160382060&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2023/03/01/1160382060/look-up-venus-and-jupiter-are-going-in-for-a-nighttime-kiss?ft=nprml&f=1160382060","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 01 Mar 2023 19:00:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 01 Mar 2023 18:45:15 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 01 Mar 2023 19:00:19 -0500","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1981803/look-up-venus-and-jupiter-are-going-in-for-a-nighttime-kiss","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last night, after dinner, I went outside to take care of our chickens. And I literally gasped. Up in the sky were two dazzlingly bright objects close to each other. It was a beautiful, extraordinary sight. I felt a tingle of joy and a moment of calm. I felt what psychologists call \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/06/29/1010319240/stuck-in-a-rut-sometimes-joy-takes-a-little-practice\">awe\u003c/a> – an emotion that can relieve stress and calm nerves. Who doesn’t need that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And tonight is going to be an even better night to experience this awe. So, after sunset I’m taking my entire family outside to feel this warm and lovely feeling of awe. Because these two bright objects – the planets Venus and Jupiter – will be even closer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve been coming in closer and closer for a little nighttime kiss,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.jackiefaherty.com/\">Jackie Faherty\u003c/a>, who’s an astronomer at the American Museum of Natural History.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course in space the planets aren’t really going to smooch. “They are actually 400 million miles apart,” Faherty says. That’s more than four times the distance than we are from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is happening, is a Venus-Jupiter “conjunction” — that’s what astronomers call it. “Venus is passing Jupiter as they both orbit the sun,” Faherty explains. “The inner planets move a lot faster than the outer planets. So you get a lot of these like racetrack passes,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as the orbits pass, they’ll appear to be about .5 degrees apart from our earthly vantage point. That means, the two planets will be separated by the width of a pencil erasure held up at arms’ length in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see this beautiful event, go outside as darkness falls and look west toward the sunset. “There is no way that you’ll miss these two bright lights in the sky,” says \u003ca href=\"https://skyandtelescope.org/about-us/diana-hannikainen/\">Diana Hannikainen\u003c/a>, who’s an editor at \u003cem>Sky & Telescope\u003c/em> magazine. “Venus is definitely brighter and is the rightmost one. Jupiter is the leftmost one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while you’re looking up, try something new. Pause for a moment and focus on how extraordinary the universe is. How far away these planets are. How mysterious they are. And how small you are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at that sky and think, ‘Wow! That’s big,” says psychologist \u003ca href=\"https://search.asu.edu/profile/977684\">Michelle Shiota\u003c/a> at Arizona State University. “That’s so much bigger than me. That’s so much bigger than my life and my problems. However real those problems are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the feeling of awe, Shiota says, which can give us perspective and be humbling. “And it seems to just help us calm down a little bit in a powerful way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you miss the event tonight, check back on Thursday night. The two planets will still seem quite close, continuing their celestial dance. But soon, they’ll go back to arms length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Look+up%21+Venus+and+Jupiter+are+going+in+for+a+nighttime+kiss&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1981803/look-up-venus-and-jupiter-are-going-in-for-a-nighttime-kiss","authors":["byline_science_1981803"],"categories":["science_28","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1073","science_5180","science_577","science_5195"],"featImg":"science_1981804","label":"source_science_1981803"},"science_1979526":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979526","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979526","score":null,"sort":[1655509847000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-to-see-five-planets-all-in-a-row-in-the-early-dawn-sky","title":"How to See Five Planets All in a Row, in the Early Dawn Sky","publishDate":1655509847,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How to See Five Planets All in a Row, in the Early Dawn Sky | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A spectacular summer lineup is on the schedule for June, and it isn’t on television.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From mid-June to almost the end of the month, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/\">a family of planets will come together in the early morning sky\u003c/a>, in a glittering bracelet of celestial gems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From June 16 on, starting around 4 a.m., look to the southeast. Strung in a line stretching from the east toward the west shine all five of the planets visible to the unaided eye — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — and our waning gibbous moon as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2-768x472.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking east in the morning after June 16, 2022, the five planets possible to see with the naked eye — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — stretch westward from the predawn twilight near the horizon. Until June 24, the moon also will be visible, moving night to night from its gibbous phase on June 16, west of Saturn, toward a thin crescent between Venus and Mars on June 24. \u003ccite>(Made by Ben Burress using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mercury and Venus form the pair nearest the horizon while Mars and Jupiter hang out higher in the southeast. Saturn shines highest of all, almost directly south.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tips for spotting all five\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mercury doesn’t stray far from the sun and can be challenging to spot, hiding in the glow of twilight or lost in the sun’s glare. To find Mercury you’ll need a clear eastern horizon, free of obstacles like trees, buildings and hills. Fortunately, brilliant Venus, the brightest of the planets, is nearby, and can be used as a signpost to spot the elusive innermost planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Center your sights on Venus, then look down and to the left about 10 degrees, roughly the width of your fist. There, you may glimpse a fiery spark in the growing twilight: Mercury. If you are successful, enjoy the moment, for it is a rare sighting!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 994px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979511\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"994\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422.jpg 994w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-800x454.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-768x436.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 994px) 100vw, 994px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is a difficult planet to spot under the best of conditions, but in late June 2022, especially around June 24, Venus is well-positioned to aid in finding the elusive innermost planet. Bright Venus is easy to see, and on this morning, Mercury is found down and to the left at a distance about the width of your fist held against the sky. \u003ccite>(Made by Ben Burress using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On June 24, the waning moon will move farther east and diminish to a delicate crescent, staging a finale for this rare and beautiful assembly of celestial orbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the days after, the moon will dive into the dawn, and Mercury will disappear quickly into the sun’s glow, followed in August by Venus. Mars, Jupiter and Saturn will remain prominent well into autumn, but spread farther and farther apart over the weeks, dissolving their close partnership of summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How rare is this alignment?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>All five visible planets gathering in the same patch of sky occurs, on average, every 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matchups of two planets happen regularly. As the \u003ca href=\"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/orbit_viewer.html\">planets circle the sun\u003c/a> at their various orbital velocities, they pass each other like cars on a freeway moving at different speeds. Mars makes a complete circuit around the ecliptic — the great circle that the sun and planets travel along as seen from Earth — about every two years, reliably buzzing Jupiter and Saturn each time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/i/inferior+planet\">inner planets Mercury and Venus\u003c/a> — closer to the sun than Earth — move more quickly, emerging from the sun’s glare in the morning and evening in seasonal turns, cyclically lining up with more distant planets as they go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1135px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1135\" height=\"815\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy.jpg 1135w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-800x574.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-1020x732.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-768x551.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1135px) 100vw, 1135px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The orbital positions of the planets out to Saturn in the second half of June 2022. As viewed from Earth, the five planets possible to see with the naked eye fall in a westward sweeping line from the sun, all appearing together in a dazzling lineup before fading in dawn’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Orbit Viewer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sometimes these pairings are breathtakingly close, bringing a pair of planets within a thumb’s width of each other, or closer. Venus and Jupiter had such a rendezvous in late April, passing less than half a degree from each other as seen from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the chance to see all five of the visible planets in one vista is rare. The celestial math of the planets’ dance only brings them together every couple of decades, and when the sun gets into the act we may not see the performance at all. The last time these planets clustered together, in May of 2000, the sun was right in the middle of the stage and outshined all the other luminaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So June brings a rare opportunity to gaze upon all the visible planets, compare their brightness and color, and appreciate the celestial choreography that allows us to witness such splendor. You need to get up early to enjoy the show, but it’s worth it!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's rare to see a lineup of all five of the planets visible to us with the naked eye. June is your chance to catch this striking planetary arc in the sky.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846248,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":825},"headData":{"title":"How to See Five Planets All in a Row, in the Early Dawn Sky | KQED","description":"It's rare to see a lineup of all five of the planets visible to us with the naked eye. June is your chance to catch this striking planetary arc in the sky.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How to See Five Planets All in a Row, in the Early Dawn Sky","datePublished":"2022-06-17T23:50:47.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:24:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1979526/how-to-see-five-planets-all-in-a-row-in-the-early-dawn-sky","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A spectacular summer lineup is on the schedule for June, and it isn’t on television.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From mid-June to almost the end of the month, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/\">a family of planets will come together in the early morning sky\u003c/a>, in a glittering bracelet of celestial gems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From June 16 on, starting around 4 a.m., look to the southeast. Strung in a line stretching from the east toward the west shine all five of the planets visible to the unaided eye — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — and our waning gibbous moon as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2-768x472.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking east in the morning after June 16, 2022, the five planets possible to see with the naked eye — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — stretch westward from the predawn twilight near the horizon. Until June 24, the moon also will be visible, moving night to night from its gibbous phase on June 16, west of Saturn, toward a thin crescent between Venus and Mars on June 24. \u003ccite>(Made by Ben Burress using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mercury and Venus form the pair nearest the horizon while Mars and Jupiter hang out higher in the southeast. Saturn shines highest of all, almost directly south.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tips for spotting all five\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mercury doesn’t stray far from the sun and can be challenging to spot, hiding in the glow of twilight or lost in the sun’s glare. To find Mercury you’ll need a clear eastern horizon, free of obstacles like trees, buildings and hills. Fortunately, brilliant Venus, the brightest of the planets, is nearby, and can be used as a signpost to spot the elusive innermost planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Center your sights on Venus, then look down and to the left about 10 degrees, roughly the width of your fist. There, you may glimpse a fiery spark in the growing twilight: Mercury. If you are successful, enjoy the moment, for it is a rare sighting!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 994px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979511\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"994\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422.jpg 994w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-800x454.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-768x436.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 994px) 100vw, 994px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is a difficult planet to spot under the best of conditions, but in late June 2022, especially around June 24, Venus is well-positioned to aid in finding the elusive innermost planet. Bright Venus is easy to see, and on this morning, Mercury is found down and to the left at a distance about the width of your fist held against the sky. \u003ccite>(Made by Ben Burress using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On June 24, the waning moon will move farther east and diminish to a delicate crescent, staging a finale for this rare and beautiful assembly of celestial orbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the days after, the moon will dive into the dawn, and Mercury will disappear quickly into the sun’s glow, followed in August by Venus. Mars, Jupiter and Saturn will remain prominent well into autumn, but spread farther and farther apart over the weeks, dissolving their close partnership of summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How rare is this alignment?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>All five visible planets gathering in the same patch of sky occurs, on average, every 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matchups of two planets happen regularly. As the \u003ca href=\"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/orbit_viewer.html\">planets circle the sun\u003c/a> at their various orbital velocities, they pass each other like cars on a freeway moving at different speeds. Mars makes a complete circuit around the ecliptic — the great circle that the sun and planets travel along as seen from Earth — about every two years, reliably buzzing Jupiter and Saturn each time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/i/inferior+planet\">inner planets Mercury and Venus\u003c/a> — closer to the sun than Earth — move more quickly, emerging from the sun’s glare in the morning and evening in seasonal turns, cyclically lining up with more distant planets as they go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1135px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1135\" height=\"815\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy.jpg 1135w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-800x574.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-1020x732.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-768x551.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1135px) 100vw, 1135px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The orbital positions of the planets out to Saturn in the second half of June 2022. As viewed from Earth, the five planets possible to see with the naked eye fall in a westward sweeping line from the sun, all appearing together in a dazzling lineup before fading in dawn’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Orbit Viewer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sometimes these pairings are breathtakingly close, bringing a pair of planets within a thumb’s width of each other, or closer. Venus and Jupiter had such a rendezvous in late April, passing less than half a degree from each other as seen from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the chance to see all five of the visible planets in one vista is rare. The celestial math of the planets’ dance only brings them together every couple of decades, and when the sun gets into the act we may not see the performance at all. The last time these planets clustered together, in May of 2000, the sun was right in the middle of the stage and outshined all the other luminaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So June brings a rare opportunity to gaze upon all the visible planets, compare their brightness and color, and appreciate the celestial choreography that allows us to witness such splendor. You need to get up early to enjoy the show, but it’s worth it!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979526/how-to-see-five-planets-all-in-a-row-in-the-early-dawn-sky","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5180","science_5179","science_1272","science_501","science_5195"],"featImg":"science_1979510","label":"source_science_1979526"},"science_1975409":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1975409","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1975409","score":null,"sort":[1624453242000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-prepares-to-return-to-venus-for-the-first-time-in-decades","title":"NASA Prepares to Return to Venus for the First Time in Decades","publishDate":1624453242,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Prepares to Return to Venus for the First Time in Decades | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Venus is back on the menu for space exploration! \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-2-missions-to-study-lost-habitable-world-of-venus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">announced \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the selection of not one, but two new missions to Earth’s closest planetary neighbor. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first mission — Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging, or just \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-goddard-team-selected-to-design-concept-for-probe-of-mysterious-venus-atmosphere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">DAVINCI+\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — will investigate Venus’s atmosphere, and launch a probe into its thick, hot, acidic clouds to measure their composition and conditions directly. DAVINCI+ will also capture the highest resolution images ever taken of Venus’s surface, including an unusual feature called “tesserae.” Some scientists believe these “tesserae” might be a Venusian version of Earth’s continents, minus the bordering oceans that define them. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975407\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975407\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-800x838.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"838\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-800x838.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-1020x1068.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-160x168.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-768x804.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-1467x1536.jpg 1467w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic.jpg 1478w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite image of Venus taken by JAXA’s Akatsuki spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JAXA/ISAS/DARTS/Damia Bouic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The second mission — Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, inSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/veritas-exploring-the-deep-truths-of-venus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">VERITAS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — will examine Venus’s surface, using radar to penetrate the planet’s thick clouds and create a detailed global geologic map. VERITAS will search for active volcanoes, and investigate a long-standing mystery. Venus appears to have suffered a global cataclysmic event that completely reshaped its surface in the past, but we don’t yet know why or what happened. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-2-missions-to-study-lost-habitable-world-of-venus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Both missions\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are expected to launch sometime around 2028 to 2030. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Long Awaited Return\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The last mission NASA sent to Venus was \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/magellan/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Magellan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, over 30 years ago. Since that time, only spacecraft bound for other destinations, such as the Mercury explorer MESSENGER and the solar deep-dive Parker Solar Probe, have swung briefly by Venus, using the planet’s gravity to steer their course. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975405\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1975405\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venus-magellan.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venus-magellan.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venus-magellan-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venus-magellan-768x431.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Digital model of a volcano on Venus’s surface created from radar measurements made by NASA’s Magellan spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The intensely hot, high-pressure environment on Venus is one reason for the dearth of active exploration there. Also, researchers believed that it is not a world where they could hope to find life — unlike Mars, where the missions Curiosity and Perseverance are intensely examining that possibility. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Venus \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is a very different planet than Earth, and its harsh environment makes exploring its surface a huge technological challenge. Global surface temperatures hold constant around 470 degrees Celsius, hot enough to melt lead, and its atmospheric pressure is equal to the water pressure a kilometer deep under Earth’s oceans. The few spacecraft that have ever landed there did not last long before succumbing to the hellish conditions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975406\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 509px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1975406\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venera13surfacecomposite-Roscosmos.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"509\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venera13surfacecomposite-Roscosmos.jpg 509w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venera13surfacecomposite-Roscosmos-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image taken from the surface of Venus by the USSR’s Venera 13 spacecraft. This is one of the few images ever taken from Venus’s surface. \u003ccite>(Roscosmos)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Is Venus Earth’s ‘Evil Twin’?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But there are striking similarities between Venus and Earth. Venus is almost the same size as Earth, unlike Mars, which has received so much attention from NASA and other space agencies over the decades even though it’s about half the size of Earth. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And though Venus is closer to the sun, the extreme temperature of its atmosphere can be attributed in large part to a dominance of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that traps solar energy in the form of heat. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Observations of Venus’s atmospheric chemistry have fueled a hypothesis that the hell-world of today may have once been more temperate, with a cooler atmosphere, oceans of water, and possibly life-friendly conditions. What happened to change Venus’s environment so profoundly is a question NASA hopes its two new missions will help answer. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Was There Ever Life on Venus? Does Life Exist There Now?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969688/is-there-life-in-the-clouds-above-venus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">detection of the molecule phosphine\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> high in Venus’s atmosphere by a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washington.edu/news/2021/01/27/phosphine-venus-so2/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">team of researchers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the United Kingdom has raised new questions about the possibility of life on what was once thought to be an inhospitable world. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phosphine is a chemical found on Earth in association with certain biological processes, such as some anaerobic microbes (ones that do not need oxygen to live), the decomposition of organic matter, as well as human industrial activity, so its presence on Venus is an eye-opening surprise. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975403\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_ir2_20161030_080333_226_l2b_v10_PRGB-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_ir2_20161030_080333_226_l2b_v10_PRGB-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_ir2_20161030_080333_226_l2b_v10_PRGB-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_ir2_20161030_080333_226_l2b_v10_PRGB-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_ir2_20161030_080333_226_l2b_v10_PRGB-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_ir2_20161030_080333_226_l2b_v10_PRGB-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrared image of the night side of Venus, captured by JAXA’s Akatsuki spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JAXA/ISAS/DARTS/Damia Bouic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Given Venus’s crushing surface pressure and roasting temperature, it’s hard to imagine any form of life existing there, but conditions at higher altitudes are more forgiving. At heights of 30 to 40 miles above Venus’s surface, the pressure and temperature in the atmosphere are similar to those on Earth’s surface. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If oceans once existed on Venus, they likely evaporated as temperatures soared. But what happened to turn up the heat? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Was there life on Earth’s closest sibling-planet? What was it like? Could life of some form still thrive there today, high up in the atmosphere, a safe distance away from Venus’s punishing surface? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Venus holds many tantalizing mysteries, and NASA is doubling down on solving them. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Venus is back on the menu for space exploration, with the announcement by NASA of two new missions to Earth’s closest planetary neighbor. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846547,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":860},"headData":{"title":"NASA Prepares to Return to Venus for the First Time in Decades | KQED","description":"Venus is back on the menu for space exploration, with the announcement by NASA of two new missions to Earth’s closest planetary neighbor. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA Prepares to Return to Venus for the First Time in Decades","datePublished":"2021-06-23T13:00:42.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:29:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1975409/nasa-prepares-to-return-to-venus-for-the-first-time-in-decades","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Venus is back on the menu for space exploration! \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-2-missions-to-study-lost-habitable-world-of-venus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">announced \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the selection of not one, but two new missions to Earth’s closest planetary neighbor. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first mission — Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging, or just \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-goddard-team-selected-to-design-concept-for-probe-of-mysterious-venus-atmosphere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">DAVINCI+\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — will investigate Venus’s atmosphere, and launch a probe into its thick, hot, acidic clouds to measure their composition and conditions directly. DAVINCI+ will also capture the highest resolution images ever taken of Venus’s surface, including an unusual feature called “tesserae.” Some scientists believe these “tesserae” might be a Venusian version of Earth’s continents, minus the bordering oceans that define them. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975407\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975407\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-800x838.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"838\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-800x838.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-1020x1068.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-160x168.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-768x804.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-1467x1536.jpg 1467w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_uvi_20160723_084730_365_l2b_v10_PRGB_composite-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic.jpg 1478w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite image of Venus taken by JAXA’s Akatsuki spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JAXA/ISAS/DARTS/Damia Bouic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The second mission — Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, inSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/veritas-exploring-the-deep-truths-of-venus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">VERITAS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — will examine Venus’s surface, using radar to penetrate the planet’s thick clouds and create a detailed global geologic map. VERITAS will search for active volcanoes, and investigate a long-standing mystery. Venus appears to have suffered a global cataclysmic event that completely reshaped its surface in the past, but we don’t yet know why or what happened. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-2-missions-to-study-lost-habitable-world-of-venus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Both missions\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are expected to launch sometime around 2028 to 2030. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Long Awaited Return\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The last mission NASA sent to Venus was \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/magellan/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Magellan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, over 30 years ago. Since that time, only spacecraft bound for other destinations, such as the Mercury explorer MESSENGER and the solar deep-dive Parker Solar Probe, have swung briefly by Venus, using the planet’s gravity to steer their course. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975405\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1975405\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venus-magellan.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venus-magellan.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venus-magellan-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venus-magellan-768x431.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Digital model of a volcano on Venus’s surface created from radar measurements made by NASA’s Magellan spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The intensely hot, high-pressure environment on Venus is one reason for the dearth of active exploration there. Also, researchers believed that it is not a world where they could hope to find life — unlike Mars, where the missions Curiosity and Perseverance are intensely examining that possibility. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Venus \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is a very different planet than Earth, and its harsh environment makes exploring its surface a huge technological challenge. Global surface temperatures hold constant around 470 degrees Celsius, hot enough to melt lead, and its atmospheric pressure is equal to the water pressure a kilometer deep under Earth’s oceans. The few spacecraft that have ever landed there did not last long before succumbing to the hellish conditions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975406\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 509px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1975406\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venera13surfacecomposite-Roscosmos.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"509\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venera13surfacecomposite-Roscosmos.jpg 509w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/venera13surfacecomposite-Roscosmos-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image taken from the surface of Venus by the USSR’s Venera 13 spacecraft. This is one of the few images ever taken from Venus’s surface. \u003ccite>(Roscosmos)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Is Venus Earth’s ‘Evil Twin’?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But there are striking similarities between Venus and Earth. Venus is almost the same size as Earth, unlike Mars, which has received so much attention from NASA and other space agencies over the decades even though it’s about half the size of Earth. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And though Venus is closer to the sun, the extreme temperature of its atmosphere can be attributed in large part to a dominance of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that traps solar energy in the form of heat. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Observations of Venus’s atmospheric chemistry have fueled a hypothesis that the hell-world of today may have once been more temperate, with a cooler atmosphere, oceans of water, and possibly life-friendly conditions. What happened to change Venus’s environment so profoundly is a question NASA hopes its two new missions will help answer. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Was There Ever Life on Venus? Does Life Exist There Now?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969688/is-there-life-in-the-clouds-above-venus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">detection of the molecule phosphine\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> high in Venus’s atmosphere by a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washington.edu/news/2021/01/27/phosphine-venus-so2/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">team of researchers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the United Kingdom has raised new questions about the possibility of life on what was once thought to be an inhospitable world. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phosphine is a chemical found on Earth in association with certain biological processes, such as some anaerobic microbes (ones that do not need oxygen to live), the decomposition of organic matter, as well as human industrial activity, so its presence on Venus is an eye-opening surprise. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975403\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_ir2_20161030_080333_226_l2b_v10_PRGB-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_ir2_20161030_080333_226_l2b_v10_PRGB-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_ir2_20161030_080333_226_l2b_v10_PRGB-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_ir2_20161030_080333_226_l2b_v10_PRGB-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_ir2_20161030_080333_226_l2b_v10_PRGB-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/20180113_ir2_20161030_080333_226_l2b_v10_PRGB-JAXA-ISAS-DARTS-Damia-Bouic.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrared image of the night side of Venus, captured by JAXA’s Akatsuki spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JAXA/ISAS/DARTS/Damia Bouic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Given Venus’s crushing surface pressure and roasting temperature, it’s hard to imagine any form of life existing there, but conditions at higher altitudes are more forgiving. At heights of 30 to 40 miles above Venus’s surface, the pressure and temperature in the atmosphere are similar to those on Earth’s surface. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If oceans once existed on Venus, they likely evaporated as temperatures soared. But what happened to turn up the heat? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Was there life on Earth’s closest sibling-planet? What was it like? Could life of some form still thrive there today, high up in the atmosphere, a safe distance away from Venus’s punishing surface? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Venus holds many tantalizing mysteries, and NASA is doubling down on solving them. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1975409/nasa-prepares-to-return-to-venus-for-the-first-time-in-decades","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_5195"],"featImg":"science_1975404","label":"source_science_1975409"},"science_1969688":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1969688","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1969688","score":null,"sort":[1600882552000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-there-life-in-the-clouds-above-venus","title":"Is There Life in the Clouds Above Venus?","publishDate":1600882552,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Is There Life in the Clouds Above Venus? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In an era of deep space exploration, a tantalizing and surprising discovery has raised the possibility of life on Earth’s nearest, scorching-hot planetary neighbor \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Venus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists observing with the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eaobservatory.org/jcmt/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">James Clerk Maxwell Telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Hawaii \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2009/2009.06499.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">detected the spectroscopic signature\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the chemical compound \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">phosphine\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the Venusian clouds, about 35 miles above the surface. Follow-up observations with the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.almaobservatory.org/en/home/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Chile confirmed the discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Phosphine, or PH3, a molecule composed of one phosphorus and three hydrogen atoms, is a “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://astrobiology.com/2019/10/phosphine-as-a-biosignature-gas-in-exoplanet-atmospheres.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">biomarker\u003c/span>\u003c/a>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> chemical that scientists hope to find in the atmospheres of distant Earth-like extrasolar planets to indicate possible biological activity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Earth, besides human industrial activity, the only known generator of phosphine is anaerobic life (which does not require oxygen to grow), either from microbial organisms or the decomposition of organic matter. And though there are nonbiological processes that produce phosphine deep in the hydrogen atmospheres of giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn, those conditions are not found on small rocky worlds like Earth and Venus.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Follow the Phosphine?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/about/history-of-astrobiology/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Astrobiologists \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">have focused their search for extraterrestrial life on places that harbor liquid water. NASA’s life-seeking motto is “Follow the water,” since life as we understand it on Earth requires water to thrive, let alone originate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Orbital spacecraft like NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mars Odyssey \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and rovers like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spirit, Opportunity\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Curiosity\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, have raked the dry surface of Mars to find and analyze mineral residues from its extinct seas. Soon, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perseverance \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">will dig for signs of past Martian life that may have thrived in those waters. The Galileo spacecraft and Hubble Space Telescope have revealed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/europa/ocean/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">signs of an ocean\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> hidden under the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon Europa, and the Cassini probe sampled plumes of mineral-laden water erupting from Saturn’s moon \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enceladus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, believed to originate from a subsurface sea.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969691\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1969691 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/470_a_NightonVenus-ISAS-JAXA-800x780.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"780\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/470_a_NightonVenus-ISAS-JAXA-800x780.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/470_a_NightonVenus-ISAS-JAXA-160x156.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/470_a_NightonVenus-ISAS-JAXA-768x749.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/470_a_NightonVenus-ISAS-JAXA.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared image of the cloud structure on the night side of Venus (right half) captured by Japan’s Akatsuki spacecraft. The image shows a surprising amount of atmospheric structure in the nighttime clouds of Venus, whose hot, thick carbon dioxide atmosphere and clouds of sulfuric acid create an environment not thought to support life. Measurements of the biomarker molecule phosphine are making scientists reconsider the possibility of a more life friendly environment high in Venus’ atmosphere. \u003ccite>(JAXA/Akatsuki)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But one thing we have learned about life on Earth is that it keeps showing up in places where we least expect to find it. “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extremophiles\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,” earthly organisms that thrive in some of the hottest, coldest and most toxic watery environments on our planet, have been found deep within frigid Antarctic and alpine lakes, around superheated hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean, and at the fringes of toxic geothermal hot springs. These highly resilient and adaptable life forms give us hope of finding signs of life in the waters of completely alien worlds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With very little water vapor in its atmosphere, Venus is not a place where scientists expect to find signs of life, but the discovery of the biomarker phosphine is fueling \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/life-on-venus-breakthrough-initiatives-funds-study-of-possible-biosignature/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">further investigation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and possible \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-goddard-team-selected-to-design-concept-for-probe-of-mysterious-venus-atmosphere\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">future missions to Venus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to explore the question.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>If This Is Life, Where Did It Come From?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the phosphine in Venus’ atmosphere is produced by non-oxygen-using microbial life and not abiotic chemical processes (processes not derived from living organisms) that we simply don’t yet understand, where did the critters come from? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Venus’ surface, temperatures soar to around 900 degrees Fahrenheit, and the atmospheric pressure is 90 times greater than sea level on Earth, equivalent to the water pressure half a mile deep in Earth’s oceans. It is challenging to imagine even a hardy form of Venusian life existing there. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1969695 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/WEB12184-2011_640-Venera13-USSRAcademyOfSciences-BrownUniversityu-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/WEB12184-2011_640-Venera13-USSRAcademyOfSciences-BrownUniversityu-800x460.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/WEB12184-2011_640-Venera13-USSRAcademyOfSciences-BrownUniversityu-1020x587.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/WEB12184-2011_640-Venera13-USSRAcademyOfSciences-BrownUniversityu-160x92.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/WEB12184-2011_640-Venera13-USSRAcademyOfSciences-BrownUniversityu-768x442.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/WEB12184-2011_640-Venera13-USSRAcademyOfSciences-BrownUniversityu.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image taken on the surface of Venus by the Soviet Union’s Venera 13 spacecraft in 1982. The Venera landings are the only missions to have captured images on Venus’ surface. \u003ccite>(USSR Academy of Sciences / Brown University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But at the altitude where Venus’ phosphine was detected, between 30 and 40 miles above the surface, the atmospheric pressure and temperature are similar to Earth’s surface, though the chemistry is very different, dominated by carbon dioxide gas and liquid droplets of sulfuric acid. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some scientists believe that conditions on Venus were very different in the past, and that billions of years ago \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Venus might have had a surface ocean\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of water and atmospheric conditions closer to that of the young Earth. And if life could arise in Earth’s primordial oceans and atmosphere, why not on Venus?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the environment on Venus’ surface changed from more clement conditions to the hellish planetary pressure cooker it is today, some theorize that extremophile life forms could have fled skyward to survive, adapting to a less harsh environmental niche at higher altitude.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s Next in the Hunt for Life on Venus?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Researchers stress that the detection of phosphine in the clouds above Venus \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/so-astronomers-may-have-found-evidence-of-life-on-venus\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">does not mean the certain presence\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of life there, and that there may be a nonbiological explanation that we have yet to understand.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1969694 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/pia00104-640-NASA.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/pia00104-640-NASA.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/pia00104-640-NASA-160x88.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A radar map of the surface of the planet Venus, created from data acquired by NASA’s Magellan spacecraft in the 1990s. Venus’ thick carbon dioxide atmosphere and dense sulfuric acid clouds make visible-light observations of Venus’ surface impossible, but radar does penetrate the clouds, letting us view the global topography of Earth’s “sister planet.” \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Further telescopic observations will be made to learn more, but verifying what’s going on in Venus’ atmosphere will require sending a spacecraft to investigate. NASA is currently \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-09-17/nasa-considering-venus-mission-after-gas-discovery/12672078\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">considering mission proposals\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to do just that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If there is life thriving in Venus’ clouds, it raises even more questions: Did life begin independently on Earth and Venus, and if so, which came first? Or could life on both planets share a common origin? And, if life sprung up readily on both sister planets, and possibly on neighboring Mars as well, what does that say about how common life may be in the universe?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Personally, I’m keeping my fingers crossed that a future robotic probe floating through the Venusian atmosphere will send us evidence of microscopic life floating in the clouds of our closest neighboring planet. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists' surprise discovery of the biomarker molecule phosphine in the clouds of Venus might be an indication of some form of life there. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847028,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1089},"headData":{"title":"Is There Life in the Clouds Above Venus? | KQED","description":"Scientists' surprise discovery of the biomarker molecule phosphine in the clouds of Venus might be an indication of some form of life there. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Is There Life in the Clouds Above Venus?","datePublished":"2020-09-23T17:35:52.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:37:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1969688/is-there-life-in-the-clouds-above-venus","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In an era of deep space exploration, a tantalizing and surprising discovery has raised the possibility of life on Earth’s nearest, scorching-hot planetary neighbor \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Venus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists observing with the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eaobservatory.org/jcmt/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">James Clerk Maxwell Telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Hawaii \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2009/2009.06499.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">detected the spectroscopic signature\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the chemical compound \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">phosphine\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the Venusian clouds, about 35 miles above the surface. Follow-up observations with the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.almaobservatory.org/en/home/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Chile confirmed the discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Phosphine, or PH3, a molecule composed of one phosphorus and three hydrogen atoms, is a “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://astrobiology.com/2019/10/phosphine-as-a-biosignature-gas-in-exoplanet-atmospheres.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">biomarker\u003c/span>\u003c/a>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> chemical that scientists hope to find in the atmospheres of distant Earth-like extrasolar planets to indicate possible biological activity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Earth, besides human industrial activity, the only known generator of phosphine is anaerobic life (which does not require oxygen to grow), either from microbial organisms or the decomposition of organic matter. And though there are nonbiological processes that produce phosphine deep in the hydrogen atmospheres of giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn, those conditions are not found on small rocky worlds like Earth and Venus.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Follow the Phosphine?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/about/history-of-astrobiology/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Astrobiologists \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">have focused their search for extraterrestrial life on places that harbor liquid water. NASA’s life-seeking motto is “Follow the water,” since life as we understand it on Earth requires water to thrive, let alone originate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Orbital spacecraft like NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mars Odyssey \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and rovers like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spirit, Opportunity\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Curiosity\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, have raked the dry surface of Mars to find and analyze mineral residues from its extinct seas. Soon, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perseverance \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">will dig for signs of past Martian life that may have thrived in those waters. The Galileo spacecraft and Hubble Space Telescope have revealed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/europa/ocean/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">signs of an ocean\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> hidden under the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon Europa, and the Cassini probe sampled plumes of mineral-laden water erupting from Saturn’s moon \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enceladus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, believed to originate from a subsurface sea.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969691\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1969691 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/470_a_NightonVenus-ISAS-JAXA-800x780.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"780\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/470_a_NightonVenus-ISAS-JAXA-800x780.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/470_a_NightonVenus-ISAS-JAXA-160x156.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/470_a_NightonVenus-ISAS-JAXA-768x749.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/470_a_NightonVenus-ISAS-JAXA.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared image of the cloud structure on the night side of Venus (right half) captured by Japan’s Akatsuki spacecraft. The image shows a surprising amount of atmospheric structure in the nighttime clouds of Venus, whose hot, thick carbon dioxide atmosphere and clouds of sulfuric acid create an environment not thought to support life. Measurements of the biomarker molecule phosphine are making scientists reconsider the possibility of a more life friendly environment high in Venus’ atmosphere. \u003ccite>(JAXA/Akatsuki)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But one thing we have learned about life on Earth is that it keeps showing up in places where we least expect to find it. “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extremophiles\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,” earthly organisms that thrive in some of the hottest, coldest and most toxic watery environments on our planet, have been found deep within frigid Antarctic and alpine lakes, around superheated hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean, and at the fringes of toxic geothermal hot springs. These highly resilient and adaptable life forms give us hope of finding signs of life in the waters of completely alien worlds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With very little water vapor in its atmosphere, Venus is not a place where scientists expect to find signs of life, but the discovery of the biomarker phosphine is fueling \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/life-on-venus-breakthrough-initiatives-funds-study-of-possible-biosignature/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">further investigation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and possible \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-goddard-team-selected-to-design-concept-for-probe-of-mysterious-venus-atmosphere\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">future missions to Venus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to explore the question.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>If This Is Life, Where Did It Come From?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the phosphine in Venus’ atmosphere is produced by non-oxygen-using microbial life and not abiotic chemical processes (processes not derived from living organisms) that we simply don’t yet understand, where did the critters come from? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Venus’ surface, temperatures soar to around 900 degrees Fahrenheit, and the atmospheric pressure is 90 times greater than sea level on Earth, equivalent to the water pressure half a mile deep in Earth’s oceans. It is challenging to imagine even a hardy form of Venusian life existing there. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1969695 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/WEB12184-2011_640-Venera13-USSRAcademyOfSciences-BrownUniversityu-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/WEB12184-2011_640-Venera13-USSRAcademyOfSciences-BrownUniversityu-800x460.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/WEB12184-2011_640-Venera13-USSRAcademyOfSciences-BrownUniversityu-1020x587.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/WEB12184-2011_640-Venera13-USSRAcademyOfSciences-BrownUniversityu-160x92.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/WEB12184-2011_640-Venera13-USSRAcademyOfSciences-BrownUniversityu-768x442.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/WEB12184-2011_640-Venera13-USSRAcademyOfSciences-BrownUniversityu.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image taken on the surface of Venus by the Soviet Union’s Venera 13 spacecraft in 1982. The Venera landings are the only missions to have captured images on Venus’ surface. \u003ccite>(USSR Academy of Sciences / Brown University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But at the altitude where Venus’ phosphine was detected, between 30 and 40 miles above the surface, the atmospheric pressure and temperature are similar to Earth’s surface, though the chemistry is very different, dominated by carbon dioxide gas and liquid droplets of sulfuric acid. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some scientists believe that conditions on Venus were very different in the past, and that billions of years ago \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Venus might have had a surface ocean\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of water and atmospheric conditions closer to that of the young Earth. And if life could arise in Earth’s primordial oceans and atmosphere, why not on Venus?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the environment on Venus’ surface changed from more clement conditions to the hellish planetary pressure cooker it is today, some theorize that extremophile life forms could have fled skyward to survive, adapting to a less harsh environmental niche at higher altitude.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s Next in the Hunt for Life on Venus?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Researchers stress that the detection of phosphine in the clouds above Venus \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/so-astronomers-may-have-found-evidence-of-life-on-venus\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">does not mean the certain presence\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of life there, and that there may be a nonbiological explanation that we have yet to understand.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1969694 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/pia00104-640-NASA.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/pia00104-640-NASA.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/pia00104-640-NASA-160x88.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A radar map of the surface of the planet Venus, created from data acquired by NASA’s Magellan spacecraft in the 1990s. Venus’ thick carbon dioxide atmosphere and dense sulfuric acid clouds make visible-light observations of Venus’ surface impossible, but radar does penetrate the clouds, letting us view the global topography of Earth’s “sister planet.” \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Further telescopic observations will be made to learn more, but verifying what’s going on in Venus’ atmosphere will require sending a spacecraft to investigate. NASA is currently \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-09-17/nasa-considering-venus-mission-after-gas-discovery/12672078\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">considering mission proposals\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to do just that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If there is life thriving in Venus’ clouds, it raises even more questions: Did life begin independently on Earth and Venus, and if so, which came first? Or could life on both planets share a common origin? And, if life sprung up readily on both sister planets, and possibly on neighboring Mars as well, what does that say about how common life may be in the universe?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Personally, I’m keeping my fingers crossed that a future robotic probe floating through the Venusian atmosphere will send us evidence of microscopic life floating in the clouds of our closest neighboring planet. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1969688/is-there-life-in-the-clouds-above-venus","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5195"],"featImg":"science_1969696","label":"source_science_1969688"},"science_1959823":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1959823","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1959823","score":null,"sort":[1585324227000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"heres-something-you-can-do-outside-stargazing-our-easy-guide-to-the-night-sky","title":"Here's Something You CAN Do Outside: Stargazing. Our Easy Guide to the Night Sky","publishDate":1585324227,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Here’s Something You CAN Do Outside: Stargazing. Our Easy Guide to the Night Sky | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>If you’ve never really learned about the night sky, now is a great time do it. Parents can teach their children about the stars, and anyone can get out of the house and stargaze, keeping plenty of appropriate physical distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, on a clear evening, stop streaming movies, step outside, and look up! Here’s your guide to how and what to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keep it Simple\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early spring has one of year’s most magnificent evening displays of bright stars. So, even if you live in the city, where stars compete with \u003ca href=\"https://www.darksky.org/light-pollution/\">urban light pollution\u003c/a>, you can still see a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959848\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1959848\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-800x269.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"269\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-800x269.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-1020x343.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-1920x646.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A layer of low fog over the East Bay highlights the problem of urban light pollution, the light from cities that sets the atmosphere above aglow and makes stargazing a challenge. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to get overwhelmed by the number of stars up there. The best advice for beginners is this: pick one specific region of the sky, and get to know what’s there. Don’t worry about learning the names of all the stars and the constellations. That can come later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Sampler Pack of the Evening Spring Sky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin, here’s a way to choose a small patch of the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next few weeks, after the evening twilight has faded, around 8 or 9 p.m., find a safe location nearby, one with a clear view of the sky. Get comfortable, and look to the southwest — to the left of where the sun set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Venus\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing you will notice is an extremely bright object shining almost directly west, a couple of hand-spans above the horizon. It is intense, and, unlike the stars around it, \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/space/why-dont-planets-twinkle-as-stars-do\">shines steadily without twinkling\u003c/a>. It’s not a star; it’s the planet Venus. Fun fact: Planets don’t twinkle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1959845\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-800x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-800x576.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-768x553.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium.jpg 879w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southwestern portion of the sky in late March, around 9:00 p.m. Image created using the free desktop planetarium software, Stellarium. \u003ccite>(Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Venus is currently playing its role as the “Evening Star,” and will remain in the early western sky for several weeks to come. As the weeks pass, though, Venus will start sinking into the twilight. And by mid-May, the planet will disappear in the glow of dusk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/venus/\">Venus\u003c/a> is the brightest of the planets, and the third brightest object in the sky, outshined only by the moon and sun. Here’s why: first, Venus is very close to Earth — so close that the light entering your eyes bounced off Venus only minutes ago! Second, it’s a big planet, about as big as Earth. And, third, Venus is completely covered in cloud and reflects much of the sunlight shining on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> Sirius, the Dog Star\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Venus, you will find several very bright stars across this patch of sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far to the left, almost directly to the south and about the same distance above the horizon as Venus, is the brilliant star \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/sirius-the-brightest-star\">Sirius\u003c/a>, also called the “Dog Star,” because it belongs to the constellation Canis Major, the “Greater Dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth] Sirius appears bluish-white, but you might see glints and flashes of prismatic colors in its light as it twinkles: red, green, yellow. This is caused by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/49-refraction-of-light\">refraction \u003c/a>of Sirius’ light in Earth’s atmosphere, the same phenomenon that produces rainbows from water droplets and the spectrum of colors split by a prism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sirius is bright enough to stimulate the color-sensitive “cone” cells in your retinas, not just the black-and-white “rod” cells. In general, stars are not bright enough for your eyes to detect any color, though there are exceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Betelgeuse\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those exceptions can be found near Sirius. Look up and to the right of Sirius and you will find the bright orange-red star, \u003ca href=\"https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/what-will-a-betelgeuse-supernova-look-like-from-earth\">Betelgeuse\u003c/a>. Betelgeuse is located at the “shoulder” of the constellation Orion, the Hunter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Betelgeuse’s color isn’t caused by refraction in Earth’s atmosphere. It comes from the star itself. Betelgeuse is a “red giant” star, an older star that has blown up to an enormous size, over 800 times larger than the sun—which accounts for its brightness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Winter Triangle\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sirius and Betelgeuse are two members of a pattern of stars called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-triangle/\">Winter Triangle,\u003c/a> a large equilateral triangle. The third star of the Triangle is found above Sirius and to the left of Betelgeuse. It’s called Procyon, and it belongs to the constellation Canis Minor, or the Lesser Dog. In Greek mythology, Orion the hunter has two dogs, Canis Major and Canis Minor, marked by Sirius and Procyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Winter Triangle is not a constellation, but a simpler and unofficial pattern of stars called an \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asterism\">“asterism.”\u003c/a> Like the often more complicated and storied constellations, asterisms help identify different parts of the night sky, like signposts. The sky is full of asterisms, and as you learn more about the skies in different seasons, you’ll learn to recognize them, along with the constellations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Orion’s Belt\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there’s another asterism not far away from the Winter Triangle. Located below Betelgeuse is a row of three stars that are equally bright, and equally spaced apart. This is \u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/orions-belt/\">Orion’s Belt\u003c/a>, one of the easiest star patterns to find and recognize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meteor Shower Treat: The Lyrids \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this beginner’s crash course in sky exploration under your belt, you’re in for a treat! There’s an upcoming meteor shower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959850\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1959850\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Timed exposure image of meteor trails produced by the Leonids meteor shower. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After midnight on April 21st, and throughout the early morning hours of April 22nd, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/meteor-shower-calendar/\">Lyrids meteor shower\u003c/a> will reach its peak of activity for the year, producing as many as 20 meteors per hour. All you must do is stay up past midnight, or set your alarm clock for 2 or 3 a.m., and gaze into the eastern sky until you see one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Websites for Beginners\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are plenty of online resources to help you explore the night sky and its constellations and asterisms. They can also alert you to upcoming celestial events like meteor showers and eclipses. Here are a few for starters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://skyandtelescope.org/observing/sky-at-a-glance/\">Sky and Telescope’s “This Week’s Sky at a Glance” \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/tonight\">Earthsky, Tonight \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/night/\">Time And Date, Night Sky\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>There are also \u003ca href=\"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/best-astronomy-apps/\">several good phone apps\u003c/a>, for iOS and Android, that will help you find your way around the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you gaze casually at the twinkling patterns of stars in your sky, you may find your curiosity teasing you to explore deeper questions about the universe we exist in. \u003ca href=\"https://www.thoughtco.com/closest-stars-to-earth-3073628\">How far away\u003c/a> are the stars? What are they made of? \u003ca href=\"https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/lessons/star_size/\">How big\u003c/a> and hot are they really? Do any of them have \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">planets\u003c/a>, and what might those worlds be like? The good news is, there are answers to these questions!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s another teaser to get you thinking: Look down at your hand. Every atom of carbon, oxygen, iron, and many other elements that make up your body comes from inside the cores of stars that lived and died before the sun and Earth even existed. Curious? Explore!\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Looking for something new to do as you shelter in place? Now's a great time to take up stargazing. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847622,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1248},"headData":{"title":"Here's Something You CAN Do Outside: Stargazing. Our Easy Guide to the Night Sky | KQED","description":"Looking for something new to do as you shelter in place? Now's a great time to take up stargazing. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Here's Something You CAN Do Outside: Stargazing. Our Easy Guide to the Night Sky","datePublished":"2020-03-27T15:50:27.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:47:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/7cf82a53-2f58-4999-ace1-ab9c014895d5/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1959823/heres-something-you-can-do-outside-stargazing-our-easy-guide-to-the-night-sky","audioDuration":248000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’ve never really learned about the night sky, now is a great time do it. Parents can teach their children about the stars, and anyone can get out of the house and stargaze, keeping plenty of appropriate physical distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, on a clear evening, stop streaming movies, step outside, and look up! Here’s your guide to how and what to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keep it Simple\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early spring has one of year’s most magnificent evening displays of bright stars. So, even if you live in the city, where stars compete with \u003ca href=\"https://www.darksky.org/light-pollution/\">urban light pollution\u003c/a>, you can still see a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959848\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1959848\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-800x269.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"269\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-800x269.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-1020x343.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-1920x646.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A layer of low fog over the East Bay highlights the problem of urban light pollution, the light from cities that sets the atmosphere above aglow and makes stargazing a challenge. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to get overwhelmed by the number of stars up there. The best advice for beginners is this: pick one specific region of the sky, and get to know what’s there. Don’t worry about learning the names of all the stars and the constellations. That can come later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Sampler Pack of the Evening Spring Sky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin, here’s a way to choose a small patch of the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next few weeks, after the evening twilight has faded, around 8 or 9 p.m., find a safe location nearby, one with a clear view of the sky. Get comfortable, and look to the southwest — to the left of where the sun set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Venus\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing you will notice is an extremely bright object shining almost directly west, a couple of hand-spans above the horizon. It is intense, and, unlike the stars around it, \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/space/why-dont-planets-twinkle-as-stars-do\">shines steadily without twinkling\u003c/a>. It’s not a star; it’s the planet Venus. Fun fact: Planets don’t twinkle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1959845\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-800x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-800x576.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-768x553.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium.jpg 879w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southwestern portion of the sky in late March, around 9:00 p.m. Image created using the free desktop planetarium software, Stellarium. \u003ccite>(Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Venus is currently playing its role as the “Evening Star,” and will remain in the early western sky for several weeks to come. As the weeks pass, though, Venus will start sinking into the twilight. And by mid-May, the planet will disappear in the glow of dusk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/venus/\">Venus\u003c/a> is the brightest of the planets, and the third brightest object in the sky, outshined only by the moon and sun. Here’s why: first, Venus is very close to Earth — so close that the light entering your eyes bounced off Venus only minutes ago! Second, it’s a big planet, about as big as Earth. And, third, Venus is completely covered in cloud and reflects much of the sunlight shining on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> Sirius, the Dog Star\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Venus, you will find several very bright stars across this patch of sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far to the left, almost directly to the south and about the same distance above the horizon as Venus, is the brilliant star \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/sirius-the-brightest-star\">Sirius\u003c/a>, also called the “Dog Star,” because it belongs to the constellation Canis Major, the “Greater Dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> Sirius appears bluish-white, but you might see glints and flashes of prismatic colors in its light as it twinkles: red, green, yellow. This is caused by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/49-refraction-of-light\">refraction \u003c/a>of Sirius’ light in Earth’s atmosphere, the same phenomenon that produces rainbows from water droplets and the spectrum of colors split by a prism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sirius is bright enough to stimulate the color-sensitive “cone” cells in your retinas, not just the black-and-white “rod” cells. In general, stars are not bright enough for your eyes to detect any color, though there are exceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Betelgeuse\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those exceptions can be found near Sirius. Look up and to the right of Sirius and you will find the bright orange-red star, \u003ca href=\"https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/what-will-a-betelgeuse-supernova-look-like-from-earth\">Betelgeuse\u003c/a>. Betelgeuse is located at the “shoulder” of the constellation Orion, the Hunter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Betelgeuse’s color isn’t caused by refraction in Earth’s atmosphere. It comes from the star itself. Betelgeuse is a “red giant” star, an older star that has blown up to an enormous size, over 800 times larger than the sun—which accounts for its brightness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Winter Triangle\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sirius and Betelgeuse are two members of a pattern of stars called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-triangle/\">Winter Triangle,\u003c/a> a large equilateral triangle. The third star of the Triangle is found above Sirius and to the left of Betelgeuse. It’s called Procyon, and it belongs to the constellation Canis Minor, or the Lesser Dog. In Greek mythology, Orion the hunter has two dogs, Canis Major and Canis Minor, marked by Sirius and Procyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Winter Triangle is not a constellation, but a simpler and unofficial pattern of stars called an \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asterism\">“asterism.”\u003c/a> Like the often more complicated and storied constellations, asterisms help identify different parts of the night sky, like signposts. The sky is full of asterisms, and as you learn more about the skies in different seasons, you’ll learn to recognize them, along with the constellations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Orion’s Belt\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there’s another asterism not far away from the Winter Triangle. Located below Betelgeuse is a row of three stars that are equally bright, and equally spaced apart. This is \u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/orions-belt/\">Orion’s Belt\u003c/a>, one of the easiest star patterns to find and recognize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meteor Shower Treat: The Lyrids \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this beginner’s crash course in sky exploration under your belt, you’re in for a treat! There’s an upcoming meteor shower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959850\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1959850\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Timed exposure image of meteor trails produced by the Leonids meteor shower. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After midnight on April 21st, and throughout the early morning hours of April 22nd, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/meteor-shower-calendar/\">Lyrids meteor shower\u003c/a> will reach its peak of activity for the year, producing as many as 20 meteors per hour. All you must do is stay up past midnight, or set your alarm clock for 2 or 3 a.m., and gaze into the eastern sky until you see one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Websites for Beginners\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are plenty of online resources to help you explore the night sky and its constellations and asterisms. They can also alert you to upcoming celestial events like meteor showers and eclipses. Here are a few for starters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://skyandtelescope.org/observing/sky-at-a-glance/\">Sky and Telescope’s “This Week’s Sky at a Glance” \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/tonight\">Earthsky, Tonight \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/night/\">Time And Date, Night Sky\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>There are also \u003ca href=\"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/best-astronomy-apps/\">several good phone apps\u003c/a>, for iOS and Android, that will help you find your way around the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you gaze casually at the twinkling patterns of stars in your sky, you may find your curiosity teasing you to explore deeper questions about the universe we exist in. \u003ca href=\"https://www.thoughtco.com/closest-stars-to-earth-3073628\">How far away\u003c/a> are the stars? What are they made of? \u003ca href=\"https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/lessons/star_size/\">How big\u003c/a> and hot are they really? Do any of them have \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">planets\u003c/a>, and what might those worlds be like? The good news is, there are answers to these questions!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s another teaser to get you thinking: Look down at your hand. Every atom of carbon, oxygen, iron, and many other elements that make up your body comes from inside the cores of stars that lived and died before the sun and Earth even existed. Curious? Explore!\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1959823/heres-something-you-can-do-outside-stargazing-our-easy-guide-to-the-night-sky","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_3423"],"tags":["science_5195"],"featImg":"science_1959855","label":"source_science_1959823"},"science_1478007":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1478007","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1478007","score":null,"sort":[1489761022000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"russian-and-u-s-scientists-team-up-to-explore-earths-sister-planet-venus","title":"Russian and U. S. Scientists Team Up to Explore Earth's Sister Planet, Venus","publishDate":1489761022,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Russian and U. S. Scientists Team Up to Explore Earth’s Sister Planet, Venus | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Despite ongoing political tensions between the United States and Russia, the stage is set for a new collaboration between the two countries’ space agencies on a groundbreaking mission to explore the planet Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late January, a team of Russian and U. S. scientists delivered a \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Venera-D_Final_Report_170213.pdf\">report\u003c/a> to both NASA and \u003ca href=\"http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/\">the Russian space agency \u003c/a>that outlines how our two countries can work together on a Russian mission, Venera-D, already in development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both space agencies share a similar scientific curiosity about Venus and possess valuable expertise in robotic spacecraft and planetary exploration that can be of great benefit to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venera-D\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera_d.html\">Venera-D\u003c/a> spacecraft is planned for launch sometime around 2025. The mission is set to include an orbital robotic spacecraft that will map Venus’ surface using more powerful radar imaging techniques than in the past two missions. Both countries sent spacecraft to map the surface in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478140\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg\" alt=\"A global radar map of Venus from NASA's Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus' thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus' surface. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A global radar map of Venus from NASA’s Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus’ thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Magellan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mission will also include a robotic lander able to withstand the searing, high-pressure environment on Venus’ surface for a longer duration than past landing missions. The 1982 Venera 13 lander is the current record-holder: it survived for 127 minutes before succumbing to the extreme surface conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1080px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478119\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg\" alt=\"Photographs of Venus' surface captured by the Soviet Union's Venera 13 lander in 1982.\" width=\"1080\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg 1080w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-160x75.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-800x373.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-768x358.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-1020x476.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-960x448.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-240x112.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-375x175.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-520x243.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographs of Venus’ surface captured by the Soviet Union’s Venera 13 lander in 1982. \u003ccite>(Russian Space Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another idea being explored by the joint Russian-U.S. team is a solar-powered, dirigible-borne robot\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>that would float around in Venus’ upper atmosphere for up to three months, analyzing the atmospheric composition and weather and the planet’s surface below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venus’ Dark Attraction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus\">Venus \u003c/a>has long been a subject of scientific intrigue and mystery, as well as exploration, even though other planetary destinations, such as Mars, grab a lot more public attention. Exploration of Mars has revealed a world that was once much more Earth-like, possessing surface water and environmental conditions possibly suitable to support life—and what could capture someone’s curiosity more than that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in many ways, Venus is at least as interesting as Mars. Venus is often referred to as “Earth’s twin,” being Earth’s nearest planetary neighbor, of almost equal size and very similar chemical and mineral composition, though their similarities seem to end there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The atmosphere of Venus is made almost entirely of carbon dioxide, a “greenhouse gas” that captures solar energy to heat the planet’s surface to 462 degrees Celsius, day and night. Atmospheric pressure on Venus’ surface is about 90 times that of Earth—equal to the water pressure half a mile deep in Earth’s oceans. A stove-top pressure cooker comes nowhere near the temperature and pressure of Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus also rotates backward, and so slowly that a single Venusian day lasts a grueling 243 Earth days. And Venus’ famous global shroud of cloud is composed of sulfuric acid, which may produce corrosive rain that evaporates before reaching the ground. There is also a lot of evidence of widespread\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>volcanic activity\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> both past and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was Venus More Like Earth’s Twin in the Past?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As inhospitable to human life and robotic machinery as Venus’ surface is today, there is speculation that long ago Venus may have possessed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable\">oceans of liquid water\u003c/a>. If true, this would raise the possibility that Venus could have been home to some form of life in the past—something we have speculated about the planet \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/indepth\">Mars \u003c/a>as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478130\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and its two possibly once Earth-like neighbors, Venus and Mars. \" width=\"760\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg 760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars, Earth, and Venus. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If Venus—and Mars, for that matter—were once more Earth-like, with oceans of water and environments suitable to sustain life, then both planets today would be valuable troves of information for scientists in understanding how planets like the Earth change over time. What factors caused Earth, Venus, and Mars to evolve in such different directions? We may explore the possible future of our own planet by studying the examples of Venus and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific curiosity about our world and universe often transcends political rivalries. Present-day tensions between the U. S. and Russia may be a source of anxiety, but there may be some reason for optimism in the willingness of their scientists to work together for to better understand the workings of the world we all live in.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A report submitted both to NASA and the Space Sciences Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the end of January has set the stage for a collaboration between the two agencies on a new mission of exploration to the planet Venus. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928959,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":776},"headData":{"title":"Russian and U. S. Scientists Team Up to Explore Earth's Sister Planet, Venus | KQED","description":"A report submitted both to NASA and the Space Sciences Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the end of January has set the stage for a collaboration between the two agencies on a new mission of exploration to the planet Venus. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Russian and U. S. Scientists Team Up to Explore Earth's Sister Planet, Venus","datePublished":"2017-03-17T14:30:22.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:22:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1478007/russian-and-u-s-scientists-team-up-to-explore-earths-sister-planet-venus","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite ongoing political tensions between the United States and Russia, the stage is set for a new collaboration between the two countries’ space agencies on a groundbreaking mission to explore the planet Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late January, a team of Russian and U. S. scientists delivered a \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Venera-D_Final_Report_170213.pdf\">report\u003c/a> to both NASA and \u003ca href=\"http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/\">the Russian space agency \u003c/a>that outlines how our two countries can work together on a Russian mission, Venera-D, already in development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both space agencies share a similar scientific curiosity about Venus and possess valuable expertise in robotic spacecraft and planetary exploration that can be of great benefit to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venera-D\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera_d.html\">Venera-D\u003c/a> spacecraft is planned for launch sometime around 2025. The mission is set to include an orbital robotic spacecraft that will map Venus’ surface using more powerful radar imaging techniques than in the past two missions. Both countries sent spacecraft to map the surface in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478140\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg\" alt=\"A global radar map of Venus from NASA's Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus' thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus' surface. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A global radar map of Venus from NASA’s Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus’ thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Magellan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mission will also include a robotic lander able to withstand the searing, high-pressure environment on Venus’ surface for a longer duration than past landing missions. The 1982 Venera 13 lander is the current record-holder: it survived for 127 minutes before succumbing to the extreme surface conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1080px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478119\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg\" alt=\"Photographs of Venus' surface captured by the Soviet Union's Venera 13 lander in 1982.\" width=\"1080\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg 1080w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-160x75.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-800x373.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-768x358.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-1020x476.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-960x448.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-240x112.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-375x175.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-520x243.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographs of Venus’ surface captured by the Soviet Union’s Venera 13 lander in 1982. \u003ccite>(Russian Space Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another idea being explored by the joint Russian-U.S. team is a solar-powered, dirigible-borne robot\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>that would float around in Venus’ upper atmosphere for up to three months, analyzing the atmospheric composition and weather and the planet’s surface below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venus’ Dark Attraction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus\">Venus \u003c/a>has long been a subject of scientific intrigue and mystery, as well as exploration, even though other planetary destinations, such as Mars, grab a lot more public attention. Exploration of Mars has revealed a world that was once much more Earth-like, possessing surface water and environmental conditions possibly suitable to support life—and what could capture someone’s curiosity more than that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in many ways, Venus is at least as interesting as Mars. Venus is often referred to as “Earth’s twin,” being Earth’s nearest planetary neighbor, of almost equal size and very similar chemical and mineral composition, though their similarities seem to end there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The atmosphere of Venus is made almost entirely of carbon dioxide, a “greenhouse gas” that captures solar energy to heat the planet’s surface to 462 degrees Celsius, day and night. Atmospheric pressure on Venus’ surface is about 90 times that of Earth—equal to the water pressure half a mile deep in Earth’s oceans. A stove-top pressure cooker comes nowhere near the temperature and pressure of Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus also rotates backward, and so slowly that a single Venusian day lasts a grueling 243 Earth days. And Venus’ famous global shroud of cloud is composed of sulfuric acid, which may produce corrosive rain that evaporates before reaching the ground. There is also a lot of evidence of widespread\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>volcanic activity\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> both past and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was Venus More Like Earth’s Twin in the Past?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As inhospitable to human life and robotic machinery as Venus’ surface is today, there is speculation that long ago Venus may have possessed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable\">oceans of liquid water\u003c/a>. If true, this would raise the possibility that Venus could have been home to some form of life in the past—something we have speculated about the planet \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/indepth\">Mars \u003c/a>as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478130\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and its two possibly once Earth-like neighbors, Venus and Mars. \" width=\"760\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg 760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars, Earth, and Venus. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If Venus—and Mars, for that matter—were once more Earth-like, with oceans of water and environments suitable to sustain life, then both planets today would be valuable troves of information for scientists in understanding how planets like the Earth change over time. What factors caused Earth, Venus, and Mars to evolve in such different directions? We may explore the possible future of our own planet by studying the examples of Venus and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific curiosity about our world and universe often transcends political rivalries. Present-day tensions between the U. S. and Russia may be a source of anxiety, but there may be some reason for optimism in the willingness of their scientists to work together for to better understand the workings of the world we all live in.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1478007/russian-and-u-s-scientists-team-up-to-explore-earths-sister-planet-venus","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_5175","science_5195"],"featImg":"science_1478117","label":"science"},"science_402079":{"type":"posts","id":"science_402079","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"402079","score":null,"sort":[1449842453000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"who-will-become-nasas-next-solar-system-discovery-idol","title":"Who Will Become NASA’s Next Solar System ‘Discovery Idol’?","publishDate":1449842453,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Who Will Become NASA’s Next Solar System ‘Discovery Idol’? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>In what may not be unlike a space-geek’s version of American Idol, NASA has judged five proposals for interplanetary missions worthy of moving onto a final round of competition for selection under its Discover program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is likely that only one contender will win the prize of being fully funded, each represents exciting potential for exploration, including probing the atmosphere and surface of Venus, exploring distant and ancient asteroids, and searching for objects that sometimes come perilously close to the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Discovery program is designed to produce quick-paced and relatively inexpensive missions to explore important questions about our solar system, without the encumbrance involved in time-consuming and expensive “flagship” missions like Curiosity or Cassini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An example of a highly successful Discovery mission is \u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a>, which only last March became the first spacecraft to encounter a dwarf planet when it arrived at Ceres, following a year-long exploration of the protoplanet Vesta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the five missions being considered–four of which are led by women–two are focused on Earth’s near neighbor and size-twin, Venus, and three on various aspects of small solar system bodies: asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Contestant 1: DAVINCI\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/122719/the-next-generation-of-exploration-the-davinci-spacecraft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Atmospheric Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging\u003c/a> (DAVINCI—yes, NASA really works hard to make its acronyms say something!) would make a gradual, hour-long descent through Venus’ thick atmosphere, studying its composition and other properties along the way. DAVINCI would also attempt to confirm recent exciting evidence that there may be active volcanoes on Venus today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Contestant 2: VERITAS\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_402166\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/veritas.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-402166\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/veritas-400x257.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of proposed VERITAS mission spacecraft.\" width=\"400\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/veritas-400x257.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/veritas-800x514.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/veritas-960x616.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/veritas.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of proposed VERITAS mission spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JPL-CalTech/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another Venus exploration proposal, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dlr.de/pf/Portaldata/6/Resources/lcpm/abstracts/Abstract2_Freeman_A.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy\u003c/a> (VERITAS) would make high-resolution image maps of Venus’ surface. So far, we have only seen Venus’ surface through relatively low-resolution radar maps, such as those made by the Magellan spacecraft decades ago, and the few close-up images taken by Soviet landers even earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So much attention has been given to Mars in recent years that Venus seems to have become an afterthought in near-solar-system exploration–but that does not mean Venus is less interesting. Venus’ extremely inhospitable atmospheric pressure and temperature present greater challenges to exploration than Mars, but that is merely a hurdle to technological innovation, and not a barrier to curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Active volcanoes on Venus? Awesome. There are even thoughts that once, long ago, Venus may have possessed oceans, a possibility that examination of its present-day atmosphere could reveal to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The balance of the Discovery mission contestants focus on much more accessible solar system objects: asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Contestant 3: Lucy\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_402170\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/539px-Asteroid_Belt.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-402170\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/539px-Asteroid_Belt-400x445.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's Trojan asteroids congregate in the L4 and L5 "Lagrangian Points" that lead and trail Jupiter in its orbit.\" width=\"400\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/539px-Asteroid_Belt-400x445.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/539px-Asteroid_Belt.jpg 539w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s Trojan asteroids congregate in the L4 and L5 “Lagrangian Points” that lead and trail Jupiter in its orbit. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.astrowatch.net/2015/10/nasas-proposed-lucy-mission-to-study.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lucy mission\u003c/a> would send the first-ever spacecraft to explore a distant and special group of space rocks: Jupiter’s Trojan asteroids. Trojan asteroids accumulate in two gravitationally stable “pockets” called “Lagrangian” points, which lead and trail Jupiter in its orbit around the sun. Jupiter’s Trojans number over 6,000, and are believed to have been captured in Jupiter’s L4 and L5 Lagrangian points early in the formation of the solar system. Lucy would be the most distant asteroid encounter mission to date, since the targets of past asteroid missions reside within the Main Asteroid Belt, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Contestant 4: Psyche\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_402171\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/psyche.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-402171\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/psyche-400x203.jpg\" alt=\"The Psyche mission would explore the large metallic asteroid of the same name--an object whose interior may have been exposed by a collision with another asteroid. \" width=\"400\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/psyche-400x203.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/psyche.jpg 575w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Psyche mission would explore the large metallic asteroid of the same name–an object whose interior may have been exposed by a collision with another asteroid. \u003ccite>(JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/122764/mission-to-the-metal-world-the-psyche-mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Psyche mission\u003c/a> would send a spacecraft to explore the asteroid Psyche, one of the largest objects in the Main Asteroid Belt. Psyche is the remnant of a protoplanet whose outer layers were blasted away by a collision with another body. Psyche might offer a visiting spacecraft an unobstructed view of parts of the asteroid that originally formed deep within it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Contestant 5: NEOCam\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_402172\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/neocam.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-402172\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/neocam.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Near-Earth Object hunting infrared telescope and wide-field camera, NEOCam. \" width=\"320\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Near-Earth Object hunting infrared telescope and wide-field camera, NEOCam. \u003ccite>(JPL-CalTech/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The final Discovery candidate under consideration is \u003ca href=\"http://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NEOCam\u003c/a>, which would focus on detecting and tracking asteroids—and potentially comets—that pass close to Earth’s orbit. NEOCam would be stationed closer to the sun than Earth, near Venus’ orbit, and sweep its infrared gaze around Earth’s entire orbital path. We already know of about 10,000 Near Earth Objects (NEOs), including almost all of the larger ones. But the smaller the NEO, the more easily it evades detection. NEOCam is expected to detect 100,000 or more as yet unknown NEOs, vastly improving our ability to predict possible future collisions with Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>So who will become NASA’s next Solar System Discovery Idol? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who would get your vote? Do Venusian volcanoes strike your fancy, or are you more concerned with space rocks that could punch a hole in Earth’s surface? Or maybe ancient asteroids that tell a story of the early formation of the solar system is what plays on your fascination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voting lines are now open! (If only….)\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Under its Discovery program, NASA considers five proposals for new interplanetary space missions. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930946,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":893},"headData":{"title":"Who Will Become NASA’s Next Solar System ‘Discovery Idol’? | KQED","description":"Under its Discovery program, NASA considers five proposals for new interplanetary space missions. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Who Will Become NASA’s Next Solar System ‘Discovery Idol’?","datePublished":"2015-12-11T14:00:53.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:55:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/402079/who-will-become-nasas-next-solar-system-discovery-idol","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In what may not be unlike a space-geek’s version of American Idol, NASA has judged five proposals for interplanetary missions worthy of moving onto a final round of competition for selection under its Discover program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is likely that only one contender will win the prize of being fully funded, each represents exciting potential for exploration, including probing the atmosphere and surface of Venus, exploring distant and ancient asteroids, and searching for objects that sometimes come perilously close to the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Discovery program is designed to produce quick-paced and relatively inexpensive missions to explore important questions about our solar system, without the encumbrance involved in time-consuming and expensive “flagship” missions like Curiosity or Cassini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An example of a highly successful Discovery mission is \u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a>, which only last March became the first spacecraft to encounter a dwarf planet when it arrived at Ceres, following a year-long exploration of the protoplanet Vesta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the five missions being considered–four of which are led by women–two are focused on Earth’s near neighbor and size-twin, Venus, and three on various aspects of small solar system bodies: asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Contestant 1: DAVINCI\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/122719/the-next-generation-of-exploration-the-davinci-spacecraft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Atmospheric Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging\u003c/a> (DAVINCI—yes, NASA really works hard to make its acronyms say something!) would make a gradual, hour-long descent through Venus’ thick atmosphere, studying its composition and other properties along the way. DAVINCI would also attempt to confirm recent exciting evidence that there may be active volcanoes on Venus today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Contestant 2: VERITAS\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_402166\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/veritas.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-402166\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/veritas-400x257.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of proposed VERITAS mission spacecraft.\" width=\"400\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/veritas-400x257.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/veritas-800x514.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/veritas-960x616.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/veritas.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of proposed VERITAS mission spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JPL-CalTech/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another Venus exploration proposal, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dlr.de/pf/Portaldata/6/Resources/lcpm/abstracts/Abstract2_Freeman_A.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy\u003c/a> (VERITAS) would make high-resolution image maps of Venus’ surface. So far, we have only seen Venus’ surface through relatively low-resolution radar maps, such as those made by the Magellan spacecraft decades ago, and the few close-up images taken by Soviet landers even earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So much attention has been given to Mars in recent years that Venus seems to have become an afterthought in near-solar-system exploration–but that does not mean Venus is less interesting. Venus’ extremely inhospitable atmospheric pressure and temperature present greater challenges to exploration than Mars, but that is merely a hurdle to technological innovation, and not a barrier to curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Active volcanoes on Venus? Awesome. There are even thoughts that once, long ago, Venus may have possessed oceans, a possibility that examination of its present-day atmosphere could reveal to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The balance of the Discovery mission contestants focus on much more accessible solar system objects: asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Contestant 3: Lucy\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_402170\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/539px-Asteroid_Belt.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-402170\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/539px-Asteroid_Belt-400x445.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's Trojan asteroids congregate in the L4 and L5 "Lagrangian Points" that lead and trail Jupiter in its orbit.\" width=\"400\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/539px-Asteroid_Belt-400x445.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/539px-Asteroid_Belt.jpg 539w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s Trojan asteroids congregate in the L4 and L5 “Lagrangian Points” that lead and trail Jupiter in its orbit. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.astrowatch.net/2015/10/nasas-proposed-lucy-mission-to-study.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lucy mission\u003c/a> would send the first-ever spacecraft to explore a distant and special group of space rocks: Jupiter’s Trojan asteroids. Trojan asteroids accumulate in two gravitationally stable “pockets” called “Lagrangian” points, which lead and trail Jupiter in its orbit around the sun. Jupiter’s Trojans number over 6,000, and are believed to have been captured in Jupiter’s L4 and L5 Lagrangian points early in the formation of the solar system. Lucy would be the most distant asteroid encounter mission to date, since the targets of past asteroid missions reside within the Main Asteroid Belt, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Contestant 4: Psyche\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_402171\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/psyche.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-402171\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/psyche-400x203.jpg\" alt=\"The Psyche mission would explore the large metallic asteroid of the same name--an object whose interior may have been exposed by a collision with another asteroid. \" width=\"400\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/psyche-400x203.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/psyche.jpg 575w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Psyche mission would explore the large metallic asteroid of the same name–an object whose interior may have been exposed by a collision with another asteroid. \u003ccite>(JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/122764/mission-to-the-metal-world-the-psyche-mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Psyche mission\u003c/a> would send a spacecraft to explore the asteroid Psyche, one of the largest objects in the Main Asteroid Belt. Psyche is the remnant of a protoplanet whose outer layers were blasted away by a collision with another body. Psyche might offer a visiting spacecraft an unobstructed view of parts of the asteroid that originally formed deep within it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Contestant 5: NEOCam\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_402172\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/neocam.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-402172\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/neocam.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Near-Earth Object hunting infrared telescope and wide-field camera, NEOCam. \" width=\"320\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Near-Earth Object hunting infrared telescope and wide-field camera, NEOCam. \u003ccite>(JPL-CalTech/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The final Discovery candidate under consideration is \u003ca href=\"http://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NEOCam\u003c/a>, which would focus on detecting and tracking asteroids—and potentially comets—that pass close to Earth’s orbit. NEOCam would be stationed closer to the sun than Earth, near Venus’ orbit, and sweep its infrared gaze around Earth’s entire orbital path. We already know of about 10,000 Near Earth Objects (NEOs), including almost all of the larger ones. But the smaller the NEO, the more easily it evades detection. NEOCam is expected to detect 100,000 or more as yet unknown NEOs, vastly improving our ability to predict possible future collisions with Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>So who will become NASA’s next Solar System Discovery Idol? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who would get your vote? Do Venusian volcanoes strike your fancy, or are you more concerned with space rocks that could punch a hole in Earth’s surface? Or maybe ancient asteroids that tell a story of the early formation of the solar system is what plays on your fascination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voting lines are now open! (If only….)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/402079/who-will-become-nasas-next-solar-system-discovery-idol","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_144","science_5175","science_147","science_146","science_5195","science_1999"],"featImg":"science_402165","label":"science"},"science_86925":{"type":"posts","id":"science_86925","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"86925","score":null,"sort":[1435703128000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"where-to-watch-jupiter-and-venus-converge-tonight","title":"Where to Watch Jupiter and Venus Converge Tonight","publishDate":1435703128,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Where to Watch Jupiter and Venus Converge Tonight | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>If you’ve been following the drama unfolding in the early evening sky over the past week, you may have seen two brilliant luminaries, planets Venus and Jupiter, getting closer together, night by night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have not been hallucinating, and we’re not under attack by alien spacecraft!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus and Jupiter are engaged in a rare close conjunction, something you don’t want to miss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tonight is the night they will be closest to each other—about a third of a degree apart—less than the width of the full moon!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”g8IYD5aL5cScRoCBqNAYXr5NmoPxT1Ot”]Venus is the brighter one, Jupiter the more distant, though still stunningly bright, partner in this dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find them, you need only look west after sunset—assuming there are clear skies and an unobstructed horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in the glow of twilight, each of these planets is bright enough to be seen, and together more so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planetary conjunctions are not particularly rare. Get-togethers by any two of the visible planets occur periodically as the planets go through their orbital cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is rare in this conjunction is how close Jupiter and Venus will get—as well as the fact that these two are the brightest planets in Earth’s skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spectacle will be, well, spectacular to the casual gazer—no telescopes required! But, if you happen to have a pair of binoculars, or better still, a small telescope, it only gets better. A small telescope can reveal some breathtaking details of these two planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s four large Galilean moons can be seen in a line across Jupiter’s disk—and if the telescope is powerful enough, you might glimpse some of Jupiter’s cloud belts, or its famous Great Red Spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus, being closer to the sun than the Earth, goes through a cycle of phases like our Moon, and is currently in a crescent phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Try seeing Jupiter’s moons and Venus’ crescent in a single telescope view at any other time—you can’t!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus and Jupiter will set around 11 p.m. PDT—sooner if your western horizon is obstructed by trees or buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy the spectacle!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Here's how to spot a rare close conjunction of Jupiter and Venus--happening tonight. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931633,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":380},"headData":{"title":"Where to Watch Jupiter and Venus Converge Tonight | KQED","description":"Here's how to spot a rare close conjunction of Jupiter and Venus--happening tonight. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Where to Watch Jupiter and Venus Converge Tonight","datePublished":"2015-06-30T22:25:28.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:07:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/86925/where-to-watch-jupiter-and-venus-converge-tonight","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’ve been following the drama unfolding in the early evening sky over the past week, you may have seen two brilliant luminaries, planets Venus and Jupiter, getting closer together, night by night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have not been hallucinating, and we’re not under attack by alien spacecraft!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus and Jupiter are engaged in a rare close conjunction, something you don’t want to miss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tonight is the night they will be closest to each other—about a third of a degree apart—less than the width of the full moon!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Venus is the brighter one, Jupiter the more distant, though still stunningly bright, partner in this dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find them, you need only look west after sunset—assuming there are clear skies and an unobstructed horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in the glow of twilight, each of these planets is bright enough to be seen, and together more so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planetary conjunctions are not particularly rare. Get-togethers by any two of the visible planets occur periodically as the planets go through their orbital cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is rare in this conjunction is how close Jupiter and Venus will get—as well as the fact that these two are the brightest planets in Earth’s skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spectacle will be, well, spectacular to the casual gazer—no telescopes required! But, if you happen to have a pair of binoculars, or better still, a small telescope, it only gets better. A small telescope can reveal some breathtaking details of these two planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s four large Galilean moons can be seen in a line across Jupiter’s disk—and if the telescope is powerful enough, you might glimpse some of Jupiter’s cloud belts, or its famous Great Red Spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus, being closer to the sun than the Earth, goes through a cycle of phases like our Moon, and is currently in a crescent phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Try seeing Jupiter’s moons and Venus’ crescent in a single telescope view at any other time—you can’t!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus and Jupiter will set around 11 p.m. PDT—sooner if your western horizon is obstructed by trees or buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy the spectacle!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/86925/where-to-watch-jupiter-and-venus-converge-tonight","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_5180","science_5195"],"featImg":"science_86926","label":"science"},"science_73144":{"type":"posts","id":"science_73144","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"73144","score":null,"sort":[1435237216000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"active-volcanoes-spotted-on-venus","title":"Active Volcanoes Spotted on Venus","publishDate":1435237216,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Active Volcanoes Spotted on Venus | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Planetary scientists have found what they think is a smoking gun proving that the planet Venus is geologically alive—volcanoes in the act of erupting lava. Short-lived pulses of heat energy, sensed through the planet’s thick atmosphere by the Venus Express spacecraft, are explained as the red-hot glow of active pools and flows of molten rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus is often called our sister planet, being much like Earth in its size and rocky composition, but it’s more like hell than Earth. Its atmosphere is a thick blanket of carbon dioxide topped with a haze of sulfuric acid that completely hides the surface from view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greenhouse effect from this atmosphere makes Venus hotter than the fiercest pizza oven, at about 850 degrees Fahrenheit. The air pressure on the ground is like being 3,000 feet deep in the ocean, and the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> gas is so thick that spacecraft have fallen through it to land without needing parachutes—although their electronics quickly failed in the searing heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1975 and 1982, a handful of Soviet landers made \u003ca href=\"http://mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogVenus.htm\">the only visible-light images we have of the surface of Venus\u003c/a>. All the pictures show a landscape of volcanic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1990 and 1994, the Magellan spacecraft used radar to map the surface of Venus in detail. We’ve learned that, other than some impact craters, the surface consists entirely of different kinds of lava. The volcanoes responsible range from little domes to sets of huge fractures thousands of miles long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74114\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-lava-flows.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-74114\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-lava-flows.png\" alt=\"Lava flows on Venus\" width=\"600\" height=\"419\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-lava-flows.png 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-lava-flows-400x279.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lava flows on the east flank of the volcano Sapas Mons in a radar image from the Magellan mission. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So we know Venus is covered with lava, most of it looking fresh. The Soviet landers recorded lightning and thunder, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/05/volcanoes-and-lightning-make-tiny-glass-balls-together/\">typical in volcanic eruptions\u003c/a>. And satellites have detected short-lived pulses of sulfur gases in the atmosphere, also typical of eruptions. It’s a safe guess Venus didn’t stop all of its eruptions, forever, just yesterday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, to be sure volcanism is really happening today on Venus, science wanted a clincher. In \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064088/full\">a new paper\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-8007/\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a>, a team led by Eugene Shalygin of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mps.mpg.de/en\">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research\u003c/a> presents direct evidence of erupting lava in a large set of fissures named Ganis Chasma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(A tip of the hat to Planetary Society ace reporter Emily Lakdawalla for noting that \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/06181637-transient-hot-spots-on-venus.html\">the paper’s authors called Ganis Chasma by the wrong name\u003c/a>, confusing it with the nearby Ganiki Planitia.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73147\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-73147\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-800x794.png\" alt=\"Venus location map\" width=\"364\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-800x794.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-400x397.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-75x75.png 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global.png 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar map of Venus showing the location of Ganis Chasma, a large set of fissures flanking the volcano Ozza Mons, itself part of the great Aphrodite Terra volcanic structure. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The evidence was recorded by an infrared camera on the spacecraft Venus Express, launched by the European Space Agency in 2005. Before ending its work late last year and burning up in the Venusian atmosphere, Venus Express used its camera to study the planet at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The orbiting camera was sensitive to infrared light at wavelengths at which Venus’s atmosphere is somewhat transparent, but the pictures were like watching a scene through heavy, blowing fog. Nevertheless, it detected four different places in Ganis Chasma that were slightly hotter than their surroundings. During earlier and later visits, these hot spots were absent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shalygin and his five coauthors systematically eliminated camera errors and other explanations. They calculated that a fairly small pool of lava, maybe the size of Hawaii’s Halemaumau crater, could look like a large patch of slightly warmer temperature when seen through the blurring atmosphere of Venus. A larger flow of lava, cooling down after its eruption, would do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ganis Chasma eruptions appear to resemble basaltic fissure eruptions on Earth, like those of the volcanoes of Hawaii and Iceland. Here, lava flows may take years to cool down, but the hot spots on Venus disappeared in a matter of months. The authors speculate that the dense atmosphere cools the lava quickly, just as seawater does on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73148\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 476px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-volcs.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-73148\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-volcs-800x450.png\" alt=\"Eruptive hot spots, Ganis Chasma, Venus\" width=\"476\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-volcs-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-volcs-400x225.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-volcs.png 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hot spots on Ganis Chasma recorded by Venus Express. The spots lie exactly where eruptions are expected. (Shalygin/American Geophysical Union)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The authors recommend that we keep a close eye on Ganis Chasma and Atla Regio, the larger volcanic region of which it’s a part. Of course, there are no spacecraft at Venus at the moment. Twenty years after the Magellan mission, our current radar technology \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/van-kane/20150302-understanding-venus.html\">could map Venus as well as we’re mapping Mars\u003c/a> in visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have had no luck getting a new radar mapping mission off the ground. Venus researchers, like all scientists who rely on spacecraft missions, play a high-stakes gambling game as they make funding proposals to two major sponsors: NASA and the European Space Agency. ESA just finished choosing its next set of medium-class missions, and Venus lost out in that round. Now NASA is considering 28 proposals for its next round of Discovery-class missions, and there are said to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2722/1\">four Venus proposals\u003c/a> in play there.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Spacecraft captures evidence of molten lava, clinching the argument that Venus is geologically alive.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931651,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":854},"headData":{"title":"Active Volcanoes Spotted on Venus | KQED","description":"Spacecraft captures evidence of molten lava, clinching the argument that Venus is geologically alive.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Active Volcanoes Spotted on Venus","datePublished":"2015-06-25T13:00:16.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:07:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/73144/active-volcanoes-spotted-on-venus","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Planetary scientists have found what they think is a smoking gun proving that the planet Venus is geologically alive—volcanoes in the act of erupting lava. Short-lived pulses of heat energy, sensed through the planet’s thick atmosphere by the Venus Express spacecraft, are explained as the red-hot glow of active pools and flows of molten rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus is often called our sister planet, being much like Earth in its size and rocky composition, but it’s more like hell than Earth. Its atmosphere is a thick blanket of carbon dioxide topped with a haze of sulfuric acid that completely hides the surface from view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greenhouse effect from this atmosphere makes Venus hotter than the fiercest pizza oven, at about 850 degrees Fahrenheit. The air pressure on the ground is like being 3,000 feet deep in the ocean, and the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> gas is so thick that spacecraft have fallen through it to land without needing parachutes—although their electronics quickly failed in the searing heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1975 and 1982, a handful of Soviet landers made \u003ca href=\"http://mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogVenus.htm\">the only visible-light images we have of the surface of Venus\u003c/a>. All the pictures show a landscape of volcanic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1990 and 1994, the Magellan spacecraft used radar to map the surface of Venus in detail. We’ve learned that, other than some impact craters, the surface consists entirely of different kinds of lava. The volcanoes responsible range from little domes to sets of huge fractures thousands of miles long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74114\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-lava-flows.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-74114\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-lava-flows.png\" alt=\"Lava flows on Venus\" width=\"600\" height=\"419\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-lava-flows.png 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-lava-flows-400x279.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lava flows on the east flank of the volcano Sapas Mons in a radar image from the Magellan mission. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So we know Venus is covered with lava, most of it looking fresh. The Soviet landers recorded lightning and thunder, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/05/volcanoes-and-lightning-make-tiny-glass-balls-together/\">typical in volcanic eruptions\u003c/a>. And satellites have detected short-lived pulses of sulfur gases in the atmosphere, also typical of eruptions. It’s a safe guess Venus didn’t stop all of its eruptions, forever, just yesterday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, to be sure volcanism is really happening today on Venus, science wanted a clincher. In \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064088/full\">a new paper\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-8007/\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a>, a team led by Eugene Shalygin of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mps.mpg.de/en\">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research\u003c/a> presents direct evidence of erupting lava in a large set of fissures named Ganis Chasma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(A tip of the hat to Planetary Society ace reporter Emily Lakdawalla for noting that \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/06181637-transient-hot-spots-on-venus.html\">the paper’s authors called Ganis Chasma by the wrong name\u003c/a>, confusing it with the nearby Ganiki Planitia.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73147\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-73147\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-800x794.png\" alt=\"Venus location map\" width=\"364\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-800x794.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-400x397.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global-75x75.png 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-global.png 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar map of Venus showing the location of Ganis Chasma, a large set of fissures flanking the volcano Ozza Mons, itself part of the great Aphrodite Terra volcanic structure. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The evidence was recorded by an infrared camera on the spacecraft Venus Express, launched by the European Space Agency in 2005. Before ending its work late last year and burning up in the Venusian atmosphere, Venus Express used its camera to study the planet at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The orbiting camera was sensitive to infrared light at wavelengths at which Venus’s atmosphere is somewhat transparent, but the pictures were like watching a scene through heavy, blowing fog. Nevertheless, it detected four different places in Ganis Chasma that were slightly hotter than their surroundings. During earlier and later visits, these hot spots were absent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shalygin and his five coauthors systematically eliminated camera errors and other explanations. They calculated that a fairly small pool of lava, maybe the size of Hawaii’s Halemaumau crater, could look like a large patch of slightly warmer temperature when seen through the blurring atmosphere of Venus. A larger flow of lava, cooling down after its eruption, would do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ganis Chasma eruptions appear to resemble basaltic fissure eruptions on Earth, like those of the volcanoes of Hawaii and Iceland. Here, lava flows may take years to cool down, but the hot spots on Venus disappeared in a matter of months. The authors speculate that the dense atmosphere cools the lava quickly, just as seawater does on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73148\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 476px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-volcs.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-73148\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-volcs-800x450.png\" alt=\"Eruptive hot spots, Ganis Chasma, Venus\" width=\"476\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-volcs-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-volcs-400x225.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/venus-volcs.png 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hot spots on Ganis Chasma recorded by Venus Express. The spots lie exactly where eruptions are expected. (Shalygin/American Geophysical Union)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The authors recommend that we keep a close eye on Ganis Chasma and Atla Regio, the larger volcanic region of which it’s a part. Of course, there are no spacecraft at Venus at the moment. Twenty years after the Magellan mission, our current radar technology \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/van-kane/20150302-understanding-venus.html\">could map Venus as well as we’re mapping Mars\u003c/a> in visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have had no luck getting a new radar mapping mission off the ground. Venus researchers, like all scientists who rely on spacecraft missions, play a high-stakes gambling game as they make funding proposals to two major sponsors: NASA and the European Space Agency. ESA just finished choosing its next set of medium-class missions, and Venus lost out in that round. Now NASA is considering 28 proposals for its next round of Discovery-class missions, and there are said to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2722/1\">four Venus proposals\u003c/a> in play there.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/73144/active-volcanoes-spotted-on-venus","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_28","science_38"],"tags":["science_5195","science_944"],"featImg":"science_73146","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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