Fueled by 'Eris,' COVID Escapes Predictability Once Again
COVID-19, a Disease With Tricks Up Its Sleeve, Hasn’t Fallen Into a Seasonal Pattern — Yet
Omicron Boosters: Do I Need One, and If So, When?
Monkeypox Vaccines: California and FDA Do Not Agree on How to Stretch Meager Supply
The Omicron Subvariant BA.2 Has Been in the Bay Area for Weeks — With Limited Impact
Why This Bay Area Family Had Their 3-Year-Old Vaccinated
FDA Scientists Endorse Johnson & Johnson Vaccine
FDA Researchers Endorse Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine
U.S. Expert Panel Endorses Pfizer's Coronavirus Vaccine for Widespread Use
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She has won several regional Emmy awards, a regional and a national Edward R. Murrow award. The Association for Health Journalists awarded Lesley best beat coverage. The Society of Professional Journalists has recognized her reporting several times. The Society of Environmental Journalists spotlighted her ongoing coverage of California's historic drought. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before joining KQED in 2016, she covered food and sustainability for Capital Public Radio, the environment for Colorado Public Radio, and reported for both KUOW and KCTS9 in Seattle. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When not hunched over her laptop Lesley enjoys skiing with her toddler, surfing with her husband or scheming their next globetrotting adventure. Before motherhood she relished dancing tango till sunrise. When on deadline she fuels herself almost exclusively on chocolate chips.\u003c/span>\r\n\r\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"lesleywmcclurg","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lesley McClurg | KQED","description":"KQED Health Correspondent","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lesleymcclurg"},"kevinstark":{"type":"authors","id":"11608","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11608","found":true},"name":"Kevin Stark","firstName":"Kevin","lastName":"Stark","slug":"kevinstark","email":"kstark@kqed.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Senior Editor","bio":"Kevin is a senior editor for KQED Science, managing the station's health and climate desks. His journalism career began in the Pacific Northwest, and he later became a lead reporter for the San Francisco Public Press. His work has appeared in Pacific Standard magazine, the Energy News Network, the Center for Investigative Reporting's Reveal and WBEZ in Chicago. Kevin joined KQED in 2019, and has covered issues related to energy, wildfire, climate change and the environment.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"starkkev","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Kevin Stark | KQED","description":"Senior Editor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/kevinstark"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1984096":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984096","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984096","score":null,"sort":[1693220426000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"wiley-covid-stoked-by-eris-escapes-predictability-once-again","title":"Fueled by 'Eris,' COVID Escapes Predictability Once Again","publishDate":1693220426,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Fueled by ‘Eris,’ COVID Escapes Predictability Once Again | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Once again, COVID-19 has not taken a summer vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://data.wastewaterscan.org/\">Wastewater measurements\u003c/a> reveal a swell in virus levels across the Bay Area and the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11957790/the-new-covid-eris-variant-and-rising-cases-what-you-need-to-know\">“Eris,” or EG.5 is the dominant strain in the U.S. right now\u003c/a> and is driving the local activity, too. The variant does not seem to be any more dangerous than previous variants, but it is more transmissible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The interesting thing is: COVID hasn’t really changed too much, since winter to now,” said Peter Chin-Hong, infectious disease specialist at UCSF. “It’s just been variations on the theme.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be changing. A subvariant that’s just beginning to surface may be the best yet at evading immunity. Scientists for the Centers for Disease and Prevention are watching \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/whats-new/covid-19-variant.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BA.286\u003c/a> because it has even greater potential to escape the antibodies that protect people from getting sick, even if you’ve recently tested positive or been vaccinated. It is too early to know if it causes more serious illness. There are only a handful of cases in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the fourth summer in a row that COVID-19 has spread rapidly in California. Health experts offer several explanations for the recent uptick. People may be seeking relief from scorching temperatures by staying inside air-conditioned spaces. For most folks life is back to normal, so large gatherings have resumed in full force. And, immunity may be declining because the last vaccine campaign was in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these factors, in addition to a wily virus, are likely why scientists are not seeing a predictable seasonal pattern like influenza, which typically strikes when it’s cold. It’s not clear when COVID-19 will settle into an annual surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d hope it would be a once-a-year virus,” said Chin-Hong. “But it just seems that the summer increase in cases is something that we continue to see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virus levels are still lower than earlier surges. And it’s worth noting that the wastewater data is pretty noisy.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"science_1984081,news_11957790,forum_2010101894165\"]At a sewage plant in Redwood City, levels are spiking, but declining in San Francisco’s Oceanside neighborhood and falling dramatically at similar facilities in Sunnyvale and Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles is seeing a slow rise, while virus levels started to slowly fall off in Sacramento recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the current numbers, Chin-Hong does recommend taking additional precautions. He suggested people who are immunocompromised and those over the age of 65 consider masking indoors, given their higher susceptibility to severe illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone else may want to weigh the consequences of falling ill at this time. Can you miss work? Do you have a special occasion on the books that you’d have to miss if you were isolated for five days, which public health officials still recommend people do after a positive test? Then it may be a good time to err on the safe side if you don’t want to end up at home alone. You could carry your well-fitting N95 mask in case you find yourself in a crowded indoor space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public will have the opportunity to fortify immunity soon. A new booster shot will likely be available in late September, designed to target the variants in wide circulation now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feeling like a pin cushion? There’s good news for those suffering from booster fatigue. Scientists are working on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-progress-toward-universal-vaccines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">universal vaccine\u003c/a>, which, in theory, would allow one-stop shopping. Unlike current vaccines, which offer protection against one or several strains of a disease, universal vaccines are designed to teach the immune system to defend against all versions of a pathogen — even versions that don’t exist yet. This is possible by targeting an element of the pathogen that is the same across all strains and types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the holy grail,” said Chin-Hong. “I think we will probably get something in the next two-to-three years. They are also working on that for influenza.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he says, we could see a combination vaccine that provides protection for COVID-19 and influenza as early as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While Bay Area virus levels are still lower than earlier surges, it may be time to take precautions. Plus, a universal vaccine is in the works.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845914,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":727},"headData":{"title":"Fueled by 'Eris,' COVID Escapes Predictability Once Again | KQED","description":"While Bay Area virus levels are still lower than earlier surges, it may be time to take precautions. Plus, a universal vaccine is in the works.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fueled by 'Eris,' COVID Escapes Predictability Once Again","datePublished":"2023-08-28T11:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:18:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"COVID-19","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984096/wiley-covid-stoked-by-eris-escapes-predictability-once-again","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Once again, COVID-19 has not taken a summer vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://data.wastewaterscan.org/\">Wastewater measurements\u003c/a> reveal a swell in virus levels across the Bay Area and the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11957790/the-new-covid-eris-variant-and-rising-cases-what-you-need-to-know\">“Eris,” or EG.5 is the dominant strain in the U.S. right now\u003c/a> and is driving the local activity, too. The variant does not seem to be any more dangerous than previous variants, but it is more transmissible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The interesting thing is: COVID hasn’t really changed too much, since winter to now,” said Peter Chin-Hong, infectious disease specialist at UCSF. “It’s just been variations on the theme.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be changing. A subvariant that’s just beginning to surface may be the best yet at evading immunity. Scientists for the Centers for Disease and Prevention are watching \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/whats-new/covid-19-variant.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BA.286\u003c/a> because it has even greater potential to escape the antibodies that protect people from getting sick, even if you’ve recently tested positive or been vaccinated. It is too early to know if it causes more serious illness. There are only a handful of cases in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the fourth summer in a row that COVID-19 has spread rapidly in California. Health experts offer several explanations for the recent uptick. People may be seeking relief from scorching temperatures by staying inside air-conditioned spaces. For most folks life is back to normal, so large gatherings have resumed in full force. And, immunity may be declining because the last vaccine campaign was in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these factors, in addition to a wily virus, are likely why scientists are not seeing a predictable seasonal pattern like influenza, which typically strikes when it’s cold. It’s not clear when COVID-19 will settle into an annual surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d hope it would be a once-a-year virus,” said Chin-Hong. “But it just seems that the summer increase in cases is something that we continue to see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virus levels are still lower than earlier surges. And it’s worth noting that the wastewater data is pretty noisy.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Related Stories ","postid":"science_1984081,news_11957790,forum_2010101894165"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>At a sewage plant in Redwood City, levels are spiking, but declining in San Francisco’s Oceanside neighborhood and falling dramatically at similar facilities in Sunnyvale and Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles is seeing a slow rise, while virus levels started to slowly fall off in Sacramento recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the current numbers, Chin-Hong does recommend taking additional precautions. He suggested people who are immunocompromised and those over the age of 65 consider masking indoors, given their higher susceptibility to severe illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone else may want to weigh the consequences of falling ill at this time. Can you miss work? Do you have a special occasion on the books that you’d have to miss if you were isolated for five days, which public health officials still recommend people do after a positive test? Then it may be a good time to err on the safe side if you don’t want to end up at home alone. You could carry your well-fitting N95 mask in case you find yourself in a crowded indoor space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public will have the opportunity to fortify immunity soon. A new booster shot will likely be available in late September, designed to target the variants in wide circulation now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feeling like a pin cushion? There’s good news for those suffering from booster fatigue. Scientists are working on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-progress-toward-universal-vaccines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">universal vaccine\u003c/a>, which, in theory, would allow one-stop shopping. Unlike current vaccines, which offer protection against one or several strains of a disease, universal vaccines are designed to teach the immune system to defend against all versions of a pathogen — even versions that don’t exist yet. This is possible by targeting an element of the pathogen that is the same across all strains and types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the holy grail,” said Chin-Hong. “I think we will probably get something in the next two-to-three years. They are also working on that for influenza.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he says, we could see a combination vaccine that provides protection for COVID-19 and influenza as early as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984096/wiley-covid-stoked-by-eris-escapes-predictability-once-again","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_39","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4992","science_4329","science_4368","science_197","science_2926","science_2581"],"featImg":"science_1984110","label":"source_science_1984096"},"science_1984081":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984081","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984081","score":null,"sort":[1692990057000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"covid-19-a-disease-with-tricks-up-its-sleeve-hasnt-fallen-into-a-seasonal-pattern-yet","title":"COVID-19, a Disease With Tricks Up Its Sleeve, Hasn’t Fallen Into a Seasonal Pattern — Yet","publishDate":1692990057,"format":"standard","headTitle":"COVID-19, a Disease With Tricks Up Its Sleeve, Hasn’t Fallen Into a Seasonal Pattern — Yet | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>To most people on the planet, the COVID-19 pandemic is over. But for many scientists who have been tracking the largest global infectious disease event in the era of molecular biology, there is still a step that the virus that caused it, SARS-CoV-2, hasn’t yet taken. It has not fallen into a predictable seasonal pattern of the type most respiratory pathogens follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza strikes — at least in temperate climates — in the winter months, with activity often peaking in January or February. In the pre-COVID times, that was also true for RSV — respiratory syncytial virus — and a number of other bugs that inflict cold- and flu-like illnesses. Some respiratory pathogens seem to prefer fall or spring. Even measles, when that disease circulated widely, had a seasonality in our part of the world, typically striking in late winter or early spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, you can contract these viruses at any time of the year. But transmission takes off during a particular pathogen’s season. (The COVID pandemic knocked a number of these bugs \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/25/viruses-that-were-on-hiatus-during-covid-are-back-and-behaving-in-unexpected-ways/\">out of their regular orbits\u003c/a>, though they may be heading back to more normal transmission patterns. The next few months should be telling.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been widely expected that SARS-2 will ease into that type of a transmission pattern, once human immune systems and the virus reach a sort of detente. But most experts STAT spoke to about this question said that, so far, the virus has not obliged. Their views differ on the margins. Some expect seasonality to set in soon while others don’t venture to guess when the virus will settle into a seasonal pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t see clear seasonality for SARS-CoV-2 yet,” Kanta Subbarao, director of the World Health Organization’s Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity in Melbourne, Australia, said via email. Subbarao is also chair of the WHO’s technical advisory group on COVID-19 vaccine composition, an independent panel that recommends which version or versions of SARS-2 should be included in updated COVID vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Osterholm, director of the University of Minnesota’s Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, agreed. “There just isn’t a definable pattern yet that would call this a seasonal virus. That’s not to suggest it might not be some day.”[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Ben Cowling, infectious diseases epidemiologist, University of Hong Kong\"]‘At the moment I don’t think COVID is predictable but it is showing all the signs of becoming the fifth ‘human coronavirus’ along with OC43, NL63, 229E and HKU1.’[/pullquote]Maria Van Kerkhove, the WHO’s technical lead for COVID, told STAT in a recent interview that the lack of seasonality is clear. “We expect there to be some seasonality in the coming years. Just based on people’s behavior, perhaps, just because it’s respiratory,” she said. Van Kerkhove does, though, think there are hints of a transmission pattern that is coming into view, something she and others refer to as “periodicity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you kind of squint, you could see a little, you know, in different places,” Van Kerkhove said. “I think you can see sort of waves of infection every five, six months or so depending on the population. But that isn’t at a national level. … And it’s not hemispheric.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions posed over SARS-2’s lack of seasonality aren’t purely academic. Knowing when to expect a disease is critical for health care labor force planning. The tsunami of RSV-infected babies struggling to breathe in the late summer and early fall of 2022 was made worse by the fact that hospitals weren’t as prepared as they could have been; they normally see RSV peaks in the winter months. Likewise, knowing when to expect SARS-2 surges helps the Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention time the rollout of COVID booster shots. The protection against infection generated by the vaccines wanes quickly, so giving them too soon or too late would undermine the efficacy of this countermeasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Kerkhove thinks waning immunity in the population is the reason for the periodic swells of transmission. Protection against severe disease — whether induced by infection, vaccination, or the two combined — appears to hold up reasonably well. But when it comes to SARS-2, protection against basic infection is short-lived. That’s not a surprise given what’s known about the four human coronaviruses that predate the arrival of SARS-2. A study in the Netherlands that followed healthy volunteers for more than 35 years found that people can be reinfected with human coronaviruses within about a year after infection, and sometimes after a mere six months. With SARS-2, there are reports of intervals that are shorter still.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Mina, an infectious diseases epidemiologist who previously taught at the Harvard School of Public Health, is a bit of an outlier in this conversation. He believes SARS-2 has been displaying seasonal behavior for a while, though what he describes sounds like the periodicity that Van Kerkhove and some other experts speak of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mina thinks of seasonality in terms of predictability, “that certain periods of time are going to see increases and decreases, but not necessarily that it has to just be winter or summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think I use the word wrong but I don’t think it’s well defined one way or the other,” he noted.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11957790,news_11954507,forum_2010101894165\"]Ben Cowling, an infectious diseases epidemiologist at the University of Hong Kong, also thinks seasonality and predictability are intertwined. He doesn’t think SARS-2 is there yet — but believes it’s on its way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the moment I don’t think COVID is predictable but it is showing all the signs of becoming the fifth ‘human coronavirus’ along with OC43, NL63, 229E and HKU1,” he said in an email, ticking off the names of the four human coronaviruses that predated SARS-2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osterholm doesn’t agree, arguing that even if they follow a pattern, swells of COVID cases at different points in a year doesn’t equate to seasonality. Furthermore, he noted that the patterns we’ve seen to date have been largely tied to the emergence of new variants, like Beta, Delta, and Omicron, with large surges of infections when those versions of SARS-2 arrived in the spring, summer, and late autumn of 2021 respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t tied to some kind of environmental conditions. And that’s what you often think of with seasonality,” Osterholm said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s thought that with new viruses, the vast number of susceptible people allows a virus to override conditions that would constrain more established pathogens — kids being out of school, unfavorable atmospheric conditions — and transmit at a time when it normally should not be able to. Epidemiologists refer to this override capacity as the “force of infection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That, in turn, can impact the ability of other pathogens to transmit during their accustomed times, as was the case with COVID’s disruption of flu and RSV. “When a virus is in a pandemic mode, there are forces occurring that we just don’t understand,” Osterholm said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of theories about why some viruses hew to a seasonal pattern. It’s thought an interplay of factors is at work. Some have been mapped out, others remain in the realm of the unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some relate to human activities, like school, that bring together lots of children, who are \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/02/27/coronavirus-kids-what-role-transmission/\">expert at amplifying\u003c/a> respiratory pathogens. Or holiday travel, potentially. Marion Koopmans, head of virology at Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, noted that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324533/\">a study\u003c/a> published in Nature suggested that a surge in Covid cases in the summer of 2020 in Europe was likely due to people vacationing. “Without detailed analysis, I do not think we can rule out that what we see is ‘holiday traffic,’” Koopmans said, referring to the upticks of cases that have been reported every Northern Hemisphere summer since 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental factors are also thought to be at play. The lack of humidity in the air in cold winters affects the integrity of mucus membranes, and it allows viruses to \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1003194\">survive better\u003c/a> outside a human host. People in temperate climates crowd together indoors during the winter, often in settings where air quality is suboptimal. Interestingly, the defined flu seasons that the Northern and Southern Hemispheres experience are not observed in tropical climates, where transmission occurs on a more \u003ca href=\"https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/emmm.202115352\">year-round basis\u003c/a>, without the sharp peaks seen in temperate zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is now a much stronger evidence base on the impact of climate variables (esp. temperature, humidity) on pathogen survival and how this translates to an impact on transmission in the population,” Nick Grassly, an infectious diseases modeler at the school of public health at Imperial College London, said in an email. “The focus has been much more on environmental drivers (particularly humidity, temperature, rainfall, etc.) than human behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassly is one of the people who thinks SARS-2 seasonality is falling into place, noting that the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation — Britain’s equivalent of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, an expert committee that helps the CDC craft vaccination use guidelines — is now recommending a targeted \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/jcvi-advises-an-autumn-covid-19-vaccine-booster\">autumn COVID vaccination campaign\u003c/a> for high-risk individuals, in anticipation of a surge of COVID activity this winter. A similar, though more broadly aimed campaign is planned for the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It remains possible that a new variant showing substantial immune escape could spread rapidly, even in summer, and so disrupt seasonal patterns and planning,” Grassly noted. “I think it is hard to estimate the probability that this happens, but it would deviate from the recent pattern of successive Omicron variants which have emerged without large increases in overall incidence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley Perlman, a coronavirus expert whose bona fides in the field stretch back to the pre-SARS-1 days, agrees with Grassly.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Marion Koopmans, head of virology, Erasmus Medical Center\"]‘I think that — at this stage — all we can say is that we can assume that there are some seasonal effects … but that we really cannot say the circulation of these viruses is predictable yet, at least not like we have come to know for flu.’[/pullquote]“I think for all these viruses” — human coronaviruses — “they probably circulate all year round. But you get large numbers of infections in the late fall, winter, when people are inside, and they spread. That’s what this virus seems to be doing,” said Perlman, a professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of Iowa. “As opposed to last summer, the number of cases is way down this summer. And the prediction is they will increase in the late fall, winter again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A break from seasonal transmission of respiratory pathogens can be a sign something is amiss, with off-season spread having been observed during flu pandemics going back to the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. The first observed cases in that pandemic occurred in the spring, at a time when flu season would normally have concluded. The 1957 pandemic began in Asia in February of that year, but the virus arrived in, and started spreading through, the United States, during the summer. The 1968 pandemic began in July. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was first detected in April and the pandemic’s major wave ran through the summer, peaked in September and trailed off in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pandemic influenza doesn’t follow a seasonal pattern in any way, shape or form,” said Osterholm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains to be seen when it will be apparent that SARS-2 has lost its override capabilities, when we’ll feel confident that we know when to expect — plus or minus a month or two — COVID’s annual onslaught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that — at this stage — all we can say is that we can assume that there are some seasonal effects (since we know seasonality does have an effect on other respiratory infections, both by effects on virus stability and on the host) but that we really cannot say the circulation of these viruses is predictable yet, at least not like we have come to know for flu,” Koopmans wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"SARS-CoV-2 has not yet fallen into a predictable seasonal pattern of the type most respiratory pathogens follow, experts say.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845916,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":2199},"headData":{"title":"COVID-19, a Disease With Tricks Up Its Sleeve, Hasn’t Fallen Into a Seasonal Pattern — Yet | KQED","description":"SARS-CoV-2 has not yet fallen into a predictable seasonal pattern of the type most respiratory pathogens follow, experts say.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"COVID-19, a Disease With Tricks Up Its Sleeve, Hasn’t Fallen Into a Seasonal Pattern — Yet","datePublished":"2023-08-25T19:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:18:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"STAT","sourceUrl":"https://www.statnews.com/","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/staff/helen-branswell/\">Helen Branswell\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984081/covid-19-a-disease-with-tricks-up-its-sleeve-hasnt-fallen-into-a-seasonal-pattern-yet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To most people on the planet, the COVID-19 pandemic is over. But for many scientists who have been tracking the largest global infectious disease event in the era of molecular biology, there is still a step that the virus that caused it, SARS-CoV-2, hasn’t yet taken. It has not fallen into a predictable seasonal pattern of the type most respiratory pathogens follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza strikes — at least in temperate climates — in the winter months, with activity often peaking in January or February. In the pre-COVID times, that was also true for RSV — respiratory syncytial virus — and a number of other bugs that inflict cold- and flu-like illnesses. Some respiratory pathogens seem to prefer fall or spring. Even measles, when that disease circulated widely, had a seasonality in our part of the world, typically striking in late winter or early spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, you can contract these viruses at any time of the year. But transmission takes off during a particular pathogen’s season. (The COVID pandemic knocked a number of these bugs \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/25/viruses-that-were-on-hiatus-during-covid-are-back-and-behaving-in-unexpected-ways/\">out of their regular orbits\u003c/a>, though they may be heading back to more normal transmission patterns. The next few months should be telling.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been widely expected that SARS-2 will ease into that type of a transmission pattern, once human immune systems and the virus reach a sort of detente. But most experts STAT spoke to about this question said that, so far, the virus has not obliged. Their views differ on the margins. Some expect seasonality to set in soon while others don’t venture to guess when the virus will settle into a seasonal pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t see clear seasonality for SARS-CoV-2 yet,” Kanta Subbarao, director of the World Health Organization’s Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity in Melbourne, Australia, said via email. Subbarao is also chair of the WHO’s technical advisory group on COVID-19 vaccine composition, an independent panel that recommends which version or versions of SARS-2 should be included in updated COVID vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Osterholm, director of the University of Minnesota’s Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, agreed. “There just isn’t a definable pattern yet that would call this a seasonal virus. That’s not to suggest it might not be some day.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘At the moment I don’t think COVID is predictable but it is showing all the signs of becoming the fifth ‘human coronavirus’ along with OC43, NL63, 229E and HKU1.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Ben Cowling, infectious diseases epidemiologist, University of Hong Kong","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Maria Van Kerkhove, the WHO’s technical lead for COVID, told STAT in a recent interview that the lack of seasonality is clear. “We expect there to be some seasonality in the coming years. Just based on people’s behavior, perhaps, just because it’s respiratory,” she said. Van Kerkhove does, though, think there are hints of a transmission pattern that is coming into view, something she and others refer to as “periodicity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you kind of squint, you could see a little, you know, in different places,” Van Kerkhove said. “I think you can see sort of waves of infection every five, six months or so depending on the population. But that isn’t at a national level. … And it’s not hemispheric.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions posed over SARS-2’s lack of seasonality aren’t purely academic. Knowing when to expect a disease is critical for health care labor force planning. The tsunami of RSV-infected babies struggling to breathe in the late summer and early fall of 2022 was made worse by the fact that hospitals weren’t as prepared as they could have been; they normally see RSV peaks in the winter months. Likewise, knowing when to expect SARS-2 surges helps the Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention time the rollout of COVID booster shots. The protection against infection generated by the vaccines wanes quickly, so giving them too soon or too late would undermine the efficacy of this countermeasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Kerkhove thinks waning immunity in the population is the reason for the periodic swells of transmission. Protection against severe disease — whether induced by infection, vaccination, or the two combined — appears to hold up reasonably well. But when it comes to SARS-2, protection against basic infection is short-lived. That’s not a surprise given what’s known about the four human coronaviruses that predate the arrival of SARS-2. A study in the Netherlands that followed healthy volunteers for more than 35 years found that people can be reinfected with human coronaviruses within about a year after infection, and sometimes after a mere six months. With SARS-2, there are reports of intervals that are shorter still.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Mina, an infectious diseases epidemiologist who previously taught at the Harvard School of Public Health, is a bit of an outlier in this conversation. He believes SARS-2 has been displaying seasonal behavior for a while, though what he describes sounds like the periodicity that Van Kerkhove and some other experts speak of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mina thinks of seasonality in terms of predictability, “that certain periods of time are going to see increases and decreases, but not necessarily that it has to just be winter or summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think I use the word wrong but I don’t think it’s well defined one way or the other,” he noted.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Related Stories ","postid":"news_11957790,news_11954507,forum_2010101894165"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Ben Cowling, an infectious diseases epidemiologist at the University of Hong Kong, also thinks seasonality and predictability are intertwined. He doesn’t think SARS-2 is there yet — but believes it’s on its way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the moment I don’t think COVID is predictable but it is showing all the signs of becoming the fifth ‘human coronavirus’ along with OC43, NL63, 229E and HKU1,” he said in an email, ticking off the names of the four human coronaviruses that predated SARS-2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osterholm doesn’t agree, arguing that even if they follow a pattern, swells of COVID cases at different points in a year doesn’t equate to seasonality. Furthermore, he noted that the patterns we’ve seen to date have been largely tied to the emergence of new variants, like Beta, Delta, and Omicron, with large surges of infections when those versions of SARS-2 arrived in the spring, summer, and late autumn of 2021 respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t tied to some kind of environmental conditions. And that’s what you often think of with seasonality,” Osterholm said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s thought that with new viruses, the vast number of susceptible people allows a virus to override conditions that would constrain more established pathogens — kids being out of school, unfavorable atmospheric conditions — and transmit at a time when it normally should not be able to. Epidemiologists refer to this override capacity as the “force of infection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That, in turn, can impact the ability of other pathogens to transmit during their accustomed times, as was the case with COVID’s disruption of flu and RSV. “When a virus is in a pandemic mode, there are forces occurring that we just don’t understand,” Osterholm said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of theories about why some viruses hew to a seasonal pattern. It’s thought an interplay of factors is at work. Some have been mapped out, others remain in the realm of the unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some relate to human activities, like school, that bring together lots of children, who are \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/02/27/coronavirus-kids-what-role-transmission/\">expert at amplifying\u003c/a> respiratory pathogens. Or holiday travel, potentially. Marion Koopmans, head of virology at Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, noted that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324533/\">a study\u003c/a> published in Nature suggested that a surge in Covid cases in the summer of 2020 in Europe was likely due to people vacationing. “Without detailed analysis, I do not think we can rule out that what we see is ‘holiday traffic,’” Koopmans said, referring to the upticks of cases that have been reported every Northern Hemisphere summer since 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental factors are also thought to be at play. The lack of humidity in the air in cold winters affects the integrity of mucus membranes, and it allows viruses to \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1003194\">survive better\u003c/a> outside a human host. People in temperate climates crowd together indoors during the winter, often in settings where air quality is suboptimal. Interestingly, the defined flu seasons that the Northern and Southern Hemispheres experience are not observed in tropical climates, where transmission occurs on a more \u003ca href=\"https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/emmm.202115352\">year-round basis\u003c/a>, without the sharp peaks seen in temperate zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is now a much stronger evidence base on the impact of climate variables (esp. temperature, humidity) on pathogen survival and how this translates to an impact on transmission in the population,” Nick Grassly, an infectious diseases modeler at the school of public health at Imperial College London, said in an email. “The focus has been much more on environmental drivers (particularly humidity, temperature, rainfall, etc.) than human behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassly is one of the people who thinks SARS-2 seasonality is falling into place, noting that the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation — Britain’s equivalent of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, an expert committee that helps the CDC craft vaccination use guidelines — is now recommending a targeted \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/jcvi-advises-an-autumn-covid-19-vaccine-booster\">autumn COVID vaccination campaign\u003c/a> for high-risk individuals, in anticipation of a surge of COVID activity this winter. A similar, though more broadly aimed campaign is planned for the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It remains possible that a new variant showing substantial immune escape could spread rapidly, even in summer, and so disrupt seasonal patterns and planning,” Grassly noted. “I think it is hard to estimate the probability that this happens, but it would deviate from the recent pattern of successive Omicron variants which have emerged without large increases in overall incidence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley Perlman, a coronavirus expert whose bona fides in the field stretch back to the pre-SARS-1 days, agrees with Grassly.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘I think that — at this stage — all we can say is that we can assume that there are some seasonal effects … but that we really cannot say the circulation of these viruses is predictable yet, at least not like we have come to know for flu.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Marion Koopmans, head of virology, Erasmus Medical Center","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I think for all these viruses” — human coronaviruses — “they probably circulate all year round. But you get large numbers of infections in the late fall, winter, when people are inside, and they spread. That’s what this virus seems to be doing,” said Perlman, a professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of Iowa. “As opposed to last summer, the number of cases is way down this summer. And the prediction is they will increase in the late fall, winter again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A break from seasonal transmission of respiratory pathogens can be a sign something is amiss, with off-season spread having been observed during flu pandemics going back to the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. The first observed cases in that pandemic occurred in the spring, at a time when flu season would normally have concluded. The 1957 pandemic began in Asia in February of that year, but the virus arrived in, and started spreading through, the United States, during the summer. The 1968 pandemic began in July. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was first detected in April and the pandemic’s major wave ran through the summer, peaked in September and trailed off in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pandemic influenza doesn’t follow a seasonal pattern in any way, shape or form,” said Osterholm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains to be seen when it will be apparent that SARS-2 has lost its override capabilities, when we’ll feel confident that we know when to expect — plus or minus a month or two — COVID’s annual onslaught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that — at this stage — all we can say is that we can assume that there are some seasonal effects (since we know seasonality does have an effect on other respiratory infections, both by effects on virus stability and on the host) but that we really cannot say the circulation of these viruses is predictable yet, at least not like we have come to know for flu,” Koopmans wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984081/covid-19-a-disease-with-tricks-up-its-sleeve-hasnt-fallen-into-a-seasonal-pattern-yet","authors":["byline_science_1984081"],"categories":["science_39","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_3643","science_4329","science_1050","science_1520","science_197"],"featImg":"science_1984085","label":"source_science_1984081"},"science_1980220":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1980220","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1980220","score":null,"sort":[1662490713000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"omicron-boosters-do-i-need-one-and-if-so-when","title":"Omicron Boosters: Do I Need One, and If So, When?","publishDate":1662490713,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Omicron Boosters: Do I Need One, and If So, When? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/09/01/1120560488/cdc-advisers-back-new-booster-shots-to-fight-omicron\">recommending updated COVID boosters\u003c/a>, for people ages 12 and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These newly authorized shots are reformulated versions of the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines and they’re available at pharmacies, clinics and doctors’ offices around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boosters target both the original strain of the coronavirus and the two omicron subvariants which are causing most of the current infections. Vaccine makers have scrambled to rejigger the vaccines as they’ve become less effective against new variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' citation='CDC Director Rochelle Walensky']‘If you are eligible, there is no bad time to get your COVID-19 booster. I strongly encourage you to receive it.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This virus has been mutating so quickly over the past two years,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ohsu.edu/providers/judith-a-guzman-cottrill-do\">Judith Guzman-Cottrill\u003c/a>, an infectious disease specialist at Oregon Health & Science University. “I feel like we’ve been playing catch up and finally we have caught up,” Guzman-Cottrill says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer’s updated booster is available for anyone 12 and older. The Moderna booster is available for anyone 18 and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you are eligible, there is no bad time to get your COVID-19 booster,”\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/02/1120692856/new-covid-boosters-cdc-walensky\"> CDC Director Rochelle Walensky told NPR.\u003c/a> “I strongly encourage you to receive it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='news_11924327,news_11922999' label='More on the Omicron Booster']But after talking to several infectious disease experts, we found there’s a whole range of opinions on who needs to boost and when. So, if you are navigating this decision, here are some things to consider:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who needs a booster as soon as possible?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“I would recommend this booster shot for those who are immunocompromised or those who are 60 years [old] and above,” says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.ucsf.edu/people/monica-gandhi\">Monica Gandhi\u003c/a>, an infectious disease expert at the University of California, San Francisco. Gandhi says people in these groups are at highest risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CDC guidance, people are eligible if it’s been at least two months since they received their last COVID shot, either a booster or an initial vaccine, but some vaccine experts say it would be better to wait at least four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will get it,” says Physician \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.ucsf.edu/people/robert-wachter\">Bob Wachter\u003c/a>, who’s in his mid-60s and in good health. “I’m about eight months out from shot number four. And so my immunity has waned significantly,” Wachter says. He plans to get an updated booster as soon as it’s available as a hedge against serious infection, given COVID is still circulating widely with about \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home\">400 deaths per day\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no question that getting a booster increases the likelihood that you’ll have a benign case,” if you do get infected, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter also agrees with the CDC recommendation that younger adults get the booster. Boosting can protect against the risk of long COVID and helps protect the community at large by reducing transmission, if there’s another surge, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are good reasons to get it, even for people that have a low chance of a super severe infection,” Wachter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When does it make sense to wait?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you’ve had a recent COVID infection, it makes sense to wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guzman-Cottrill and her children had mild infections in August, so she says she’ll wait until November to get boosted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our natural antibody response will protect us against COVID for another few months. So I do think it makes sense to wait and get the updated booster about three months after our positive COVID test,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is in line with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2022-09-01/09-COVID-Hall-508.pdf\">the recommendation from CDC vaccine advisers\u003c/a> — people who recently had COVID-19 may consider delaying a booster shot by three months. That’s what the country’s top infectious disease expert, Dr. Anthony Fauci says he plans to do. Fauci tested positive in mid-June and says he’ll wait three months before he gets his updated booster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guzman-Cottrill says both her teenagers will also get the new booster “to protect us from COVID this winter so we can avoid sick days from work and from school,” she says.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Can I time my shot for maximum protection at the holidays?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It won’t be a surprise if there’s another COVID surge this coming winter. Since the protection from boosters may only last several months, some people say they plan to wait to get the new booster in order to have maximum protection when the risk of infection is higher. “You can make a rational argument to wait until case rates are higher,” says Wachter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re trying to time it for the period of highest risk, he says, there are likely to be a ton more cases in December and January than there are in September and October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Wachter says, this strategy is a bit like trying to time the stock market. It’s hard to predict exactly when the surge will happen, so there’s a risk in waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are basically accepting a period of vulnerability that you don’t need to have,” he says. “And as I weigh all that, my thinking is I’d rather not do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another argument against waiting is that the protection from a booster shot is not instantaneous. “It does take a few weeks for our immune systems to be primed,” says Dr.\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.uchicagomedicine.org/find-a-physician/physician/aniruddha-hazra__;!!Iwwt!QCe1cWy_YhUDgnuDftP6iGGwaah9fb9DnvhKVF4Ri-DsrpJ9jWkoH2X0MhEcTJo3dvAgg1c89utMauhjaHdhltgO6rTqQQ%24\"> Aniruddha Hazra\u003c/a>, an infectious disease specialist at the University of Chicago. He says it could be risky to wait until a surge is already underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hazra points out the vaccines can activate our immune systems in a few ways. Immune cells, known as B cells, help produce antibodies that fight off the virus in the short-term. Research shows COVID vaccines boost antibodies for several months, but then they begin to fade. After that, B cells and another type of immune cell, known as T cells, which can destroy infected cells, stick around to\u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/covid-19-immune-response-improves-months-after-vaccination#:~:text=Vaccines%20activate%20your%20body's%20disease,cells%2C%20which%20destroy%20infected%20cells.\"> build a deeper immunity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this deeper immunity was triggered and primed from the initial vaccines, so everyone who’s been vaccinated should have some protection against COVID But given the omicron subvariants circulating now are so different. “This [new] booster will definitely provide you with higher levels of antibodies, which are short term and short lived. It may also provide more deep-seated immunity,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will the new booster shots prevent COVID infections completely?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>No. There’s lots of enthusiasm for the updated boosters, but they are not a magic bullet\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As SARS-CoV-2 has evolved, it’s become more transmissible, which is why delta and omicron led to such large surges, despite widespread vaccination in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal of this vaccine is to prevent severe illness,” says\u003ca href=\"https://www.chop.edu/doctors/offit-paul-a\"> Paul Offit, director \u003c/a>of the Vaccine Education Center at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. He argues that many people who’ve already received three doses of vaccine remain well protected, so he doesn’t see a clear benefit to giving the new boosters to everyone 12 and up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#covidnet-hospitalizations-vaccination\">to CDC data,\u003c/a> people who have had one or two boosters have a 0.024% chance of being hospitalized with COVID-19. For people under 50, it’s even lower — 0.014%\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit agrees that certain groups should receive the new booster including elderly adults, people who are immunocompromised and those with chronic conditions that put them \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html\">at higher risk of serious illness.\u003c/a> But he questions the value of another booster for healthy, younger people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit says he had a mild infection in May that lasted a few days. He’s decided against getting the new booster. “I think I’m protected against serious disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new boosters offer a few months’ protection against infection, he says, but there’s no clear evidence of benefit beyond that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Omicron+boosters%3A+Do+I+need+one%2C+and+if+so%2C+when%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Updated COVID boosters are now available for anyone age 12 or older. The CDC is urging anyone who is eligible to sign up but some vaccine experts say some people might want to wait.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846195,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1383},"headData":{"title":"Omicron Boosters: Do I Need One, and If So, When? | KQED","description":"Updated COVID boosters are now available for anyone age 12 or older. The CDC is urging anyone who is eligible to sign up but some vaccine experts say some people might want to wait.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Omicron Boosters: Do I Need One, and If So, When?","datePublished":"2022-09-06T18:58:33.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:23:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Rogelio V. Solis","nprByline":"Allison Aubrey","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"1120834024","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1120834024&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/09/05/1120834024/omicron-boosters-do-i-need-one-and-if-so-when?ft=nprml&f=1120834024","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 05 Sep 2022 14:54:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 05 Sep 2022 05:02:17 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 05 Sep 2022 14:54:59 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2022/09/20220905_me_omicron_boosters_do_i_need_one_and_if_so_when.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1066&aggIds=812054919&d=375&p=3&story=1120834024&ft=nprml&f=1120834024","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/11121104618-399a76.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1066&aggIds=812054919&d=375&p=3&story=1120834024&ft=nprml&f=1120834024","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/science/1980220/omicron-boosters-do-i-need-one-and-if-so-when","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2022/09/20220905_me_omicron_boosters_do_i_need_one_and_if_so_when.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1066&aggIds=812054919&d=375&p=3&story=1120834024&ft=nprml&f=1120834024","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/09/01/1120560488/cdc-advisers-back-new-booster-shots-to-fight-omicron\">recommending updated COVID boosters\u003c/a>, for people ages 12 and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These newly authorized shots are reformulated versions of the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines and they’re available at pharmacies, clinics and doctors’ offices around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boosters target both the original strain of the coronavirus and the two omicron subvariants which are causing most of the current infections. Vaccine makers have scrambled to rejigger the vaccines as they’ve become less effective against new variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘If you are eligible, there is no bad time to get your COVID-19 booster. I strongly encourage you to receive it.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"small","citation":"CDC Director Rochelle Walensky","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This virus has been mutating so quickly over the past two years,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ohsu.edu/providers/judith-a-guzman-cottrill-do\">Judith Guzman-Cottrill\u003c/a>, an infectious disease specialist at Oregon Health & Science University. “I feel like we’ve been playing catch up and finally we have caught up,” Guzman-Cottrill says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer’s updated booster is available for anyone 12 and older. The Moderna booster is available for anyone 18 and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you are eligible, there is no bad time to get your COVID-19 booster,”\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/02/1120692856/new-covid-boosters-cdc-walensky\"> CDC Director Rochelle Walensky told NPR.\u003c/a> “I strongly encourage you to receive it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11924327,news_11922999","label":"More on the Omicron Booster "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>But after talking to several infectious disease experts, we found there’s a whole range of opinions on who needs to boost and when. So, if you are navigating this decision, here are some things to consider:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who needs a booster as soon as possible?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“I would recommend this booster shot for those who are immunocompromised or those who are 60 years [old] and above,” says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.ucsf.edu/people/monica-gandhi\">Monica Gandhi\u003c/a>, an infectious disease expert at the University of California, San Francisco. Gandhi says people in these groups are at highest risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CDC guidance, people are eligible if it’s been at least two months since they received their last COVID shot, either a booster or an initial vaccine, but some vaccine experts say it would be better to wait at least four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will get it,” says Physician \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.ucsf.edu/people/robert-wachter\">Bob Wachter\u003c/a>, who’s in his mid-60s and in good health. “I’m about eight months out from shot number four. And so my immunity has waned significantly,” Wachter says. He plans to get an updated booster as soon as it’s available as a hedge against serious infection, given COVID is still circulating widely with about \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home\">400 deaths per day\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no question that getting a booster increases the likelihood that you’ll have a benign case,” if you do get infected, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter also agrees with the CDC recommendation that younger adults get the booster. Boosting can protect against the risk of long COVID and helps protect the community at large by reducing transmission, if there’s another surge, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are good reasons to get it, even for people that have a low chance of a super severe infection,” Wachter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When does it make sense to wait?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you’ve had a recent COVID infection, it makes sense to wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guzman-Cottrill and her children had mild infections in August, so she says she’ll wait until November to get boosted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our natural antibody response will protect us against COVID for another few months. So I do think it makes sense to wait and get the updated booster about three months after our positive COVID test,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is in line with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2022-09-01/09-COVID-Hall-508.pdf\">the recommendation from CDC vaccine advisers\u003c/a> — people who recently had COVID-19 may consider delaying a booster shot by three months. That’s what the country’s top infectious disease expert, Dr. Anthony Fauci says he plans to do. Fauci tested positive in mid-June and says he’ll wait three months before he gets his updated booster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guzman-Cottrill says both her teenagers will also get the new booster “to protect us from COVID this winter so we can avoid sick days from work and from school,” she says.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Can I time my shot for maximum protection at the holidays?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It won’t be a surprise if there’s another COVID surge this coming winter. Since the protection from boosters may only last several months, some people say they plan to wait to get the new booster in order to have maximum protection when the risk of infection is higher. “You can make a rational argument to wait until case rates are higher,” says Wachter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re trying to time it for the period of highest risk, he says, there are likely to be a ton more cases in December and January than there are in September and October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Wachter says, this strategy is a bit like trying to time the stock market. It’s hard to predict exactly when the surge will happen, so there’s a risk in waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are basically accepting a period of vulnerability that you don’t need to have,” he says. “And as I weigh all that, my thinking is I’d rather not do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another argument against waiting is that the protection from a booster shot is not instantaneous. “It does take a few weeks for our immune systems to be primed,” says Dr.\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.uchicagomedicine.org/find-a-physician/physician/aniruddha-hazra__;!!Iwwt!QCe1cWy_YhUDgnuDftP6iGGwaah9fb9DnvhKVF4Ri-DsrpJ9jWkoH2X0MhEcTJo3dvAgg1c89utMauhjaHdhltgO6rTqQQ%24\"> Aniruddha Hazra\u003c/a>, an infectious disease specialist at the University of Chicago. He says it could be risky to wait until a surge is already underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hazra points out the vaccines can activate our immune systems in a few ways. Immune cells, known as B cells, help produce antibodies that fight off the virus in the short-term. Research shows COVID vaccines boost antibodies for several months, but then they begin to fade. After that, B cells and another type of immune cell, known as T cells, which can destroy infected cells, stick around to\u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/covid-19-immune-response-improves-months-after-vaccination#:~:text=Vaccines%20activate%20your%20body's%20disease,cells%2C%20which%20destroy%20infected%20cells.\"> build a deeper immunity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this deeper immunity was triggered and primed from the initial vaccines, so everyone who’s been vaccinated should have some protection against COVID But given the omicron subvariants circulating now are so different. “This [new] booster will definitely provide you with higher levels of antibodies, which are short term and short lived. It may also provide more deep-seated immunity,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will the new booster shots prevent COVID infections completely?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>No. There’s lots of enthusiasm for the updated boosters, but they are not a magic bullet\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As SARS-CoV-2 has evolved, it’s become more transmissible, which is why delta and omicron led to such large surges, despite widespread vaccination in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal of this vaccine is to prevent severe illness,” says\u003ca href=\"https://www.chop.edu/doctors/offit-paul-a\"> Paul Offit, director \u003c/a>of the Vaccine Education Center at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. He argues that many people who’ve already received three doses of vaccine remain well protected, so he doesn’t see a clear benefit to giving the new boosters to everyone 12 and up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#covidnet-hospitalizations-vaccination\">to CDC data,\u003c/a> people who have had one or two boosters have a 0.024% chance of being hospitalized with COVID-19. For people under 50, it’s even lower — 0.014%\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit agrees that certain groups should receive the new booster including elderly adults, people who are immunocompromised and those with chronic conditions that put them \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html\">at higher risk of serious illness.\u003c/a> But he questions the value of another booster for healthy, younger people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit says he had a mild infection in May that lasted a few days. He’s decided against getting the new booster. “I think I’m protected against serious disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new boosters offer a few months’ protection against infection, he says, but there’s no clear evidence of benefit beyond that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Omicron+boosters%3A+Do+I+need+one%2C+and+if+so%2C+when%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1980220/omicron-boosters-do-i-need-one-and-if-so-when","authors":["byline_science_1980220"],"categories":["science_39","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_197"],"featImg":"science_1980221","label":"source_science_1980220"},"science_1979952":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979952","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979952","score":null,"sort":[1659746166000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"monkeypox-vaccines-california-and-fda-do-not-agree-on-how-to-stretch-meager-supply","title":"Monkeypox Vaccines: California and FDA Do Not Agree on How to Stretch Meager Supply","publishDate":1659746166,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Monkeypox Vaccines: California and FDA Do Not Agree on How to Stretch Meager Supply | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>As monkeypox spreads rapidly, everyone agrees that the meager supply of vaccine needs to be improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how exactly to stretch the limited supply? That’s where California and its progressive cities have diverged from federal regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s top health officials advised local agencies in a July 27 memo to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Monkeypox-vaccine-doses.aspx#\">prioritize a single dose of the two-dose monkeypox vaccine for people who are most at risk\u003c/a>. For weeks, San Francisco has used this strategy to spread its limited supply of monkeypox vaccine to people in the city who are at high risk of contracting the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2022/07/15/nyc-one-dose-monkeypox-strategy-cdc-fda-warnings-against/\">have warned health providers against deviating from the approved schedule\u003c/a>. The vaccine is supposed to be given in two doses, with the second one administered 28 days after the first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not recommend to go off of the recommended schedule here,” said Peter Marks, director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2022/07/15/nyc-one-dose-monkeypox-strategy-cdc-fda-warnings-against/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">at a press conference organized by the Department of Health and Human Services\u003c/a>. For people most at risk, he added, “A single dose of this vaccine will not provide the kind of protection over time that is necessary.”[aside postID=news_11920455 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/RS57399_GettyImages-1408879341-qut-1020x765.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Dose sparing’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Now, the FDA is considering a “dose sparing” proposal that would allow health providers to use a single-dose vial of vaccine to administer a total of up to five separate doses. The plan would require changing how the vaccine is administered. Rather than an injection that goes into the fatty tissues underneath the skin, known as subcutaneous administration, people would receive it through a small needle placed delicately under the top layer of skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is called intradermal administration, and giving vaccines intradermally can also result in a strong immune response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The FDA has identified a potential solution that would allow us to significantly increase the number of doses available [for] administration,” an agency spokesperson told KQED in an emailed statement on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to note that overall safety and efficacy profile would not be sacrificed with this approach,” the statement said. “The virus has continued to spread at a pace and rate in recent weeks that made it clear to all of us that we would not meet current demand with the current supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA’s alternate strategy is now under consideration and not yet approved — nor is it clear when it might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The single dose strategy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Health experts warn that the U.S. might not be able to contain the monkeypox outbreak, which has already infected thousands of Americans. And San Francisco has said it is important to take quick action in order to protect the most people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Community Engagement Reporter Carlos Cabrera-Lomelí reported that people seeking a jab at a vaccine clinic at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center are not being offered second shots right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/LomeliCabrera/status/1554845594161598464?s=20&t=AM_k84nHNl35wO0Z-3GI8w\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, San Francisco’s health department is prioritizing first doses of Jynneos, delaying the second. Cabrera-Lomelí reported that patients attending the clinic at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> the city’s only walk-in monkeypox vaccine clinic, were told by hospital staff that their second shot could safely be delayed as long as two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City officials told KQED in an email that “although data on the full efficacy of a first dose of the Jynneos monkeypox vaccine is not fully known, the information that we do have and relevant studies on the topic, allows us to take this temporary harm reduction approach while vaccine supply increases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Monkeypox-vaccine-doses.aspx#\">California’s health department laid out a rationale for a single shot plan\u003c/a> in the memo it sent to local agencies, noting that in the eradication of smallpox — a poxvirus genetically very similar to monkeypox — the first vaccine dose provided quick protection. Clinical trials in humans and animals measuring immunity from the Jynneos have produced similar results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While supplies remain scarce, vaccinators in California may offer first doses of JYNNEOS [sic] to additional persons at risk rather than retain inventory as second doses for immunocompetent persons, even if second doses are consequently administered at an interval greater than 28 days,” the memo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The health department said people who are immunocompromised are still eligible to received two doses. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID=news_11919070 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/RS57170_GettyImages-1401390462-qut.jpg']\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF’s Dr. Peter Chin-Hong told KQED in an email that it “is indeed safe not to get a second dose of the vaccine at 28 days, on time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2022/07/15/nyc-one-dose-monkeypox-strategy-cdc-fda-warnings-against/\">New York, the United Kingdom and Canada are delaying the vaccine boosters\u003c/a>, too. Science magazine reported that \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/content/article/there-s-shortage-monkeypox-vaccine-could-one-dose-instead-two-suffice\">Paul Chaplin, an immunologist and CEO of Bavarian Nordic \u003c/a>— the company that manufactures the vaccine — also endorses the single dose plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/content/article/there-s-shortage-monkeypox-vaccine-could-one-dose-instead-two-suffice\">Federal scientists have cautioned that a single dose regime of vaccine hasn’t been studied\u003c/a> in an actual outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jynneos is the only vaccine currently approved for the prevention of monkeypox in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco health officials say people, “especially those who have only received one dose,” should limit their risk of exposure to monkeypox before and after being vaccinated and second doses will be offered “once supply allows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California advises health providers to use a single dose of vaccine; the FDA is considering a proposal that would allow health providers to use a smaller amount—but it's not ready yet. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846223,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":953},"headData":{"title":"Monkeypox Vaccines: California and FDA Do Not Agree on How to Stretch Meager Supply | KQED","description":"California advises health providers to use a single dose of vaccine; the FDA is considering a proposal that would allow health providers to use a smaller amount—but it's not ready yet. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Monkeypox Vaccines: California and FDA Do Not Agree on How to Stretch Meager Supply","datePublished":"2022-08-06T00:36:06.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:23:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Monkeypox ","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1979952/monkeypox-vaccines-california-and-fda-do-not-agree-on-how-to-stretch-meager-supply","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As monkeypox spreads rapidly, everyone agrees that the meager supply of vaccine needs to be improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how exactly to stretch the limited supply? That’s where California and its progressive cities have diverged from federal regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s top health officials advised local agencies in a July 27 memo to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Monkeypox-vaccine-doses.aspx#\">prioritize a single dose of the two-dose monkeypox vaccine for people who are most at risk\u003c/a>. For weeks, San Francisco has used this strategy to spread its limited supply of monkeypox vaccine to people in the city who are at high risk of contracting the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2022/07/15/nyc-one-dose-monkeypox-strategy-cdc-fda-warnings-against/\">have warned health providers against deviating from the approved schedule\u003c/a>. The vaccine is supposed to be given in two doses, with the second one administered 28 days after the first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not recommend to go off of the recommended schedule here,” said Peter Marks, director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2022/07/15/nyc-one-dose-monkeypox-strategy-cdc-fda-warnings-against/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">at a press conference organized by the Department of Health and Human Services\u003c/a>. For people most at risk, he added, “A single dose of this vaccine will not provide the kind of protection over time that is necessary.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11920455","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/RS57399_GettyImages-1408879341-qut-1020x765.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Dose sparing’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Now, the FDA is considering a “dose sparing” proposal that would allow health providers to use a single-dose vial of vaccine to administer a total of up to five separate doses. The plan would require changing how the vaccine is administered. Rather than an injection that goes into the fatty tissues underneath the skin, known as subcutaneous administration, people would receive it through a small needle placed delicately under the top layer of skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is called intradermal administration, and giving vaccines intradermally can also result in a strong immune response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The FDA has identified a potential solution that would allow us to significantly increase the number of doses available [for] administration,” an agency spokesperson told KQED in an emailed statement on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to note that overall safety and efficacy profile would not be sacrificed with this approach,” the statement said. “The virus has continued to spread at a pace and rate in recent weeks that made it clear to all of us that we would not meet current demand with the current supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA’s alternate strategy is now under consideration and not yet approved — nor is it clear when it might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The single dose strategy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Health experts warn that the U.S. might not be able to contain the monkeypox outbreak, which has already infected thousands of Americans. And San Francisco has said it is important to take quick action in order to protect the most people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Community Engagement Reporter Carlos Cabrera-Lomelí reported that people seeking a jab at a vaccine clinic at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center are not being offered second shots right now.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1554845594161598464"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Instead, San Francisco’s health department is prioritizing first doses of Jynneos, delaying the second. Cabrera-Lomelí reported that patients attending the clinic at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> the city’s only walk-in monkeypox vaccine clinic, were told by hospital staff that their second shot could safely be delayed as long as two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City officials told KQED in an email that “although data on the full efficacy of a first dose of the Jynneos monkeypox vaccine is not fully known, the information that we do have and relevant studies on the topic, allows us to take this temporary harm reduction approach while vaccine supply increases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Monkeypox-vaccine-doses.aspx#\">California’s health department laid out a rationale for a single shot plan\u003c/a> in the memo it sent to local agencies, noting that in the eradication of smallpox — a poxvirus genetically very similar to monkeypox — the first vaccine dose provided quick protection. Clinical trials in humans and animals measuring immunity from the Jynneos have produced similar results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While supplies remain scarce, vaccinators in California may offer first doses of JYNNEOS [sic] to additional persons at risk rather than retain inventory as second doses for immunocompetent persons, even if second doses are consequently administered at an interval greater than 28 days,” the memo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The health department said people who are immunocompromised are still eligible to received two doses. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11919070","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/RS57170_GettyImages-1401390462-qut.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF’s Dr. Peter Chin-Hong told KQED in an email that it “is indeed safe not to get a second dose of the vaccine at 28 days, on time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2022/07/15/nyc-one-dose-monkeypox-strategy-cdc-fda-warnings-against/\">New York, the United Kingdom and Canada are delaying the vaccine boosters\u003c/a>, too. Science magazine reported that \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/content/article/there-s-shortage-monkeypox-vaccine-could-one-dose-instead-two-suffice\">Paul Chaplin, an immunologist and CEO of Bavarian Nordic \u003c/a>— the company that manufactures the vaccine — also endorses the single dose plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/content/article/there-s-shortage-monkeypox-vaccine-could-one-dose-instead-two-suffice\">Federal scientists have cautioned that a single dose regime of vaccine hasn’t been studied\u003c/a> in an actual outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jynneos is the only vaccine currently approved for the prevention of monkeypox in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco health officials say people, “especially those who have only received one dose,” should limit their risk of exposure to monkeypox before and after being vaccinated and second doses will be offered “once supply allows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979952/monkeypox-vaccines-california-and-fda-do-not-agree-on-how-to-stretch-meager-supply","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_39","science_3890","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_3643","science_1050","science_4417","science_197"],"featImg":"science_1979953","label":"source_science_1979952"},"science_1978903":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1978903","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1978903","score":null,"sort":[1648679118000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-omicron-subvariant-ba-2-has-been-in-the-bay-area-for-weeks-with-limited-impact","title":"The Omicron Subvariant BA.2 Has Been in the Bay Area for Weeks — With Limited Impact","publishDate":1648679118,"format":"audio","headTitle":"The Omicron Subvariant BA.2 Has Been in the Bay Area for Weeks — With Limited Impact | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>We’ve seen this play out before: Just as we start letting down our guard, the coronavirus mutates into another insidious version, wreaking havoc on our plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cue BA.2, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-ba2-or-stealth-omicron-subvariant\">stealth omicron\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month when mask mandates started falling away, the subvariant struck parts of Europe and Asia, driving \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/23/omicrons-subvariant-bapoint2-could-spread-wildly-in-europe-epidemiologist.html\">unprecedented spikes\u003c/a>. Now, it’s traveling fast within the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BA.2 is both the dominant strain globally and, now, nationally, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>, which credits more than half of U.S. cases to stealth omicron. Infections are edging up in parts of the Northeast, and \u003ca href=\"https://soe-wbe-pilot.wl.r.appspot.com/charts#page=overview\">recent wastewater data\u003c/a> from Palo Alto, Sunnyvale and Davis suggest BA.2 is starting to push cases up around Northern California — the first real sign that it’s having an impact in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the data does not suggest a repeat of last winter’s surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not that sharp, dramatic increase from the beginning of the omicron wave,” said Marlene Wolfe of Emory University, one of the researchers who monitors wastewater sites across Northern California. “It’s something to watch, something to be careful of, something that we are glad we have this data to speak to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Here’s what you need to know about BA.2 across California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>BA.2 is really good at its job: To date, it’s the most transmissible strain of the coronavirus. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.22270044v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danish study\u003c/a> shows the virus spreads very quickly inside households, and a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.22272984v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Swedish study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> shows that the viral loads are twice as high as the original omicron, which helps to explain why the latest strain of COVID-19 is furiously outcompeting its predecessor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is BA.2 does not appear to lead to more severe symptoms than the original omicron. Patients complain of cough, fatigue, congestion, dizziness and a runny nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not causing more intensive care hospital admissions in Europe,” said Dr. Susan Philip, San Francisco’s health officer. “[This is] a positive thing when we look at the characteristics of this virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How worried should we be?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Not too worried, according to Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of UCSF’s department of medicine. “It might well lead to a small increase in cases, which we should watch carefully,” he said in an email. “It is unlikely to cause a major surge given the extent of [local] vax and infection-related immunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment is shared by other local experts. UCSF epidemiologist Dr. George Rutherford suspects the impact in Northern California will be “relatively minor.” He estimates immunity coverage in the Bay Area is hovering around 90% due to high vaccine rates and the recent omicron wave, which left many people with natural immunity, at least in the short term. Those two factors wrap the region in a protective layer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rutherford points to what he sees as hopeful signs unfolding overseas. “Look at Western European data,” he said. “Cases are going up in some countries and not in others. A surge is not inevitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California cases continue to plummet\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s not time to panic. \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw3IqSBhCoARIsAMBkTb0HWWvfRHDNjPLxgEaX7PUdfx_IgCF7LJ77g3o8FIZ0HxBPJmRdTDIaAtYAEALw_wcB\">Cases across the state\u003c/a> have fallen about 32% over the past two weeks. Hospitalizations are not increasing and death rates continue to fall. Some regions are experiencing very slight upticks, but nothing concerning to public health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, BA.2 poses the highest risk to anyone who is not vaccinated and did not catch omicron during the last surge. “The consequences for hospitalizations and deaths will be largely determined by how many people are vaccinated and how many older people are boosted,” said Bill Hanage, a Harvard epidemiologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means children who are not yet old enough for a vaccine, as well as many disabled and immunocompromised people, remain at high risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an actual surge were to form, regions with low vaccination rates would be the most vulnerable. In California that means rural areas and parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I protect myself?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At this point California health officials are not recommending people make any course corrections to their daily lives. The state has a \u003ca href=\"https://files.covid19.ca.gov/pdf/smarter-plan--en.pdf\">road map for potential surges\u003c/a>, if the situation were to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we do start to see concerning increases in cases, increased severity or increasing hospitalization — we may need to reinstate some of our prior tools, things like masking,” California State Epidemiologist Dr. Erica Pan told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She recommends making sure you’re up to date on your vaccinations, and stocking up on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11901928/you-can-now-order-free-covid-at-home-tests-via-usps\"> home testing kits\u003c/a> to protect loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Should I get a 4th dose if I’m over age 50?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced Tuesday that it has approved a fourth shot for people over 50. Until now the only people authorized for a fourth dose were those \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/health/immunocompromised-fourth-dose-booster.html\">with weakened immune systems\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF’s Wachter recommends a fourth shot for older adults who didn’t catch omicron in the last wave. This is especially critical if folks are engaging in riskier behaviors like eating inside restaurants. For those who caught the virus recently, Wachter suggests holding off on a fourth shot for a few months because a recent infection offers similar protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.22270232v1.full.pdfre-pharmaceuticals/israeli-study-2nd-vaccine-booster-significantly-lowers-covid-death-rate-2022-03-27/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">compelling mortality data out of Israel\u003c/span>\u003c/a> suggesting a fourth shot dramatically lowers severe illness. However, the available data is preliminary and it’s not clear how long the benefits of a fourth dose will last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Bob_Wachter/status/1508444987783929858?s=20&t=yr0py0rn9KRqRoEXy1Nb6Q\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to get it when I can,” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Bob_Wachter/status/1508446942887485440?s=20&t=yr0py0rn9KRqRoEXy1Nb6Q\">Wachter said in another tweet\u003c/a>. “I see the advantages of the 2nd boost as outweighing the small potential downside.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"BA.2 is the most transmissible strain of the coronavirus but does not appear to lead to more severe symptoms.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846289,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":986},"headData":{"title":"The Omicron Subvariant BA.2 Has Been in the Bay Area for Weeks — With Limited Impact | KQED","description":"BA.2 is the most transmissible strain of the coronavirus but does not appear to lead to more severe symptoms.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Omicron Subvariant BA.2 Has Been in the Bay Area for Weeks — With Limited Impact","datePublished":"2022-03-30T22:25:18.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:24:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Coronavirus","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1978903/the-omicron-subvariant-ba-2-has-been-in-the-bay-area-for-weeks-with-limited-impact","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We’ve seen this play out before: Just as we start letting down our guard, the coronavirus mutates into another insidious version, wreaking havoc on our plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cue BA.2, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-ba2-or-stealth-omicron-subvariant\">stealth omicron\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month when mask mandates started falling away, the subvariant struck parts of Europe and Asia, driving \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/23/omicrons-subvariant-bapoint2-could-spread-wildly-in-europe-epidemiologist.html\">unprecedented spikes\u003c/a>. Now, it’s traveling fast within the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BA.2 is both the dominant strain globally and, now, nationally, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>, which credits more than half of U.S. cases to stealth omicron. Infections are edging up in parts of the Northeast, and \u003ca href=\"https://soe-wbe-pilot.wl.r.appspot.com/charts#page=overview\">recent wastewater data\u003c/a> from Palo Alto, Sunnyvale and Davis suggest BA.2 is starting to push cases up around Northern California — the first real sign that it’s having an impact in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the data does not suggest a repeat of last winter’s surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not that sharp, dramatic increase from the beginning of the omicron wave,” said Marlene Wolfe of Emory University, one of the researchers who monitors wastewater sites across Northern California. “It’s something to watch, something to be careful of, something that we are glad we have this data to speak to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Here’s what you need to know about BA.2 across California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>BA.2 is really good at its job: To date, it’s the most transmissible strain of the coronavirus. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.22270044v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danish study\u003c/a> shows the virus spreads very quickly inside households, and a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.22272984v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Swedish study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> shows that the viral loads are twice as high as the original omicron, which helps to explain why the latest strain of COVID-19 is furiously outcompeting its predecessor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is BA.2 does not appear to lead to more severe symptoms than the original omicron. Patients complain of cough, fatigue, congestion, dizziness and a runny nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not causing more intensive care hospital admissions in Europe,” said Dr. Susan Philip, San Francisco’s health officer. “[This is] a positive thing when we look at the characteristics of this virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How worried should we be?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Not too worried, according to Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of UCSF’s department of medicine. “It might well lead to a small increase in cases, which we should watch carefully,” he said in an email. “It is unlikely to cause a major surge given the extent of [local] vax and infection-related immunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment is shared by other local experts. UCSF epidemiologist Dr. George Rutherford suspects the impact in Northern California will be “relatively minor.” He estimates immunity coverage in the Bay Area is hovering around 90% due to high vaccine rates and the recent omicron wave, which left many people with natural immunity, at least in the short term. Those two factors wrap the region in a protective layer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rutherford points to what he sees as hopeful signs unfolding overseas. “Look at Western European data,” he said. “Cases are going up in some countries and not in others. A surge is not inevitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California cases continue to plummet\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s not time to panic. \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw3IqSBhCoARIsAMBkTb0HWWvfRHDNjPLxgEaX7PUdfx_IgCF7LJ77g3o8FIZ0HxBPJmRdTDIaAtYAEALw_wcB\">Cases across the state\u003c/a> have fallen about 32% over the past two weeks. Hospitalizations are not increasing and death rates continue to fall. Some regions are experiencing very slight upticks, but nothing concerning to public health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, BA.2 poses the highest risk to anyone who is not vaccinated and did not catch omicron during the last surge. “The consequences for hospitalizations and deaths will be largely determined by how many people are vaccinated and how many older people are boosted,” said Bill Hanage, a Harvard epidemiologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means children who are not yet old enough for a vaccine, as well as many disabled and immunocompromised people, remain at high risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an actual surge were to form, regions with low vaccination rates would be the most vulnerable. In California that means rural areas and parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I protect myself?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At this point California health officials are not recommending people make any course corrections to their daily lives. The state has a \u003ca href=\"https://files.covid19.ca.gov/pdf/smarter-plan--en.pdf\">road map for potential surges\u003c/a>, if the situation were to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we do start to see concerning increases in cases, increased severity or increasing hospitalization — we may need to reinstate some of our prior tools, things like masking,” California State Epidemiologist Dr. Erica Pan told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She recommends making sure you’re up to date on your vaccinations, and stocking up on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11901928/you-can-now-order-free-covid-at-home-tests-via-usps\"> home testing kits\u003c/a> to protect loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Should I get a 4th dose if I’m over age 50?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced Tuesday that it has approved a fourth shot for people over 50. Until now the only people authorized for a fourth dose were those \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/health/immunocompromised-fourth-dose-booster.html\">with weakened immune systems\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF’s Wachter recommends a fourth shot for older adults who didn’t catch omicron in the last wave. This is especially critical if folks are engaging in riskier behaviors like eating inside restaurants. For those who caught the virus recently, Wachter suggests holding off on a fourth shot for a few months because a recent infection offers similar protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.22270232v1.full.pdfre-pharmaceuticals/israeli-study-2nd-vaccine-booster-significantly-lowers-covid-death-rate-2022-03-27/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">compelling mortality data out of Israel\u003c/span>\u003c/a> suggesting a fourth shot dramatically lowers severe illness. However, the available data is preliminary and it’s not clear how long the benefits of a fourth dose will last.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1508444987783929858"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to get it when I can,” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Bob_Wachter/status/1508446942887485440?s=20&t=yr0py0rn9KRqRoEXy1Nb6Q\">Wachter said in another tweet\u003c/a>. “I see the advantages of the 2nd boost as outweighing the small potential downside.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1978903/the-omicron-subvariant-ba-2-has-been-in-the-bay-area-for-weeks-with-limited-impact","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_39","science_3890","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_3643","science_4329","science_4368","science_1050","science_197"],"featImg":"science_1978921","label":"source_science_1978903"},"science_1974636":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1974636","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1974636","score":null,"sort":[1620665232000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-this-bay-area-family-had-their-three-year-old-vaccinated","title":"Why This Bay Area Family Had Their 3-Year-Old Vaccinated","publishDate":1620665232,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Why This Bay Area Family Had Their 3-Year-Old Vaccinated | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p2\">Eloise LaCour clutches her dolly as a nurse takes her blood pressure, then swabs the 3-year-old’s delicate arm with alcohol.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“Tickle Tickle,” says Eloise’s mom Angelica LaCour. She’s trying to get a smile. “Mommy’s going to hug you, OK?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">The nurse, carefully, gives Eloise her shot. Here at a Stanford University medical facility, she is one of 144 children in the country who are part of a phase one clinical trial to test Pfizer-BioNTech COVID vaccines in the most adorable of study cohorts — those 5 and under.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“That’s it!” exclaims nurse manager Richard Brotherton, pulling the needle out of Eloise’s arm.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Eloise barely flinches. In fact, under her mask it looks like she’s smiling.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at you brave kid,” beams her mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">The next day, Eloise has yet to complain of any side effects — not even an ouch in her arm where the needle went in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">While an unfortunate number of people are still hesitating about the remarkably effective vaccines, let alone enrolling their kids in clinical trials, Angelica LaCour speaks of the importance of getting children inoculated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s just really important to highlight that we’re not going to get to herd immunity as a country if children are not vaccinated,” she said. “We don’t know the long-term impacts of the virus. And we know that this is a well-tolerated vaccine that’s saving people’s lives. And it’s important that our children get that as well. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the family was initially nervous about enrolling their only daughter in the early trial. But they’ weren’t sure they’d be any less so in six months, a year, or whenever the official rollout of vaccines for the youngest Americans takes place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Eloise is healthy, “We know that there’s a lot of other families with kids with vulnerabilities where COVID is potentially life-threatening,” LaCour said. “And so being part of making this a reality for those families is something that is really meaningful to us.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Second Dose\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">After three weeks it’s time for Eloise’s second poke. She has decided to dress up as her favorite character from the Pixar movie “Brave.” This time, she squirms a little more but still doesn’t cry.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">That night she complains her head hurts a little and that her arm is sore. Nothing that can’t be solved with a low dose of Tylenol, says her mom. Otherwise she’s running around\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“Lots of energy,” LaCour says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Now, a couple of days before her father has gotten his second shot, Eloise is one of a small number of children in the country to be fully vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Soon the family will start planning a summer vacation.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Stanford scientists will track Eloise for the next two years to make sure all goes well. The next phases will involve enrolling many more children, eventually thousands, to study accurate dosage, vaccine safety, immune response and efficacy.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Kids Rollout Could Begin Next Fall\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Pfizer\u003c/span> is planning to apply to the Food and Drug Administration in September for emergency authorization of the vaccine for children age 2 to 11. Meanwhile, the company is expected to receive permission any day now to vaccinate 12- to 15-year-olds. \u003ca href=\"https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-announces-first-participants-dosed-phase-23-study-0\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Moderna\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is also conducting clinical trials in kids for its vaccine.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">This science would not be possible without children and parents who are willing to go first, which is why Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, a pediatric infectious disease expert at Stanford Medicine who is leading the trial, lauds the family’s courage.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“If we didn’t have clinical trials, we’d have zero vaccines for children,” she said. “And we save 3 million lives a year from death due to vaccine-preventable diseases as well.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Last week the Kaiser Family Foundation released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/poll-finding/kff-covid-19-vaccine-monitor-april-2021/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">survey\u003c/span>\u003c/a> showing fewer than a third of parents reporting plans to get their kids COVID shots as soon as it’s possible. \u003cspan class=\"s3\">Another 32% said they would “wait and see.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">Health officials hope the hesitation eases over time, as it did for adult vaccines. \u003c/span>The current survey percentages are similar to what U.S. adults expressed in a KFF September \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/report-section/kff-the-undefeated-survey-on-race-and-health-main-findings/#COVID-19Vaccine\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">survey\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, in which 34% of adults said they would get a vaccine “right away,” with 29% in the wait-and-see camp.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Getting parents on board is critical to stamping out the virus and reaching herd immunity, that by now almost mythical juncture\u003cspan class=\"s5\"> when the vast majority of a population will be protected from COVID-19.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">“We need to make sure that we can limit transmission,” said Maldonado. “And if we can reach children, that really gets to a fairly large segment of the U.S. population.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Stanford scientists are conducting an early trial administering coronavirus vaccines to children under five-years-old. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846620,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":863},"headData":{"title":"Why This Bay Area Family Had Their 3-Year-Old Vaccinated | KQED","description":"Stanford scientists are conducting an early trial administering coronavirus vaccines to children under five-years-old. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why This Bay Area Family Had Their 3-Year-Old Vaccinated","datePublished":"2021-05-10T16:47:12.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:30:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/5b1da0e6-cfd8-49cd-808e-ad2100f0107f/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1974636/why-this-bay-area-family-had-their-three-year-old-vaccinated","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p2\">Eloise LaCour clutches her dolly as a nurse takes her blood pressure, then swabs the 3-year-old’s delicate arm with alcohol.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“Tickle Tickle,” says Eloise’s mom Angelica LaCour. She’s trying to get a smile. “Mommy’s going to hug you, OK?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">The nurse, carefully, gives Eloise her shot. Here at a Stanford University medical facility, she is one of 144 children in the country who are part of a phase one clinical trial to test Pfizer-BioNTech COVID vaccines in the most adorable of study cohorts — those 5 and under.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“That’s it!” exclaims nurse manager Richard Brotherton, pulling the needle out of Eloise’s arm.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Eloise barely flinches. In fact, under her mask it looks like she’s smiling.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at you brave kid,” beams her mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">The next day, Eloise has yet to complain of any side effects — not even an ouch in her arm where the needle went in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">While an unfortunate number of people are still hesitating about the remarkably effective vaccines, let alone enrolling their kids in clinical trials, Angelica LaCour speaks of the importance of getting children inoculated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s just really important to highlight that we’re not going to get to herd immunity as a country if children are not vaccinated,” she said. “We don’t know the long-term impacts of the virus. And we know that this is a well-tolerated vaccine that’s saving people’s lives. And it’s important that our children get that as well. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the family was initially nervous about enrolling their only daughter in the early trial. But they’ weren’t sure they’d be any less so in six months, a year, or whenever the official rollout of vaccines for the youngest Americans takes place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Eloise is healthy, “We know that there’s a lot of other families with kids with vulnerabilities where COVID is potentially life-threatening,” LaCour said. “And so being part of making this a reality for those families is something that is really meaningful to us.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Second Dose\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">After three weeks it’s time for Eloise’s second poke. She has decided to dress up as her favorite character from the Pixar movie “Brave.” This time, she squirms a little more but still doesn’t cry.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">That night she complains her head hurts a little and that her arm is sore. Nothing that can’t be solved with a low dose of Tylenol, says her mom. Otherwise she’s running around\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“Lots of energy,” LaCour says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Now, a couple of days before her father has gotten his second shot, Eloise is one of a small number of children in the country to be fully vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Soon the family will start planning a summer vacation.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Stanford scientists will track Eloise for the next two years to make sure all goes well. The next phases will involve enrolling many more children, eventually thousands, to study accurate dosage, vaccine safety, immune response and efficacy.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Kids Rollout Could Begin Next Fall\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Pfizer\u003c/span> is planning to apply to the Food and Drug Administration in September for emergency authorization of the vaccine for children age 2 to 11. Meanwhile, the company is expected to receive permission any day now to vaccinate 12- to 15-year-olds. \u003ca href=\"https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-announces-first-participants-dosed-phase-23-study-0\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Moderna\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is also conducting clinical trials in kids for its vaccine.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">This science would not be possible without children and parents who are willing to go first, which is why Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, a pediatric infectious disease expert at Stanford Medicine who is leading the trial, lauds the family’s courage.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“If we didn’t have clinical trials, we’d have zero vaccines for children,” she said. “And we save 3 million lives a year from death due to vaccine-preventable diseases as well.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Last week the Kaiser Family Foundation released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/poll-finding/kff-covid-19-vaccine-monitor-april-2021/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">survey\u003c/span>\u003c/a> showing fewer than a third of parents reporting plans to get their kids COVID shots as soon as it’s possible. \u003cspan class=\"s3\">Another 32% said they would “wait and see.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">Health officials hope the hesitation eases over time, as it did for adult vaccines. \u003c/span>The current survey percentages are similar to what U.S. adults expressed in a KFF September \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/report-section/kff-the-undefeated-survey-on-race-and-health-main-findings/#COVID-19Vaccine\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">survey\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, in which 34% of adults said they would get a vaccine “right away,” with 29% in the wait-and-see camp.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Getting parents on board is critical to stamping out the virus and reaching herd immunity, that by now almost mythical juncture\u003cspan class=\"s5\"> when the vast majority of a population will be protected from COVID-19.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">“We need to make sure that we can limit transmission,” said Maldonado. “And if we can reach children, that really gets to a fairly large segment of the U.S. population.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1974636/why-this-bay-area-family-had-their-three-year-old-vaccinated","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_39","science_3890","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_512","science_4368","science_4414","science_197"],"featImg":"science_1974637","label":"science"},"science_1972918":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1972918","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1972918","score":null,"sort":[1614191845000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fda-scientists-endorse-johnson-johnson-vaccine","title":"FDA Scientists Endorse Johnson & Johnson Vaccine","publishDate":1614191845,"format":"standard","headTitle":"FDA Scientists Endorse Johnson & Johnson Vaccine | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>cientists at the Food and Drug Administration said Wednesday that the single-shot COVID-19 vaccine developed by Johnson & Johnson is effective and prevents hospitalizations from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson also revealed new, encouraging data showing the vaccine may do a better-than-expected job at protecting patients against new variants of the virus that causes disease. At the same time, FDA experts said the company’s study, results of which were originally made public in a Jan. 29 press release, includes insufficient information to draw conclusions on efficacy in people older than 75.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Documents from the FDA scientists, as well as separate documents from Johnson & Johnson, were released ahead of a Friday meeting of an FDA advisory panel in which outside experts will discuss and then vote on the risks and benefits of the new vaccine. The panel, known as the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, makes recommendations to the FDA; the agency is not required to follow them, but it generally does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J vaccine is the first vaccine to show efficacy given as a single dose. It also does not need to be kept frozen when being shipped, as the vaccines developed by Moderna and the team of Pfizer and BioNTech do. Both of those advantages could be profound when it comes to vaccinating as many people as possible, a key step in slowing the spread of SARS-CoV-2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall in the study, the vaccine reduced cases of COVID-19 that were rated as moderate to severe by 66.1% when considering cases occurring at least 28 days after vaccination. There were 193 cases that occurred at least 28 days after vaccination in the placebo group and 66 in the vaccine group. As of Feb. 5, there were seven COVID-19 related deaths in the placebo group and none in the vaccine group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA researchers conducted a new analysis of how frequently volunteers in the study were hospitalized for COVID-19. When researchers counted cases 28 days after vaccination, there were zero hospitalizations in the vaccine arm and 16 in the placebo arm. For the full analysis set starting with the first dose, there were six hospitalizations for those who received the vaccine and 42 for those who did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson and the National Institutes of Health initially announced interim results of a 44,325 study testing the vaccine’s efficacy on Jan. 29. At the time, they said the 66% efficacy varied by geography. The vaccine was 72% protective in the U.S., compared to 58% in South Africa, where a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 is circulating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In new documents, Johnson & Johnson said that in South Africa, the vaccine reduced severe or critical COVID-19 by 81.7% starting 28 days after vaccination, but that efficacy against more moderate disease was 64%. But the company said that the vaccine efficacy was not affected by the high prevalence of another variant in Brazil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unexpected side effects occurred at the same rate overall among volunteers who received the vaccine and placebo — about 0.5%. However, some rare conditions appeared more common with the vaccine. Blood clot-related conditions occurred in 15 volunteers who received the vaccine and 10 who received placebo. Tinnitus, a ringing in the ears, occurred in six volunteers who received the vaccine and none who received placebo. The FDA said it will recommend monitoring for thromboembolic events after an EUA is granted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expected side effects that are related to the vaccine’s effect were common. Nearly half of volunteers reported injection site pain, 38.9% reported headaches, 38.2% fatigue, and 33% reported muscle aches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson also conducted an analysis in 2,650 volunteers looking at whether those who received the vaccine were less likely to test positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, without having symptoms. There were 50 such cases in the placebo group compared to 18 among those who received the vaccine, a 65.5% reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has purchased 100 million doses of the vaccine, with an option to buy an additional 200 million doses. \u003ca href=\"https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-announces-agreement-with-u-s-government-for-100-million-doses-of-investigational-covid-19-vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The agreement\u003c/a>, announced last August, netted J&J over $1 billion in a contract with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and the Department of Defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, the company currently has a limited number of doses to contribute to the effort to step up the country’s vaccine rollout. It will be April before J&J begins to have substantial amounts of vaccine to feed into the distribution pipeline, Moncef Slaoui, former co-chair of Operation Warp Speed, said earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the company and the NIH said the vaccine was 85% effective at preventing severe disease, with no differences seen across the eight countries included in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J&J is also conducting a trial in the United States of a two-dose vaccine, with the doses given eight weeks apart. The results from that 30,000 person trial are not expected until sometime in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA documents represent the first close look at the data released Jan. 29, and are the result of a three-week effort by FDA scientists to independently evaluate the data generated in the trial. Friday’s panel will provide a deeper look at what those data actually mean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/02/24/new-data-shed-light-on-efficacy-of-jjs-single-dose-vaccine-against-covid-19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The company also revealed new, encouraging data showing the vaccine may do a better-than-expected job at protecting patients against variants of the coronavirus.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846744,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":928},"headData":{"title":"FDA Scientists Endorse Johnson & Johnson Vaccine | KQED","description":"The company also revealed new, encouraging data showing the vaccine may do a better-than-expected job at protecting patients against variants of the coronavirus.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"FDA Scientists Endorse Johnson & Johnson Vaccine","datePublished":"2021-02-24T18:37:25.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:32:24.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Coronavirus","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Matthew Herper and Helen Branswell \u003cbr />STAT\u003cbr>","path":"/science/1972918/fda-scientists-endorse-johnson-johnson-vaccine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>cientists at the Food and Drug Administration said Wednesday that the single-shot COVID-19 vaccine developed by Johnson & Johnson is effective and prevents hospitalizations from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson also revealed new, encouraging data showing the vaccine may do a better-than-expected job at protecting patients against new variants of the virus that causes disease. At the same time, FDA experts said the company’s study, results of which were originally made public in a Jan. 29 press release, includes insufficient information to draw conclusions on efficacy in people older than 75.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Documents from the FDA scientists, as well as separate documents from Johnson & Johnson, were released ahead of a Friday meeting of an FDA advisory panel in which outside experts will discuss and then vote on the risks and benefits of the new vaccine. The panel, known as the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, makes recommendations to the FDA; the agency is not required to follow them, but it generally does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J vaccine is the first vaccine to show efficacy given as a single dose. It also does not need to be kept frozen when being shipped, as the vaccines developed by Moderna and the team of Pfizer and BioNTech do. Both of those advantages could be profound when it comes to vaccinating as many people as possible, a key step in slowing the spread of SARS-CoV-2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall in the study, the vaccine reduced cases of COVID-19 that were rated as moderate to severe by 66.1% when considering cases occurring at least 28 days after vaccination. There were 193 cases that occurred at least 28 days after vaccination in the placebo group and 66 in the vaccine group. As of Feb. 5, there were seven COVID-19 related deaths in the placebo group and none in the vaccine group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA researchers conducted a new analysis of how frequently volunteers in the study were hospitalized for COVID-19. When researchers counted cases 28 days after vaccination, there were zero hospitalizations in the vaccine arm and 16 in the placebo arm. For the full analysis set starting with the first dose, there were six hospitalizations for those who received the vaccine and 42 for those who did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson and the National Institutes of Health initially announced interim results of a 44,325 study testing the vaccine’s efficacy on Jan. 29. At the time, they said the 66% efficacy varied by geography. The vaccine was 72% protective in the U.S., compared to 58% in South Africa, where a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 is circulating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In new documents, Johnson & Johnson said that in South Africa, the vaccine reduced severe or critical COVID-19 by 81.7% starting 28 days after vaccination, but that efficacy against more moderate disease was 64%. But the company said that the vaccine efficacy was not affected by the high prevalence of another variant in Brazil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unexpected side effects occurred at the same rate overall among volunteers who received the vaccine and placebo — about 0.5%. However, some rare conditions appeared more common with the vaccine. Blood clot-related conditions occurred in 15 volunteers who received the vaccine and 10 who received placebo. Tinnitus, a ringing in the ears, occurred in six volunteers who received the vaccine and none who received placebo. The FDA said it will recommend monitoring for thromboembolic events after an EUA is granted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expected side effects that are related to the vaccine’s effect were common. Nearly half of volunteers reported injection site pain, 38.9% reported headaches, 38.2% fatigue, and 33% reported muscle aches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson also conducted an analysis in 2,650 volunteers looking at whether those who received the vaccine were less likely to test positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, without having symptoms. There were 50 such cases in the placebo group compared to 18 among those who received the vaccine, a 65.5% reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has purchased 100 million doses of the vaccine, with an option to buy an additional 200 million doses. \u003ca href=\"https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-announces-agreement-with-u-s-government-for-100-million-doses-of-investigational-covid-19-vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The agreement\u003c/a>, announced last August, netted J&J over $1 billion in a contract with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and the Department of Defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, the company currently has a limited number of doses to contribute to the effort to step up the country’s vaccine rollout. It will be April before J&J begins to have substantial amounts of vaccine to feed into the distribution pipeline, Moncef Slaoui, former co-chair of Operation Warp Speed, said earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the company and the NIH said the vaccine was 85% effective at preventing severe disease, with no differences seen across the eight countries included in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J&J is also conducting a trial in the United States of a two-dose vaccine, with the doses given eight weeks apart. The results from that 30,000 person trial are not expected until sometime in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA documents represent the first close look at the data released Jan. 29, and are the result of a three-week effort by FDA scientists to independently evaluate the data generated in the trial. Friday’s panel will provide a deeper look at what those data actually mean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/02/24/new-data-shed-light-on-efficacy-of-jjs-single-dose-vaccine-against-covid-19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1972918/fda-scientists-endorse-johnson-johnson-vaccine","authors":["byline_science_1972918"],"categories":["science_39","science_3890","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4329","science_4414","science_3977","science_197"],"featImg":"science_1972920","label":"source_science_1972918"},"science_1971735":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1971735","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1971735","score":null,"sort":[1608056530000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fda-researchers-endorse-moderna-covid-19-vaccine","title":"FDA Researchers Endorse Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine","publishDate":1608056530,"format":"standard","headTitle":"FDA Researchers Endorse Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>cientists at the Food and Drug Administration endorsed the COVID-19 vaccine developed by Moderna as safe and efficacious on Tuesday, one day after the first doses of a competing vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech were delivered across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA reviewers said that the two-dose vaccine “was highly effective” in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 from occurring “at least 14 days after the receipt of the second dose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine-related side effects, such as aches and pains, appeared more severe than with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, though such comparisons should be made with caution and are in no way expected to slow the clearance of the vaccine or present major concerns. There was also preliminary evidence that the vaccine has some efficacy after one dose, and that it prevents asymptomatic COVID-19 cases — those that occur without a person ever feeling ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna disclosed on Nov. 30 that its vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/30/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-full-results/\">decreased symptomatic COVID-19 infections by 94%\u003c/a> in clinical trials, while also preventing more severe forms of the disease. But the release of FDA documents provides the most complete look yet at what is likely to be the second COVID-19 vaccine cleared for emergency use against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents were released ahead of a Thursday meeting of outside experts convened by the FDA, the final step before regulators are all but sure to issue an emergency use authorization for the Moderna vaccine. Moderna has asked that its vaccine be authorized for people over 18; the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was authorized for people over 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Thursday’s meeting of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, the agency will seek the opinions of outside experts who will vote on whether the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1273, outweigh its risks. Though the FDA does not have to follow the recommendations of these panels, it usually does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna previously disclosed clinical trial data showing that 185 cases of COVID-19 occurred in those who received a placebo injection, which was given to half the volunteers in its 30,000-person study. Just 11 cases occurred in those volunteers who received the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 30 cases of severe COVID-19 in the placebo group of the study, with none in the vaccine group. One volunteer in the placebo group died of COVID-19, compared to none in the vaccine group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10% of volunteers in Moderna’s trial identified as Black, while 20% were Hispanic or Latinx, 5% were Asian, and just under 1% were Native American. In September, Moderna slowed down the enrollment of its trial in an effort to include more participants from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, mRNA-1273 utilizes a new technology that uses a synthetic version of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">messenger RNA\u003c/a> or mRNA, a key messenger chemical that living things use as part of the process that turn DNA code into the proteins that make up all cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That both of these vaccines use this new technology is a vindication for Moderna, which raised billions of dollars from investors based on the potential for mRNA technology but until now had not delivered a product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are not identical. One difference: Moderna’s vaccine tended to cause more vaccine reactions in clinical trials, such as fevers, aches and chills, than the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe reactions — which would lead patients to be briefly impaired, but not hospitalized, appear more common with the Moderna vaccine than with the Pfizer/BioNTech one, although comparisons from different trials can be misleading. In the Moderna study, 15.8% of patients had a severe, or grade 3, reaction. Rates of fever and severe fever were similar between studies. In the Moderna study, 65.3% had fatigue, 9.7% of it severe; muscle pain occurred in 58% of patients, 9% severe; joint pain 42.8%, with 5.2% severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Pfizer/BioNTech study, 59% of volunteers reported fatigue, 4.6% of them severe. Muscle pain occurred in 37.3% of those receiving the Pfizer vaccine. Joint pain occurred in 21.9% of recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there were also different side effects between the placebo groups in the two studies. Rates of fatigue were similar, at 23%, in both placebo groups; muscle pain occurred in 12.4% of placebo patients for Moderna and 8% for Pfizer/BioNTech, and joint pain in 10.8% for Moderna and 5.2% in the Pfizer/BioNTech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of reactions are generally expected as a result of the immune response spurred by a vaccine, and are not likely to present an issue to regulators or to doctors administering the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA reviewers also noted an imbalance in cases of Bell’s palsy, a temporary weakness in muscles in the face, which also occurred with the Pfizer vaccine. There will be monitoring for this side effect. As with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, FDA reviewers noted data that could be an indication of mild allergic reactions. After the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine started being given in the United Kingdom, there were two reports of severe allergic reactions that had not been seen in clinical trials, leading to increased concern about those side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna said that it has conducted a developmental and reproductive toxicity study, used to assess giving a vaccine in pregnant women, with no adverse effects. Pfizer/BioNTech are still conducting such a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One encouraging finding with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was that it appeared possible a single dose of the vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19. Moderna is presenting a different analysis of the same question, looking at COVID-19 tests that were administered to patients at their first and second doses of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the second injection, there were 14 cases that tested positive for COVID-19 in the vaccine group, compared to 38 in the placebo group. None of these patients had symptoms. Although the numbers are small (there were more than 14,000 patients in each group) they may indicate that one dose of the vaccine is somewhat effective in preventing the disease, and that the vaccine prevents asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The FDA reviewers said that the two-dose vaccine 'was highly effective.'","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846881,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1062},"headData":{"title":"FDA Researchers Endorse Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine | KQED","description":"The FDA reviewers said that the two-dose vaccine 'was highly effective.'","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"FDA Researchers Endorse Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine","datePublished":"2020-12-15T18:22:10.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:34:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"STAT","sticky":false,"nprByline":" Matthew Herper and Damian Garde \u003cbr />STAT\u003cbr>","path":"/science/1971735/fda-researchers-endorse-moderna-covid-19-vaccine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>cientists at the Food and Drug Administration endorsed the COVID-19 vaccine developed by Moderna as safe and efficacious on Tuesday, one day after the first doses of a competing vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech were delivered across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA reviewers said that the two-dose vaccine “was highly effective” in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 from occurring “at least 14 days after the receipt of the second dose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine-related side effects, such as aches and pains, appeared more severe than with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, though such comparisons should be made with caution and are in no way expected to slow the clearance of the vaccine or present major concerns. There was also preliminary evidence that the vaccine has some efficacy after one dose, and that it prevents asymptomatic COVID-19 cases — those that occur without a person ever feeling ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna disclosed on Nov. 30 that its vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/30/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-full-results/\">decreased symptomatic COVID-19 infections by 94%\u003c/a> in clinical trials, while also preventing more severe forms of the disease. But the release of FDA documents provides the most complete look yet at what is likely to be the second COVID-19 vaccine cleared for emergency use against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents were released ahead of a Thursday meeting of outside experts convened by the FDA, the final step before regulators are all but sure to issue an emergency use authorization for the Moderna vaccine. Moderna has asked that its vaccine be authorized for people over 18; the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was authorized for people over 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Thursday’s meeting of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, the agency will seek the opinions of outside experts who will vote on whether the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1273, outweigh its risks. Though the FDA does not have to follow the recommendations of these panels, it usually does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna previously disclosed clinical trial data showing that 185 cases of COVID-19 occurred in those who received a placebo injection, which was given to half the volunteers in its 30,000-person study. Just 11 cases occurred in those volunteers who received the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 30 cases of severe COVID-19 in the placebo group of the study, with none in the vaccine group. One volunteer in the placebo group died of COVID-19, compared to none in the vaccine group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10% of volunteers in Moderna’s trial identified as Black, while 20% were Hispanic or Latinx, 5% were Asian, and just under 1% were Native American. In September, Moderna slowed down the enrollment of its trial in an effort to include more participants from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, mRNA-1273 utilizes a new technology that uses a synthetic version of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">messenger RNA\u003c/a> or mRNA, a key messenger chemical that living things use as part of the process that turn DNA code into the proteins that make up all cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That both of these vaccines use this new technology is a vindication for Moderna, which raised billions of dollars from investors based on the potential for mRNA technology but until now had not delivered a product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are not identical. One difference: Moderna’s vaccine tended to cause more vaccine reactions in clinical trials, such as fevers, aches and chills, than the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe reactions — which would lead patients to be briefly impaired, but not hospitalized, appear more common with the Moderna vaccine than with the Pfizer/BioNTech one, although comparisons from different trials can be misleading. In the Moderna study, 15.8% of patients had a severe, or grade 3, reaction. Rates of fever and severe fever were similar between studies. In the Moderna study, 65.3% had fatigue, 9.7% of it severe; muscle pain occurred in 58% of patients, 9% severe; joint pain 42.8%, with 5.2% severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Pfizer/BioNTech study, 59% of volunteers reported fatigue, 4.6% of them severe. Muscle pain occurred in 37.3% of those receiving the Pfizer vaccine. Joint pain occurred in 21.9% of recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there were also different side effects between the placebo groups in the two studies. Rates of fatigue were similar, at 23%, in both placebo groups; muscle pain occurred in 12.4% of placebo patients for Moderna and 8% for Pfizer/BioNTech, and joint pain in 10.8% for Moderna and 5.2% in the Pfizer/BioNTech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of reactions are generally expected as a result of the immune response spurred by a vaccine, and are not likely to present an issue to regulators or to doctors administering the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA reviewers also noted an imbalance in cases of Bell’s palsy, a temporary weakness in muscles in the face, which also occurred with the Pfizer vaccine. There will be monitoring for this side effect. As with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, FDA reviewers noted data that could be an indication of mild allergic reactions. After the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine started being given in the United Kingdom, there were two reports of severe allergic reactions that had not been seen in clinical trials, leading to increased concern about those side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna said that it has conducted a developmental and reproductive toxicity study, used to assess giving a vaccine in pregnant women, with no adverse effects. Pfizer/BioNTech are still conducting such a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One encouraging finding with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was that it appeared possible a single dose of the vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19. Moderna is presenting a different analysis of the same question, looking at COVID-19 tests that were administered to patients at their first and second doses of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the second injection, there were 14 cases that tested positive for COVID-19 in the vaccine group, compared to 38 in the placebo group. None of these patients had symptoms. Although the numbers are small (there were more than 14,000 patients in each group) they may indicate that one dose of the vaccine is somewhat effective in preventing the disease, and that the vaccine prevents asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1971735/fda-researchers-endorse-moderna-covid-19-vaccine","authors":["byline_science_1971735"],"categories":["science_39","science_3890","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4329","science_3977","science_197"],"featImg":"science_1971737","label":"source_science_1971735"},"science_1971635":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1971635","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1971635","score":null,"sort":[1607643689000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"u-s-expert-panel-endorses-pfizers-coronavirus-vaccine-for-widespread-use","title":"U.S. Expert Panel Endorses Pfizer's Coronavirus Vaccine for Widespread Use","publishDate":1607643689,"format":"standard","headTitle":"U.S. Expert Panel Endorses Pfizer’s Coronavirus Vaccine for Widespread Use | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A U.S. government advisory panel endorsed widespread use of Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccine Thursday, putting the country just one step away from launching an epic vaccination campaign against the outbreak that has killed close to 300,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Shots could begin within days, depending on how quickly the Food and Drug Administration signs off, as expected, on the expert committee’s recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">In a 17-4 vote with one abstention, the government advisers concluded that the vaccine from Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech appears safe and effective for emergency use in adults and teenagers 16 and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">That endorsement came despite questions about allergic reactions in two people who received the vaccine earlier this week when Britain became the first country to begin dispensing the Pfizer-BioNTech shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Despite all the remaining unknowns, in an emergency, “the question is whether you know enough,” said panel member Dr. Paul Offit of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, who concluded that the shot’s potential potential benefits outweigh its risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The independent review by non-government experts in vaccine development, infectious diseases and medical statistics was considered critical to boosting Americans’ confidence in the safety of the shot, which was developed at breakneck speed less than a year after the virus was identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The decision came as COVID-19 cases surge to ever-higher levels across the U.S., with deaths hitting an all-time, one-day high of more than 3,100 on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer has said it will have about 25 million doses of the two-shot vaccine for the U.S. by the end of December. But initial supplies will be limited and reserved primarily for health care workers and nursing home residents, with other vulnerable groups next in line until the shots become widely available on demand, something that will probably not happen until the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Experts estimate at least 70% of the U.S. population will have to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, the point at which the virus can be held in check. That means it could be several months before things start get back to normal and Americans can put away their masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The FDA next week will review a second vaccine, from Moderna and the National Institutes of Health, that appears about as protective as Pfizer-BioNTech’s shot. A third candidate, from Johnson & Johnson, which would require just one dose, is working its way through the pipeline. Behind that is a candidate from AstraZeneca and Oxford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">All eyes now turn to the FDA staff scientists who will make the final decision on whether to greenlight use of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Regulators not only in Britain but in Canada have already approved it for use in their countries, and President Donald Trump and White House officials have complained for weeks about the pace of FDA’s careful review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">FDA’s vaccine director Dr. Peter Marks said ahead of the expert meeting that a decision would come within “days to a week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Americans want us to do a scientific review, but I think they also want us to make sure we’re not wasting time on paperwork as opposed to going forward with the decision,” FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn said before the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A positive vote for the vaccine was virtually assured after FDA scientists issued a glowing review of the vaccine earlier in the week. Agency staffers said data from Pfizer’s ongoing study of 44,000 people showed strong protection across different age groups, races and health conditions with no major, unexpected safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The Pfizer-BioNTech shot remains experimental because that final-stage study isn’t complete. As a result, the expert panel wrestled with a list of questions that have yet to be answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">For example, while the vaccine is more than 90% effective in blocking the symptoms of COVID-19, the FDA’s advisers stressed it is not yet clear if it can stop the silent, symptomless spread that accounts for up to half of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Even though the individual efficacy of this vaccine is very, very, very high, you really as of right now do not have any evidence” that it will lower transmission, said Dr. Patrick Moore of the University of Pittsburgh. He urged Pfizer to take additional steps to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">And the advisers are worried that Pfizer will lose its opportunity to answer critical questions as it begins offering the real vaccine to study participants who had been getting dummy shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The company proposed gradually moving those patients to the vaccine group, with priority based on age, health conditions and other factors. Under that plan, 70-year-old participants would cross over before healthy 30-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer must still show whether the vaccine works in children younger than 16 and in pregnant women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">On the safety front, as widespread vaccinations begin, the first recipients will be closely tracked by government health authorities since studies in tens of thousands of people can’t detect rare risks that strike 1 in a million. Hanging over the meeting were the British allergic reactions and a warning from authorities there that people with a history of serious reactions shouldn’t get the vaccine for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer representatives said they have seen no signs of allergic reactions in their trial. But some of the FDA advisers fear the British warning will deter millions of Americans with allergies who might benefit from the COVID-19 vaccine from giving it a try, and urged additional studies to try to settle the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“This issue is not going to die until we have better data,” Offit said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Shots could begin within days, depending on how quickly the FDA signs off on the expert committee's recommendation. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846894,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":2,"wordCount":966},"headData":{"title":"U.S. Expert Panel Endorses Pfizer's Coronavirus Vaccine for Widespread Use | KQED","description":"Shots could begin within days, depending on how quickly the FDA signs off on the expert committee's recommendation. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"U.S. Expert Panel Endorses Pfizer's Coronavirus Vaccine for Widespread Use","datePublished":"2020-12-10T23:41:29.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:34:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Associated Press","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Lauran Neergaard and Matthew Perrone \u003cbr />AP\u003cbr>","path":"/science/1971635/u-s-expert-panel-endorses-pfizers-coronavirus-vaccine-for-widespread-use","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A U.S. government advisory panel endorsed widespread use of Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccine Thursday, putting the country just one step away from launching an epic vaccination campaign against the outbreak that has killed close to 300,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Shots could begin within days, depending on how quickly the Food and Drug Administration signs off, as expected, on the expert committee’s recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">In a 17-4 vote with one abstention, the government advisers concluded that the vaccine from Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech appears safe and effective for emergency use in adults and teenagers 16 and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">That endorsement came despite questions about allergic reactions in two people who received the vaccine earlier this week when Britain became the first country to begin dispensing the Pfizer-BioNTech shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Despite all the remaining unknowns, in an emergency, “the question is whether you know enough,” said panel member Dr. Paul Offit of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, who concluded that the shot’s potential potential benefits outweigh its risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The independent review by non-government experts in vaccine development, infectious diseases and medical statistics was considered critical to boosting Americans’ confidence in the safety of the shot, which was developed at breakneck speed less than a year after the virus was identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The decision came as COVID-19 cases surge to ever-higher levels across the U.S., with deaths hitting an all-time, one-day high of more than 3,100 on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer has said it will have about 25 million doses of the two-shot vaccine for the U.S. by the end of December. But initial supplies will be limited and reserved primarily for health care workers and nursing home residents, with other vulnerable groups next in line until the shots become widely available on demand, something that will probably not happen until the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Experts estimate at least 70% of the U.S. population will have to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, the point at which the virus can be held in check. That means it could be several months before things start get back to normal and Americans can put away their masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The FDA next week will review a second vaccine, from Moderna and the National Institutes of Health, that appears about as protective as Pfizer-BioNTech’s shot. A third candidate, from Johnson & Johnson, which would require just one dose, is working its way through the pipeline. Behind that is a candidate from AstraZeneca and Oxford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">All eyes now turn to the FDA staff scientists who will make the final decision on whether to greenlight use of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Regulators not only in Britain but in Canada have already approved it for use in their countries, and President Donald Trump and White House officials have complained for weeks about the pace of FDA’s careful review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">FDA’s vaccine director Dr. Peter Marks said ahead of the expert meeting that a decision would come within “days to a week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Americans want us to do a scientific review, but I think they also want us to make sure we’re not wasting time on paperwork as opposed to going forward with the decision,” FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn said before the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A positive vote for the vaccine was virtually assured after FDA scientists issued a glowing review of the vaccine earlier in the week. Agency staffers said data from Pfizer’s ongoing study of 44,000 people showed strong protection across different age groups, races and health conditions with no major, unexpected safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The Pfizer-BioNTech shot remains experimental because that final-stage study isn’t complete. As a result, the expert panel wrestled with a list of questions that have yet to be answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">For example, while the vaccine is more than 90% effective in blocking the symptoms of COVID-19, the FDA’s advisers stressed it is not yet clear if it can stop the silent, symptomless spread that accounts for up to half of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Even though the individual efficacy of this vaccine is very, very, very high, you really as of right now do not have any evidence” that it will lower transmission, said Dr. Patrick Moore of the University of Pittsburgh. He urged Pfizer to take additional steps to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">And the advisers are worried that Pfizer will lose its opportunity to answer critical questions as it begins offering the real vaccine to study participants who had been getting dummy shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The company proposed gradually moving those patients to the vaccine group, with priority based on age, health conditions and other factors. Under that plan, 70-year-old participants would cross over before healthy 30-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer must still show whether the vaccine works in children younger than 16 and in pregnant women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">On the safety front, as widespread vaccinations begin, the first recipients will be closely tracked by government health authorities since studies in tens of thousands of people can’t detect rare risks that strike 1 in a million. Hanging over the meeting were the British allergic reactions and a warning from authorities there that people with a history of serious reactions shouldn’t get the vaccine for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer representatives said they have seen no signs of allergic reactions in their trial. But some of the FDA advisers fear the British warning will deter millions of Americans with allergies who might benefit from the COVID-19 vaccine from giving it a try, and urged additional studies to try to settle the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“This issue is not going to die until we have better data,” Offit said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1971635/u-s-expert-panel-endorses-pfizers-coronavirus-vaccine-for-widespread-use","authors":["byline_science_1971635"],"categories":["science_39","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4209","science_4329","science_197"],"featImg":"science_1971638","label":"source_science_1971635"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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