Don't Worry About the Redwoods. They're Hella Tough
Meet the Plants! SF Botanical Garden Looks Like Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory for Flora
These Trees Survived California’s Drought and That’s Giving Scientists Hope for Climate Change
PG&E Plan to Clear Hundreds of Trees for Pipeline Project Sparks Controversy
Ancient Sequoia Grove Protected in Historic Conservation Deal
Drought-Weakened Trees Could Pose Danger This Winter
Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California
A Year After Rim Fire, Debate Sparks Over Replanting Trees
Drought Could Hamper Forest Recovery After Rim Fire
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His work has also appeared on the \u003cem>The California Report\u003c/em> morning show and \u003cem>KQED News\u003c/em>. His production credits include \u003cem>The California Report, The California Report Magazine\u003c/em> and KQED's local news podcast \u003cem>The Bay\u003c/em>. Other credits include NPR's \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em>, WNYC's \u003cem>Science Friday\u003c/em>, WBUR's \u003cem>Here & Now\u003c/em>, WIRED and SFGate. Peter graduated from Brown University and earned a master's degree in journalism from Stanford. He's covered everything from homelessness to wildfires, health, the environment, arts and Thanksgiving in San Quentin prison. In other lives, he played rock n roll music and studied neuroscience. You can email him at: parcuni@kqed.org","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5032f6f27199d478af34ad2e1d98732?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"peterarcuni","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Peter Arcuni | KQED","description":"Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5032f6f27199d478af34ad2e1d98732?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5032f6f27199d478af34ad2e1d98732?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/parcuni"},"aahmed":{"type":"authors","id":"11428","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11428","found":true},"name":"Amel Ahmed","firstName":"Amel","lastName":"Ahmed","slug":"aahmed","email":"aahmed@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Amel Ahmed is a reporter for KQED. Prior to joining KQED, Amel worked at Al Jazeera America, Al Jazeera English, Democracy Now! and Punched Productions. She also helped produce \u003cem>Changing Face of Harlem\u003c/em>, a documentary that tracked gentrification in Harlem over a period of ten years. She is a 2013 graduate of Brooklyn Law School and is currently researching war on terror prosecutions for an upcoming book.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"amelscript","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amel Ahmed | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aahmed"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1969016":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1969016","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1969016","score":null,"sort":[1598654115000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dont-worry-about-the-redwoods-theyre-hella-tough","title":"Don't Worry About the Redwoods. They're Hella Tough","publishDate":1598654115,"format":"image","headTitle":"Don’t Worry About the Redwoods. They’re Hella Tough | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>While Californians have been coping with massive wildfires, filthy air, extreme heat and a deadly pandemic, fire damage incurred by old-growth trees in Big Basin Redwoods State Park has hit a particular nerve, especially with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/28/us/california-fires-big-basin-redwoods.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">those\u003c/a> who have once stood gazing skyward at these majestic icons of California’s natural splendor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t mourn too hard. Most of the ancient trees, some of them 2,000 years old, have survived, in \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/efa48694b12c74a9700b03dbe3ffde30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Big Basin\u003c/a> as well as in \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/california-wildfires/article/Firefighters-save-1-400-year-old-redwood-at-15515268.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Armstrong Redwoods State Natural Reserve\u003c/a>. And redwoods, well, they are \u003cem>tough\u003c/em>. KQED recently spoke with \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://fwr.humboldt.edu/people/jeffrey-kane\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jeffrey Kane\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, associate professor of Fire Ecology and Fuels Management at Humboldt State University, about the species’ resilience after a wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does fire actually affect redwoods?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Jeffrey Kane\u003c/em>:\u003c/strong> I’m struggling to think of a species as resistant and resilient as redwood. I always tell students, redwoods have belts and suspenders: They can deal with a lot of fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]‘It is really hard to kill a redwood with fire. It can be done. But it’s pretty remarkable.’[/pullquote]They have one of the thickest barks of any tree species. For conifers, they have this unique ability to resprout both from the base and from the entire bowl and crown of the tree. So it is really hard to kill a redwood with fire. It can be done, but it’s pretty remarkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fires provide a lot of benefits, too. They clean the understory. [The trees and plants that grow beneath a forest canopy.] They can help maintain the ecosystem composition. I went to look at the site of a fire in a redwood forest in Oregon; we saw lots of dead Douglas fir and also large redwoods resprouting. In the absence of fire, you get other species that come in, which start to become more common and compete with redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What would it take to kill a large redwood?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve probably seen those big basal hollows, where fire gets inside the base of the tree and burns on up. I’ve actually been inside redwoods where you can see all the way up to a pinpoint of light at the top. And yet that tree is still alive. So they’re even pretty tolerant of that. Most of that wood in there is nonfunctioning, more structural. But if enough of that burns out, it can reduce the structural integrity of the tree, and then it may fall over because it doesn’t have enough strength to support its weight, or it may blow over in a windstorm. That happens in the absence of fire as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/Burnt-Redwoods-California-Fire-scaled-e1598563219379.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1969023 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/Burnt-Redwoods-California-Fire-scaled-e1598563219379.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Children’s Forest grove in Humboldt Redwoods State Park, photographed in 2018, shows its recovery from the 2003 Canoe Fire. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/132993563@N08/\">John Harvey\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Historically, how many fires have burned through old growth redwoods?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have lots of good data on this from tree-ring scars throughout the redwood range. It can be as frequent as every two years, but on average, most redwood forests have burned once every nine to 25 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the life of a tree, that can be hundreds of fires. Since redwoods occur in the coastal fog belt for the most part, the belief among researchers is that there must have been a large contribution of Native American burning to promote that frequent of a fire regime. But as we’ve seen, lightning can spark fires, and that’s also part of the story. It could also have been that fires started in the drier interior before moving west into some redwood forests, especially during big wind events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Might the forests be looking green and healthy again soon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, definitely by next spring. I’ve seen them start to sprout just months after a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless a large redwood topples, it’s going to sprout even from the base. I mean, it’s unlikely that a fire would be intense enough to kill all the growing tissues that are in the soil and the root ball. So you’re going to have very rapid regeneration from asexual reproduction, which is the resprouts. And that’s assuming that the aboveground tree dies, which again is kind of rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other thing is if you go to a redwood forest and try to find a little seedling, you would be hard-pressed to find one, because they need bare mineral soil in order to germinate from seed [which are conditions created by fire]. So after a fire, you will get prolific regeneration from seed, where you probably wouldn’t otherwise see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11835202/the-tallest-survivors\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1969043\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-1020x2119.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"997\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-1020x2119.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-800x1662.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-160x332.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-768x1596.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-739x1536.png 739w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-986x2048.png 986w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While Californians have been coping with massive wildfires, filthy air and a pandemic, fire damage incurred by old-growth redwood trees has hit a particular nerve. But don't stress -- redwoods are able to absorb the blow to sprout another day. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847073,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":792},"headData":{"title":"Don't Worry About the Redwoods. They're Hella Tough | KQED","description":"While Californians have been coping with massive wildfires, filthy air and a pandemic, fire damage incurred by old-growth redwood trees has hit a particular nerve. But don't stress -- redwoods are able to absorb the blow to sprout another day. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Don't Worry About the Redwoods. They're Hella Tough","datePublished":"2020-08-28T22:35:15.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:37:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Wildfire","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/de6b47f4-ad33-4cb0-b45e-ac28012a4338/audio.mp3 ","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1969016/dont-worry-about-the-redwoods-theyre-hella-tough","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>While Californians have been coping with massive wildfires, filthy air, extreme heat and a deadly pandemic, fire damage incurred by old-growth trees in Big Basin Redwoods State Park has hit a particular nerve, especially with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/28/us/california-fires-big-basin-redwoods.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">those\u003c/a> who have once stood gazing skyward at these majestic icons of California’s natural splendor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t mourn too hard. Most of the ancient trees, some of them 2,000 years old, have survived, in \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/efa48694b12c74a9700b03dbe3ffde30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Big Basin\u003c/a> as well as in \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/california-wildfires/article/Firefighters-save-1-400-year-old-redwood-at-15515268.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Armstrong Redwoods State Natural Reserve\u003c/a>. And redwoods, well, they are \u003cem>tough\u003c/em>. KQED recently spoke with \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://fwr.humboldt.edu/people/jeffrey-kane\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jeffrey Kane\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, associate professor of Fire Ecology and Fuels Management at Humboldt State University, about the species’ resilience after a wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does fire actually affect redwoods?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Jeffrey Kane\u003c/em>:\u003c/strong> I’m struggling to think of a species as resistant and resilient as redwood. I always tell students, redwoods have belts and suspenders: They can deal with a lot of fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘It is really hard to kill a redwood with fire. It can be done. But it’s pretty remarkable.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>They have one of the thickest barks of any tree species. For conifers, they have this unique ability to resprout both from the base and from the entire bowl and crown of the tree. So it is really hard to kill a redwood with fire. It can be done, but it’s pretty remarkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fires provide a lot of benefits, too. They clean the understory. [The trees and plants that grow beneath a forest canopy.] They can help maintain the ecosystem composition. I went to look at the site of a fire in a redwood forest in Oregon; we saw lots of dead Douglas fir and also large redwoods resprouting. In the absence of fire, you get other species that come in, which start to become more common and compete with redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What would it take to kill a large redwood?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve probably seen those big basal hollows, where fire gets inside the base of the tree and burns on up. I’ve actually been inside redwoods where you can see all the way up to a pinpoint of light at the top. And yet that tree is still alive. So they’re even pretty tolerant of that. Most of that wood in there is nonfunctioning, more structural. But if enough of that burns out, it can reduce the structural integrity of the tree, and then it may fall over because it doesn’t have enough strength to support its weight, or it may blow over in a windstorm. That happens in the absence of fire as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/Burnt-Redwoods-California-Fire-scaled-e1598563219379.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1969023 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/Burnt-Redwoods-California-Fire-scaled-e1598563219379.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Children’s Forest grove in Humboldt Redwoods State Park, photographed in 2018, shows its recovery from the 2003 Canoe Fire. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/132993563@N08/\">John Harvey\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Historically, how many fires have burned through old growth redwoods?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have lots of good data on this from tree-ring scars throughout the redwood range. It can be as frequent as every two years, but on average, most redwood forests have burned once every nine to 25 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the life of a tree, that can be hundreds of fires. Since redwoods occur in the coastal fog belt for the most part, the belief among researchers is that there must have been a large contribution of Native American burning to promote that frequent of a fire regime. But as we’ve seen, lightning can spark fires, and that’s also part of the story. It could also have been that fires started in the drier interior before moving west into some redwood forests, especially during big wind events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Might the forests be looking green and healthy again soon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, definitely by next spring. I’ve seen them start to sprout just months after a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless a large redwood topples, it’s going to sprout even from the base. I mean, it’s unlikely that a fire would be intense enough to kill all the growing tissues that are in the soil and the root ball. So you’re going to have very rapid regeneration from asexual reproduction, which is the resprouts. And that’s assuming that the aboveground tree dies, which again is kind of rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other thing is if you go to a redwood forest and try to find a little seedling, you would be hard-pressed to find one, because they need bare mineral soil in order to germinate from seed [which are conditions created by fire]. So after a fire, you will get prolific regeneration from seed, where you probably wouldn’t otherwise see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11835202/the-tallest-survivors\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1969043\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-1020x2119.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"997\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-1020x2119.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-800x1662.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-160x332.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-768x1596.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-739x1536.png 739w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore-986x2048.png 986w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/bigbasin-redwood-trees-fiore.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1969016/dont-worry-about-the-redwoods-theyre-hella-tough","authors":["6387"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_3730"],"tags":["science_4414","science_787","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1969020","label":"source_science_1969016"},"science_1967293":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1967293","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1967293","score":null,"sort":[1595250017000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"meet-the-plants-sf-botanical-garden-is-a-refuge-for-rare-and-disappearing-flora","title":"Meet the Plants! SF Botanical Garden Looks Like Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory for Flora","publishDate":1595250017,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Meet the Plants! SF Botanical Garden Looks Like Willy Wonka’s Chocolate Factory for Flora | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Stepping onto the 55-acre grounds of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Botanical Garden\u003c/a> feels a bit like entering the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=willy+wonka+chocolate+room&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS713US713&sxsrf=ALeKk00S0TQAe5qnyjx1nlMRJMht0PP7Aw:1595006275195&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=neWbfqjFQpbtyM%252CXDtTsL3n2vNpnM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kSqV4eGiK9f39dAzPlcnNkeZeKEyA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU5smz5dTqAhUDgp4KHZE5C34Q_h0wAXoECAkQBA&biw=1583&bih=935\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">chocolate room\u003c/a> at Willy Wonka’s factory, if that storybook setting were bursting with real plants instead of ones made of candy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located in the heart of Golden Gate Park, just blocks away from bustling city life (though not as bustling during these days of the pandemic), the garden is home to an astounding array of more than 9,000 types of flowers, plants and trees from across the globe. When not subject to various levels of quarantine, roughly 400,000 visitors a year tour the grounds, which are open seven days a week and are free to city residents. Horticulturist John McLaren, the Golden Gate Park superintendent for over 50 years, first devised plans for the garden in the late 1800s. But funding problems prevented an official opening until 1940.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967325\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967325\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist Patricia Forrester painting magnolias in the garden in 1978. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here they can take in velvety pink and magenta flowering magnolias from the Himalayas; endangered South African proteas that grow on a single mountain; and something called a monkey puzzle tree, a rare evergreen from Chile with \u003ca href=\"https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/718%2BFoHyN6L._AC_SL1000_.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">limbs of sharp, succulent-like leaves\u003c/a> unfolding from its trunk. As for native species, the garden hosts everything from California lilac to giant sequoias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this 150th year of Golden Gate Park and 80th of the Botanical Garden, the garden has unveiled plans for a brand new nursery to advance its mission of preserving endangered plants increasingly threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From Big Beach to Big Garden\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staring out at the sanctuary’s lush lawns and winding forested foot trails, it’s hard to imagine this was all once nothing but sand dunes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Golden Gate Park was established in 1870, the dunes stretched out over its thousand-acres, extending east from Ocean Beach, where San Francisco meets the Pacific at the edge of the continent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967328\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967328\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes-160x64.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes-768x307.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Golden Gate Park, as pictured in the late 1800s, was once sand dunes stretching east from Ocean Beach. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This was just a big dune all the way out. If you dig down 2 feet anywhere here, it’s gonna be sand,” said garden docent Kyle Pierce, while leading a tour in late February, just weeks before the pandemic shut the garden down for several months. It reopened in June, with safety protocols requiring masks and a capacity limit of 2,500 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To transform the terrain from beach to garden, he says, the city plowed in horse manure and nutrient-rich soil, so plants could take root and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967327\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli-768x501.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Walther, the garden’s first director, pictured next to a blooming Magnolia campbellii, his favorite plant, in the 1940s. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you amend it enough, you can grow anything,” he said. “By 1879 they’d already planted 150,000 trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the initial Monterey cypress, Monterey pine and blue gum eucalyptus trees remain in the park today, 150 years later. The species were chosen, Pierce says, to serve as a windbreak for other plants to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Preserving Flora From Across the Globe \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, the garden has become a refuge for threatened plants from all over the world. One of its main attractions is a collection of more than a hundred different types of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbg.org/magnolias\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">magnolia trees\u003c/a>, which bloom for three months at the start of each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These trees have been dubbed the most significant collection of magnolias for the purposes of conservation outside of China by \u003ca href=\"https://www.bgci.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Botanic Garden Conservation International\u003c/a>, a global plant preservation society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967300\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A zen magnolia blossoming at the San Francisco Botanical Garden in February 2020. Less than 20 of these trees are left in the wild. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On our walk, Pierce points out the distinct cup-and-saucer arrangement of one magnolia’s pink-hued petals. This \u003ci>Magnolia campbellii\u003c/i>, a native to Himalayan valleys, became the first of its kind to blossom in the U.S. back when the garden opened in the winter of 1940.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rarest tree of the bunch is the \u003ci>Magnolia zenii\u003c/i>, or the zen magnolia. Its flowers, snowy white with purple stripes, are smaller and more delicate than the others we passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Only 18 individuals exist in the wild within one province in China, with no sign of regeneration,” Pierce said. “A lot of the garden’s magnolias are wild-collected. So they’re preserving a DNA of wild species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Botanical Garden and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926500/a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-northern-california-plantlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other created havens\u003c/a> for flora play a critical role in protecting plants that are at risk of extinction due to climate change and deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Botanical gardens, public gardens, are a key mechanism in making sure those plants don’t disappear from humanity,” said the San Francisco garden’s director, Matthew Stephens. “Because what the research suggests is that they probably won’t be wherever they’re growing now in 150 or 200 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the greenhouse, horticulturists raise plants from seeds or seedlings until they’re ready to move to the garden outside. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To protect threatened species, he says, the garden partners with greenhouses, nonprofits and governments from around the world. The hope is that preserving a population across a network of different gardens will act as insurance against the extinction of a species in decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The core function of the nursery is to be a pipeline for plants into the garden,” Stephens said. “Through our network of collaborators, new plants arrive at the garden all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethically sourced seeds and seedlings are reared in the greenhouse until they’re hardy enough for planting in the garden outside. Earlier this year, garden officials announced a nearly $7 million project for a new climate-controlled greenhouse and outdoor nursery to replace the current facility, which is more than 50 years old and was originally envisioned as a temporary structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With a new modern nursery,” Stephens said, “it enables us to bring a more sophisticated approach to that new wave, new pipeline of plants for today, but also for future generations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967326\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-800x508.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-1020x648.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-768x488.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai.jpg 1489w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The garden has plans to break ground on a new climate-controlled greenhouse and outdoor plant nursery in 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From High Altitude Cloud Forests to San Francisco Fog\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The successful conservation of rare flora in gardens like this often depends on how well the environment matches the plants’ wild conditions. A species that thrives in San Francisco, for instance, may not do well in \u003ca href=\"https://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley\u003c/a>, even though it’s just across the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are blessed with this very cool, foggy, mild climate here in San Francisco,” said garden curator Ryan Guillou. “So we can grow a lot of things that most other gardens can’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, he says, these year-round conditions make the botanical garden a refuge for plants from the cool, high-elevation cloud forests of Africa and South America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guillou says less than 1% of the world’s land surface has the right climate to support cloud forest flora, and with climate change, even that small number will decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their habitat is definitely shrinking because these plants can’t move fast enough up the mountain to stay cool and they’re disappearing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967298\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-800x608.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"608\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-800x608.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-1020x775.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-768x583.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-1536x1167.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-2048x1556.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-1920x1459.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two towering specimens of Ceroxylon quindiuense, or Andean wax palm. Plants from the mountainous cloud forests of South America are under increasing threat from climate change. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A prominent feature of the garden’s Andean Cloud Forest collection are two side-by-side specimens of \u003ci>Ceroxylon quindiuense,\u003c/i> or the Andean wax palm. These towering trees grow at elevations higher than any palm species in the world. They’re also the tallest palm trees, growing up to 200 feet in the wild. The bark is chalky white with charcoal-colored rings extending up the trunk, impressions left by falling leaves as the tree grew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my visit, I helped Guillou plant another palm species that came to the nursery as a seedling six years ago from the highlands of Colombia. The baby \u003ci>Ceroxylon alpinum\u003c/i>, or alpine wax palm, may look like an ordinary house plant now, but Guillou says over the next hundred years it will sprout up 60 feet, and its leaves will develop a glowing silvery sheen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These guys are actually one of the more endangered species of the \u003ci>Ceroxylon\u003c/i> group,\u003ci>” \u003c/i>Guillou said while covering the palm’s roots with soil. “It’s one of the classic examples of species that has to grow here. And if they go extinct in the wild, where else are they going to grow?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967302\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco Botanical Garden curator Ryan Guillou adds the ID tag to a newly planted endangered Alpine wax palm. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Coping With COVID-19\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-month coronavirus shutdown cost the Botanical Garden roughly a million dollars in revenue. The garden, which is managed jointly by the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department and the San Francisco Botanical Garden Society, laid off 25 staff (12 of whom were hired back upon reopening). Dozens of programs and special events had to be canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967369\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Magnolia x veitchii flower blooms at the San Francisco Botanical Garden in February 2020. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But despite the closure, Executive Director Stephanie Linder says plantings and other critical projects have continued, including preparations for the new greenhouse and nursery. Garden officials say plans to break ground on the project in 2021 are still on track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the garden now reopened to the public, Linder hopes it can be not only a refuge for plants, but for people who can connect with nature again after being trapped at home for so long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve known for quite some time that there is scientific evidence that time spent outdoors in nature boosts immunity, lowers stress hormones, lowers blood pressure, just gives people a sense of well-being, reflection,” Linder said. “And all of those things are needed now more than ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If recent attendance is any indication, Linder is right. The garden welcomed roughly 50,000 visitors in June, a 40 percent jump from last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967329\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967329\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s-768x467.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hand-illustrated map of the garden from the 1970s. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"From rare magnolias to towering palm trees, the San Francisco Botanical Garden is a haven for plants threatened by climate change and deforestation around the globe.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847172,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1773},"headData":{"title":"Meet the Plants! SF Botanical Garden Looks Like Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory for Flora | KQED","description":"From rare magnolias to towering palm trees, the San Francisco Botanical Garden is a haven for plants threatened by climate change and deforestation around the globe.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Meet the Plants! SF Botanical Garden Looks Like Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory for Flora","datePublished":"2020-07-20T13:00:17.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:39:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/2263d083-bb2f-48ac-820c-abff0128a255/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","path":"/science/1967293/meet-the-plants-sf-botanical-garden-is-a-refuge-for-rare-and-disappearing-flora","audioDuration":282000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Stepping onto the 55-acre grounds of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Botanical Garden\u003c/a> feels a bit like entering the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=willy+wonka+chocolate+room&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS713US713&sxsrf=ALeKk00S0TQAe5qnyjx1nlMRJMht0PP7Aw:1595006275195&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=neWbfqjFQpbtyM%252CXDtTsL3n2vNpnM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kSqV4eGiK9f39dAzPlcnNkeZeKEyA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU5smz5dTqAhUDgp4KHZE5C34Q_h0wAXoECAkQBA&biw=1583&bih=935\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">chocolate room\u003c/a> at Willy Wonka’s factory, if that storybook setting were bursting with real plants instead of ones made of candy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located in the heart of Golden Gate Park, just blocks away from bustling city life (though not as bustling during these days of the pandemic), the garden is home to an astounding array of more than 9,000 types of flowers, plants and trees from across the globe. When not subject to various levels of quarantine, roughly 400,000 visitors a year tour the grounds, which are open seven days a week and are free to city residents. Horticulturist John McLaren, the Golden Gate Park superintendent for over 50 years, first devised plans for the garden in the late 1800s. But funding problems prevented an official opening until 1940.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967325\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967325\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist Patricia Forrester painting magnolias in the garden in 1978. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here they can take in velvety pink and magenta flowering magnolias from the Himalayas; endangered South African proteas that grow on a single mountain; and something called a monkey puzzle tree, a rare evergreen from Chile with \u003ca href=\"https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/718%2BFoHyN6L._AC_SL1000_.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">limbs of sharp, succulent-like leaves\u003c/a> unfolding from its trunk. As for native species, the garden hosts everything from California lilac to giant sequoias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this 150th year of Golden Gate Park and 80th of the Botanical Garden, the garden has unveiled plans for a brand new nursery to advance its mission of preserving endangered plants increasingly threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From Big Beach to Big Garden\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staring out at the sanctuary’s lush lawns and winding forested foot trails, it’s hard to imagine this was all once nothing but sand dunes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Golden Gate Park was established in 1870, the dunes stretched out over its thousand-acres, extending east from Ocean Beach, where San Francisco meets the Pacific at the edge of the continent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967328\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967328\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes-160x64.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes-768x307.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Golden Gate Park, as pictured in the late 1800s, was once sand dunes stretching east from Ocean Beach. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This was just a big dune all the way out. If you dig down 2 feet anywhere here, it’s gonna be sand,” said garden docent Kyle Pierce, while leading a tour in late February, just weeks before the pandemic shut the garden down for several months. It reopened in June, with safety protocols requiring masks and a capacity limit of 2,500 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To transform the terrain from beach to garden, he says, the city plowed in horse manure and nutrient-rich soil, so plants could take root and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967327\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli-768x501.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Walther, the garden’s first director, pictured next to a blooming Magnolia campbellii, his favorite plant, in the 1940s. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you amend it enough, you can grow anything,” he said. “By 1879 they’d already planted 150,000 trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the initial Monterey cypress, Monterey pine and blue gum eucalyptus trees remain in the park today, 150 years later. The species were chosen, Pierce says, to serve as a windbreak for other plants to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Preserving Flora From Across the Globe \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, the garden has become a refuge for threatened plants from all over the world. One of its main attractions is a collection of more than a hundred different types of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbg.org/magnolias\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">magnolia trees\u003c/a>, which bloom for three months at the start of each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These trees have been dubbed the most significant collection of magnolias for the purposes of conservation outside of China by \u003ca href=\"https://www.bgci.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Botanic Garden Conservation International\u003c/a>, a global plant preservation society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967300\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A zen magnolia blossoming at the San Francisco Botanical Garden in February 2020. Less than 20 of these trees are left in the wild. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On our walk, Pierce points out the distinct cup-and-saucer arrangement of one magnolia’s pink-hued petals. This \u003ci>Magnolia campbellii\u003c/i>, a native to Himalayan valleys, became the first of its kind to blossom in the U.S. back when the garden opened in the winter of 1940.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rarest tree of the bunch is the \u003ci>Magnolia zenii\u003c/i>, or the zen magnolia. Its flowers, snowy white with purple stripes, are smaller and more delicate than the others we passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Only 18 individuals exist in the wild within one province in China, with no sign of regeneration,” Pierce said. “A lot of the garden’s magnolias are wild-collected. So they’re preserving a DNA of wild species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Botanical Garden and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926500/a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-northern-california-plantlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other created havens\u003c/a> for flora play a critical role in protecting plants that are at risk of extinction due to climate change and deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Botanical gardens, public gardens, are a key mechanism in making sure those plants don’t disappear from humanity,” said the San Francisco garden’s director, Matthew Stephens. “Because what the research suggests is that they probably won’t be wherever they’re growing now in 150 or 200 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the greenhouse, horticulturists raise plants from seeds or seedlings until they’re ready to move to the garden outside. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To protect threatened species, he says, the garden partners with greenhouses, nonprofits and governments from around the world. The hope is that preserving a population across a network of different gardens will act as insurance against the extinction of a species in decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The core function of the nursery is to be a pipeline for plants into the garden,” Stephens said. “Through our network of collaborators, new plants arrive at the garden all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethically sourced seeds and seedlings are reared in the greenhouse until they’re hardy enough for planting in the garden outside. Earlier this year, garden officials announced a nearly $7 million project for a new climate-controlled greenhouse and outdoor nursery to replace the current facility, which is more than 50 years old and was originally envisioned as a temporary structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With a new modern nursery,” Stephens said, “it enables us to bring a more sophisticated approach to that new wave, new pipeline of plants for today, but also for future generations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967326\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-800x508.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-1020x648.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-768x488.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai.jpg 1489w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The garden has plans to break ground on a new climate-controlled greenhouse and outdoor plant nursery in 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From High Altitude Cloud Forests to San Francisco Fog\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The successful conservation of rare flora in gardens like this often depends on how well the environment matches the plants’ wild conditions. A species that thrives in San Francisco, for instance, may not do well in \u003ca href=\"https://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley\u003c/a>, even though it’s just across the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are blessed with this very cool, foggy, mild climate here in San Francisco,” said garden curator Ryan Guillou. “So we can grow a lot of things that most other gardens can’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, he says, these year-round conditions make the botanical garden a refuge for plants from the cool, high-elevation cloud forests of Africa and South America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guillou says less than 1% of the world’s land surface has the right climate to support cloud forest flora, and with climate change, even that small number will decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their habitat is definitely shrinking because these plants can’t move fast enough up the mountain to stay cool and they’re disappearing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967298\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-800x608.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"608\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-800x608.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-1020x775.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-768x583.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-1536x1167.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-2048x1556.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-1920x1459.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two towering specimens of Ceroxylon quindiuense, or Andean wax palm. Plants from the mountainous cloud forests of South America are under increasing threat from climate change. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A prominent feature of the garden’s Andean Cloud Forest collection are two side-by-side specimens of \u003ci>Ceroxylon quindiuense,\u003c/i> or the Andean wax palm. These towering trees grow at elevations higher than any palm species in the world. They’re also the tallest palm trees, growing up to 200 feet in the wild. The bark is chalky white with charcoal-colored rings extending up the trunk, impressions left by falling leaves as the tree grew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my visit, I helped Guillou plant another palm species that came to the nursery as a seedling six years ago from the highlands of Colombia. The baby \u003ci>Ceroxylon alpinum\u003c/i>, or alpine wax palm, may look like an ordinary house plant now, but Guillou says over the next hundred years it will sprout up 60 feet, and its leaves will develop a glowing silvery sheen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These guys are actually one of the more endangered species of the \u003ci>Ceroxylon\u003c/i> group,\u003ci>” \u003c/i>Guillou said while covering the palm’s roots with soil. “It’s one of the classic examples of species that has to grow here. And if they go extinct in the wild, where else are they going to grow?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967302\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco Botanical Garden curator Ryan Guillou adds the ID tag to a newly planted endangered Alpine wax palm. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Coping With COVID-19\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-month coronavirus shutdown cost the Botanical Garden roughly a million dollars in revenue. The garden, which is managed jointly by the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department and the San Francisco Botanical Garden Society, laid off 25 staff (12 of whom were hired back upon reopening). Dozens of programs and special events had to be canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967369\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Magnolia x veitchii flower blooms at the San Francisco Botanical Garden in February 2020. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But despite the closure, Executive Director Stephanie Linder says plantings and other critical projects have continued, including preparations for the new greenhouse and nursery. Garden officials say plans to break ground on the project in 2021 are still on track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the garden now reopened to the public, Linder hopes it can be not only a refuge for plants, but for people who can connect with nature again after being trapped at home for so long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve known for quite some time that there is scientific evidence that time spent outdoors in nature boosts immunity, lowers stress hormones, lowers blood pressure, just gives people a sense of well-being, reflection,” Linder said. “And all of those things are needed now more than ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If recent attendance is any indication, Linder is right. The garden welcomed roughly 50,000 visitors in June, a 40 percent jump from last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967329\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967329\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s-768x467.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hand-illustrated map of the garden from the 1970s. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1967293/meet-the-plants-sf-botanical-garden-is-a-refuge-for-rare-and-disappearing-flora","authors":["11368"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_3423"],"tags":["science_194","science_4414","science_2377","science_1097","science_787"],"featImg":"science_1967410","label":"source_science_1967293"},"science_1947795":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1947795","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1947795","score":null,"sort":[1569222079000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"these-trees-survived-californias-drought-and-thats-giving-scientists-hope-for-climate-change","title":"These Trees Survived California’s Drought and That’s Giving Scientists Hope for Climate Change","publishDate":1569222079,"format":"audio","headTitle":"These Trees Survived California’s Drought and That’s Giving Scientists Hope for Climate Change | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When California’s historic five-year drought finally relented a few years ago, the tally of dead trees in the Sierra Nevada was higher than almost anyone expected: 129 million. Most are still standing, the dry patches dotting the mountainsides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"209\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 209px) 100vw, 209px\">\u003c/a>But some trees did survive the test of heat and drought. Now, scientists are racing to collect them and other species around the globe in the hope that these “climate survivors” may have a natural advantage, allowing them to cope with a warming world a bit better than others in their species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the north shore of Lake Tahoe, Patricia Maloney, a UC Davis forest and conservation biologist, hunts for these survivors. Most people focus on the dead trees, their brown pine needles standing out against the glittering blue of the lake. But Maloney tends not to notice them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look for the good,” she said. “Like in people, you look for the good, not the bad. I do the same in forest systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney studies sugar pines, a tree John Muir once called the “king” of conifers. “They have these huge, beautiful cones,” Maloney said. “They’re stunning trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sugar pines on these slopes endured some of the worst water stress in the region. Winter snowpack melts earliest on south-facing slopes, leaving the trees with little soil moisture over the summer. That opens the door for the trees’ tiny nemesis, which would deal the fatal blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"left\" citation=\"Steve Palumbi, Stanford\"]‘Evolution is a tool that we can bring to bear in helping us get through this future.’[/pullquote]“Here you have some really good mountain pine beetle galleries,” Maloney said, as she peeled the bark off a dead sugar pine to \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wR5O48zsbnc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show winding channels eaten into the wood\u003c/a>. “Like little beetle highways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine beetle outbreaks are a normal occurrence in the Sierra. As the beetles try to bore into the bark, pine trees can usually fight them off by spewing a sticky, gummy resin, entrapping the insects. But trees need water to make resin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tank ran dry, and they weren’t able to mobilize any sort of resin,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But next to this dead tree, Maloney points to one towering above, with healthy green pine needles. Somehow, it was able to fight the beetles off and survive the drought. As she’s found more and more of these survivors, Maloney has studied them, trying to figure out what their secret is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we found is that the ones that were green, like this one, were more water-use efficient than their dead counterparts,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 515px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1947800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-800x666.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"515\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-800x666.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-768x639.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 515px) 100vw, 515px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain pine beetle larvae leave holes in sugar pine bark after emerging. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other words, the survivors had an innate ability to do more with less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual members of any species can vary dramatically, something tied to genetic differences. That diversity comes in handy when environmental conditions change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought, heat and beetle outbreaks in recent years put extreme pressure on sugar pines, creating a natural experiment that weeded out all but the toughest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re seeing is contemporary natural selection,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she’s trying to ensure their descendents survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside a greenhouse at her Tahoe City field station, Maloney showed off a sea of young green trees in their own containers. These 10,000 sugar pine seedlings grew from seeds Maloney and her team collected from 100 of the surviving sugar pines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year, these young trees will be replanted around Lake Tahoe, both on national forest and private land. The hope is the trees, due to their genetics, will be better able to handle a warming climate, more extreme droughts and more frequent beetle outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These survivors matter,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She plans to study the genetics of these trees as they grow, research that could help in other climate-threatened forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947799\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-800x481.jpg\" alt=\"Patricia Maloney next to a dead sugar pine on Lake Tahoe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-800x481.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-768x462.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-1020x613.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-1200x721.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney.jpg 1900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patricia Maloney next to a dead sugar pine on Lake Tahoe. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coral Survivors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney’s not alone in searching for species that can handle the warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Palumbi, a biology professor at Stanford University, has been \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/259609055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking for coral that can handle heat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evolution is a tool that we can bring to bear in helping us get through this future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral reefs are bleaching and dying as oceans warm, so Palumbi is growing surviving corals in the hope they can build new reefs, full of “super corals.” Reefs aren’t just tourist attractions, he says. They’re also biodiversity hotspots that protect coastlines from flooding by absorbing wave energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gives us another decade, if it gives us another two generations, that’ll be good, we’ll take it,” he said. “I see these next 80 years as the time where we have to save as much as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beyond that, it gets trickier, given the rate the climate is changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question in the future is: When the environment changes and it changes really fast, can these populations keep up? How fast can they adapt? How much help will they give us in keeping those ecosystems going?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palumbi says, ultimately, the best solution for these species is for humans to curb emissions of heat-trapping gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, scientists are trying to buy them a little more time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are racing to find species that have a slight edge in surviving a warming world.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848312,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":936},"headData":{"title":"These Trees Survived California’s Drought and That’s Giving Scientists Hope for Climate Change | KQED","description":"Scientists are racing to find species that have a slight edge in surviving a warming world.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"These Trees Survived California’s Drought and That’s Giving Scientists Hope for Climate Change","datePublished":"2019-09-23T07:01:19.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:58:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/09/SommerSuperAdapters.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1947795/these-trees-survived-californias-drought-and-thats-giving-scientists-hope-for-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When California’s historic five-year drought finally relented a few years ago, the tally of dead trees in the Sierra Nevada was higher than almost anyone expected: 129 million. Most are still standing, the dry patches dotting the mountainsides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"209\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 209px) 100vw, 209px\">\u003c/a>But some trees did survive the test of heat and drought. Now, scientists are racing to collect them and other species around the globe in the hope that these “climate survivors” may have a natural advantage, allowing them to cope with a warming world a bit better than others in their species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the north shore of Lake Tahoe, Patricia Maloney, a UC Davis forest and conservation biologist, hunts for these survivors. Most people focus on the dead trees, their brown pine needles standing out against the glittering blue of the lake. But Maloney tends not to notice them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look for the good,” she said. “Like in people, you look for the good, not the bad. I do the same in forest systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney studies sugar pines, a tree John Muir once called the “king” of conifers. “They have these huge, beautiful cones,” Maloney said. “They’re stunning trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sugar pines on these slopes endured some of the worst water stress in the region. Winter snowpack melts earliest on south-facing slopes, leaving the trees with little soil moisture over the summer. That opens the door for the trees’ tiny nemesis, which would deal the fatal blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Evolution is a tool that we can bring to bear in helping us get through this future.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"left","citation":"Steve Palumbi, Stanford","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Here you have some really good mountain pine beetle galleries,” Maloney said, as she peeled the bark off a dead sugar pine to \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wR5O48zsbnc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show winding channels eaten into the wood\u003c/a>. “Like little beetle highways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine beetle outbreaks are a normal occurrence in the Sierra. As the beetles try to bore into the bark, pine trees can usually fight them off by spewing a sticky, gummy resin, entrapping the insects. But trees need water to make resin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tank ran dry, and they weren’t able to mobilize any sort of resin,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But next to this dead tree, Maloney points to one towering above, with healthy green pine needles. Somehow, it was able to fight the beetles off and survive the drought. As she’s found more and more of these survivors, Maloney has studied them, trying to figure out what their secret is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we found is that the ones that were green, like this one, were more water-use efficient than their dead counterparts,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 515px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1947800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-800x666.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"515\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-800x666.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-768x639.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 515px) 100vw, 515px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain pine beetle larvae leave holes in sugar pine bark after emerging. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other words, the survivors had an innate ability to do more with less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual members of any species can vary dramatically, something tied to genetic differences. That diversity comes in handy when environmental conditions change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought, heat and beetle outbreaks in recent years put extreme pressure on sugar pines, creating a natural experiment that weeded out all but the toughest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re seeing is contemporary natural selection,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she’s trying to ensure their descendents survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside a greenhouse at her Tahoe City field station, Maloney showed off a sea of young green trees in their own containers. These 10,000 sugar pine seedlings grew from seeds Maloney and her team collected from 100 of the surviving sugar pines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year, these young trees will be replanted around Lake Tahoe, both on national forest and private land. The hope is the trees, due to their genetics, will be better able to handle a warming climate, more extreme droughts and more frequent beetle outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These survivors matter,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She plans to study the genetics of these trees as they grow, research that could help in other climate-threatened forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947799\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-800x481.jpg\" alt=\"Patricia Maloney next to a dead sugar pine on Lake Tahoe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-800x481.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-768x462.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-1020x613.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-1200x721.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney.jpg 1900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patricia Maloney next to a dead sugar pine on Lake Tahoe. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coral Survivors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney’s not alone in searching for species that can handle the warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Palumbi, a biology professor at Stanford University, has been \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/259609055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking for coral that can handle heat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evolution is a tool that we can bring to bear in helping us get through this future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral reefs are bleaching and dying as oceans warm, so Palumbi is growing surviving corals in the hope they can build new reefs, full of “super corals.” Reefs aren’t just tourist attractions, he says. They’re also biodiversity hotspots that protect coastlines from flooding by absorbing wave energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gives us another decade, if it gives us another two generations, that’ll be good, we’ll take it,” he said. “I see these next 80 years as the time where we have to save as much as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beyond that, it gets trickier, given the rate the climate is changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question in the future is: When the environment changes and it changes really fast, can these populations keep up? How fast can they adapt? How much help will they give us in keeping those ecosystems going?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palumbi says, ultimately, the best solution for these species is for humans to curb emissions of heat-trapping gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, scientists are trying to buy them a little more time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1947795/these-trees-survived-californias-drought-and-thats-giving-scientists-hope-for-climate-change","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_194","science_4193","science_572","science_3370","science_3833","science_762","science_109","science_787"],"featImg":"science_1947801","label":"source_science_1947795"},"science_1930637":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1930637","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1930637","score":null,"sort":[1536274857000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"pge-plan-to-clear-hundreds-of-trees-for-pipeline-project-sparks-controversy","title":"PG&E Plan to Clear Hundreds of Trees for Pipeline Project Sparks Controversy","publishDate":1536274857,"format":"standard","headTitle":"PG&E Plan to Clear Hundreds of Trees for Pipeline Project Sparks Controversy | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">A Sept. 10 special meeting organized by the Lafayette City council that would discuss a controversial plan by PG&E to uproot hundreds of trees, has drawn ire from residents who want the trees to remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pending tree removal is part of the utility company’s Community Pipeline Safety Initiative, a statewide effort aimed at\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/safety/gas-safety/safety-initiatives/emergency-access.page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> improving\u003c/a> public safety by clearing structures that could stand in the way of first responders attempting to access gas transmission lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tree roots also corrode the underground pipelines, which can lead to hazardous leaks, according to PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees that are scheduled for removal include 207 on public property and 245 in Briones Regional Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the plan\u003cspan class=\"color_11\"> say that removing hundreds of trees threatens local wildlife and significantly impairs the character of the neighborhood. They say the city should have conducted an environmental assessment before authorizing the plan in 2017. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Dawson, co-founder of grassroots group Save Lafayette Trees, says concerned residents want an open dialogue. He describes the September 10 meeting as “unbalanced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E is given an unrestricted time to present, and then residents are restricted to 3-minute comments before PG&E delivers its final rebuttal,” says Dawson. “We’re not sure what this will achieve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the group wants PG&E to release the tree clearing agreement it drafted with the city in 2017. They also want the city to appoint a citizen advisory committee to address safety needs in Lafayette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"wixGuard\">“We simply want to sit down with PG&E and talk about the safety needs in our community without the distraction of the tree cutting,” says Dawson.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has already cleared trees in more than 26 communities throughout Contra Costa county. Lafayette is the last city in the county to carry out the tree removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E spokesman Jeff Smith says the company continues to work with the city “to determine the timing for this important gas safety work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next week’s meeting will include representatives from PG&E, the California Public Utilities Commission, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.savelafayettetrees.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save Lafayette Trees\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Red Herring’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the city authorized PG&E’s plan last year, 300 residents signed a petition opposing the tree removal, according to Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The petition led to the formation of Save Lafayette Trees, which sued the city for approving the plan. The lawsuit, pending on appeal, accuses the city of not evaluating the environmental impacts of clearing hundreds of trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t do the required environmental analysis and they failed to give us notification before they approved the plan,” says Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson accuses PG&E of engaging in divide and conquer tactics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They make individual agreements with local counties in a very non-transparent process,” he says. “We can’t even get them to give us a full number on how many trees they’ve cut so far. They also won’t provide us with a list of the trees they want to cut down in Briones Park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E spokesperson Smith says since 2017, the company has conducted a variety of outreach efforts “to share information, answer questions and receive feedback from the community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This includes informational booths, door-to-door outreach, and an open house where residents engaged directly with PG&E experts, according to Smith.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Through these efforts, we interacted with over 200 local residents and provided hundreds of written responses,” he says. “We want our customers to be fully informed about our safety work, and we appreciate the opportunity to address questions and concerns at the September 10 meeting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930671\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930671\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An exposed pipeline, which some residents say is a much bigger safety risk than the trees. According to Save Lafayette Trees co-founder Michael Dawson, PG&E still hasn’t covered up the exposed pipeline even though it was reported to the company 10 years ago. \u003ccite>(Save Lafayette Trees)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"font_9\">\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"color_11\">A Lack of Data\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pipeline Safety Initiative was launched following the 2010 PG&E pipeline explosion in San Bruno, which killed eight people. PG&E was hit with $1.6 billion in fines and criminal charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after the incident, PG&E undertook a $3-billion statewide upgrade to its 6,750-mile gas pipeline system. Part of that money went toward gas transmission safety improvements, which led to the Pipeline Safety Initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program targets trees and structures that are located near PG&E’S pipeline system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a number of cities and counties \u003ca href=\"http://goodtimes.sc/santa-cruz-news/tree-removal-pge-ocean-street-extension/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have mounted\u003c/a> serious challenges to the utility giant’s tree cutting plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"font_9\">\u003cspan class=\"color_11\">In Lafayette, Dawson’s group maintains that tree-clearing is not a top public safety concern.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"font_9\">\u003cspan class=\"color_11\">“The justifications offered by the company are demonstrably false,” says Dawson. \u003c/span>“I think they are quick to use the label of ‘public safety’ to quell any unhappiness by locals. But the plan is a waste of resources and it distracts from actual safety concerns with these pipelines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson says \u003cspan class=\"wixGuard\">no strong data exists to support the idea that cutting trees increases public safety. There has been no\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"color_11\"> underground pipeline accident caused by trees anywhere in the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/de4240_3a2200235ff24b5f91384d1ecde9c412.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in the last 20 years\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also points to a 2014 study commissioned by PG&E that found no correlation \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/LegacyFiles/regulations/docs/082614/PGE_TreeRootStudyReport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">between live tree growths and corrosion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, an unnamed federal official that Dawson’s group reached out to debunked a claim made by PG&E president Nick Stravropoulos during the company’s annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFiIDWJVslI&t=9s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shareholder’s meeting in May.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stravropoulos had said that the Department of Transportation had identified tree clearing as the “number one safety issue” for transmission pipelines surrounded by “incompatible vegetation and structures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a DOT official, whose name has been withheld by Dawson’s group, refuted this claim in an email shown to KQED: “I do not know of anyone in the DOT who agrees with Nick’s statement … This does not accurately describe the number one safety issue for U.S. gas transmission pipelines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The official went on to cite “equipment failure” as a top concern for the DOT’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson’s group says the company’s real motives for prioritizing tree clearing is to make it easier to survey their pipeline system via helicopter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"font_9\">\u003cspan class=\"color_11\">“It’s apparent that PG&E wants trees removed for the convenience of aerial surveying,” says the group’s website. “This is NOT sufficient rationale for why a large project with a devastating impact should be imposed upon a community without public input.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, PG&E\u003ca href=\"http://www.lovelafayette.org/home/showdocument?id=5475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> issued a lengthy response to\u003c/a> questions that residents had submitted to the city. But Dawson says unanswered questions remain regarding PG&E’s safety priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are huge gaps in safety that aren’t being addressed,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"color_11\">Those safety needs, according to Dawson, include pipeline inspections, additional shut-off valves, and replacing aging pipeline infrastructure.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need more valves installed and aging pipelines need to be pressure tested,” says Dawson. “Firefighters we’ve spoken to say they’re more concerned with entering an area with the gas shut off, which requires functioning valves, not tree clearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jeff Heyman, a spokesperson for the city of Lafayette, sees next week’s meeting differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of safety issues on the table for this meeting,” says Heyman. “We’re facilitating this meeting to allow residents to ask questions and receive answers from PG&E.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He accuses Dawson’s group of being singularly focused on the tree clearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not true that the meeting will only consist of PG&E doing a presentation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The September 10 meeting is scheduled for 4-7pm at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.lllcf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lafayette Library and Learning Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: This story has been updated to include comments from PG&E. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Critics say that an upcoming meeting organized by the Lafayette City Council to discuss a controversial plan to uproot hundreds of trees is nothing more than a platform for PG&E to push forward its agenda.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927522,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":43,"wordCount":1424},"headData":{"title":"PG&E Plan to Clear Hundreds of Trees for Pipeline Project Sparks Controversy | KQED","description":"Critics say that an upcoming meeting organized by the Lafayette City Council to discuss a controversial plan to uproot hundreds of trees is nothing more than a platform for PG&E to push forward its agenda.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"PG&E Plan to Clear Hundreds of Trees for Pipeline Project Sparks Controversy","datePublished":"2018-09-06T23:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:58:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1930637/pge-plan-to-clear-hundreds-of-trees-for-pipeline-project-sparks-controversy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">A Sept. 10 special meeting organized by the Lafayette City council that would discuss a controversial plan by PG&E to uproot hundreds of trees, has drawn ire from residents who want the trees to remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pending tree removal is part of the utility company’s Community Pipeline Safety Initiative, a statewide effort aimed at\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/safety/gas-safety/safety-initiatives/emergency-access.page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> improving\u003c/a> public safety by clearing structures that could stand in the way of first responders attempting to access gas transmission lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tree roots also corrode the underground pipelines, which can lead to hazardous leaks, according to PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees that are scheduled for removal include 207 on public property and 245 in Briones Regional Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the plan\u003cspan class=\"color_11\"> say that removing hundreds of trees threatens local wildlife and significantly impairs the character of the neighborhood. They say the city should have conducted an environmental assessment before authorizing the plan in 2017. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Dawson, co-founder of grassroots group Save Lafayette Trees, says concerned residents want an open dialogue. He describes the September 10 meeting as “unbalanced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E is given an unrestricted time to present, and then residents are restricted to 3-minute comments before PG&E delivers its final rebuttal,” says Dawson. “We’re not sure what this will achieve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the group wants PG&E to release the tree clearing agreement it drafted with the city in 2017. They also want the city to appoint a citizen advisory committee to address safety needs in Lafayette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"wixGuard\">“We simply want to sit down with PG&E and talk about the safety needs in our community without the distraction of the tree cutting,” says Dawson.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has already cleared trees in more than 26 communities throughout Contra Costa county. Lafayette is the last city in the county to carry out the tree removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E spokesman Jeff Smith says the company continues to work with the city “to determine the timing for this important gas safety work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next week’s meeting will include representatives from PG&E, the California Public Utilities Commission, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.savelafayettetrees.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save Lafayette Trees\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Red Herring’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the city authorized PG&E’s plan last year, 300 residents signed a petition opposing the tree removal, according to Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The petition led to the formation of Save Lafayette Trees, which sued the city for approving the plan. The lawsuit, pending on appeal, accuses the city of not evaluating the environmental impacts of clearing hundreds of trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t do the required environmental analysis and they failed to give us notification before they approved the plan,” says Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson accuses PG&E of engaging in divide and conquer tactics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They make individual agreements with local counties in a very non-transparent process,” he says. “We can’t even get them to give us a full number on how many trees they’ve cut so far. They also won’t provide us with a list of the trees they want to cut down in Briones Park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E spokesperson Smith says since 2017, the company has conducted a variety of outreach efforts “to share information, answer questions and receive feedback from the community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This includes informational booths, door-to-door outreach, and an open house where residents engaged directly with PG&E experts, according to Smith.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Through these efforts, we interacted with over 200 local residents and provided hundreds of written responses,” he says. “We want our customers to be fully informed about our safety work, and we appreciate the opportunity to address questions and concerns at the September 10 meeting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930671\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930671\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/IMG_7218.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An exposed pipeline, which some residents say is a much bigger safety risk than the trees. According to Save Lafayette Trees co-founder Michael Dawson, PG&E still hasn’t covered up the exposed pipeline even though it was reported to the company 10 years ago. \u003ccite>(Save Lafayette Trees)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"font_9\">\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"color_11\">A Lack of Data\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pipeline Safety Initiative was launched following the 2010 PG&E pipeline explosion in San Bruno, which killed eight people. PG&E was hit with $1.6 billion in fines and criminal charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after the incident, PG&E undertook a $3-billion statewide upgrade to its 6,750-mile gas pipeline system. Part of that money went toward gas transmission safety improvements, which led to the Pipeline Safety Initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program targets trees and structures that are located near PG&E’S pipeline system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a number of cities and counties \u003ca href=\"http://goodtimes.sc/santa-cruz-news/tree-removal-pge-ocean-street-extension/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have mounted\u003c/a> serious challenges to the utility giant’s tree cutting plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"font_9\">\u003cspan class=\"color_11\">In Lafayette, Dawson’s group maintains that tree-clearing is not a top public safety concern.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"font_9\">\u003cspan class=\"color_11\">“The justifications offered by the company are demonstrably false,” says Dawson. \u003c/span>“I think they are quick to use the label of ‘public safety’ to quell any unhappiness by locals. But the plan is a waste of resources and it distracts from actual safety concerns with these pipelines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson says \u003cspan class=\"wixGuard\">no strong data exists to support the idea that cutting trees increases public safety. There has been no\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"color_11\"> underground pipeline accident caused by trees anywhere in the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/de4240_3a2200235ff24b5f91384d1ecde9c412.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in the last 20 years\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also points to a 2014 study commissioned by PG&E that found no correlation \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/LegacyFiles/regulations/docs/082614/PGE_TreeRootStudyReport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">between live tree growths and corrosion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, an unnamed federal official that Dawson’s group reached out to debunked a claim made by PG&E president Nick Stravropoulos during the company’s annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFiIDWJVslI&t=9s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shareholder’s meeting in May.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stravropoulos had said that the Department of Transportation had identified tree clearing as the “number one safety issue” for transmission pipelines surrounded by “incompatible vegetation and structures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a DOT official, whose name has been withheld by Dawson’s group, refuted this claim in an email shown to KQED: “I do not know of anyone in the DOT who agrees with Nick’s statement … This does not accurately describe the number one safety issue for U.S. gas transmission pipelines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The official went on to cite “equipment failure” as a top concern for the DOT’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson’s group says the company’s real motives for prioritizing tree clearing is to make it easier to survey their pipeline system via helicopter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"font_9\">\u003cspan class=\"color_11\">“It’s apparent that PG&E wants trees removed for the convenience of aerial surveying,” says the group’s website. “This is NOT sufficient rationale for why a large project with a devastating impact should be imposed upon a community without public input.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, PG&E\u003ca href=\"http://www.lovelafayette.org/home/showdocument?id=5475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> issued a lengthy response to\u003c/a> questions that residents had submitted to the city. But Dawson says unanswered questions remain regarding PG&E’s safety priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are huge gaps in safety that aren’t being addressed,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"color_11\">Those safety needs, according to Dawson, include pipeline inspections, additional shut-off valves, and replacing aging pipeline infrastructure.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need more valves installed and aging pipelines need to be pressure tested,” says Dawson. “Firefighters we’ve spoken to say they’re more concerned with entering an area with the gas shut off, which requires functioning valves, not tree clearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jeff Heyman, a spokesperson for the city of Lafayette, sees next week’s meeting differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of safety issues on the table for this meeting,” says Heyman. “We’re facilitating this meeting to allow residents to ask questions and receive answers from PG&E.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He accuses Dawson’s group of being singularly focused on the tree clearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not true that the meeting will only consist of PG&E doing a presentation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The September 10 meeting is scheduled for 4-7pm at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.lllcf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lafayette Library and Learning Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: This story has been updated to include comments from PG&E. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1930637/pge-plan-to-clear-hundreds-of-trees-for-pipeline-project-sparks-controversy","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_35","science_37","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_1041","science_136","science_787"],"featImg":"science_1930672","label":"source_science_1930637"},"science_1923948":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1923948","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1923948","score":null,"sort":[1526662830000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ancient-sequoia-grove-protected-in-historic-conservation-deal","title":"Ancient Sequoia Grove Protected in Historic Conservation Deal","publishDate":1526662830,"format":"image","headTitle":"Ancient Sequoia Grove Protected in Historic Conservation Deal | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A San Francisco conservation group has signed a deal to buy the world’s second-largest sequoia grove in private ownership. The historic agreement with Save the Redwoods League aims to preserve the planet’s most precious, prehistoric trees. [contextly_sidebar id=”F9fTXKD61b6f4obxbVkwtBqIncumIMgJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The league will pay $3.3 million for 160 acres of sequoias located in Tulare County on a parcel of land known as Red Hill property. Formerly owned by the Nicholas family, it contains 110 ancient giant sequoia. Some of the trees are more than 250 feet tall and more than 1,500 years old, says Hodder. The area houses key habitats for several endangered animals, such as the California spotted owl, Sierra marten, and the Pacific fisher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These sequoia trees are of global significance because they don’t grow anywhere else in the world other than the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada,” says Sam Hodder, president of Save the Redwoods League. “They are the largest living things in the world. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The property, which sits adjacent to the Giant Sequoia National Monument, has been in the hands of the Nicholas family since 1970. Former owner Mike Nicholas told Paul Rogers, KQED Science managing editor and environment writer for the\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/17/5250679/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Mercury News\u003c/a>, that he sold the property to the Redwoods League to ensure it remains protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hodder expects the property to be open to the public by 2021. It will serve as a “living laboratory” to study how the ancient sequoia are responding to climate change, according to the league’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plan is to do some assessments first and look for existing nearby trails,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Hodder says, his organization plans to convey the property to the U.S. Forest Service for inclusion in the Giant Sequoia National Monument. For now, Save the Redwoods League is pursuing \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Dh6SC5yWjXSLykYcVhBIK?domain=savetheredwoods.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private fundraising dollars\u003c/a> to help with the land acquisition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 667px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923976\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web.jpg 667w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-375x562.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-520x780.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A giant sequoia in Red Hill Grove dwarfs a visitor. \u003ccite>(Paolo Vescia/Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This comes at an exciting time for Save the Redwoods League, which turned 100 this year,” says Hodder. “And as a 100 year-old organization dedicated to protecting giant sequoias, we are thrilled to be sharing this opportunity with our supporters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Save the Redwoods has helped protect more than 200,000 acres of redwood forests —about the size of New York City— since its founding in 1918.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Giant sequoias are the world's largest form of life, and among the oldest; some live as long as 3,000 years.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927907,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":444},"headData":{"title":"Ancient Sequoia Grove Protected in Historic Conservation Deal | KQED","description":"Giant sequoias are the world's largest form of life, and among the oldest; some live as long as 3,000 years.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Ancient Sequoia Grove Protected in Historic Conservation Deal","datePublished":"2018-05-18T17:00:30.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:05:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1923948/ancient-sequoia-grove-protected-in-historic-conservation-deal","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A San Francisco conservation group has signed a deal to buy the world’s second-largest sequoia grove in private ownership. The historic agreement with Save the Redwoods League aims to preserve the planet’s most precious, prehistoric trees. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The league will pay $3.3 million for 160 acres of sequoias located in Tulare County on a parcel of land known as Red Hill property. Formerly owned by the Nicholas family, it contains 110 ancient giant sequoia. Some of the trees are more than 250 feet tall and more than 1,500 years old, says Hodder. The area houses key habitats for several endangered animals, such as the California spotted owl, Sierra marten, and the Pacific fisher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These sequoia trees are of global significance because they don’t grow anywhere else in the world other than the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada,” says Sam Hodder, president of Save the Redwoods League. “They are the largest living things in the world. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The property, which sits adjacent to the Giant Sequoia National Monument, has been in the hands of the Nicholas family since 1970. Former owner Mike Nicholas told Paul Rogers, KQED Science managing editor and environment writer for the\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/17/5250679/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Mercury News\u003c/a>, that he sold the property to the Redwoods League to ensure it remains protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hodder expects the property to be open to the public by 2021. It will serve as a “living laboratory” to study how the ancient sequoia are responding to climate change, according to the league’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plan is to do some assessments first and look for existing nearby trails,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Hodder says, his organization plans to convey the property to the U.S. Forest Service for inclusion in the Giant Sequoia National Monument. For now, Save the Redwoods League is pursuing \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Dh6SC5yWjXSLykYcVhBIK?domain=savetheredwoods.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private fundraising dollars\u003c/a> to help with the land acquisition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 667px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923976\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web.jpg 667w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-375x562.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-520x780.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A giant sequoia in Red Hill Grove dwarfs a visitor. \u003ccite>(Paolo Vescia/Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This comes at an exciting time for Save the Redwoods League, which turned 100 this year,” says Hodder. “And as a 100 year-old organization dedicated to protecting giant sequoias, we are thrilled to be sharing this opportunity with our supporters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Save the Redwoods has helped protect more than 200,000 acres of redwood forests —about the size of New York City— since its founding in 1918.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1923948/ancient-sequoia-grove-protected-in-historic-conservation-deal","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_205","science_3370","science_787"],"featImg":"science_1923959","label":"source_science_1923948"},"science_255377":{"type":"posts","id":"science_255377","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"255377","score":null,"sort":[1443473565000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drought-weakened-trees-pose-danger-in-winter-storms","title":"Drought-Weakened Trees Could Pose Danger This Winter","publishDate":1443473565,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Drought-Weakened Trees Could Pose Danger This Winter | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/09/WebDroughtTrees.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four years of drought, California has a huge number of dead and dying trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a U.S. Forest Service aerial survey last spring, researchers estimated there were 12.5 million dead trees on national forest lands alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t count dead and dying trees in open spaces and urban parks, or on private property like your backyard or your neighbor’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With climatologists predicting that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/02/floods-in-a-drought-how-a-monster-el-nino-could-bring-relief-and-misery-to-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this year’s El Niño \u003c/a>will usher in strong winds and torrential rains, weakened trees pose dangers to people and property across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If we’re going to incur any sort of storm, there’s going be a lot of trees in jeopardy.’\u003ccite>Remy Hummer, Arborist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, arborists are working overtime to prune or remove trees on private property. And many homeowners aren’t receiving any assistance with the cost; San Francisco, Oakland and Berkeley don’t have funds designated for this. In San Francisco, even street trees — normally a municipal responsibility — are being turned over to residents because the city doesn’t have the money to manage them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting Power Lines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E inspects millions of trees each year and is responsible for removing limbs and trees that pose a threat to power lines in urban and rural areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a work site in Santa Cruz recently, program manager Joel Smith points out the signs of a dead tree, a Douglas fir that crews are trimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just a small portion of green up toward the top,” he says, “and the rest of the crown is basically dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clumps of pine needles at the top of this Douglas fir have started to turn brown, and lichen hangs from the lower branches. Smith says this tree is too close to power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://gifs.com/embed/KkPDkb\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" style=\"-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;-webkit-transform: scale(1);\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To get a sense of the size of this tree, look for the PG&E crew member who’s barely visible, just under the branch that’s being trimmed off.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is very serious,” he says. “Trees that are dead or are otherwise compromised can fail, and if they are close to our high voltage lines they can cause those lines to come down, which can create a very dangerous public safety hazard, as well as taking out the power and potentially causing a wildfire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire officials are currently investigating whether this month’s devastating Butte Fire was ignited when a tree came into contact with a power line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, says PG&E, crews are taking out 30 percent more dead trees and twice as many hazardous trees as in a non-drought year. And when customers call for a tree inspection, crews are doing less pruning and more removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Should Homeowners Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you see a drought-stressed tree near a power line, call PG&E; if it’s a street tree, call 311 to schedule a city inspection. But if you’re worried about a tree on your property, call a certified arborist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remy Hummer with Arborist Now says he’s been working overtime since the beginning of the year, trimming and removing trees or supporting them with cables. He says a lot of calls this fall are from homeowners worried about storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_268059\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-268059\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A weakened tree is uprooted in Vallejo by winds from one of last winter's rare atmospheric river storms.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A weakened tree in Vallejo was uprooted by winds from one of last winter’s atmospheric river storms. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If we’re going to incur any sort of storm, there’s going to be a lot of trees in jeopardy,” he says, “even the ones that are very sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco officials say even in an ordinary year, between one and three tree branches fall every week in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But U.C. Berkeley forest ecologist Joe McBride says this winter, hundreds of branches could fall every week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climatologists now say there’s a 95 percent chance El Niño will last through the winter. And they’re saying the storms could be as big as the El Niño of 1997-98, when San Francisco received double its normal amount of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One clue that you may have a drought-stressed tree is a brown crown, says McBride. He says the crown is often the first place to go dry, because the tree simply can’t send enough water up to the taller branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Bad Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his four decades studying trees, McBride says one of the worst winter storms he remembers was in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were record wind velocities following about a week of rainfall in San Francisco,” he says, “and an estimated 6,000 trees at the Presidio and in Golden Gate Park were blown over as a result of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it didn’t take long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all occurred in about a period of six hours, this one really heavy windstorm,” he says. “Blocked streets, a number of structures were hit by falling trees, cars were hit. It was a major disaster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a somewhat rare combination of prolonged rainfall with record winds, McBride says. And as to whether something similar is possible this winter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, I think it’s possible,” he says, “yeah.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If El Niño brings heavy wind and rain, California's dead and dying trees could topple, threatening homes and people.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931264,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://gifs.com/embed/KkPDkb"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":926},"headData":{"title":"Drought-Weakened Trees Could Pose Danger This Winter | KQED","description":"If El Niño brings heavy wind and rain, California's dead and dying trees could topple, threatening homes and people.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Drought-Weakened Trees Could Pose Danger This Winter","datePublished":"2015-09-28T20:52:45.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:01:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/255377/drought-weakened-trees-pose-danger-in-winter-storms","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/09/WebDroughtTrees.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/09/WebDroughtTrees.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After four years of drought, California has a huge number of dead and dying trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a U.S. Forest Service aerial survey last spring, researchers estimated there were 12.5 million dead trees on national forest lands alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t count dead and dying trees in open spaces and urban parks, or on private property like your backyard or your neighbor’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With climatologists predicting that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/02/floods-in-a-drought-how-a-monster-el-nino-could-bring-relief-and-misery-to-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this year’s El Niño \u003c/a>will usher in strong winds and torrential rains, weakened trees pose dangers to people and property across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If we’re going to incur any sort of storm, there’s going be a lot of trees in jeopardy.’\u003ccite>Remy Hummer, Arborist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, arborists are working overtime to prune or remove trees on private property. And many homeowners aren’t receiving any assistance with the cost; San Francisco, Oakland and Berkeley don’t have funds designated for this. In San Francisco, even street trees — normally a municipal responsibility — are being turned over to residents because the city doesn’t have the money to manage them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting Power Lines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E inspects millions of trees each year and is responsible for removing limbs and trees that pose a threat to power lines in urban and rural areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a work site in Santa Cruz recently, program manager Joel Smith points out the signs of a dead tree, a Douglas fir that crews are trimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just a small portion of green up toward the top,” he says, “and the rest of the crown is basically dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clumps of pine needles at the top of this Douglas fir have started to turn brown, and lichen hangs from the lower branches. Smith says this tree is too close to power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://gifs.com/embed/KkPDkb\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" style=\"-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;-webkit-transform: scale(1);\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To get a sense of the size of this tree, look for the PG&E crew member who’s barely visible, just under the branch that’s being trimmed off.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is very serious,” he says. “Trees that are dead or are otherwise compromised can fail, and if they are close to our high voltage lines they can cause those lines to come down, which can create a very dangerous public safety hazard, as well as taking out the power and potentially causing a wildfire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire officials are currently investigating whether this month’s devastating Butte Fire was ignited when a tree came into contact with a power line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, says PG&E, crews are taking out 30 percent more dead trees and twice as many hazardous trees as in a non-drought year. And when customers call for a tree inspection, crews are doing less pruning and more removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Should Homeowners Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you see a drought-stressed tree near a power line, call PG&E; if it’s a street tree, call 311 to schedule a city inspection. But if you’re worried about a tree on your property, call a certified arborist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remy Hummer with Arborist Now says he’s been working overtime since the beginning of the year, trimming and removing trees or supporting them with cables. He says a lot of calls this fall are from homeowners worried about storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_268059\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-268059\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A weakened tree is uprooted in Vallejo by winds from one of last winter's rare atmospheric river storms.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A weakened tree in Vallejo was uprooted by winds from one of last winter’s atmospheric river storms. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If we’re going to incur any sort of storm, there’s going to be a lot of trees in jeopardy,” he says, “even the ones that are very sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco officials say even in an ordinary year, between one and three tree branches fall every week in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But U.C. Berkeley forest ecologist Joe McBride says this winter, hundreds of branches could fall every week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climatologists now say there’s a 95 percent chance El Niño will last through the winter. And they’re saying the storms could be as big as the El Niño of 1997-98, when San Francisco received double its normal amount of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One clue that you may have a drought-stressed tree is a brown crown, says McBride. He says the crown is often the first place to go dry, because the tree simply can’t send enough water up to the taller branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Bad Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his four decades studying trees, McBride says one of the worst winter storms he remembers was in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were record wind velocities following about a week of rainfall in San Francisco,” he says, “and an estimated 6,000 trees at the Presidio and in Golden Gate Park were blown over as a result of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it didn’t take long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all occurred in about a period of six hours, this one really heavy windstorm,” he says. “Blocked streets, a number of structures were hit by falling trees, cars were hit. It was a major disaster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a somewhat rare combination of prolonged rainfall with record winds, McBride says. And as to whether something similar is possible this winter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, I think it’s possible,” he says, “yeah.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/255377/drought-weakened-trees-pose-danger-in-winter-storms","authors":["5432"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_572","science_371","science_787"],"featImg":"science_267718","label":"science_1151"},"science_21581":{"type":"posts","id":"science_21581","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"21581","score":null,"sort":[1410764481000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-more-trees-in-the-sierra-mean-less-water-for-california","title":"Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California","publishDate":1410764481,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140915science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21584\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California's reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California’s reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoir levels dropping, just about everyone is wishing the state had gotten more water this year. That doesn’t just depend on the weather, according to a team of scientists. Sierra Nevada forests play a big role in the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like crops, trees consume water. And Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were after decades of fire suppression. That could be reducing the amount of runoff coming from the snowpack — runoff that provides water for most of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call the Sierra Nevada our water towers for California,” says Roger Bales, a hydrologist with UC Merced. “About 60 percent of our consumable water comes from the Sierra Nevada.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales is working in a pine forest about 20 miles west of Lake Tahoe, to understand the balance between and trees and runoff. His team has installed hundreds of sensors in the American River basin to record snow depth and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The snowmelt really enters the soil,” he says, “and flows downslope to the nearest stream channel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it joins major rivers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">goes into reservoirs\u003c/a> and canals that reach \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/28/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from/\">all the way to cities and farms\u003c/a> in the Central Valley, Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\" alt=\"UC Merced's Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"477\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Merced’s Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When trees use water through the process of evapotranspiration, it doesn’t run off into rivers and reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water travels up the tree trunk and then goes out through the leaves to the atmosphere,” Bales says. And there are a lot more trees using water today than there once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequent, low-intensity fires once cleared out small trees and maintained spaces in the forest. Decades of suppressing fires has allowed the forest to fill in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You go back about 100-to-150 years and the forest data show us there were maybe only half as many trees here,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack is also less stable in a dense forest. The snow gets stuck in the trees’ branches before reaching the ground and evaporates faster because it’s more susceptible to sun and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because these changes have happened over millions of acres of forest, Bales says it’s led researchers to a basic question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were half as many trees, would there be more runoff?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research points to yes, he says — potentially a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent?” Bales says. “We’re sort of in that range. But that’s a hypothesis. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that you could get anywhere from half a million to a million acre-feet additional water out of the Sierra Nevada.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million acre-feet of water is enough to supply two million households in California for a year — an amount that could make a big difference during a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Overgrown Forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the water piece is really huge,” says Scott Stephens, professor of fire science at UC Berkeley. “I think it’s under-appreciated but it’s massive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens has found similar results in the Illilouette Creek basin in Yosemite National Park. About 40 fires have been allowed to burn there over several decades, reducing the number of trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like there’s 20 percent more surface water leaving the streams in that area since the fire program began in the mid-1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The widely spaced trees also make the forest more resistant to high-severity fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ebfC6eGZE6wvva0IQjLqdbheiT23eRrP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I call it a potential win-win,” Stephens says. “It’s a win from a fire standpoint to have more resilient forests and also maybe a win in terms of being able to provide a critical resource for California, which is water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But leaving naturally caused fires to burn over large areas of the Sierra Nevada is tricky, he says, especially near houses and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Letting fire work in those lands is risky,” Stephens says. “Sometimes it’s going to go as expected and once in a while it goes wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is to allow timber companies to cut small trees, thinning the forest. It’s commonly done where roads already exist, but can be prohibitively expensive in remote areas and often faces environmental opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make the problem even worse. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.uci.edu/press-releases/sierra-nevada-freshwater-runoff-could-drop-26-percent-by-2100-uc-study-finds/\">recent study\u003c/a> from UC Irvine found California’s forests will be using even more water by the end of the century, because warming temperatures will make the growing season longer. Runoff could drop by as much as 26 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t act today, our grandkids’ grandkids are going to have so few options,” Stephens says. “It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to be more difficult to do this work and they’re going to be basically chasing their tails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens says the good news is that California water districts are joining the conversation about how to manage forests. While it didn’t used to be on their radar, the connection between trees and our drinking water is becoming hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California water districts are eyeing a potential new source of water: trees. After a century of fire suppression, Sierra Nevada forests are more dense than ever before. And those pine trees are taking up a lot of water that might otherwise run off into California rivers. \r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932947,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":962},"headData":{"title":"Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California | KQED","description":"California water districts are eyeing a potential new source of water: trees. After a century of fire suppression, Sierra Nevada forests are more dense than ever before. And those pine trees are taking up a lot of water that might otherwise run off into California rivers. \r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California","datePublished":"2014-09-15T07:01:21.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:29:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140915science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/21581/why-more-trees-in-the-sierra-mean-less-water-for-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140915science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21584\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California's reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California’s reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoir levels dropping, just about everyone is wishing the state had gotten more water this year. That doesn’t just depend on the weather, according to a team of scientists. Sierra Nevada forests play a big role in the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like crops, trees consume water. And Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were after decades of fire suppression. That could be reducing the amount of runoff coming from the snowpack — runoff that provides water for most of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call the Sierra Nevada our water towers for California,” says Roger Bales, a hydrologist with UC Merced. “About 60 percent of our consumable water comes from the Sierra Nevada.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales is working in a pine forest about 20 miles west of Lake Tahoe, to understand the balance between and trees and runoff. His team has installed hundreds of sensors in the American River basin to record snow depth and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The snowmelt really enters the soil,” he says, “and flows downslope to the nearest stream channel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it joins major rivers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">goes into reservoirs\u003c/a> and canals that reach \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/28/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from/\">all the way to cities and farms\u003c/a> in the Central Valley, Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\" alt=\"UC Merced's Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"477\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Merced’s Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When trees use water through the process of evapotranspiration, it doesn’t run off into rivers and reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water travels up the tree trunk and then goes out through the leaves to the atmosphere,” Bales says. And there are a lot more trees using water today than there once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequent, low-intensity fires once cleared out small trees and maintained spaces in the forest. Decades of suppressing fires has allowed the forest to fill in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You go back about 100-to-150 years and the forest data show us there were maybe only half as many trees here,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack is also less stable in a dense forest. The snow gets stuck in the trees’ branches before reaching the ground and evaporates faster because it’s more susceptible to sun and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because these changes have happened over millions of acres of forest, Bales says it’s led researchers to a basic question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were half as many trees, would there be more runoff?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research points to yes, he says — potentially a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent?” Bales says. “We’re sort of in that range. But that’s a hypothesis. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that you could get anywhere from half a million to a million acre-feet additional water out of the Sierra Nevada.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million acre-feet of water is enough to supply two million households in California for a year — an amount that could make a big difference during a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Overgrown Forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the water piece is really huge,” says Scott Stephens, professor of fire science at UC Berkeley. “I think it’s under-appreciated but it’s massive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens has found similar results in the Illilouette Creek basin in Yosemite National Park. About 40 fires have been allowed to burn there over several decades, reducing the number of trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like there’s 20 percent more surface water leaving the streams in that area since the fire program began in the mid-1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The widely spaced trees also make the forest more resistant to high-severity fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I call it a potential win-win,” Stephens says. “It’s a win from a fire standpoint to have more resilient forests and also maybe a win in terms of being able to provide a critical resource for California, which is water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But leaving naturally caused fires to burn over large areas of the Sierra Nevada is tricky, he says, especially near houses and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Letting fire work in those lands is risky,” Stephens says. “Sometimes it’s going to go as expected and once in a while it goes wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is to allow timber companies to cut small trees, thinning the forest. It’s commonly done where roads already exist, but can be prohibitively expensive in remote areas and often faces environmental opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make the problem even worse. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.uci.edu/press-releases/sierra-nevada-freshwater-runoff-could-drop-26-percent-by-2100-uc-study-finds/\">recent study\u003c/a> from UC Irvine found California’s forests will be using even more water by the end of the century, because warming temperatures will make the growing season longer. Runoff could drop by as much as 26 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t act today, our grandkids’ grandkids are going to have so few options,” Stephens says. “It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to be more difficult to do this work and they’re going to be basically chasing their tails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens says the good news is that California water districts are joining the conversation about how to manage forests. While it didn’t used to be on their radar, the connection between trees and our drinking water is becoming hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/21581/why-more-trees-in-the-sierra-mean-less-water-for-california","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_46","science_31","science_35","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_194","science_572","science_112","science_762","science_64","science_109","science_1127","science_787","science_201","science_113"],"featImg":"science_21584","label":"science_1151"},"science_20636":{"type":"posts","id":"science_20636","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"20636","score":null,"sort":[1408345314000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-year-after-rim-fire-debate-sparks-over-replanting-trees","title":"A Year After Rim Fire, Debate Sparks Over Replanting Trees","publishDate":1408345314,"format":"aside","headTitle":"A Year After Rim Fire, Debate Sparks Over Replanting Trees | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140818science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20640\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/seedling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/seedling.jpg\" alt=\"A pine tree seedling emerges in a burned area of the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pine tree seedling emerges in a burned area of the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One year after the record-breaking Rim Fire began in the Sierra Nevada, signs of recovery are appearing. Green ferns and small seedlings dot the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a full recovery expected to take a century or more, forest officials are working on plans to speed it along by planting new trees. Reforestation is common after large fires in the West, but some scientists say it’s time to rethink how forests are replanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire is the largest wildfire ever recorded in the Sierra Nevada. Fed by high winds and bone-dry conditions, it consumed 257,000 acres – an area nine times the size of San Francisco. A hunter recently pleaded not guilty to charges that he started it with an illegal campfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of acres were severely burned, with trees and vegetation wiped out in about 40 percent of the burned area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees in this area have definitely torched out,” says Eric Knapp, a research ecologist with the Forest Service, walking around a burned patch of the Stanislaus National Forest. “You can see the bark char going pretty much all the way up the tree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/rimfireslideshow.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"445\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shrubs and ferns have been able to come back quickly in many places, thanks in part to California’s historic drought. Without big winter storms to create soil erosion, plants were able to take hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s remarkable even in one year what can come back,” Knapp says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine tree seedlings are harder to find. Knapp finally spots a three-inch pine tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The seed source is probably…” he says, looking around for where it came from. “There was green forest over there at least a hundred yards away. But nice thing about these pine seedlings is the seeds have these little wings on them so they get up into the wind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how this kind of mixed-conifer forest regrows in the Sierra Nevada, he says. Green trees on the edges of a burn send their seeds into dead areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the plants and trees can recolonize from the edge, but if your edge is too far away, that becomes more challenging,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the problem in the Rim Fire, he says. There are huge patches of dead trees and seeds can only travel so far, either by the wind or animals. The largest dead patch is more than 60,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20667 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Rimfiregraphic-e1408148390108.jpeg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"816\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We estimate it could take centuries – a couple centuries – to really get that back in because there’s no seed source,” says the Forest Service’s Maria Benech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service is working on a Rim Fire recovery plan that includes reforestation, which could begin in a year and half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all done by hand, so it’s all hand-planted,” she says. “Just little tiny guys that are four, five inches tall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seedlings are usually planted densely, 10 feet apart. Reforestation has been done this way in the West for decades, but planting trees in the Sierra Nevada is no guarantee of success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After fires in 1987, the Forest Service replanted some of the forest, in what’s known as the “Penny Pines” tree plantation. A good part of the plantation was killed by the Rim Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These were fairly young, 20-25 year old stands,” Benech says. “They had branching all the way to the ground – a lot of interlocking branches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire moved easily through the dense foliage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have criticized how close we planted trees,” she says. “But the idea all along was to come in, year seven, year ten, and thin those out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01475.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01475.jpg\" alt=\"Ferns and brush return to the forest floor in the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20689\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ferns and brush return to the forest floor in the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it takes funding to selectively cut trees and create spaces in the forest. The Forest Service had made plans to do it, but hadn’t gotten the resources yet. Without that, the replanted trees went from restoration to liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plantations are really prone to burning up,” says Malcolm North, a research scientist with the Forest Service and an affiliate professor at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North says there may be a better way to replant trees after wildfires. Researchers have learned a lot about how Sierra Nevada forests once looked, before Smokey Bear and decades of fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we now know is that we eventually want to produce trees that have kind of a clumped and open – a group-y, gap-y type structure,” he says. “That’s the pattern we find time and time again in these forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees could be planted in a way that mimics that natural pattern – in clumps instead of rows. That could make them more resilient to future fires, North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of scientists and environmental groups has been meeting to work on that idea. There’s still a lot to learn about how do that type of restoration. But that’s the silver lining of the Rim Fire, North says. With such a high profile fire comes the opportunity to learn from it.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Reforestation is common after large fires in the West, but some scientists say it’s time to rethink how forests are replanted.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933129,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/rimfireslideshow.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":923},"headData":{"title":"A Year After Rim Fire, Debate Sparks Over Replanting Trees | KQED","description":"Reforestation is common after large fires in the West, but some scientists say it’s time to rethink how forests are replanted.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Year After Rim Fire, Debate Sparks Over Replanting Trees","datePublished":"2014-08-18T07:01:54.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:32:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140818science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/20636/a-year-after-rim-fire-debate-sparks-over-replanting-trees","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140818science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20640\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/seedling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/seedling.jpg\" alt=\"A pine tree seedling emerges in a burned area of the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pine tree seedling emerges in a burned area of the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One year after the record-breaking Rim Fire began in the Sierra Nevada, signs of recovery are appearing. Green ferns and small seedlings dot the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a full recovery expected to take a century or more, forest officials are working on plans to speed it along by planting new trees. Reforestation is common after large fires in the West, but some scientists say it’s time to rethink how forests are replanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire is the largest wildfire ever recorded in the Sierra Nevada. Fed by high winds and bone-dry conditions, it consumed 257,000 acres – an area nine times the size of San Francisco. A hunter recently pleaded not guilty to charges that he started it with an illegal campfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of acres were severely burned, with trees and vegetation wiped out in about 40 percent of the burned area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees in this area have definitely torched out,” says Eric Knapp, a research ecologist with the Forest Service, walking around a burned patch of the Stanislaus National Forest. “You can see the bark char going pretty much all the way up the tree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/rimfireslideshow.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"445\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shrubs and ferns have been able to come back quickly in many places, thanks in part to California’s historic drought. Without big winter storms to create soil erosion, plants were able to take hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s remarkable even in one year what can come back,” Knapp says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine tree seedlings are harder to find. Knapp finally spots a three-inch pine tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The seed source is probably…” he says, looking around for where it came from. “There was green forest over there at least a hundred yards away. But nice thing about these pine seedlings is the seeds have these little wings on them so they get up into the wind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how this kind of mixed-conifer forest regrows in the Sierra Nevada, he says. Green trees on the edges of a burn send their seeds into dead areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the plants and trees can recolonize from the edge, but if your edge is too far away, that becomes more challenging,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the problem in the Rim Fire, he says. There are huge patches of dead trees and seeds can only travel so far, either by the wind or animals. The largest dead patch is more than 60,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20667 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Rimfiregraphic-e1408148390108.jpeg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"816\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We estimate it could take centuries – a couple centuries – to really get that back in because there’s no seed source,” says the Forest Service’s Maria Benech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service is working on a Rim Fire recovery plan that includes reforestation, which could begin in a year and half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all done by hand, so it’s all hand-planted,” she says. “Just little tiny guys that are four, five inches tall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seedlings are usually planted densely, 10 feet apart. Reforestation has been done this way in the West for decades, but planting trees in the Sierra Nevada is no guarantee of success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After fires in 1987, the Forest Service replanted some of the forest, in what’s known as the “Penny Pines” tree plantation. A good part of the plantation was killed by the Rim Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These were fairly young, 20-25 year old stands,” Benech says. “They had branching all the way to the ground – a lot of interlocking branches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire moved easily through the dense foliage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have criticized how close we planted trees,” she says. “But the idea all along was to come in, year seven, year ten, and thin those out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01475.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01475.jpg\" alt=\"Ferns and brush return to the forest floor in the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20689\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ferns and brush return to the forest floor in the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it takes funding to selectively cut trees and create spaces in the forest. The Forest Service had made plans to do it, but hadn’t gotten the resources yet. Without that, the replanted trees went from restoration to liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plantations are really prone to burning up,” says Malcolm North, a research scientist with the Forest Service and an affiliate professor at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North says there may be a better way to replant trees after wildfires. Researchers have learned a lot about how Sierra Nevada forests once looked, before Smokey Bear and decades of fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we now know is that we eventually want to produce trees that have kind of a clumped and open – a group-y, gap-y type structure,” he says. “That’s the pattern we find time and time again in these forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees could be planted in a way that mimics that natural pattern – in clumps instead of rows. That could make them more resilient to future fires, North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of scientists and environmental groups has been meeting to work on that idea. There’s still a lot to learn about how do that type of restoration. But that’s the silver lining of the Rim Fire, North says. With such a high profile fire comes the opportunity to learn from it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/20636/a-year-after-rim-fire-debate-sparks-over-replanting-trees","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_46","science_35","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_762","science_763","science_64","science_670","science_607","science_787","science_113"],"featImg":"science_20641","label":"science"},"science_9626":{"type":"posts","id":"science_9626","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"9626","score":null,"sort":[1380852360000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drought-could-hamper-forest-recovery-after-rim-fire","title":"Drought Could Hamper Forest Recovery After Rim Fire","publishDate":1380852360,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Drought Could Hamper Forest Recovery After Rim Fire | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9628\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Rim-fire2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9628\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Rim-fire2.jpg\" alt=\"California's dry weather could make it tough for young trees to get established after the Rim Fire. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s dry soil could make it tough for young trees to get established after the Rim Fire. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fire ecologists say it will take decades for forests to recover from the Rim Fire in Yosemite National Park, given the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/19/rim-fire-draft/\">extent of the high-severity burn\u003c/a>. Now they’re adding another concern to that list: California’s dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprawling stands of dead trees, an estimated 40 percent of the burned area, are reminiscent of another major national park fire: \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94126845\">Yellowstone in 1998\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”3112b44fa131a811d44c7bbb13b64918″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Initial response was that Yellowstone had been destroyed and it was a disaster,” says Malcolm North, a Forest Service ecologist. “We’ve come to understand that fire was actually very characteristic for Yellowstone and did a lot of ecological benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here, not so much. Forests in Yellowstone adapted to high-intensity fires, as seen in the lodgepole pines commonly found there. “The cones on the tree are actually sealed with pitch and only open up and release new seeds under high-intensity fire,” says North. “We have lodgepole pine in California but in almost all of it, the cones do not open and release seeds the same way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9700\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Yellowstone.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9700\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Yellowstone.jpg\" alt=\"Lodgepole pines regrowing 15 years after the Yellowstone fire. (Photo: Monica Turner)\" width=\"350\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lodgepole pines regrowing 15 years after the Yellowstone fire. (Photo: Monica Turner)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9630\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/North-fire.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9630\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/North-fire.jpg\" alt=\"A California forest burned 10 years ago in the Cone Fire is replaced with shrubland. (Photo; Malcolm North/USFS)\" width=\"351\" height=\"231\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California forest burned 10 years ago in the Cone Fire is now shrub land. (Photo: Malcolm North/USFS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mid-elevation forests, like the area of the Rim Fire, have historically seen frequent, low-intensity fires where most of the large trees survive and seed the next generation. “You need to have live trees nearby an area for the seed to be blown in on the wind,” North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be a challenge in the Rim Fire’s largest swath of dead trees, estimated to be 63,000 acres. “It’s very unlikely that seed is going to be able to get into the interior of that high-severity patch,” says North.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when young trees get established, drought could hamper the recovery, as North and other fire ecologists \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/41.summary\">published in the journal Science\u003c/a> on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most susceptible stage of forests throughout their 400-year life is really the first 10 years,” he says. “There’s a much higher likelihood that they’re going to die within that period until they get large enough that they get deep enough root systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a record-dry year in California so far, something that could aid shrubs and bushes – the quick-colonizers that could potentially take over historically forested areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The shrubs are really strong competitors for soil moisture,” North says. “Not only do you have the influence of the climate drying and making the overall soil moisture lower, the shrubs are much better at picking up and using the soil moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service is currently considering whether to plant trees in badly-burned areas to give shrubs some competition and the forest a head start.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ferns and new shoots from oak trees are already appearing in the ashes of the Rim Fire in Yosemite National Park. But fire ecologists say the long-term recovery of the forest could be hampered if California’s dry weather continues","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934936,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":524},"headData":{"title":"Drought Could Hamper Forest Recovery After Rim Fire | KQED","description":"Ferns and new shoots from oak trees are already appearing in the ashes of the Rim Fire in Yosemite National Park. But fire ecologists say the long-term recovery of the forest could be hampered if California’s dry weather continues","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Drought Could Hamper Forest Recovery After Rim Fire","datePublished":"2013-10-04T02:06:00.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:02:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/9626/drought-could-hamper-forest-recovery-after-rim-fire","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9628\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Rim-fire2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9628\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Rim-fire2.jpg\" alt=\"California's dry weather could make it tough for young trees to get established after the Rim Fire. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s dry soil could make it tough for young trees to get established after the Rim Fire. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fire ecologists say it will take decades for forests to recover from the Rim Fire in Yosemite National Park, given the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/19/rim-fire-draft/\">extent of the high-severity burn\u003c/a>. Now they’re adding another concern to that list: California’s dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprawling stands of dead trees, an estimated 40 percent of the burned area, are reminiscent of another major national park fire: \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94126845\">Yellowstone in 1998\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Initial response was that Yellowstone had been destroyed and it was a disaster,” says Malcolm North, a Forest Service ecologist. “We’ve come to understand that fire was actually very characteristic for Yellowstone and did a lot of ecological benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here, not so much. Forests in Yellowstone adapted to high-intensity fires, as seen in the lodgepole pines commonly found there. “The cones on the tree are actually sealed with pitch and only open up and release new seeds under high-intensity fire,” says North. “We have lodgepole pine in California but in almost all of it, the cones do not open and release seeds the same way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9700\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Yellowstone.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9700\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Yellowstone.jpg\" alt=\"Lodgepole pines regrowing 15 years after the Yellowstone fire. (Photo: Monica Turner)\" width=\"350\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lodgepole pines regrowing 15 years after the Yellowstone fire. (Photo: Monica Turner)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9630\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/North-fire.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9630\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/North-fire.jpg\" alt=\"A California forest burned 10 years ago in the Cone Fire is replaced with shrubland. (Photo; Malcolm North/USFS)\" width=\"351\" height=\"231\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California forest burned 10 years ago in the Cone Fire is now shrub land. (Photo: Malcolm North/USFS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mid-elevation forests, like the area of the Rim Fire, have historically seen frequent, low-intensity fires where most of the large trees survive and seed the next generation. “You need to have live trees nearby an area for the seed to be blown in on the wind,” North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be a challenge in the Rim Fire’s largest swath of dead trees, estimated to be 63,000 acres. “It’s very unlikely that seed is going to be able to get into the interior of that high-severity patch,” says North.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when young trees get established, drought could hamper the recovery, as North and other fire ecologists \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/41.summary\">published in the journal Science\u003c/a> on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most susceptible stage of forests throughout their 400-year life is really the first 10 years,” he says. “There’s a much higher likelihood that they’re going to die within that period until they get large enough that they get deep enough root systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a record-dry year in California so far, something that could aid shrubs and bushes – the quick-colonizers that could potentially take over historically forested areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The shrubs are really strong competitors for soil moisture,” North says. “Not only do you have the influence of the climate drying and making the overall soil moisture lower, the shrubs are much better at picking up and using the soil moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service is currently considering whether to plant trees in badly-burned areas to give shrubs some competition and the forest a head start.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/9626/drought-could-hamper-forest-recovery-after-rim-fire","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_112","science_762","science_607","science_787","science_159"],"featImg":"science_9628","label":"science_1151"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago.\r\n\r\n[http_redir]","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Drought Watch Archives | KQED Science","description":"What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's The Lowdown) [iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"] We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the background and rounding up all the stories we’ve produced. 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