As Algal Bloom Returns to the Bay, Is Swimming Safe for Humans (and Pets)?
Scientists Uncover Genetic Basis for Toxic Algal Blooms
Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters
Health Officials Warn Public to Stay Out of Discovery Bay’s Toxic Waters
San Francisco Bay Shellfish Are Loaded With Toxins, Study Finds
In Bay Area, Even Sea Otters Have Wearable Med
Lakes Reopened in Bay Area, but Risks of Algae Blooms Persist
Algae-Poisoned Sea Lions Inundate Marine Mammal Center
Reporters' Choice: The 2016 Science Stories You Don't Want To Miss
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She is a 2013 graduate of Brooklyn Law School and is currently researching war on terror prosecutions for an upcoming book.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"amelscript","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amel Ahmed | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aahmed"},"eromero":{"type":"authors","id":"11746","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11746","found":true},"name":"Ezra David Romero","firstName":"Ezra David","lastName":"Romero","slug":"eromero","email":"eromero@kqed.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":["news","science"],"title":"Climate Reporter","bio":"Ezra David Romero is a climate reporter for KQED News. He covers the absence and excess of water in the Bay Area — think sea level rise, flooding and drought. For nearly a decade he’s covered how warming temperatures are altering the lives of Californians. He’s reported on farmers worried their pistachio trees aren’t getting enough sleep, families desperate for water, scientists studying dying giant sequoias, and alongside firefighters containing wildfires. His work has appeared on local stations across California and nationally on public radio shows like Morning Edition, Here and Now, All Things Considered and Science Friday. ","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9c15bb8bab267e058708a9eeaeef16bf?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"ezraromero","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ezra David Romero | KQED","description":"Climate Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9c15bb8bab267e058708a9eeaeef16bf?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9c15bb8bab267e058708a9eeaeef16bf?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/eromero"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1983775":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1983775","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1983775","score":null,"sort":[1691175286000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"as-algal-bloom-returns-to-the-bay-is-swimming-safe-for-humans-and-pets","title":"As Algal Bloom Returns to the Bay, Is Swimming Safe for Humans (and Pets)?","publishDate":1691175286,"format":"standard","headTitle":"As Algal Bloom Returns to the Bay, Is Swimming Safe for Humans (and Pets)? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The red tide that killed an immeasurable number of fish in San Francisco Bay last year has again emerged, covering parts of the bay in a light brown sheen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency in charge of regulating flows into the bay held a press conference in early August alerting the public about the return of the tea-colored water. This alert came after an environmental watchdog group, San Francisco Baykeeper, received a series of calls at the end of July about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983631/last-summers-fish-killing-algae-bloom-is-back-in-the-bay\">a reddish-brown film floating on the surface of the water in places like Berkeley, Emeryville, Albany and Tiburon\u003c/a>.[aside postID=science_1983631 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg']Environmental scientists believe the algal bloom, while a natural occurrence and likely not harmful to human health, is fueled by treated sewage put out by wastewater treatment plants across the Bay Area — and could be worsened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren’t sure how large this bloom will grow or how many fish will die, but they are examining the organism closely. Still, scientists are sure of one thing: Humans are a big part of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jump straight to:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#algaebloomsafepets\">Is the red tide harmful to humans or pets?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#reportalgaebloom\">What should I do if I find a red tide or a dead fish?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#algaesafetofish\">Can I still fish in the bay?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#redtideclimatechange\">How is the red tide related to climate change?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost all about us to blame,” said Peter Roopnarine, curator of invertebrate zoology & geology at the California Academy of Sciences. “The bay is kind of a gigantic laboratory flask in some ways where you can put in ingredients, can mix them and it’s not easy for those to have an outside influence from the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep reading for what you need to know about this latest algal bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What is red tide?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ominous sounding, the term red tide is broadly defined. It typically means anytime a bloom of phytoplankton — microscopic plant-like organisms that are the base of the marine food web — discolor a body of water to the point it is visible to the human eye.[aside postID='news_11910495,science_1983522,news_11953853,news_11953794' label='More Outdoor Guides From KQED']Red tides aren’t always red. They can in fact range from rusty orange to brown to green, but millions (if not billions or trillions) of these little creatures are needed for a red tide to be visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every red tide, or algal bloom, is toxic — although they can be. The species behind the recurring algal bloom in San Francisco Bay is called \u003ca href=\"https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/project/toxicity-toxic-alga-heterosigma-akashiwo-puget-sound/\">Heterosigma akashiwo\u003c/a> and \u003cem>isn’t\u003c/em> known at this time to be toxic to humans (see more below). The microscopic critter looks like a swimming potato chip with a tail, said Raphael Kudela, a phytoplankton ecologist at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the organism thrives in the bay because the shallow water warms up quickly. Plus, it’s full of tasty treats it likes to fill up on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just really happy when it’s in the bay,” he said. “As long as it’s happy, it’s just going to keep going, and going, and going. And that’s basically what a red tide is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983659\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983659\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut.jpg\" alt=\"White sailboats float in reddish brown water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reddish-brown water due to an algae bloom can be seen in the Berkeley Marina on July 31, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"algaebloomsafepets\">\u003c/a>Is the red tide harmful to humans or pets??\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t think the red tide in the bay harms human health or pets, but they are hesitant to say that for certain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For that reason, experts do not recommend swimming in — or otherwise coming into contact with — murky water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Senn, senior scientist at the San Francisco Estuary Institute, (SFEI) said there’s very little information available about the toxicity of the algae on people when they come in contact with it. That’s why the general guidance is: Don’t take a dip into areas of the bay where blooms are present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes sense to avoid discolored water in general, particularly in this case,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is known is that an algae bloom of this nature often kills fish by eliminating the oxygen they need to breathe in the water. (Jump to more information about \u003ca href=\"#reportalgaebloom\">what to do if you find a dead fish or other organism near a red tide.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983788\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983788\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"961\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray-1020x511.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray-160x80.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray-1536x769.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo submitted by Damon Tighe to inaturalist.org, showing a dead bat ray found in Emeryville. \u003ccite>(Damon Tighe via inaturalist.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there is a caveat for humans, said Kudela at UC Santa Cruz. Dense red tides are often accompanied by organic material and bacteria, which \u003cem>can\u003c/em> harm human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Heterosigma is not going to harm humans or dogs. But just being in that organic soup, you could be exposed to pathogenic bacteria or other things,” he said. “If the water is super thick and red, you probably don’t want to be in it anyway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short: While the risks are probably low, it’s just a good idea to keep yourself — and your pets — out of a body of water that has a red tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"reportalgaebloom\">\u003c/a>What do I do if I spot a red tide??\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To report a red tide or algae bloom you can reach SF Baykeeper’s pollution hotline by:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Calling 1-800-KEEP-Bay.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Emailing \u003ca href=\"mailto:hotline@baykeeper.org\">hotline@baykeeper.org.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/content/report-pollution\">Filling out a form online\u003c/a> to submit a confidential pollution tip.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms can also be reported to the California State Water Resources Control Board’s Freshwater and Estuarine Harmful Algal Bloom (FHAB) Program. You can reach the agency hotline by:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Calling 1-844-729-6466.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Emailing \u003ca href=\"mailto:CyanoHAB.Reports@waterboards.ca.gov\">CyanoHAB.Reports@waterboards.ca.gov.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Filling out\u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/do/bloomreport.html\"> a digital form to submit an algal bloom report\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>If you’re reporting a red tide, be sure to include the time, date, location and a description of what you saw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Spotted a dead fish near a red tide?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To report a dead fish in an area where there is red tide present, you can \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/\">download the app iNaturalist\u003c/a>. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife is collecting \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/sf-bay-harmful-algae-bloom-2023\">these observations of dead organisms related to the algae bloom\u003c/a> in San Francisco Bay, so make sure you log a photo, location and (if possible) species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://oaklandside.org/2023/08/03/harmful-algae-bloom-red-tide-bay-area-lake-merritt-inaturalist-project-research/\">Read more about how to report dead fish using iNaturalist from The Oaklandside\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983783\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983783\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1062\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map-800x443.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map-1020x564.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map-768x425.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map-1536x850.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map-672x372.jpg 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the Bay Area on inaturalist.org showing user reports of dead organisms around a red tide \u003ccite>(inaturalist.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"algaesafetofish\">\u003c/a>Can I continue fishing in the bay with the algae present?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>UC Santa Cruz’s Kudela said it’s perfectly fine to continue fishing in the bay, even in areas where the algae bloom is present because the algae do not contaminate the meat of the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘While it can kill the fish, if you’re eating the meat and cleaning it, there’s no risk,” Kudela said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s up to you whether you want to fish or eat stressed fish, but there’s nothing wrong with fishing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep reading for more background on the 2023 algal bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What is causing this year’s algal bloom?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Heterosigma akashiwo got lucky in 2023 — for the second year in a row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A series of environmental conditions are allowing this minuscule creature to show up en masse. This organism needs four things to flourish: light, warm water, relatively calm water and oodles of food. It got all four this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists think the organism deposited itself in sediment under the bay after it died off last year, acting like a dormant seed until the right conditions allow it to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board has confirmed the organism in bay waters near Emeryville, Albany, the Berkeley Marina, Richardson Bay and Belvedere Cove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the bay’s east side is often shallow — water heats up faster there than in other parts of the region — the red tide was first spotted there, likely because it’s an ideal place for the algae to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#tellus\">Tell us: Is there another guide to something you’d like to read?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely responding to warm temperatures,” said UC Santa Cruz’s Kudela. The organisms swim near the water’s surface during daytime hours to gather more light and swim toward nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With winter storms long in the rearview mirror, tides in the bay also are at their mellowest point of the year, which decreases ocean water circulation into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae also have a lot to eat for several reasons. They munch on tiny particles, nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus. While naturally occurring, there is an influx of these nutrients into the bay from 37 wastewater treatment plants that discharge treated sewage into the bay. This rush of nutrients provides a buffet for the algae to feast upon, allowing them to grow voraciously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Francisco Bay has some of the highest levels of nutrient pollution of any estuary in the world,” said Jon Rosenfield, senior scientist with SF Baykeeper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983657\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"Dark reddish-orange looking water splashes agains rocks in the foreground with the San Francisco skyline in the distance.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An algae bloom in the San Francisco Bay near the Berkeley Marina on July 31, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>When will the red tide go away?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the near term, scientists say nothing can be done to stop a red tide once it shows up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just have to wait for conditions to change,” said Kudela.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The options are limited. The algae can consume all the nutrients like PAC-MAN eating dots in a video game until there isn’t enough left to support the organism. Or a heavy rain storm or a wind event can churn up the bay, altering the water’s temperature, and reversing the conditions that can support it. Some scientists think that’s what caused the red tide to dissipate last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had some really big wind events, and it was gone,” said William Cochlan, a marine biologist and an emeritus professor at San Francisco State University. “The winds stir up the whole system, they don’t get enough light and that’s usually the end of the bloom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the algae, in this case, are tricksters. Scientists believe that when their conditions change, they produce a cyst and embed themselves into the sediment at the bottom of the bay, not emerging again until the right conditions persist for them to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFEI’s Senn said they don’t yet know what triggers the cysts to hatch. His team is testing the bay’s water and monitoring satellite imagery to see if the bloom is expanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What struck the match last year was a mystery. But once the match was struck, it was enough for this organism to get a toehold and then it had fuel to continue to grow,” said Senn.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What are scientists and officials doing to address the red tide?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the long term, the region’s 37 wastewater treatment plants can limit the nutrient pollution they dump into the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These plants regularly discharge treated sewage water full of tiny particles, which algae love to devour. Cochlan said these plants contribute “the vast majority” of the nutrients (or algae food) into the bay, especially during the summer when the water is warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board will consider changing its rules for these plants, when their permits are up for renewal. This is an opportunity for regulators to clamp down on the nutrient load the plants are allowed to release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these plants treat the sewage, most do not filter out all the nutrients before discharging the water into the bay. Fixing the problem could cost at least $12 billion and maybe twice that much, according to Bay Area Clean Water Agencies, which represent local water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some plants are already redesigning their facilities to reduce the amount of nutrients released into the bay, said Eileen White, the water board executive officer. But not all plants are doing that — and there is currently no formal requirement for plant operators to reduce the discharged nutrient loads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists also say red tides will likely occur more often as the climate warms and raises water temperatures. The even bigger fix is addressing climate change at its root by ending the burning of fossil fuels that cause global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"redtideclimatechange\">\u003c/a>What does climate change have to do with red tides?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Climate change will likely increase the frequency of red tides because the bay and ocean will be warmer. The bay could also absorb more runoff during significant wet years and less water during periods of drought. This off-and-on cycle could accentuate the warm and relatively calm conditions the algae proliferate in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could expect more unpredictable and more frequent algal blooms of all kinds,” said Kudela at UC Santa Cruz. “It’s not surprising that we’re seeing bigger and longer-lasting blooms as the climate shifts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increasing water temperature is critical to the algae’s lifespan, and a warming climate only increases the odds of the species thriving in the bay, said San Francisco State University’s Cochlan.\u003cbr>\n“We may be exacerbating these plumes, making them more frequent, of greater duration and more intense by increasing temperature through climate change,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to expect to see these changes in the bay or the coast with climate change,” Cochlan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cleaning up what the treatment plants dump into the bay and warming water is “like a one-two punch — and we really need to tackle both of the problems,” said Emily Jeffers, an attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the one that we can address more readily and more quickly is the nutrient loads from the wastewater-treatment facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Is the Bay Area red tide related to the algal bloom off the Southern California coast?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The red tide in San Francisco Bay is unrelated to \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-07-07/as-toxic-algae-bloom-afflicts-california-coast-wildlife-care-center-calls-for-aid\">the algal bloom in the Pacific Ocean, currently off the coast of Southern California\u003c/a>. The organism causing the death of dolphins and sea lions is \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/toxic-algal-bloom-suspected-dolphin-and-sea-lion-deaths-southern-california\">a different type of algae, Pseudo-nitzschia\u003c/a>, that causes the production of a neurotoxin called domoic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That toxin is transmitted via the complex food web. Birds and marine mammals can die when ingesting the toxin in animals and fish that they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They get a big dose of domoic acid; it causes brain damage,” said Kudela. “Humans can get the same thing, but almost nobody in California gets sick because it’s super well regulated. But it can get into the shellfish and things like spiny lobster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae bloom in the bay and in the Pacific Ocean are similar because they’re both phytoplankton blooms and flourish in relatively warmer water, although at somewhat different temperatures. The more dangerous algae currently circulating in the Pacific Ocean could spread into the bay if the conditions are right. But Kudela said the likelihood of that happening is slim because the bay is consistently too warm for the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"tellus\">\u003c/a>Tell us: What else do you need information about?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At KQED, we know that it can sometimes be hard to track down the answers to navigate life in the Bay Area in 2023. We’ve published \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/coronavirus-resources-and-explainers\">clear, practical explainers and guides about COVID\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11936674/how-to-prepare-for-this-weeks-atmospheric-river-storm-sandbags-emergency-kits-and-more\">how to cope with intense winter weather\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11821950/how-to-safely-attend-a-protest-in-the-bay-area\">how to exercise your right to protest safely\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So tell us: What do you need to know more about? Tell us, and you could see your question answered online or on social media. What you submit will make our reporting stronger, and help us decide what to cover here on our site, and on KQED Public Radio, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[hearken id=\"10483\" src=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/10483.js\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"That 'red tide' is back in parts of the San Francisco Bay Area. Here's what you need to know about swimming near it, pet safety and how this 2023 algae is related to climate change.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845932,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":65,"wordCount":2723},"headData":{"title":"As Algal Bloom Returns to the Bay, Is Swimming Safe for Humans (and Pets)? | KQED","description":"That 'red tide' is back in parts of the San Francisco Bay Area. Here's what you need to know about swimming near it, pet safety and how this 2023 algae is related to climate change.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"As Algal Bloom Returns to the Bay, Is Swimming Safe for Humans (and Pets)?","datePublished":"2023-08-04T18:54:46.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:18:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1983775/as-algal-bloom-returns-to-the-bay-is-swimming-safe-for-humans-and-pets","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The red tide that killed an immeasurable number of fish in San Francisco Bay last year has again emerged, covering parts of the bay in a light brown sheen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency in charge of regulating flows into the bay held a press conference in early August alerting the public about the return of the tea-colored water. This alert came after an environmental watchdog group, San Francisco Baykeeper, received a series of calls at the end of July about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983631/last-summers-fish-killing-algae-bloom-is-back-in-the-bay\">a reddish-brown film floating on the surface of the water in places like Berkeley, Emeryville, Albany and Tiburon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1983631","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Environmental scientists believe the algal bloom, while a natural occurrence and likely not harmful to human health, is fueled by treated sewage put out by wastewater treatment plants across the Bay Area — and could be worsened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren’t sure how large this bloom will grow or how many fish will die, but they are examining the organism closely. Still, scientists are sure of one thing: Humans are a big part of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jump straight to:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#algaebloomsafepets\">Is the red tide harmful to humans or pets?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#reportalgaebloom\">What should I do if I find a red tide or a dead fish?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#algaesafetofish\">Can I still fish in the bay?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#redtideclimatechange\">How is the red tide related to climate change?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost all about us to blame,” said Peter Roopnarine, curator of invertebrate zoology & geology at the California Academy of Sciences. “The bay is kind of a gigantic laboratory flask in some ways where you can put in ingredients, can mix them and it’s not easy for those to have an outside influence from the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep reading for what you need to know about this latest algal bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What is red tide?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ominous sounding, the term red tide is broadly defined. It typically means anytime a bloom of phytoplankton — microscopic plant-like organisms that are the base of the marine food web — discolor a body of water to the point it is visible to the human eye.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11910495,science_1983522,news_11953853,news_11953794","label":"More Outdoor Guides From KQED "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Red tides aren’t always red. They can in fact range from rusty orange to brown to green, but millions (if not billions or trillions) of these little creatures are needed for a red tide to be visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every red tide, or algal bloom, is toxic — although they can be. The species behind the recurring algal bloom in San Francisco Bay is called \u003ca href=\"https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/project/toxicity-toxic-alga-heterosigma-akashiwo-puget-sound/\">Heterosigma akashiwo\u003c/a> and \u003cem>isn’t\u003c/em> known at this time to be toxic to humans (see more below). The microscopic critter looks like a swimming potato chip with a tail, said Raphael Kudela, a phytoplankton ecologist at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the organism thrives in the bay because the shallow water warms up quickly. Plus, it’s full of tasty treats it likes to fill up on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just really happy when it’s in the bay,” he said. “As long as it’s happy, it’s just going to keep going, and going, and going. And that’s basically what a red tide is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983659\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983659\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut.jpg\" alt=\"White sailboats float in reddish brown water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67416_230731-RedTideAlgae-08-BL-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reddish-brown water due to an algae bloom can be seen in the Berkeley Marina on July 31, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"algaebloomsafepets\">\u003c/a>Is the red tide harmful to humans or pets??\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t think the red tide in the bay harms human health or pets, but they are hesitant to say that for certain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For that reason, experts do not recommend swimming in — or otherwise coming into contact with — murky water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Senn, senior scientist at the San Francisco Estuary Institute, (SFEI) said there’s very little information available about the toxicity of the algae on people when they come in contact with it. That’s why the general guidance is: Don’t take a dip into areas of the bay where blooms are present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes sense to avoid discolored water in general, particularly in this case,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is known is that an algae bloom of this nature often kills fish by eliminating the oxygen they need to breathe in the water. (Jump to more information about \u003ca href=\"#reportalgaebloom\">what to do if you find a dead fish or other organism near a red tide.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983788\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983788\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"961\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray-1020x511.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray-160x80.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/bat-ray-1536x769.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo submitted by Damon Tighe to inaturalist.org, showing a dead bat ray found in Emeryville. \u003ccite>(Damon Tighe via inaturalist.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there is a caveat for humans, said Kudela at UC Santa Cruz. Dense red tides are often accompanied by organic material and bacteria, which \u003cem>can\u003c/em> harm human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Heterosigma is not going to harm humans or dogs. But just being in that organic soup, you could be exposed to pathogenic bacteria or other things,” he said. “If the water is super thick and red, you probably don’t want to be in it anyway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short: While the risks are probably low, it’s just a good idea to keep yourself — and your pets — out of a body of water that has a red tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"reportalgaebloom\">\u003c/a>What do I do if I spot a red tide??\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To report a red tide or algae bloom you can reach SF Baykeeper’s pollution hotline by:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Calling 1-800-KEEP-Bay.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Emailing \u003ca href=\"mailto:hotline@baykeeper.org\">hotline@baykeeper.org.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/content/report-pollution\">Filling out a form online\u003c/a> to submit a confidential pollution tip.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms can also be reported to the California State Water Resources Control Board’s Freshwater and Estuarine Harmful Algal Bloom (FHAB) Program. You can reach the agency hotline by:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Calling 1-844-729-6466.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Emailing \u003ca href=\"mailto:CyanoHAB.Reports@waterboards.ca.gov\">CyanoHAB.Reports@waterboards.ca.gov.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Filling out\u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/do/bloomreport.html\"> a digital form to submit an algal bloom report\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>If you’re reporting a red tide, be sure to include the time, date, location and a description of what you saw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Spotted a dead fish near a red tide?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To report a dead fish in an area where there is red tide present, you can \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/\">download the app iNaturalist\u003c/a>. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife is collecting \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/sf-bay-harmful-algae-bloom-2023\">these observations of dead organisms related to the algae bloom\u003c/a> in San Francisco Bay, so make sure you log a photo, location and (if possible) species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://oaklandside.org/2023/08/03/harmful-algae-bloom-red-tide-bay-area-lake-merritt-inaturalist-project-research/\">Read more about how to report dead fish using iNaturalist from The Oaklandside\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983783\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983783\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1062\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map-800x443.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map-1020x564.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map-768x425.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map-1536x850.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/algal-bloom-map-672x372.jpg 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the Bay Area on inaturalist.org showing user reports of dead organisms around a red tide \u003ccite>(inaturalist.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"algaesafetofish\">\u003c/a>Can I continue fishing in the bay with the algae present?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>UC Santa Cruz’s Kudela said it’s perfectly fine to continue fishing in the bay, even in areas where the algae bloom is present because the algae do not contaminate the meat of the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘While it can kill the fish, if you’re eating the meat and cleaning it, there’s no risk,” Kudela said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s up to you whether you want to fish or eat stressed fish, but there’s nothing wrong with fishing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep reading for more background on the 2023 algal bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What is causing this year’s algal bloom?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Heterosigma akashiwo got lucky in 2023 — for the second year in a row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A series of environmental conditions are allowing this minuscule creature to show up en masse. This organism needs four things to flourish: light, warm water, relatively calm water and oodles of food. It got all four this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists think the organism deposited itself in sediment under the bay after it died off last year, acting like a dormant seed until the right conditions allow it to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board has confirmed the organism in bay waters near Emeryville, Albany, the Berkeley Marina, Richardson Bay and Belvedere Cove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the bay’s east side is often shallow — water heats up faster there than in other parts of the region — the red tide was first spotted there, likely because it’s an ideal place for the algae to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#tellus\">Tell us: Is there another guide to something you’d like to read?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely responding to warm temperatures,” said UC Santa Cruz’s Kudela. The organisms swim near the water’s surface during daytime hours to gather more light and swim toward nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With winter storms long in the rearview mirror, tides in the bay also are at their mellowest point of the year, which decreases ocean water circulation into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae also have a lot to eat for several reasons. They munch on tiny particles, nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus. While naturally occurring, there is an influx of these nutrients into the bay from 37 wastewater treatment plants that discharge treated sewage into the bay. This rush of nutrients provides a buffet for the algae to feast upon, allowing them to grow voraciously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Francisco Bay has some of the highest levels of nutrient pollution of any estuary in the world,” said Jon Rosenfield, senior scientist with SF Baykeeper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983657\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"Dark reddish-orange looking water splashes agains rocks in the foreground with the San Francisco skyline in the distance.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67422_230731-RedTideAlgae-18-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An algae bloom in the San Francisco Bay near the Berkeley Marina on July 31, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>When will the red tide go away?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the near term, scientists say nothing can be done to stop a red tide once it shows up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just have to wait for conditions to change,” said Kudela.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The options are limited. The algae can consume all the nutrients like PAC-MAN eating dots in a video game until there isn’t enough left to support the organism. Or a heavy rain storm or a wind event can churn up the bay, altering the water’s temperature, and reversing the conditions that can support it. Some scientists think that’s what caused the red tide to dissipate last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had some really big wind events, and it was gone,” said William Cochlan, a marine biologist and an emeritus professor at San Francisco State University. “The winds stir up the whole system, they don’t get enough light and that’s usually the end of the bloom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the algae, in this case, are tricksters. Scientists believe that when their conditions change, they produce a cyst and embed themselves into the sediment at the bottom of the bay, not emerging again until the right conditions persist for them to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFEI’s Senn said they don’t yet know what triggers the cysts to hatch. His team is testing the bay’s water and monitoring satellite imagery to see if the bloom is expanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What struck the match last year was a mystery. But once the match was struck, it was enough for this organism to get a toehold and then it had fuel to continue to grow,” said Senn.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What are scientists and officials doing to address the red tide?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the long term, the region’s 37 wastewater treatment plants can limit the nutrient pollution they dump into the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These plants regularly discharge treated sewage water full of tiny particles, which algae love to devour. Cochlan said these plants contribute “the vast majority” of the nutrients (or algae food) into the bay, especially during the summer when the water is warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board will consider changing its rules for these plants, when their permits are up for renewal. This is an opportunity for regulators to clamp down on the nutrient load the plants are allowed to release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these plants treat the sewage, most do not filter out all the nutrients before discharging the water into the bay. Fixing the problem could cost at least $12 billion and maybe twice that much, according to Bay Area Clean Water Agencies, which represent local water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some plants are already redesigning their facilities to reduce the amount of nutrients released into the bay, said Eileen White, the water board executive officer. But not all plants are doing that — and there is currently no formal requirement for plant operators to reduce the discharged nutrient loads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists also say red tides will likely occur more often as the climate warms and raises water temperatures. The even bigger fix is addressing climate change at its root by ending the burning of fossil fuels that cause global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"redtideclimatechange\">\u003c/a>What does climate change have to do with red tides?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Climate change will likely increase the frequency of red tides because the bay and ocean will be warmer. The bay could also absorb more runoff during significant wet years and less water during periods of drought. This off-and-on cycle could accentuate the warm and relatively calm conditions the algae proliferate in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could expect more unpredictable and more frequent algal blooms of all kinds,” said Kudela at UC Santa Cruz. “It’s not surprising that we’re seeing bigger and longer-lasting blooms as the climate shifts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increasing water temperature is critical to the algae’s lifespan, and a warming climate only increases the odds of the species thriving in the bay, said San Francisco State University’s Cochlan.\u003cbr>\n“We may be exacerbating these plumes, making them more frequent, of greater duration and more intense by increasing temperature through climate change,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to expect to see these changes in the bay or the coast with climate change,” Cochlan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cleaning up what the treatment plants dump into the bay and warming water is “like a one-two punch — and we really need to tackle both of the problems,” said Emily Jeffers, an attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the one that we can address more readily and more quickly is the nutrient loads from the wastewater-treatment facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Is the Bay Area red tide related to the algal bloom off the Southern California coast?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The red tide in San Francisco Bay is unrelated to \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-07-07/as-toxic-algae-bloom-afflicts-california-coast-wildlife-care-center-calls-for-aid\">the algal bloom in the Pacific Ocean, currently off the coast of Southern California\u003c/a>. The organism causing the death of dolphins and sea lions is \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/toxic-algal-bloom-suspected-dolphin-and-sea-lion-deaths-southern-california\">a different type of algae, Pseudo-nitzschia\u003c/a>, that causes the production of a neurotoxin called domoic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That toxin is transmitted via the complex food web. Birds and marine mammals can die when ingesting the toxin in animals and fish that they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They get a big dose of domoic acid; it causes brain damage,” said Kudela. “Humans can get the same thing, but almost nobody in California gets sick because it’s super well regulated. But it can get into the shellfish and things like spiny lobster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae bloom in the bay and in the Pacific Ocean are similar because they’re both phytoplankton blooms and flourish in relatively warmer water, although at somewhat different temperatures. The more dangerous algae currently circulating in the Pacific Ocean could spread into the bay if the conditions are right. But Kudela said the likelihood of that happening is slim because the bay is consistently too warm for the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"tellus\">\u003c/a>Tell us: What else do you need information about?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At KQED, we know that it can sometimes be hard to track down the answers to navigate life in the Bay Area in 2023. We’ve published \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/coronavirus-resources-and-explainers\">clear, practical explainers and guides about COVID\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11936674/how-to-prepare-for-this-weeks-atmospheric-river-storm-sandbags-emergency-kits-and-more\">how to cope with intense winter weather\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11821950/how-to-safely-attend-a-protest-in-the-bay-area\">how to exercise your right to protest safely\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So tell us: What do you need to know more about? Tell us, and you could see your question answered online or on social media. What you submit will make our reporting stronger, and help us decide what to cover here on our site, and on KQED Public Radio, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"hearken","attributes":{"named":{"id":"10483","src":"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/10483.js","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1983775/as-algal-bloom-returns-to-the-bay-is-swimming-safe-for-humans-and-pets","authors":["11746"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_323","science_1413","science_747","science_4992","science_4417","science_3243"],"featImg":"science_1983791","label":"science"},"science_1931779":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1931779","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1931779","score":null,"sort":[1538086364000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-uncover-genetic-basis-for-toxic-algal-blooms","title":"Scientists Uncover Genetic Basis for Toxic Algal Blooms","publishDate":1538086364,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Scientists Uncover Genetic Basis for Toxic Algal Blooms | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Despite decades of research, the trigger that causes algal blooms to begin poisoning their environment has long confounded scientists. [contextly_sidebar id=”fnAsXqYMH2wXuMPiM7XaZXpzPiY89ReR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers from Scripps and UC San Diego have found the genetic underpinning of domoic acid, a harmful neurotoxin. In a new study published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>researchers describe three genes responsible for producing domoic acid in the phytoplankton \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitoring how the cluster of genes behave could one day yield information on which environmental or biological triggers are responsible for activating them, according to Bradley Moore, a professor of marine chemical biology and geneticist at Scripps and UC San Diego. That information could help fisheries and public health officials predict when harmful algal blooms will occur, allowing them to effectively prepare. [contextly_sidebar id=”wBZEargCce4eVX1RDaJLL0oQY2wnfmtJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says that the “very small” cluster of genes responsible for the production of the toxin is a relatively rare phenomena compared to other similar organisms, indicating that they may serve some important biological function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not there to make us sick. There are different theories for why it’s there, including serving as a feeding deterrent,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore speculates the toxin may deter organisms that would feed upon the algae. Or it may be that the toxin allows algae to chemically bond to nutrients, such as iron, present in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The discovery of these genes will allow us to explore these theories,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and his colleagues focused on \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia\u003c/em> because it occasionally causes serious economic and environmental damage along coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, closures due to toxic blooms have become increasingly common. Several popular swimming areas in the Bay Area, including Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes, were shut down for most of the summer due to harmful algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Lake-Cunningham-Park-179\">San Jose’s Lake Cunningham\u003c/a> has been closed since January and has yet to reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, the toxin can cause rashes, skin lesions, headaches and stomach pain. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">There have also been cases\u003c/a> of animals dying in Napa County from swallowing the contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To monitor local bloom sightings online, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harmful Algae Bloom Portal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists have for the first time uncovered the genes responsible for making algal blooms toxic, opening up the possibility of one day being able to predict when and why they occur. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927454,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":379},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Uncover Genetic Basis for Toxic Algal Blooms | KQED","description":"Scientists have for the first time uncovered the genes responsible for making algal blooms toxic, opening up the possibility of one day being able to predict when and why they occur. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scientists Uncover Genetic Basis for Toxic Algal Blooms","datePublished":"2018-09-27T22:12:44.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:57:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1931779/scientists-uncover-genetic-basis-for-toxic-algal-blooms","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite decades of research, the trigger that causes algal blooms to begin poisoning their environment has long confounded scientists. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers from Scripps and UC San Diego have found the genetic underpinning of domoic acid, a harmful neurotoxin. In a new study published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>researchers describe three genes responsible for producing domoic acid in the phytoplankton \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitoring how the cluster of genes behave could one day yield information on which environmental or biological triggers are responsible for activating them, according to Bradley Moore, a professor of marine chemical biology and geneticist at Scripps and UC San Diego. That information could help fisheries and public health officials predict when harmful algal blooms will occur, allowing them to effectively prepare. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says that the “very small” cluster of genes responsible for the production of the toxin is a relatively rare phenomena compared to other similar organisms, indicating that they may serve some important biological function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not there to make us sick. There are different theories for why it’s there, including serving as a feeding deterrent,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore speculates the toxin may deter organisms that would feed upon the algae. Or it may be that the toxin allows algae to chemically bond to nutrients, such as iron, present in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The discovery of these genes will allow us to explore these theories,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and his colleagues focused on \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia\u003c/em> because it occasionally causes serious economic and environmental damage along coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, closures due to toxic blooms have become increasingly common. Several popular swimming areas in the Bay Area, including Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes, were shut down for most of the summer due to harmful algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Lake-Cunningham-Park-179\">San Jose’s Lake Cunningham\u003c/a> has been closed since January and has yet to reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, the toxin can cause rashes, skin lesions, headaches and stomach pain. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">There have also been cases\u003c/a> of animals dying in Napa County from swallowing the contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To monitor local bloom sightings online, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harmful Algae Bloom Portal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1931779/scientists-uncover-genetic-basis-for-toxic-algal-blooms","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_29","science_35","science_37","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_747","science_194","science_192","science_3370","science_3243"],"featImg":"science_1931805","label":"source_science_1931779"},"science_1928317":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1928317","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1928317","score":null,"sort":[1533063651000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters","title":"Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters","publishDate":1533063651,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>The West is known for summer wildfires. Now it seems Western summers will be distinguished by another kind of flare-up: algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>This summer has witnessed an explosion of algae problems in Western water bodies. Usually marked by a bright green mat of floating scum, the blooms are unsightly and unpleasant for water lovers. More concerning are potentially toxic cyanobacteria often produced by the algae, which can be deadly to pets and livestock and cause illnesses in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms have popped up in freshwater lakes and streams for years. But in recent years they seem bigger and more widespread than ever, resulting in closed beaches, public health warnings and risks to drinking water in a few locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooms are even popping up in unlikely places, such as high-elevation mountain lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is currently no federal drinking water standard for algal toxins and in many places, data monitoring of blooms is still scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really a devilish problem,” said Craig Cox, a senior vice-president for agriculture and natural resources at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> who is tracking the issue. “The more I look into it, the more stunning the state of play seems to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the cause of each incident is not always known, two of the main known drivers of algal blooms are excess nutrients in the water and extreme heat. As a result, algae-coated lakes could become one of the most visible consequences of rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Understanding the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most serious incident recently occurred in May in Salem, Oregon, where a health advisory was issued to more than 200,000 customers of the city water department following the detection of algal toxins in the drinking water supply. Young children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions were warned not to drink tap water for most of the month of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727081904/USACE_Detroit_Dam_Oregon1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detroit Lake and Dam on the North Santiam River, a source of drinking water for Salem, Oregon, the state capital. A toxic algal bloom at the lake in May and June resulted in a weeks-long public health advisory in which children, the elderly and other sensitive groups were urged not to consume Salem’s drinking water. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Salem officials still don’t know what caused the toxic bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the million-dollar question that everybody wants to know,” said Lacey Goeres-Priest, water quality supervisor at the Salem Public Works Department. “There’s a lot of different factors that play into this type of event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae and the bacteria involved in harmful blooms are all naturally occurring and are important building blocks of all life on Earth. But the two main causes of the blooms are not natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion and excessive fertilizer are to blame for the high levels of nutrients. For the second factor, warm temperatures cause algae to bloom more aggressively and climate change seems a likely culprit. Scientists at Tufts University in Massachusetts published a \u003ca href=\"https://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/climate-change-projected-significantly-increase-harmful-algal-blooms-us-freshwaters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in 2017 predicting toxic algal blooms would increase as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They like it hot, and this helps them outcompete beneficial phytoplankton,” said Ali Dunn, an environmental scientist at the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) who studies blooms in that state. “It’s definitely been a catalyst for their growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Closing the Data Gaps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms are unpredictable, typically resulting from a suite of biological and environmental conditions. Most algal toxins come from a class of cyanobacteria present with some – but not all – algae. So the mere presence of algae does not mean a toxin is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to detect algal toxins is through laboratory testing of water samples. This can take days, adding significant delay to any public health response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each lake, river, water body kind of has its own story to tell,” said Dunn. “The drivers are going to be different and unique to that system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows precisely how often blooms occur because there is no monitoring of the problem on a national scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox, based in Ames, Iowa, and his team at EWG decided to gather their own data by recording how often algal blooms were mentioned in the news media. He admits this was a crude method, but no other data was available. In their resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/toxicalgalblooms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, released in May, they documented 169 blooms in 2017 – up from 51 the year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is certainly a low estimate, because many blooms probably don’t get reported in the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: in 2016, the SWRCB launched its own \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">algal bloom reporting program\u003c/a>. It is based entirely on volunteer reports. Even so, in \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">2017\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">it recorded\u003c/a> 181 algal blooms just in California, an increase from 91 the year before. Of the 2017 blooms, 141 were serious enough to prompt health advisories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the 2017 reports illustrates how algal blooms are popping up where they once didn’t seem possible. On Sept. 8, a bright green lake-wide algal bloom was reported at Rim Rock Lake, a natural water body at the 7,000-feet (2,130 meters) elevation deep inside Lassen National Forest in Northern California. Water samples revealed four species of cyanobacteria, but none was producing toxins at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducts a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/national-lakes-assessment-2012-key-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Lakes Assessment\u003c/a> every five years that sheds a little more light on the issue. The most recent assessment now dates back to 2012. It found cyanobacteria and \u003ca href=\"https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=-1336577584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a>, a key algal toxin, had increased 8.3 percent and 9.5 percent, respectively, in the nation’s lakes compared with 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the presence of phosphorus – a main nutrient from fertilizers that feeds algal blooms – also grew significantly worse. Eighteen percent of lakes showed increasing phosphorus concentrations compared with 2007. And 40 percent were recorded as having excess phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to show, with our occurrence data, that toxins are present across the country in all surface water types,” said Keith Loftin, a research chemist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas. “But in terms of an exact count year to year, we do not have that data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To close this gap, Loftin is helping develop a new national \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/cyanobacteria-assessment-network-cyan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyanobacteria Assessment Network\u003c/a>. He’s part of a team that includes the EPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA. They plan to use satellite sensors to detect and monitor harmful algal blooms nationwide. It will include a smartphone app to make the data widely available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082028/DiamondValleyCyanotracker1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"538\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satellite image shows the state of an algal bloom in July at Diamond Valley Lake near Riverside, California, a critical storage reservoir for the Metropolitan Water District. In June, the district closed the lake to recreating as a result of the bloom. (Image Courtesy Cyanotracker/University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The system is being tested now and Loftin hopes it will be publicly available within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data produced by the system could help develop new algae management techniques and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Drinking Water Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, the nation’s water-quality police, has only issued recommendations and has yet to impose federal drinking water standards for algal toxins. As a result, many utilities are forced to improvise when an algal bloom strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was the case during Salem’s recent crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first indicator came on May 8, when an algal bloom appeared at Detroit Lake, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoir on the North Santiam River. Salem draws its drinking water from the reservoir, which is also popular for boating, swimming and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it had experienced blooms before, Salem already had a weekly testing program for algal toxins. Now it increased testing to twice weekly, sending samples to a laboratory in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until May 25, just before Memorial Day weekend, that test results from a sample of the city’s water confirmed the presence of a type of cyanotoxin. Consulting with the Oregon Health Authority, the city took a wait-and-see approach to the problem over the long holiday weekend, Goeres-Priest said. It tweaked the water treatment process to try to control the toxin, and tapped a backup supply from the neighboring city of Keizer to help dilute the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bloom continued. So on Tuesday, May 29, the city issued a health advisory urging sensitive groups not to drink the tap water. It affected not just Salem, but three neighboring communities that draw water from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With help from the state, Salem began distributing bottled water and the National Guard mobilized tankers to dispense clean water at two dozen sites for residents who brought their own containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city lifted the health advisory five days later, on June 2, after two consecutive days of clean water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the bloom roared back, and on June 6 Salem was forced to impose the advisory again, adding to public confusion. It was finally lifted on July 3, only after 12 consecutive days of clean water tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms had struck Detroit Lake before, but none had ever lasted that long or required health warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is different about this year than previous years? At this point, I don’t know the answer to that,” Goeres-Priest said. “We’re still learning a lot about the toxins themselves, and trying to understand what triggers that toxin release.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A forest fire may be one new contributor. The Whitewater Fire, which started in July 2017, burned 14,000 acres of forest in the Santiam River watershed east of Salem. Fire ash contains phosphorus, a nutrient that could have fed this year’s algal bloom. Goeres-Priest doesn’t know to what extent that was a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algal bloom episode was costly for Salem, she said, although a full tally is not yet available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, the city spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on water sample testing. Later, to avoid the delay of sending samples to Ohio, the city bought its own testing machine at a cost of $35,000. It also bought a cryofreezer because laboratory protocol requires samples to be flash-frozen and thawed three times before testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salem also had to upgrade its water treatment plant, adding a process involving powdered activated carbon to remove algal toxins from the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082114/lab-technician-at-willow-lake-prepares-water-samples-next-to-caas-equipment_web_1600x1067_color-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Salem, Oregon, city employee prepares water samples for testing to determine the presence of algal toxins. The city purchased new testing machines during a recent toxic algal bloom to avoid delays in sending water samples to a lab in Ohio. (Photo Courtesy city of Salem)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In response to Salem’s travails, the Oregon Health Authority imposed its own \u003ca href=\"https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2018/06/29/salem-water-alert-oregon-algal-toxins-test-oha/746671002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interim water quality standards\u003c/a> for algal toxins. It now requires all water agencies to test for them regularly while it develops permanent standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solving the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s clear about toxic algal blooms is that treating the outbreak doesn’t solve the problem. They are likely to recur until the root cause is corrected. Watsonville, California, provides an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinto Lake, a Watsonville city recreation site, began experiencing algal blooms as early as the 1980s, said Jackie McCloud, the city’s environmental projects manager. The lake drains into the Pajaro River, then into Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms were not a drinking water concern, because the lake isn’t used for that purpose. But the algae problem became unavoidable when sea otters, protected by the state and federal Endangered Species Act, began turning up dead on the bay shore in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Necropsies cited liver failure as cause of death in 33 sea otters. That, in turn was caused by exposure to microcystin, an algal toxin that accumulated in the tissues of sea urchins and shellfish eaten by the otters. It was the first time the freshwater toxin had been documented to survive in seawater and cause the death of marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toxin was traced upstream to Pinto Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCloud said the lake’s algae problem dates back to the earliest days of settlement in the area. Vast redwood forests in the coastal mountains draining into the watershed were cut down for building materials, and the resulting erosion coated the bottom of the lake with nutrients – specifically phosphorus. Farming, road building and housing development sent more phosphorus-laden runoff into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just seeing massive amounts of erosion from the watershed coming into the lake,” McCloud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city took a two-pronged approach: stop the algal blooms and stop the erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the blooms, the city hired a consultant who applied alum, a chemical compound meant to neutralize and isolate phosphorus in the lakebed. McCloud called this a “Band-Aid” measure because the real solution lies in the watershed upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the city has no land use authority in the watershed, so it began working with Santa Cruz County and the local Resource Conservation District, an organization that helps farmers improve land use practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landowners were encouraged to adopt erosion control measures, such as water bars on dirt roads to manage runoff and buffer strips of vegetation to capture it. The county adopted similar measures on its public lands in the watershed, including Mt. Madonna County Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work, including the alum treatment, was funded by $900,000 in EPA grants administered by the SWRCB. McCloud called it a success: there have been no algal blooms since the work began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she knows the job isn’t done. The alum treatment will eventually wear off, and erosion controls require ongoing maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to see more of these hot, intense weather events where we don’t have a lot of water coming into the system anymore and we’re concentrating this phosphorus,” McCloud said. “We knew the lake was the biggest problem, but we realized we’re not going to solve anything by just looking at that one spot. You have to look bigger than just your lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/30/hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Toxic bacteria produced by some algae are a threat to public health. Climate change may be one reason algal blooms have become a growing concern for many water agencies.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927630,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":64,"wordCount":2420},"headData":{"title":"Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters | KQED","description":"Toxic bacteria produced by some algae are a threat to public health. Climate change may be one reason algal blooms have become a growing concern for many water agencies.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters","datePublished":"2018-07-31T19:00:51.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:00:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply","path":"/science/1928317/hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>The West is known for summer wildfires. Now it seems Western summers will be distinguished by another kind of flare-up: algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>This summer has witnessed an explosion of algae problems in Western water bodies. Usually marked by a bright green mat of floating scum, the blooms are unsightly and unpleasant for water lovers. More concerning are potentially toxic cyanobacteria often produced by the algae, which can be deadly to pets and livestock and cause illnesses in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms have popped up in freshwater lakes and streams for years. But in recent years they seem bigger and more widespread than ever, resulting in closed beaches, public health warnings and risks to drinking water in a few locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooms are even popping up in unlikely places, such as high-elevation mountain lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is currently no federal drinking water standard for algal toxins and in many places, data monitoring of blooms is still scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really a devilish problem,” said Craig Cox, a senior vice-president for agriculture and natural resources at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> who is tracking the issue. “The more I look into it, the more stunning the state of play seems to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the cause of each incident is not always known, two of the main known drivers of algal blooms are excess nutrients in the water and extreme heat. As a result, algae-coated lakes could become one of the most visible consequences of rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Understanding the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most serious incident recently occurred in May in Salem, Oregon, where a health advisory was issued to more than 200,000 customers of the city water department following the detection of algal toxins in the drinking water supply. Young children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions were warned not to drink tap water for most of the month of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727081904/USACE_Detroit_Dam_Oregon1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detroit Lake and Dam on the North Santiam River, a source of drinking water for Salem, Oregon, the state capital. A toxic algal bloom at the lake in May and June resulted in a weeks-long public health advisory in which children, the elderly and other sensitive groups were urged not to consume Salem’s drinking water. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Salem officials still don’t know what caused the toxic bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the million-dollar question that everybody wants to know,” said Lacey Goeres-Priest, water quality supervisor at the Salem Public Works Department. “There’s a lot of different factors that play into this type of event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae and the bacteria involved in harmful blooms are all naturally occurring and are important building blocks of all life on Earth. But the two main causes of the blooms are not natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion and excessive fertilizer are to blame for the high levels of nutrients. For the second factor, warm temperatures cause algae to bloom more aggressively and climate change seems a likely culprit. Scientists at Tufts University in Massachusetts published a \u003ca href=\"https://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/climate-change-projected-significantly-increase-harmful-algal-blooms-us-freshwaters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in 2017 predicting toxic algal blooms would increase as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They like it hot, and this helps them outcompete beneficial phytoplankton,” said Ali Dunn, an environmental scientist at the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) who studies blooms in that state. “It’s definitely been a catalyst for their growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Closing the Data Gaps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms are unpredictable, typically resulting from a suite of biological and environmental conditions. Most algal toxins come from a class of cyanobacteria present with some – but not all – algae. So the mere presence of algae does not mean a toxin is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to detect algal toxins is through laboratory testing of water samples. This can take days, adding significant delay to any public health response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each lake, river, water body kind of has its own story to tell,” said Dunn. “The drivers are going to be different and unique to that system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows precisely how often blooms occur because there is no monitoring of the problem on a national scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox, based in Ames, Iowa, and his team at EWG decided to gather their own data by recording how often algal blooms were mentioned in the news media. He admits this was a crude method, but no other data was available. In their resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/toxicalgalblooms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, released in May, they documented 169 blooms in 2017 – up from 51 the year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is certainly a low estimate, because many blooms probably don’t get reported in the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: in 2016, the SWRCB launched its own \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">algal bloom reporting program\u003c/a>. It is based entirely on volunteer reports. Even so, in \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">2017\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">it recorded\u003c/a> 181 algal blooms just in California, an increase from 91 the year before. Of the 2017 blooms, 141 were serious enough to prompt health advisories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the 2017 reports illustrates how algal blooms are popping up where they once didn’t seem possible. On Sept. 8, a bright green lake-wide algal bloom was reported at Rim Rock Lake, a natural water body at the 7,000-feet (2,130 meters) elevation deep inside Lassen National Forest in Northern California. Water samples revealed four species of cyanobacteria, but none was producing toxins at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducts a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/national-lakes-assessment-2012-key-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Lakes Assessment\u003c/a> every five years that sheds a little more light on the issue. The most recent assessment now dates back to 2012. It found cyanobacteria and \u003ca href=\"https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=-1336577584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a>, a key algal toxin, had increased 8.3 percent and 9.5 percent, respectively, in the nation’s lakes compared with 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the presence of phosphorus – a main nutrient from fertilizers that feeds algal blooms – also grew significantly worse. Eighteen percent of lakes showed increasing phosphorus concentrations compared with 2007. And 40 percent were recorded as having excess phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to show, with our occurrence data, that toxins are present across the country in all surface water types,” said Keith Loftin, a research chemist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas. “But in terms of an exact count year to year, we do not have that data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To close this gap, Loftin is helping develop a new national \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/cyanobacteria-assessment-network-cyan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyanobacteria Assessment Network\u003c/a>. He’s part of a team that includes the EPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA. They plan to use satellite sensors to detect and monitor harmful algal blooms nationwide. It will include a smartphone app to make the data widely available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082028/DiamondValleyCyanotracker1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"538\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satellite image shows the state of an algal bloom in July at Diamond Valley Lake near Riverside, California, a critical storage reservoir for the Metropolitan Water District. In June, the district closed the lake to recreating as a result of the bloom. (Image Courtesy Cyanotracker/University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The system is being tested now and Loftin hopes it will be publicly available within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data produced by the system could help develop new algae management techniques and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Drinking Water Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, the nation’s water-quality police, has only issued recommendations and has yet to impose federal drinking water standards for algal toxins. As a result, many utilities are forced to improvise when an algal bloom strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was the case during Salem’s recent crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first indicator came on May 8, when an algal bloom appeared at Detroit Lake, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoir on the North Santiam River. Salem draws its drinking water from the reservoir, which is also popular for boating, swimming and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it had experienced blooms before, Salem already had a weekly testing program for algal toxins. Now it increased testing to twice weekly, sending samples to a laboratory in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until May 25, just before Memorial Day weekend, that test results from a sample of the city’s water confirmed the presence of a type of cyanotoxin. Consulting with the Oregon Health Authority, the city took a wait-and-see approach to the problem over the long holiday weekend, Goeres-Priest said. It tweaked the water treatment process to try to control the toxin, and tapped a backup supply from the neighboring city of Keizer to help dilute the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bloom continued. So on Tuesday, May 29, the city issued a health advisory urging sensitive groups not to drink the tap water. It affected not just Salem, but three neighboring communities that draw water from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With help from the state, Salem began distributing bottled water and the National Guard mobilized tankers to dispense clean water at two dozen sites for residents who brought their own containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city lifted the health advisory five days later, on June 2, after two consecutive days of clean water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the bloom roared back, and on June 6 Salem was forced to impose the advisory again, adding to public confusion. It was finally lifted on July 3, only after 12 consecutive days of clean water tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms had struck Detroit Lake before, but none had ever lasted that long or required health warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is different about this year than previous years? At this point, I don’t know the answer to that,” Goeres-Priest said. “We’re still learning a lot about the toxins themselves, and trying to understand what triggers that toxin release.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A forest fire may be one new contributor. The Whitewater Fire, which started in July 2017, burned 14,000 acres of forest in the Santiam River watershed east of Salem. Fire ash contains phosphorus, a nutrient that could have fed this year’s algal bloom. Goeres-Priest doesn’t know to what extent that was a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algal bloom episode was costly for Salem, she said, although a full tally is not yet available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, the city spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on water sample testing. Later, to avoid the delay of sending samples to Ohio, the city bought its own testing machine at a cost of $35,000. It also bought a cryofreezer because laboratory protocol requires samples to be flash-frozen and thawed three times before testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salem also had to upgrade its water treatment plant, adding a process involving powdered activated carbon to remove algal toxins from the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082114/lab-technician-at-willow-lake-prepares-water-samples-next-to-caas-equipment_web_1600x1067_color-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Salem, Oregon, city employee prepares water samples for testing to determine the presence of algal toxins. The city purchased new testing machines during a recent toxic algal bloom to avoid delays in sending water samples to a lab in Ohio. (Photo Courtesy city of Salem)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In response to Salem’s travails, the Oregon Health Authority imposed its own \u003ca href=\"https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2018/06/29/salem-water-alert-oregon-algal-toxins-test-oha/746671002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interim water quality standards\u003c/a> for algal toxins. It now requires all water agencies to test for them regularly while it develops permanent standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solving the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s clear about toxic algal blooms is that treating the outbreak doesn’t solve the problem. They are likely to recur until the root cause is corrected. Watsonville, California, provides an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinto Lake, a Watsonville city recreation site, began experiencing algal blooms as early as the 1980s, said Jackie McCloud, the city’s environmental projects manager. The lake drains into the Pajaro River, then into Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms were not a drinking water concern, because the lake isn’t used for that purpose. But the algae problem became unavoidable when sea otters, protected by the state and federal Endangered Species Act, began turning up dead on the bay shore in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Necropsies cited liver failure as cause of death in 33 sea otters. That, in turn was caused by exposure to microcystin, an algal toxin that accumulated in the tissues of sea urchins and shellfish eaten by the otters. It was the first time the freshwater toxin had been documented to survive in seawater and cause the death of marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toxin was traced upstream to Pinto Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCloud said the lake’s algae problem dates back to the earliest days of settlement in the area. Vast redwood forests in the coastal mountains draining into the watershed were cut down for building materials, and the resulting erosion coated the bottom of the lake with nutrients – specifically phosphorus. Farming, road building and housing development sent more phosphorus-laden runoff into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just seeing massive amounts of erosion from the watershed coming into the lake,” McCloud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city took a two-pronged approach: stop the algal blooms and stop the erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the blooms, the city hired a consultant who applied alum, a chemical compound meant to neutralize and isolate phosphorus in the lakebed. McCloud called this a “Band-Aid” measure because the real solution lies in the watershed upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the city has no land use authority in the watershed, so it began working with Santa Cruz County and the local Resource Conservation District, an organization that helps farmers improve land use practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landowners were encouraged to adopt erosion control measures, such as water bars on dirt roads to manage runoff and buffer strips of vegetation to capture it. The county adopted similar measures on its public lands in the watershed, including Mt. Madonna County Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work, including the alum treatment, was funded by $900,000 in EPA grants administered by the SWRCB. McCloud called it a success: there have been no algal blooms since the work began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she knows the job isn’t done. The alum treatment will eventually wear off, and erosion controls require ongoing maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to see more of these hot, intense weather events where we don’t have a lot of water coming into the system anymore and we’re concentrating this phosphorus,” McCloud said. “We knew the lake was the biggest problem, but we realized we’re not going to solve anything by just looking at that one spot. You have to look bigger than just your lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/30/hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1928317/hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters","authors":["byline_science_1928317"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_39","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_1413","science_194","science_3370","science_3243","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1928319","label":"source_science_1928317"},"science_1927637":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1927637","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1927637","score":null,"sort":[1532036837000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"health-officials-warn-public-to-stay-out-of-discovery-bays-toxic-waters","title":"Health Officials Warn Public to Stay Out of Discovery Bay’s Toxic Waters","publishDate":1532036837,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Health Officials Warn Public to Stay Out of Discovery Bay’s Toxic Waters | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Contra Costa health officials are warning people to stay out of Discovery Bay after recent tests showed elevated levels of a toxin from blue-green algae.[contextly_sidebar id=”HOFJjjVVgSKMJov7SbkcjgstMPSsA2D0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">routine sampling\u003c/a> of the waters on June 27 by health officials found high concentrations of blue-green algae, which contains cyanotoxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”BE53mysKwhQp94VJXpgB5zkaKFuA9ekn”]Contra Costa Health Services issued an advisory Thursday, July 19 warning that exposure to the toxin can cause\u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> rashes, skin and eye irritation\u003c/a>, and upset stomach. In high enough levels, exposure can lead to serious illness and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Environmental Health advises residents and visitors to Discovery Bay to avoid coming into contact with water in affected areas,” the advisory stated. “Avoiding contact with the water is also advised for pets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures contribute to the sudden growth of the harmful algae, which eventually dissipate naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dogs are especially sensitive to the toxin. In 2017, two dogs \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly died after they swam in a contaminated pond\u003c/a> in Southern Napa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tap water remains safe to drink as the toxin is not in the community’s well water system, according to the advisory.[contextly_sidebar id=”9LPlFctPIz2XxR4ELVFBaosWMf6LFUwK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say the \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">best way to\u003c/a> prevent the blooms is to reduce water pollution, especially from runoff containing fertilizers or pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you believe you’ve been exposed to Blue-green algae, health officials recommend taking the following steps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Wash your skin and hair thoroughly.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If your pet comes into contact with the algae, wash\u003cbr>\nit thoroughly to prevent ingestion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contact a licensed veterinarian immediately if you believe your pet may have ingested algae.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do not consume fish caught or harvested in a\u003cbr>\nbloom area.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Respect closures by public health authorities.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you ingest blue-green algae or begin to experience symptoms,\u003cbr>\ncontact your health care provider or California Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>For updates on this advisory, visit \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/eh/blue-green-algae.php\">http://cchealth.org/eh/blue-green-algae.php\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Health officials in the East Bay are warning residents to stay out of Discovery Bay due to elevated levels of cyatoxin.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927678,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":340},"headData":{"title":"Health Officials Warn Public to Stay Out of Discovery Bay’s Toxic Waters | KQED","description":"Health officials in the East Bay are warning residents to stay out of Discovery Bay due to elevated levels of cyatoxin.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Health Officials Warn Public to Stay Out of Discovery Bay’s Toxic Waters","datePublished":"2018-07-19T21:47:17.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:01:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1927637/health-officials-warn-public-to-stay-out-of-discovery-bays-toxic-waters","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Contra Costa health officials are warning people to stay out of Discovery Bay after recent tests showed elevated levels of a toxin from blue-green algae.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">routine sampling\u003c/a> of the waters on June 27 by health officials found high concentrations of blue-green algae, which contains cyanotoxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Contra Costa Health Services issued an advisory Thursday, July 19 warning that exposure to the toxin can cause\u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> rashes, skin and eye irritation\u003c/a>, and upset stomach. In high enough levels, exposure can lead to serious illness and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Environmental Health advises residents and visitors to Discovery Bay to avoid coming into contact with water in affected areas,” the advisory stated. “Avoiding contact with the water is also advised for pets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures contribute to the sudden growth of the harmful algae, which eventually dissipate naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dogs are especially sensitive to the toxin. In 2017, two dogs \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly died after they swam in a contaminated pond\u003c/a> in Southern Napa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tap water remains safe to drink as the toxin is not in the community’s well water system, according to the advisory.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say the \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">best way to\u003c/a> prevent the blooms is to reduce water pollution, especially from runoff containing fertilizers or pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you believe you’ve been exposed to Blue-green algae, health officials recommend taking the following steps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Wash your skin and hair thoroughly.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If your pet comes into contact with the algae, wash\u003cbr>\nit thoroughly to prevent ingestion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contact a licensed veterinarian immediately if you believe your pet may have ingested algae.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do not consume fish caught or harvested in a\u003cbr>\nbloom area.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Respect closures by public health authorities.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you ingest blue-green algae or begin to experience symptoms,\u003cbr>\ncontact your health care provider or California Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>For updates on this advisory, visit \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/eh/blue-green-algae.php\">http://cchealth.org/eh/blue-green-algae.php\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1927637/health-officials-warn-public-to-stay-out-of-discovery-bays-toxic-waters","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_39","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_1413","science_192","science_5181","science_3243"],"featImg":"science_1927655","label":"source_science_1927637"},"science_1920965":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1920965","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1920965","score":null,"sort":[1520898505000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"san-francisco-bay-shellfish-are-loaded-with-toxins-study-finds","title":"San Francisco Bay Shellfish Are Loaded With Toxins, Study Finds","publishDate":1520898505,"format":"standard","headTitle":"San Francisco Bay Shellfish Are Loaded With Toxins, Study Finds | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated with at least one algal toxin, while more than a third contained four different kinds of algal toxins, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>published in the March issue of the scientific journal, \u003cem>Harmful Algae\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contamination levels were often high enough to make people and animals sick, according to researchers at the U\u003cspan id=\"\">niversity of California, Santa Cruz. Their findings revealed that c\u003c/span>ontamination levels “greatly exceeded” regulatory guidelines for multiple toxins in 2012, 2014, and 2015.[contextly_sidebar id=”VZ7twXvSlZ6p2W7R5hF8UnzAhBBoGGxP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time we’ve found all four of those toxins, including both freshwater and marine toxins, in the same mussel samples,” says lead author and ocean scientist Raphael Kudela. “A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay, where freshwwater and marine waters converge, acts as a “big mixing bowl” where toxins collect, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consuming algal toxins — toxic substances released by certain algae — can have detrimental health effects in people and animals. In humans, it can produce allergic reactions such as skin rashes, respiratory symptoms, gastroenteritis, even liver and kidney failure or death, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.’\u003ccite>Dr. Raphael Kudela\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Although there are no commercial shellfish operations in San Francisco Bay, individuals harvest shellfish for their own consumption, according to the report. Online blogs feature some of the best locations along the bay to collect shellfish, including places where researchers say they found the highest toxin levels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how widespread it is, but I wouldn’t recommend harvesting shellfish from the bay,” warns Kudela, “even if you’re following the state quarantine guidelines, because the state only monitors the open coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mussel Samples\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers began tracking algal toxin levels in 2011 using water quality surveys issued by the U.S. Geological Survey. Initially, they looked for two kinds of algal toxins: domoic acid and microcystins. When they found both, researchers began testing mussels for other contaminants and found that they not only contained the first two substances, but two additional kinds of algal toxins — paralytic shellfish and dinophysis shellfish toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, mussel samples often exceeded recommended guidelines for human consumption for both microcystins and \u003cem>Dinophysis\u003c/em> shellfish toxins. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA lists\u003c/a> microcystins as a possible human carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels of domoic acid and paralytic shellfish toxins were lower than the regulatory limits, but \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/content/qt9vm5m5ct/qt9vm5m5ct.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some studies\u003c/a> suggest repeated exposure to even low levels of these toxins may cause neurological disorders.[contextly_sidebar id=”8st0m0rgfavfMo8lG1TQpIcPkT62cfeg”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">The study says ocean warming and the recent drought may have contributed to the situation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“Drought potentially brought some of the marine toxins further into the bay because there was less river flow, and it probably intensified the freshwater toxins,” Kudela says. “We don’t think the toxins were only there because of the drought, but it could have amplified things.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Local and federal agencies have begun to review their monitoring programs as a result of the findings. But in areas like San Francisco Bay it can be difficult to determine who is responsible for monitoring the waters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“We need to look at coastal areas more holistically,” says Kudela, “so we don’t end up with a regulatory gray area where nobody’s monitoring the shellfish but people are still eating them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928124,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":631},"headData":{"title":"San Francisco Bay Shellfish Are Loaded With Toxins, Study Finds | KQED","description":"A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"San Francisco Bay Shellfish Are Loaded With Toxins, Study Finds","datePublished":"2018-03-12T23:48:25.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:08:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1920965/san-francisco-bay-shellfish-are-loaded-with-toxins-study-finds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated with at least one algal toxin, while more than a third contained four different kinds of algal toxins, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>published in the March issue of the scientific journal, \u003cem>Harmful Algae\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contamination levels were often high enough to make people and animals sick, according to researchers at the U\u003cspan id=\"\">niversity of California, Santa Cruz. Their findings revealed that c\u003c/span>ontamination levels “greatly exceeded” regulatory guidelines for multiple toxins in 2012, 2014, and 2015.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time we’ve found all four of those toxins, including both freshwater and marine toxins, in the same mussel samples,” says lead author and ocean scientist Raphael Kudela. “A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay, where freshwwater and marine waters converge, acts as a “big mixing bowl” where toxins collect, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consuming algal toxins — toxic substances released by certain algae — can have detrimental health effects in people and animals. In humans, it can produce allergic reactions such as skin rashes, respiratory symptoms, gastroenteritis, even liver and kidney failure or death, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.’\u003ccite>Dr. Raphael Kudela\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Although there are no commercial shellfish operations in San Francisco Bay, individuals harvest shellfish for their own consumption, according to the report. Online blogs feature some of the best locations along the bay to collect shellfish, including places where researchers say they found the highest toxin levels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how widespread it is, but I wouldn’t recommend harvesting shellfish from the bay,” warns Kudela, “even if you’re following the state quarantine guidelines, because the state only monitors the open coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mussel Samples\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers began tracking algal toxin levels in 2011 using water quality surveys issued by the U.S. Geological Survey. Initially, they looked for two kinds of algal toxins: domoic acid and microcystins. When they found both, researchers began testing mussels for other contaminants and found that they not only contained the first two substances, but two additional kinds of algal toxins — paralytic shellfish and dinophysis shellfish toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, mussel samples often exceeded recommended guidelines for human consumption for both microcystins and \u003cem>Dinophysis\u003c/em> shellfish toxins. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA lists\u003c/a> microcystins as a possible human carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels of domoic acid and paralytic shellfish toxins were lower than the regulatory limits, but \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/content/qt9vm5m5ct/qt9vm5m5ct.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some studies\u003c/a> suggest repeated exposure to even low levels of these toxins may cause neurological disorders.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">The study says ocean warming and the recent drought may have contributed to the situation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“Drought potentially brought some of the marine toxins further into the bay because there was less river flow, and it probably intensified the freshwater toxins,” Kudela says. “We don’t think the toxins were only there because of the drought, but it could have amplified things.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Local and federal agencies have begun to review their monitoring programs as a result of the findings. But in areas like San Francisco Bay it can be difficult to determine who is responsible for monitoring the waters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“We need to look at coastal areas more holistically,” says Kudela, “so we don’t end up with a regulatory gray area where nobody’s monitoring the shellfish but people are still eating them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1920965/san-francisco-bay-shellfish-are-loaded-with-toxins-study-finds","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_36","science_39","science_3424","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_3370","science_2688","science_843","science_208","science_3243"],"featImg":"science_1920987","label":"source_science_1920965"},"science_1915269":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1915269","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1915269","score":null,"sort":[1505334601000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-bay-area-even-sea-otters-have-wearable-med","title":"In Bay Area, Even Sea Otters Have Wearable Med","publishDate":1505334601,"format":"standard","headTitle":"In Bay Area, Even Sea Otters Have Wearable Med | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>On a recent Thursday, Otto skipped his $12 seafood breakfast to prepare for surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 8-year-old southern sea otter was poisoned by exposure to toxic algae, likely after eating a batch of crabs. Toxic algae forms in warming ocean waters and produces a neurotoxin called domoic acid. This neurotoxin concentrates as it moves up the food chain, and it can cause seizures in marine animals and humans. During the winter of 2015 to 2016, domoic acid poisoning shut down the commercial crab season for more than four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915352\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/N.-SO_Otto_240_8-31-17_tag-surgery_photo-by-Elena-Graham-%C2%A9-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915352\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/N.-SO_Otto_240_8-31-17_tag-surgery_photo-by-Elena-Graham-%C2%A9-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5760\" height=\"3840\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veterinarian Mike Murray holds a life history tag before it’s embedded in Otto, an 8-year-old sea otter. \u003ccite>(Elena Graham/TMMC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, the number of sea otters stranded on California beaches is up considerably, says Mike Harris, a sea otter biologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re on pace in 2017 to break some new records for live strandings and carcasses recovered,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still know very little about how domoic acid affects sea otters off the California coast. But in Otto’s case, a recent MRI showed damage to the hippocampus, which affects memory and navigation. Otters use these functions to find their way in the open ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why veterinarians at \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Marine Mammal Center \u003c/a>in Sausalito decided to try a novel surgery on Otto, which would allow them to monitor his location and learn how the domoic acid poisoning affects him over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely a unique procedure,” says Shawn Johnson, the center’s Director of Veterinary Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prepare Otto for surgery, veterinarians can’t shave his fur like they would for a cat or dog. Otters rely on their thick coat to stay warm so shaving it would expose them to cold California waters, potentially leading to hypothermia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-v7JMZ\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/v7JMZ/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most surgeons wouldn’t want to do surgery without shaving,” says Johnson, as veterinary technician Marissa Young parts Otto’s fur with an orange plastic comb. “To really tease all those hairs apart to get to the skin, it’s really hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young carefully parts the hair to expose a thin line of skin, then smooths the fur down with a gel to hold it in place during surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The purpose of the surgery is to tuck two devices into Otto’s abdomen. One, a VHF transmitter, will allow scientists to track Otto’s location at sea. The other tag, shaped like a pill, will track how he fares once he’s back in the wild. This “life history tag” will measure light and temperature from inside the animal’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/09/OtterTrackersHoshawTCR170907.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"In Bay Area Even Sea Otters Have Wearable Med\" image=\" https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/B.-SO_Otto_in-rehab_Dana-Angus-©-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otto’s insides are normally dark and warm. The life history tag will track his body temperature and darkness until Otto dies, to see whether the domoic acid poisoning affects his health. A slow drop in body temperature could indicate Otto is succumbing to the illness. (While Otto is alive the device will only collect data, not transmit it.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once he dies, Otto’s body will start to decompose almost immediately. Enzymes and chemicals will break apart muscle tissue during a self-digestive process called autolysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the ‘lifetime tracker’ will float to the ocean’s surface and detect light, plus cooler temperatures outside Otto’s body. Those changes will trigger the device to ping scientists back on land, notifying them that the animal has died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’ll get an email, a very sad email that says ‘animal 5789 has started transmitting,'” says scientist Markus Horning. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Horning \u003c/span>developed the tags at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskasealife.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alaska Sealife Center\u003c/a> in Seward with funding from a National Science Foundation grant, and shipped two of them to The Marine Mammal Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915358\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 359px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Transmitter.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915358\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Transmitter.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"359\" height=\"269\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Transmitter.jpg 359w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Transmitter-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Transmitter-240x180.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 359px) 100vw, 359px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A VHF tag and Right: a ‘life history tag.’\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By figuring out how long Otto lives, and where and how he dies, Horning says scientists can get a better sense for whether he died a natural death or whether domoic acid poisoning played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If Otto has seizures caused by domoic acid, the device will track temperature spikes due to muscle activity. Those temperature spikes look very different than a sudden temperature drop—which is what happens if a sea otter is devoured by a shark. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horning says Otto and a second sea otter at the Marine Mammal Center, named Yankee Doodle, will be the first sea otters in the world to receive these tracking devices to study their behavior in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before Otto can roam free, he has to recover from surgery. Post-op, with his intubation tubes removed, Otto scrubbed his face and spent several minutes grooming as he floated in a private pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In about three weeks, Otto will return to the ocean. It could be around 15 years before the device in his abdomen floats out of his decomposing body. Or, if Otto is less fortunate, the tag could be barfed up by a great white shark.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Otto and Yankee Doodle are the first wild sea otters tagged with unique medical tracking devices.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928390,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/v7JMZ/1/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":949},"headData":{"title":"In Bay Area, Even Sea Otters Have Wearable Med | KQED","description":"Otto and Yankee Doodle are the first wild sea otters tagged with unique medical tracking devices.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Bay Area, Even Sea Otters Have Wearable Med","datePublished":"2017-09-13T20:30:01.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:13:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1915269/in-bay-area-even-sea-otters-have-wearable-med","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On a recent Thursday, Otto skipped his $12 seafood breakfast to prepare for surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 8-year-old southern sea otter was poisoned by exposure to toxic algae, likely after eating a batch of crabs. Toxic algae forms in warming ocean waters and produces a neurotoxin called domoic acid. This neurotoxin concentrates as it moves up the food chain, and it can cause seizures in marine animals and humans. During the winter of 2015 to 2016, domoic acid poisoning shut down the commercial crab season for more than four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915352\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/N.-SO_Otto_240_8-31-17_tag-surgery_photo-by-Elena-Graham-%C2%A9-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915352\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/N.-SO_Otto_240_8-31-17_tag-surgery_photo-by-Elena-Graham-%C2%A9-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5760\" height=\"3840\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veterinarian Mike Murray holds a life history tag before it’s embedded in Otto, an 8-year-old sea otter. \u003ccite>(Elena Graham/TMMC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, the number of sea otters stranded on California beaches is up considerably, says Mike Harris, a sea otter biologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re on pace in 2017 to break some new records for live strandings and carcasses recovered,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still know very little about how domoic acid affects sea otters off the California coast. But in Otto’s case, a recent MRI showed damage to the hippocampus, which affects memory and navigation. Otters use these functions to find their way in the open ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why veterinarians at \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Marine Mammal Center \u003c/a>in Sausalito decided to try a novel surgery on Otto, which would allow them to monitor his location and learn how the domoic acid poisoning affects him over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely a unique procedure,” says Shawn Johnson, the center’s Director of Veterinary Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prepare Otto for surgery, veterinarians can’t shave his fur like they would for a cat or dog. Otters rely on their thick coat to stay warm so shaving it would expose them to cold California waters, potentially leading to hypothermia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-v7JMZ\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/v7JMZ/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most surgeons wouldn’t want to do surgery without shaving,” says Johnson, as veterinary technician Marissa Young parts Otto’s fur with an orange plastic comb. “To really tease all those hairs apart to get to the skin, it’s really hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young carefully parts the hair to expose a thin line of skin, then smooths the fur down with a gel to hold it in place during surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The purpose of the surgery is to tuck two devices into Otto’s abdomen. One, a VHF transmitter, will allow scientists to track Otto’s location at sea. The other tag, shaped like a pill, will track how he fares once he’s back in the wild. This “life history tag” will measure light and temperature from inside the animal’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audio","attributes":{"named":{"src":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/09/OtterTrackersHoshawTCR170907.mp3","program":"KQED Science","title":"In Bay Area Even Sea Otters Have Wearable Med","image":" https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/B.-SO_Otto_in-rehab_Dana-Angus-©-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otto’s insides are normally dark and warm. The life history tag will track his body temperature and darkness until Otto dies, to see whether the domoic acid poisoning affects his health. A slow drop in body temperature could indicate Otto is succumbing to the illness. (While Otto is alive the device will only collect data, not transmit it.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once he dies, Otto’s body will start to decompose almost immediately. Enzymes and chemicals will break apart muscle tissue during a self-digestive process called autolysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the ‘lifetime tracker’ will float to the ocean’s surface and detect light, plus cooler temperatures outside Otto’s body. Those changes will trigger the device to ping scientists back on land, notifying them that the animal has died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’ll get an email, a very sad email that says ‘animal 5789 has started transmitting,'” says scientist Markus Horning. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Horning \u003c/span>developed the tags at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskasealife.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alaska Sealife Center\u003c/a> in Seward with funding from a National Science Foundation grant, and shipped two of them to The Marine Mammal Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915358\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 359px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Transmitter.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915358\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Transmitter.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"359\" height=\"269\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Transmitter.jpg 359w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Transmitter-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Transmitter-240x180.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 359px) 100vw, 359px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A VHF tag and Right: a ‘life history tag.’\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By figuring out how long Otto lives, and where and how he dies, Horning says scientists can get a better sense for whether he died a natural death or whether domoic acid poisoning played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If Otto has seizures caused by domoic acid, the device will track temperature spikes due to muscle activity. Those temperature spikes look very different than a sudden temperature drop—which is what happens if a sea otter is devoured by a shark. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horning says Otto and a second sea otter at the Marine Mammal Center, named Yankee Doodle, will be the first sea otters in the world to receive these tracking devices to study their behavior in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before Otto can roam free, he has to recover from surgery. Post-op, with his intubation tubes removed, Otto scrubbed his face and spent several minutes grooming as he floated in a private pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In about three weeks, Otto will return to the ocean. It could be around 15 years before the device in his abdomen floats out of his decomposing body. Or, if Otto is less fortunate, the tag could be barfed up by a great white shark.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1915269/in-bay-area-even-sea-otters-have-wearable-med","authors":["5432"],"categories":["science_2874","science_40","science_3423"],"tags":["science_3370","science_3243"],"featImg":"science_1915341","label":"science"},"science_1914629":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1914629","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1914629","score":null,"sort":[1503471679000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lakes-reopened-in-bay-area-but-risks-of-algae-blooms-persist","title":"Lakes Reopened in Bay Area, but Risks of Algae Blooms Persist","publishDate":1503471679,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Lakes Reopened in Bay Area, but Risks of Algae Blooms Persist | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Swimmers can now return to bodies of water that were closed in the Bay Area for most of the summer due to toxic algae blooms. Noxious green blooms were first reported in popular swimming areas in spring, and park officials have been working since then to reduce the risk and reopen the lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re thrilled to be able to re-open Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes,” said Dave Mason of the East Bay Regional Park District. “We’ve been working hard to reduce the risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Lake-Cunningham-Park-179\">Lake Cunningham\u003c/a> in San Jose has been closed since January and has yet to reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closures due to toxic blooms have become increasingly common in California and are a rising concern for park managers and public health officers. Local and state officials in charge of addressing the problem algae are finding their work cut out for them, both during the summer season as well as in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914642\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1722px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914642\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1722\" height=\"1313\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2.jpg 1722w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-800x610.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-768x586.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-1020x778.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-1180x900.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-960x732.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-240x183.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-375x286.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-520x396.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1722px) 100vw, 1722px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not all algae blooms create toxins, but public health officials recommend staying away from all blooms, to be safe. \u003ccite>(East Bay Regional Parks)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Each water body is going to be its own unique animal” says Ali Dunn at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/\">California State Water Board\u003c/a>. “There are no silver bullet solutions for harmful algae blooms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prevalence of algae blooms in the Bay Area this summer jumped dramatically compared to last year. This year nine have been reported, last year it was six. Statewide, the number of blooms has almost doubled: 46 have been noticed so far this year, compared to only 23 last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common way that authorities deal with this issue is to treat lakes with chemicals, in hopes of opening them as soon as possible. But some officials and communities are also experimenting with long-term solutions. Jackie McCloud, a water manager in Watsonville, believes a “slow culture shift” is needed to encourage communities to act on local water issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re in this together, we all want the same thing –we want a healthy lake. The community needs to feel like they are a part of the solution’\u003ccite>Jackie McCloud, water manager in Watsonville\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The proliferation of blue-green algae in water is a direct result of pollution. Technically, the species commonly referred to as ‘algae’ are photosynthesizing bacteria known as ‘cyanobacteria.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can look like a lot of different things,” says Hal McClean, water specialist for the East Bay Regional Parks District. The algae is primarily recognized by its bright green color and its apparent shapelessness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In general it looks like little green specks in the water, and when it starts to bloom it can turn into swaths of green matter, but when you try to pick it up, it goes right through your fingers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, are essential for life in lakes, but when they are too abundant the whole system becomes unbalanced, and populations of cyanobacteria can explode –- or ‘bloom.’[contextly_sidebar id=”90YROkrluNOYrDOIOehTvAwIKPr8Cqni”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phosphorus is the main nutrient that causes these blooms, and even though it’s common and naturally occurring, massive amounts enter landscapes and water due to human activities. It can enter the landscape as fertilizer for lawns, or in manure for farms, and embedded in the food we eat, which can end up in septic systems underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phosphorus on land then travels into the water by hitching a ride on pieces of soil that get dislodged and move downhill. In California, a majority of this runoff happens during the winter rains, where big storms move massive amounts of soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dunn, this year’s rainy winter could be responsible for the swift uptick in blooms this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just had five years of drought,” she said. “Some scientists are saying that nutrient loads have been held up in sediments, and this last year’s rain could have resulted in a large pulse in sediment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCloud remembers the winter rains vividly at Pinto Lake north of Monterey, which she manages. “We had so much sediment,” she says. “It looked like rivers of chocolate milk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914643\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 802px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914643\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"802\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2.jpg 802w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 802px) 100vw, 802px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Temescal reopened to swimmers on August 12, but park managers are keeping a close eye on blooms. \u003ccite>(East Bay Regional Parks)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Solving the problem of algae blooms is difficult because once large volumes of phosphorus enter the water, it is practically impossible to get it out. Once blooms occur, park managers play whack-a-mole, killing blooms as them pop-up but rarely addressing the root of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue-green algae is fairly common, though not all varieties produce toxins. A benign bloom can turn noxious at any point, and no one knows exactly why. To deal with this, McClean says he tests the waters twice a week –- minimum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harmful strains of toxins can produce neuro- and liver toxins. If they touch the skin, they can cause rashes, lesions, or blisters. If swallowed, expect headaches, nausea and stomach pain. In California, there are yearly cases of animals dying from swallowing the water. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\">Reports suggest\u003c/a> that two dogs died soon after swallowing water in an algae-ridden pond in Napa County earlier this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board has a website that keeps track of blooms sighted in the state called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/\">Harmful Algae Bloom Portal\u003c/a>. The map allows the public to see the status of their local lakes and report blooms.\u003cbr>\n[habportal]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quick Fixes to Keep Lakes Open \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current ways of dealing with algae blooms fall into two categories: the easy way and the and hard way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former involves adding things to the lake to try to either kill algae directly or trap nutrients and send them to the bottom. Algaecides (such as hydrogen peroxide or copper sulfate) are used to kill algae cells directly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option involves adding chemicals to the water (such as alum and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sepro.com/phoslock/\">Phoslock\u003c/a>) which bind with bioavailable phosphorus atoms and sink them the bottom of the lake as sediment. That’s called “the coagulant approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are considered “end-of-the-pipe solutions” — treatments that don’t get to the heart of the problem. Nutrients continue to build up in the lake and it’s very difficult to get them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914656\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 805px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914656\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"805\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom.jpg 805w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom-800x366.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom-768x351.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom-240x110.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom-375x171.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom-520x238.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 805px) 100vw, 805px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinto Lake in Watsonville has had toxic algae blooms for decades. \u003ccite>(Jackie McCloud and Emma Pickering)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The vast majority of the mitigation strategies that are being used now are still in the ‘quick fix’ category,” says \u003ca href=\"https://dornsife.usc.edu/labs/caron/\">Dave Caron\u003c/a>, aquatic microbiologist at the University of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algaecides are applied as spot treatments to algae blooms in order to suppress them, but some bacterial strains inevitably remain alive in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of microbes in a lake are “astronomically high,” Caron says. “If you think about trying to kill every single one of those microbes, you’re dreaming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the approach used by McClean on Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes, which re-opened last week. However, even if things are looking good, noxious strains can come back within days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 609px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914644\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Picture1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"609\" height=\"703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Picture1.jpg 609w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Picture1-160x185.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Picture1-240x277.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Picture1-375x433.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Picture1-520x600.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 609px) 100vw, 609px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caution signs generally mean that algae blooms have been spotted, but no toxins have been detected. \u003ccite>(East Bay Regional Parks)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If we’re testing the blue-green algae, and we’re not getting toxins, things could change tomorrow, or the next day,” says McClean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These short-term solutions are commonly used by managers throughout the state, but Caron and others believe they need to consider more holistic options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s your go-to every time for every lake,” says Caron, “you’re making a bad decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Long-term Solutions for “\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Sick Lakes”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing excess nutrients from the waterways, and preventing them from re-entering, is the only long-term approach to prevent future blooms. The process, however, can be slow and expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some communities have begun experimenting with removing excess phosphorus by providing places for plants and bacteria to grow. Once artificial islands–anchored on pallets or hay bales–have sucked up nutrients from the system, they can be removed, thereby cleaning the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granted, the most obvious solution is to keep phosphorus from getting into water bodies in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is tough, however, because nutrients come in from the surrounding landscape and not from a single point. It’s impossible to know exactly where they come from. It could be from farms, residential lawns, sewage treatment plants or stormwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914669\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914669\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some communities have experimented with ‘floating’ or artificial islands to decrease lake nutrient concentrations. \u003ccite>(Floating Islands International)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The diversity of sources of pollution means that a lasting solution requires bringing lots of different stakeholders to the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what water managers in Watsonville are trying in their efforts to save \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofwatsonville.org/715/Pinto-Lake\">Pinto Lake\u003c/a>, which has been suffering from toxic algae blooms for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pinto is kind of a sick lake” said McCloud, a water quality specialist tasked with rehabilitating the health of Pinto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their key approach is to inform and encourage community members to consider how their activities may contribute to the pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t just attack the algae,” says McCloud. “We knew we wanted to get to the source of the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She estimates that around 20 percent of Pinto’s yearly phosphorus load comes from runoff of surrounding land. The rest comes from inside the lake, a product of years of buildup in the sediments — highlighting the daunting task of remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914654\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1320px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914654\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1320\" height=\"872\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-800x528.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-768x507.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-1180x780.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-960x634.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-520x344.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1320px) 100vw, 1320px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Friends of Pinto Lake” is a group formed in Watsonville to create a collective vision for the future of the lake. \u003ccite>(Jackie McCloud and Emma Pickering)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>McCloud collaborates with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/\">Resource Conservation District of Santa Cruz County\u003c/a> to hold workshops, community meetings and public information campaigns. One recent workshop encouraged homeowners to use less fertilizer or get rid of lawns altogether, replacing them with native plants that don’t need water or fertilizer to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also hold farming workshops to promote techniques, such as cover cropping, that can protect soil and avoid erosion. Another target group has been septic system owners – who can learn how to inspect their systems and prevent leaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around four years ago a group called “Friends of Pinto Lake” formed to create a shared vision of the lake’s future, based on the community’s desires, drawing from residents, indigenous groups and business owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I try to make our community realize that we’re not going to solve the problem by pointing fingers,” says McCloud. “We’re in this together, we all want the same thing –we want a healthy lake. The community needs to feel like they are a part of the solution.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There are two approaches for getting rid of toxic algae blooms: they easy way and the hard way.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928414,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":49,"wordCount":1847},"headData":{"title":"Lakes Reopened in Bay Area, but Risks of Algae Blooms Persist | KQED","description":"There are two approaches for getting rid of toxic algae blooms: they easy way and the hard way.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Lakes Reopened in Bay Area, but Risks of Algae Blooms Persist","datePublished":"2017-08-23T07:01:19.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:13:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1914629/lakes-reopened-in-bay-area-but-risks-of-algae-blooms-persist","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Swimmers can now return to bodies of water that were closed in the Bay Area for most of the summer due to toxic algae blooms. Noxious green blooms were first reported in popular swimming areas in spring, and park officials have been working since then to reduce the risk and reopen the lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re thrilled to be able to re-open Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes,” said Dave Mason of the East Bay Regional Park District. “We’ve been working hard to reduce the risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Lake-Cunningham-Park-179\">Lake Cunningham\u003c/a> in San Jose has been closed since January and has yet to reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closures due to toxic blooms have become increasingly common in California and are a rising concern for park managers and public health officers. Local and state officials in charge of addressing the problem algae are finding their work cut out for them, both during the summer season as well as in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914642\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1722px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914642\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1722\" height=\"1313\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2.jpg 1722w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-800x610.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-768x586.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-1020x778.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-1180x900.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-960x732.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-240x183.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-375x286.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2014-Tem-BGA2-520x396.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1722px) 100vw, 1722px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not all algae blooms create toxins, but public health officials recommend staying away from all blooms, to be safe. \u003ccite>(East Bay Regional Parks)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Each water body is going to be its own unique animal” says Ali Dunn at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/\">California State Water Board\u003c/a>. “There are no silver bullet solutions for harmful algae blooms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prevalence of algae blooms in the Bay Area this summer jumped dramatically compared to last year. This year nine have been reported, last year it was six. Statewide, the number of blooms has almost doubled: 46 have been noticed so far this year, compared to only 23 last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common way that authorities deal with this issue is to treat lakes with chemicals, in hopes of opening them as soon as possible. But some officials and communities are also experimenting with long-term solutions. Jackie McCloud, a water manager in Watsonville, believes a “slow culture shift” is needed to encourage communities to act on local water issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re in this together, we all want the same thing –we want a healthy lake. The community needs to feel like they are a part of the solution’\u003ccite>Jackie McCloud, water manager in Watsonville\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The proliferation of blue-green algae in water is a direct result of pollution. Technically, the species commonly referred to as ‘algae’ are photosynthesizing bacteria known as ‘cyanobacteria.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can look like a lot of different things,” says Hal McClean, water specialist for the East Bay Regional Parks District. The algae is primarily recognized by its bright green color and its apparent shapelessness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In general it looks like little green specks in the water, and when it starts to bloom it can turn into swaths of green matter, but when you try to pick it up, it goes right through your fingers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, are essential for life in lakes, but when they are too abundant the whole system becomes unbalanced, and populations of cyanobacteria can explode –- or ‘bloom.’\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phosphorus is the main nutrient that causes these blooms, and even though it’s common and naturally occurring, massive amounts enter landscapes and water due to human activities. It can enter the landscape as fertilizer for lawns, or in manure for farms, and embedded in the food we eat, which can end up in septic systems underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phosphorus on land then travels into the water by hitching a ride on pieces of soil that get dislodged and move downhill. In California, a majority of this runoff happens during the winter rains, where big storms move massive amounts of soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dunn, this year’s rainy winter could be responsible for the swift uptick in blooms this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just had five years of drought,” she said. “Some scientists are saying that nutrient loads have been held up in sediments, and this last year’s rain could have resulted in a large pulse in sediment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCloud remembers the winter rains vividly at Pinto Lake north of Monterey, which she manages. “We had so much sediment,” she says. “It looked like rivers of chocolate milk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914643\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 802px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914643\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"802\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2.jpg 802w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/lake-temescal-5-800w-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 802px) 100vw, 802px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Temescal reopened to swimmers on August 12, but park managers are keeping a close eye on blooms. \u003ccite>(East Bay Regional Parks)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Solving the problem of algae blooms is difficult because once large volumes of phosphorus enter the water, it is practically impossible to get it out. Once blooms occur, park managers play whack-a-mole, killing blooms as them pop-up but rarely addressing the root of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue-green algae is fairly common, though not all varieties produce toxins. A benign bloom can turn noxious at any point, and no one knows exactly why. To deal with this, McClean says he tests the waters twice a week –- minimum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harmful strains of toxins can produce neuro- and liver toxins. If they touch the skin, they can cause rashes, lesions, or blisters. If swallowed, expect headaches, nausea and stomach pain. In California, there are yearly cases of animals dying from swallowing the water. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\">Reports suggest\u003c/a> that two dogs died soon after swallowing water in an algae-ridden pond in Napa County earlier this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board has a website that keeps track of blooms sighted in the state called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/\">Harmful Algae Bloom Portal\u003c/a>. The map allows the public to see the status of their local lakes and report blooms.\u003cbr>\n[habportal]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quick Fixes to Keep Lakes Open \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current ways of dealing with algae blooms fall into two categories: the easy way and the and hard way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former involves adding things to the lake to try to either kill algae directly or trap nutrients and send them to the bottom. Algaecides (such as hydrogen peroxide or copper sulfate) are used to kill algae cells directly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option involves adding chemicals to the water (such as alum and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sepro.com/phoslock/\">Phoslock\u003c/a>) which bind with bioavailable phosphorus atoms and sink them the bottom of the lake as sediment. That’s called “the coagulant approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are considered “end-of-the-pipe solutions” — treatments that don’t get to the heart of the problem. Nutrients continue to build up in the lake and it’s very difficult to get them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914656\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 805px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914656\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"805\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom.jpg 805w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom-800x366.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom-768x351.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom-240x110.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom-375x171.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Pinto-Lake-algal-bloom-520x238.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 805px) 100vw, 805px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinto Lake in Watsonville has had toxic algae blooms for decades. \u003ccite>(Jackie McCloud and Emma Pickering)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The vast majority of the mitigation strategies that are being used now are still in the ‘quick fix’ category,” says \u003ca href=\"https://dornsife.usc.edu/labs/caron/\">Dave Caron\u003c/a>, aquatic microbiologist at the University of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algaecides are applied as spot treatments to algae blooms in order to suppress them, but some bacterial strains inevitably remain alive in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of microbes in a lake are “astronomically high,” Caron says. “If you think about trying to kill every single one of those microbes, you’re dreaming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the approach used by McClean on Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes, which re-opened last week. However, even if things are looking good, noxious strains can come back within days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 609px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914644\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Picture1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"609\" height=\"703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Picture1.jpg 609w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Picture1-160x185.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Picture1-240x277.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Picture1-375x433.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Picture1-520x600.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 609px) 100vw, 609px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caution signs generally mean that algae blooms have been spotted, but no toxins have been detected. \u003ccite>(East Bay Regional Parks)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If we’re testing the blue-green algae, and we’re not getting toxins, things could change tomorrow, or the next day,” says McClean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These short-term solutions are commonly used by managers throughout the state, but Caron and others believe they need to consider more holistic options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s your go-to every time for every lake,” says Caron, “you’re making a bad decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Long-term Solutions for “\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Sick Lakes”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing excess nutrients from the waterways, and preventing them from re-entering, is the only long-term approach to prevent future blooms. The process, however, can be slow and expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some communities have begun experimenting with removing excess phosphorus by providing places for plants and bacteria to grow. Once artificial islands–anchored on pallets or hay bales–have sucked up nutrients from the system, they can be removed, thereby cleaning the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granted, the most obvious solution is to keep phosphorus from getting into water bodies in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is tough, however, because nutrients come in from the surrounding landscape and not from a single point. It’s impossible to know exactly where they come from. It could be from farms, residential lawns, sewage treatment plants or stormwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914669\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914669\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/floatingislandsinternationa-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some communities have experimented with ‘floating’ or artificial islands to decrease lake nutrient concentrations. \u003ccite>(Floating Islands International)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The diversity of sources of pollution means that a lasting solution requires bringing lots of different stakeholders to the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what water managers in Watsonville are trying in their efforts to save \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofwatsonville.org/715/Pinto-Lake\">Pinto Lake\u003c/a>, which has been suffering from toxic algae blooms for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pinto is kind of a sick lake” said McCloud, a water quality specialist tasked with rehabilitating the health of Pinto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their key approach is to inform and encourage community members to consider how their activities may contribute to the pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t just attack the algae,” says McCloud. “We knew we wanted to get to the source of the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She estimates that around 20 percent of Pinto’s yearly phosphorus load comes from runoff of surrounding land. The rest comes from inside the lake, a product of years of buildup in the sediments — highlighting the daunting task of remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914654\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1320px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914654\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1320\" height=\"872\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-800x528.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-768x507.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-1180x780.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-960x634.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/FOPL-520x344.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1320px) 100vw, 1320px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Friends of Pinto Lake” is a group formed in Watsonville to create a collective vision for the future of the lake. \u003ccite>(Jackie McCloud and Emma Pickering)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>McCloud collaborates with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/\">Resource Conservation District of Santa Cruz County\u003c/a> to hold workshops, community meetings and public information campaigns. One recent workshop encouraged homeowners to use less fertilizer or get rid of lawns altogether, replacing them with native plants that don’t need water or fertilizer to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also hold farming workshops to promote techniques, such as cover cropping, that can protect soil and avoid erosion. Another target group has been septic system owners – who can learn how to inspect their systems and prevent leaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around four years ago a group called “Friends of Pinto Lake” formed to create a shared vision of the lake’s future, based on the community’s desires, drawing from residents, indigenous groups and business owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I try to make our community realize that we’re not going to solve the problem by pointing fingers,” says McCloud. “We’re in this together, we all want the same thing –we want a healthy lake. The community needs to feel like they are a part of the solution.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1914629/lakes-reopened-in-bay-area-but-risks-of-algae-blooms-persist","authors":["11361"],"categories":["science_35","science_98"],"tags":["science_1413","science_3370","science_179","science_3243"],"featImg":"science_1914640","label":"science"},"science_1914632":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1914632","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1914632","score":null,"sort":[1502982033000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"algae-poisoned-sea-lions-inundate-marine-mammal-center","title":"Algae-Poisoned Sea Lions Inundate Marine Mammal Center","publishDate":1502982033,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Algae-Poisoned Sea Lions Inundate Marine Mammal Center | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Beached Sea lions are turning up on California’s central coast with domoic acid poisoning, an affliction associated with marine algae blooms. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a> in Sausalito has admitted 68 sea lions into its veterinary hospital since July 1\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That many animals in such a pretty short time period is a severe event,” says Cara Field, staff veterinarian at the Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/science/top-research-projects/domoic-acid-toxicity-2017.html\">Domoic acid\u003c/a> is a neurotoxin, which is a byproduct of algae blooms that crop up in coastal marine waters throughout the year, especially during the summer months. The noxious compounds are eaten by anchovies and sardines which are then consumed by sea lions and other marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PalzkxjilU&feature=youtu.be]\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Countdown the sea lion is head-weaving which is a telltale sign of domoic acid poisoning. After being admitted to the Marine Mammal Center, she was able to make a full recovery and was released on August 8th at Point Reyes National Seashore. (Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The symptoms of poisoning are neurological, including tremors and convulsions, which can affect immediate survival or cause long-term brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally sea lions spend a lot of time foraging for food and swimming around,” Field explains. “If they accumulate this bio-toxin, they can have a seizure in the water, drown or be eaten. Often they end up on shore where they may have seizures on the beach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a cascading effect of this poisoning in the sea lion community, explains Field, because most of the animals currently affected are lactating mothers with offspring that are dependent on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a bad prognosis for the pups,” says Field, “because they’re not getting fed or they’re getting stranded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea lions are not an at-risk species and Field says their populations are stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Our rescue teams were…working all day and all night, collecting animals and bringing them in for treatment’\u003ccite>Cara Field, Marine Mammal Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The number of affected sea lions is up since last year. A total of 89 animals have been treated so far this year, compared with 70 last year. However, in years with the biggest algae blooms, such as 2014-2015, numbers of affected animals were well above 200.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center started tracking sea lion domoic acid poisoning in 1998, and since then, has seen these events evolve from being a summer-only problem, to a year-round one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afflicted sea lions often display abnormal behaviors including head waving and wobbling, disorientation and a general lack of responsiveness. If you see a sea lion on the beach, Field advises you not to approach it. Instead call the center’s 24-hour \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/report-a-stranded-marine-mammal.html\">hotline\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>July was a busy month for the hotline. Some days, up to 10 sea lions were reported, many from San Luis Obispo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our rescue teams were in that area working all day and all night, collecting animals and bringing them in for treatment,” says Field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4032px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914659\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-%C2%AC-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4032\" height=\"3024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg 4032w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4032px) 100vw, 4032px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spoodle was rescued on July 19th at Oceano Dunes in San Luis Obispo. She made a full recovery and was released on August 9th at Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003ccite>(Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once animals are brought to the center, they are treated with anti-seizure medicine and given time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the northern California coast, the primary cause of marine algae blooms are natural factors such as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02quest/background/upwelling/upwelling.html\">ocean upwelling of nutrient-rich water\u003c/a> combined with warm ocean temperatures. Blooms are also fed by polluted runoff from agriculture and other human activity, and are projected to increase in frequency and severity due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other animals such as dolphins, Guadalupe fur seals, northern fur seals and southern sea otters are also affected by the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Experts say the changing climate and increased nutrient runoff from shore are both culprits.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928432,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":646},"headData":{"title":"Algae-Poisoned Sea Lions Inundate Marine Mammal Center | KQED","description":"Experts say the changing climate and increased nutrient runoff from shore are both culprits.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Algae-Poisoned Sea Lions Inundate Marine Mammal Center","datePublished":"2017-08-17T15:00:33.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:13:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1914632/algae-poisoned-sea-lions-inundate-marine-mammal-center","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beached Sea lions are turning up on California’s central coast with domoic acid poisoning, an affliction associated with marine algae blooms. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a> in Sausalito has admitted 68 sea lions into its veterinary hospital since July 1\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That many animals in such a pretty short time period is a severe event,” says Cara Field, staff veterinarian at the Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/science/top-research-projects/domoic-acid-toxicity-2017.html\">Domoic acid\u003c/a> is a neurotoxin, which is a byproduct of algae blooms that crop up in coastal marine waters throughout the year, especially during the summer months. The noxious compounds are eaten by anchovies and sardines which are then consumed by sea lions and other marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/-PalzkxjilU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/-PalzkxjilU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Countdown the sea lion is head-weaving which is a telltale sign of domoic acid poisoning. After being admitted to the Marine Mammal Center, she was able to make a full recovery and was released on August 8th at Point Reyes National Seashore. (Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The symptoms of poisoning are neurological, including tremors and convulsions, which can affect immediate survival or cause long-term brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally sea lions spend a lot of time foraging for food and swimming around,” Field explains. “If they accumulate this bio-toxin, they can have a seizure in the water, drown or be eaten. Often they end up on shore where they may have seizures on the beach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a cascading effect of this poisoning in the sea lion community, explains Field, because most of the animals currently affected are lactating mothers with offspring that are dependent on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a bad prognosis for the pups,” says Field, “because they’re not getting fed or they’re getting stranded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea lions are not an at-risk species and Field says their populations are stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Our rescue teams were…working all day and all night, collecting animals and bringing them in for treatment’\u003ccite>Cara Field, Marine Mammal Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The number of affected sea lions is up since last year. A total of 89 animals have been treated so far this year, compared with 70 last year. However, in years with the biggest algae blooms, such as 2014-2015, numbers of affected animals were well above 200.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center started tracking sea lion domoic acid poisoning in 1998, and since then, has seen these events evolve from being a summer-only problem, to a year-round one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afflicted sea lions often display abnormal behaviors including head waving and wobbling, disorientation and a general lack of responsiveness. If you see a sea lion on the beach, Field advises you not to approach it. Instead call the center’s 24-hour \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/report-a-stranded-marine-mammal.html\">hotline\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>July was a busy month for the hotline. Some days, up to 10 sea lions were reported, many from San Luis Obispo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our rescue teams were in that area working all day and all night, collecting animals and bringing them in for treatment,” says Field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4032px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914659\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-%C2%AC-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4032\" height=\"3024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg 4032w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4032px) 100vw, 4032px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spoodle was rescued on July 19th at Oceano Dunes in San Luis Obispo. She made a full recovery and was released on August 9th at Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003ccite>(Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once animals are brought to the center, they are treated with anti-seizure medicine and given time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the northern California coast, the primary cause of marine algae blooms are natural factors such as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02quest/background/upwelling/upwelling.html\">ocean upwelling of nutrient-rich water\u003c/a> combined with warm ocean temperatures. Blooms are also fed by polluted runoff from agriculture and other human activity, and are projected to increase in frequency and severity due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other animals such as dolphins, Guadalupe fur seals, northern fur seals and southern sea otters are also affected by the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1914632/algae-poisoned-sea-lions-inundate-marine-mammal-center","authors":["11361"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_31","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_1413","science_603","science_3370","science_1396","science_3243"],"featImg":"science_1914630","label":"science"},"science_1262041":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1262041","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1262041","score":null,"sort":[1483131645000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-choice-the-2016-science-stories-you-dont-want-to-miss","title":"Reporters' Choice: The 2016 Science Stories You Don't Want To Miss","publishDate":1483131645,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Reporters’ Choice: The 2016 Science Stories You Don’t Want To Miss | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>This year, we asked our reporters to choose stories from 2016 they thought you shouldn’t miss. Perhaps it’s because the story is so thoroughly unbelievable, or it’s that the hype doesn’t bear much resemblance to the reality, or maybe it’s a meaningful story that’s largely unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those reasons and more, here are the stories KQED Science reporters think you’ll be glad you know about, as you watch the stories continue to unfold in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer: What To Do With Too Much Solar Power?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2016 is likely to end as a banner year for solar energy in California; the state is steaming toward a goal of 33 percent renewable energy by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the influx of solar power has created a surprising problem: on some days, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">there’s simply too much\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-616162\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"Solar_Desktop\" width=\"1730\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop.jpg 1730w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop-400x231.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop-800x462.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop-768x444.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop-1440x832.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop-1180x682.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop-960x555.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\">\u003c/a>It happens on spring days, when Californians aren’t using much air conditioning and demand for power is low. The surge of midday power, when the sun is at its peak, is more than the grid needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown’s administration has proposed a controversial solution to help with this: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">joining California’s grid\u003c/a> with other Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, Governor Brown’s plan \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-jerry-brown-regional-electricity-grid-20160808-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hit a roadblock\u003c/a> in the state legislature, and he’s vowed to bring it back in the new year. The shifting political winds accompanying president-elect Trump could also \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/states/california/story/2016/12/one-climate-change-initiative-on-which-trump-could-cause-california-to-retrench-108052\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spell its demise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jon Brooks: Theranos’ Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos started 2016 facing the fallout from a devastating \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/26/for-theranos-the-bad-news-keeps-coming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wall Street Journal investigation\u003c/a>. The reports alleged a bevy of improprieties and inaccuracies related to the company’s secret technology, which Theranos claimed could perform dozens of remarkably inexpensive blood tests using just a few drops of blood from a finger prick. That breakthrough innovation, Theranos founder and college dropout Elizabeth Holmes had claimed, would upend a $55 billion industry–a claim that enticed investors, the media, and pharmacy giant Walgreens to get in on the action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1262387\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 482px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1262387\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Clinton and Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes during closing session of Clinton Global Initiative on Sept. 29, 2015 in New York City. Not long after, it all went wrong for Holmes and her company.\" width=\"482\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 482px) 100vw, 482px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Clinton and Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes during closing session of Clinton Global Initiative on Sept. 29, 2015 in New York City. Not long after, it all went wrong for Holmes and her company. \u003ccite>(JP Yim/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Journal stories, however, were only a prelude. By mid-year, the name Theranos had become shorthand for Silicon Valley hubris. The company even \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/hbo-silicon-valley-takes-shot-at-theranos-2016-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">earned mention\u003c/a> as a fraud on the cult HBO hit “Silicon Valley.” The unraveling was as relentless as it was spellbinding: A damning, federal lab inspection resulted in unprecedented, crippling sanctions — inaccurate tests had potentially put patients’ lives at risk, the government found, and the company later invalidated tens of thousands of test results. Federal investigations brewed, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/12/walgreens-shutting-down-theranos-centers-immediately-as-it-ends-partnership/\">Walgreens bailed\u003c/a>, lawsuits proliferated, and an attempted reboot at an annual meeting of lab scientists was deemed by some to be little more than an attempt at distraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, the once-confrontational company cried “uncle,” shutting down its consumer testing business and laying off 40 percent of its workforce. But a last 2016 indignity remained: In December, The Wall Street Journal revealed the identities of a coterie of Theranos’ previously anonymous investors. It seems someone at Theranos had failed to use the :bcc function on a mass email. “\u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/theranos-cant-even-send-a-goddamn-email-right-1789713944\">Theranos Can’t Even Send a Goddamn Email Right\u003c/a>” said the website Gizmodo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still to come for Holmes: \u003ca href=\"http://deadline.com/2016/06/adam-mckay-jennifer-lawrence-theranos-elizabeth-holmes-movie-rights-auction-1201774846/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hollywood rubs it in\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesley McClurg: So … Are We Supposed to Worry About Zika?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/TravelAssociatedCasesofZikaVirusinCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">450 cases \u003c/a>of Californians diagnosed with Zika virus. Not one person contracted Zika in California; all of them returned with the disease after visiting Zika-infested countries such as Brazil and Colombia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was hard to tell from the media panic in early 2016 that California residents don’t have much to worry about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California counties, public health officials \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/21/what-californians-need-to-know-about-zika-virus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">don’t predict\u003c/a> a large local outbreak. The state has generally mild temperatures and desert air. The mosquitoes that carry Zika thrive in hot, humid weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika broke into the news in 2015 after an unusual number of babies in Brazil were born with a neurological condition called microcephaly, a rare disease causing an infant’s head to be abnormally small.\u003cspan lang=\"EN\"> There’s also an association between Zika and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Pages/GBS.aspx\">\u003cspan lang=\"EN\">Guillain-Barré Syndrome\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan lang=\"EN\">, a disease affecting the nervous system.\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials warn pregnant women to avoid traveling to more than \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sixty countries\u003c/a>, and if they \u003cem>do\u003c/em> visit, the recommended protocol is to lather on bug spray and wear long sleeves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brooks: The Fat Disorder Millions Have But No One Has Heard Of\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/09/19/lipedema-the-fat-disorder-that-millions-have-but-no-one-has-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">popular post\u003c/a> by far last year on KQED Science’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Future of You\u003c/a> website was about a lymphatic disease thought to affect up to 17 million Americans — most of them women. Lipedema causes subcutaneous fat to keep accumulating, mostly in the lower body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1262382\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1262382\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Marlene Simpson of Sacramento, Calif., wears compression bandages daily to help reduce the swelling in her legs. She is getting fitted for compression bandages for her arms to prevent swelling there.\" width=\"800\" height=\"738\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85-160x148.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85-768x708.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85-240x221.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85-375x346.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85-520x480.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marlene Simpson of Sacramento, Calif., wears compression bandages daily to help reduce the swelling in her legs. She is getting fitted for compression bandages for her arms to prevent swelling there. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The signature characteristics of a lipedema patient are tree-trunk-like legs and a slim upper body. No matter how much a woman diets or exercises, the fat never goes away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many patients are unaware they have the disease, and undertake fruitless attempts to lose weight. Their physicians don’t know they have it, either, and often assume patients are simply obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was like, ‘Whoa!’ “Judy Maggiore said. “I’ve never heard that before. They have a name for it and it’s not my fault!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only long-term treatment is liposuction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>McClurg: California’s Toxic Algae Was Worse Than Ever\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-929572\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The docks behind homes at Discovery Bay are quieter than usual due to fears of blue green algae toxins. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The docks behind homes at Discovery Bay are quieter than usual due to fears of blue green algae toxins. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Algae blooms are a natural feature of summer, but in 2016, public health officials tallied record levels of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/algae/publichealth/GeneralCyanobacteria.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cyanobacteria, \u003c/a>or blue-green algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some parts of the state, it looked like someone poured a giant can of green paint into the water. And the smell was often rank. When a bloom dies it reeks of rotten eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unusually hot temperatures, the ongoing drought and fertilizer runoff are the primarily culprits leading to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/22/toxic-muck-californias-algae-problem-is-worse-than-ever/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">toxic muck\u003c/a> and ‘no swimming’ signs in more than three dozen freshwater lakes and reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials detected levels of a toxin called microcystin that were 7,000 times higher than the level that would trigger a warning. Microcystin is one of several toxins produced by algae. Common symptoms are dizziness, rashes, fever and vomiting. It can be lethal to dogs and livestock, since the animals are more likely to drink the water or lick the slime off their fur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worst of all, scientists are just starting to understand a problem they expect to escalate. They’re finding blue-green algae in surprising places like pristine mountain lakes and alpine streams. Scientists are scrambling for solutions. Algaecides can help temporarily, but the chemicals can also backfire by promoting other toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: Among the stories we didn’t choose was one of the most obvious–the cosmic discovery of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/11/466286219/in-milestone-scientists-detect-waves-in-space-time-as-black-holes-collide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational waves\u003c/a> by a team of scientists at the California Institute of Technology and around the world. One of our most unusual stories didn’t make the list–\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/13/the-nuclear-canal-when-scientists-thought-h-bombs-would-make-awesome-earthmovers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a history\u003c/a> of physicist Edward Teller’s notion of blowing open a new Panama Canal using atom bombs. And last, a story that burst on the scene at the end of the year: a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looming battle\u003c/a> over water in the San Joaquin River.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"From the unbelievable to the unknown, here are the stories you want to know about; watch them unfold in 2017.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929250,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1355},"headData":{"title":"Reporters' Choice: The 2016 Science Stories You Don't Want To Miss | KQED","description":"From the unbelievable to the unknown, here are the stories you want to know about; watch them unfold in 2017.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporters' Choice: The 2016 Science Stories You Don't Want To Miss","datePublished":"2016-12-30T21:00:45.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:27:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1262041/reporters-choice-the-2016-science-stories-you-dont-want-to-miss","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This year, we asked our reporters to choose stories from 2016 they thought you shouldn’t miss. Perhaps it’s because the story is so thoroughly unbelievable, or it’s that the hype doesn’t bear much resemblance to the reality, or maybe it’s a meaningful story that’s largely unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those reasons and more, here are the stories KQED Science reporters think you’ll be glad you know about, as you watch the stories continue to unfold in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer: What To Do With Too Much Solar Power?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2016 is likely to end as a banner year for solar energy in California; the state is steaming toward a goal of 33 percent renewable energy by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the influx of solar power has created a surprising problem: on some days, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">there’s simply too much\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-616162\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"Solar_Desktop\" width=\"1730\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop.jpg 1730w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop-400x231.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop-800x462.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop-768x444.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop-1440x832.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop-1180x682.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop-960x555.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\">\u003c/a>It happens on spring days, when Californians aren’t using much air conditioning and demand for power is low. The surge of midday power, when the sun is at its peak, is more than the grid needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown’s administration has proposed a controversial solution to help with this: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">joining California’s grid\u003c/a> with other Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, Governor Brown’s plan \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-jerry-brown-regional-electricity-grid-20160808-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hit a roadblock\u003c/a> in the state legislature, and he’s vowed to bring it back in the new year. The shifting political winds accompanying president-elect Trump could also \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/states/california/story/2016/12/one-climate-change-initiative-on-which-trump-could-cause-california-to-retrench-108052\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spell its demise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jon Brooks: Theranos’ Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos started 2016 facing the fallout from a devastating \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/26/for-theranos-the-bad-news-keeps-coming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wall Street Journal investigation\u003c/a>. The reports alleged a bevy of improprieties and inaccuracies related to the company’s secret technology, which Theranos claimed could perform dozens of remarkably inexpensive blood tests using just a few drops of blood from a finger prick. That breakthrough innovation, Theranos founder and college dropout Elizabeth Holmes had claimed, would upend a $55 billion industry–a claim that enticed investors, the media, and pharmacy giant Walgreens to get in on the action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1262387\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 482px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1262387\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Clinton and Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes during closing session of Clinton Global Initiative on Sept. 29, 2015 in New York City. Not long after, it all went wrong for Holmes and her company.\" width=\"482\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/clintonholmes-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 482px) 100vw, 482px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Clinton and Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes during closing session of Clinton Global Initiative on Sept. 29, 2015 in New York City. Not long after, it all went wrong for Holmes and her company. \u003ccite>(JP Yim/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Journal stories, however, were only a prelude. By mid-year, the name Theranos had become shorthand for Silicon Valley hubris. The company even \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/hbo-silicon-valley-takes-shot-at-theranos-2016-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">earned mention\u003c/a> as a fraud on the cult HBO hit “Silicon Valley.” The unraveling was as relentless as it was spellbinding: A damning, federal lab inspection resulted in unprecedented, crippling sanctions — inaccurate tests had potentially put patients’ lives at risk, the government found, and the company later invalidated tens of thousands of test results. Federal investigations brewed, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/12/walgreens-shutting-down-theranos-centers-immediately-as-it-ends-partnership/\">Walgreens bailed\u003c/a>, lawsuits proliferated, and an attempted reboot at an annual meeting of lab scientists was deemed by some to be little more than an attempt at distraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, the once-confrontational company cried “uncle,” shutting down its consumer testing business and laying off 40 percent of its workforce. But a last 2016 indignity remained: In December, The Wall Street Journal revealed the identities of a coterie of Theranos’ previously anonymous investors. It seems someone at Theranos had failed to use the :bcc function on a mass email. “\u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/theranos-cant-even-send-a-goddamn-email-right-1789713944\">Theranos Can’t Even Send a Goddamn Email Right\u003c/a>” said the website Gizmodo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still to come for Holmes: \u003ca href=\"http://deadline.com/2016/06/adam-mckay-jennifer-lawrence-theranos-elizabeth-holmes-movie-rights-auction-1201774846/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hollywood rubs it in\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesley McClurg: So … Are We Supposed to Worry About Zika?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/TravelAssociatedCasesofZikaVirusinCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">450 cases \u003c/a>of Californians diagnosed with Zika virus. Not one person contracted Zika in California; all of them returned with the disease after visiting Zika-infested countries such as Brazil and Colombia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was hard to tell from the media panic in early 2016 that California residents don’t have much to worry about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California counties, public health officials \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/21/what-californians-need-to-know-about-zika-virus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">don’t predict\u003c/a> a large local outbreak. The state has generally mild temperatures and desert air. The mosquitoes that carry Zika thrive in hot, humid weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika broke into the news in 2015 after an unusual number of babies in Brazil were born with a neurological condition called microcephaly, a rare disease causing an infant’s head to be abnormally small.\u003cspan lang=\"EN\"> There’s also an association between Zika and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Pages/GBS.aspx\">\u003cspan lang=\"EN\">Guillain-Barré Syndrome\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan lang=\"EN\">, a disease affecting the nervous system.\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials warn pregnant women to avoid traveling to more than \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sixty countries\u003c/a>, and if they \u003cem>do\u003c/em> visit, the recommended protocol is to lather on bug spray and wear long sleeves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brooks: The Fat Disorder Millions Have But No One Has Heard Of\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/09/19/lipedema-the-fat-disorder-that-millions-have-but-no-one-has-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">popular post\u003c/a> by far last year on KQED Science’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Future of You\u003c/a> website was about a lymphatic disease thought to affect up to 17 million Americans — most of them women. Lipedema causes subcutaneous fat to keep accumulating, mostly in the lower body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1262382\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1262382\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Marlene Simpson of Sacramento, Calif., wears compression bandages daily to help reduce the swelling in her legs. She is getting fitted for compression bandages for her arms to prevent swelling there.\" width=\"800\" height=\"738\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85-160x148.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85-768x708.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85-240x221.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85-375x346.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/lipedemia-1_custom-11278cb1927b55f723dfdf998b93b3d25d232b60-s800-c85-520x480.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marlene Simpson of Sacramento, Calif., wears compression bandages daily to help reduce the swelling in her legs. She is getting fitted for compression bandages for her arms to prevent swelling there. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The signature characteristics of a lipedema patient are tree-trunk-like legs and a slim upper body. No matter how much a woman diets or exercises, the fat never goes away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many patients are unaware they have the disease, and undertake fruitless attempts to lose weight. Their physicians don’t know they have it, either, and often assume patients are simply obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was like, ‘Whoa!’ “Judy Maggiore said. “I’ve never heard that before. They have a name for it and it’s not my fault!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only long-term treatment is liposuction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>McClurg: California’s Toxic Algae Was Worse Than Ever\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-929572\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The docks behind homes at Discovery Bay are quieter than usual due to fears of blue green algae toxins. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The docks behind homes at Discovery Bay are quieter than usual due to fears of blue green algae toxins. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Algae blooms are a natural feature of summer, but in 2016, public health officials tallied record levels of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/algae/publichealth/GeneralCyanobacteria.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cyanobacteria, \u003c/a>or blue-green algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some parts of the state, it looked like someone poured a giant can of green paint into the water. And the smell was often rank. When a bloom dies it reeks of rotten eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unusually hot temperatures, the ongoing drought and fertilizer runoff are the primarily culprits leading to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/22/toxic-muck-californias-algae-problem-is-worse-than-ever/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">toxic muck\u003c/a> and ‘no swimming’ signs in more than three dozen freshwater lakes and reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials detected levels of a toxin called microcystin that were 7,000 times higher than the level that would trigger a warning. Microcystin is one of several toxins produced by algae. Common symptoms are dizziness, rashes, fever and vomiting. It can be lethal to dogs and livestock, since the animals are more likely to drink the water or lick the slime off their fur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worst of all, scientists are just starting to understand a problem they expect to escalate. They’re finding blue-green algae in surprising places like pristine mountain lakes and alpine streams. Scientists are scrambling for solutions. Algaecides can help temporarily, but the chemicals can also backfire by promoting other toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: Among the stories we didn’t choose was one of the most obvious–the cosmic discovery of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/11/466286219/in-milestone-scientists-detect-waves-in-space-time-as-black-holes-collide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational waves\u003c/a> by a team of scientists at the California Institute of Technology and around the world. One of our most unusual stories didn’t make the list–\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/13/the-nuclear-canal-when-scientists-thought-h-bombs-would-make-awesome-earthmovers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a history\u003c/a> of physicist Edward Teller’s notion of blowing open a new Panama Canal using atom bombs. And last, a story that burst on the scene at the end of the year: a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looming battle\u003c/a> over water in the San Joaquin River.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1262041/reporters-choice-the-2016-science-stories-you-dont-want-to-miss","authors":["6387"],"categories":["science_33","science_35","science_39","science_40"],"tags":["science_2856","science_1134","science_3245","science_3243"],"featImg":"science_2089","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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