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In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"dpotter":{"type":"authors","id":"6609","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6609","found":true},"name":"Daniel Potter","firstName":"Daniel","lastName":"Potter","slug":"dpotter","email":"dpotter@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Daniel Potter is a reporter for KQED Science. Before that, he worked at Nashville Public Radio for six years. He’s gathered tape for The New York Times, contributed to a growing list of podcasts, and done national features for NPR on everything from bats to meningitis. He tweets at @hellodanpo.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59396b9ad9c672dd4cd1d3e453425f12?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"hellodanpo","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Daniel Potter | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59396b9ad9c672dd4cd1d3e453425f12?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59396b9ad9c672dd4cd1d3e453425f12?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dpotter"},"kevinstark":{"type":"authors","id":"11608","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11608","found":true},"name":"Kevin Stark","firstName":"Kevin","lastName":"Stark","slug":"kevinstark","email":"kstark@kqed.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Senior Editor","bio":"Kevin is a senior editor for KQED Science, managing the station's health and climate desks. His journalism career began in the Pacific Northwest, and he later became a lead reporter for the San Francisco Public Press. His work has appeared in Pacific Standard magazine, the Energy News Network, the Center for Investigative Reporting's Reveal and WBEZ in Chicago. Kevin joined KQED in 2019, and has covered issues related to energy, wildfire, climate change and the environment.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"starkkev","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Kevin Stark | KQED","description":"Senior Editor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/kevinstark"},"smohamad":{"type":"authors","id":"11631","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11631","found":true},"name":"Sarah Mohamad","firstName":"Sarah","lastName":"Mohamad","slug":"smohamad","email":"smohamad@KQED.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"Engagement Producer and Reporter, KQED Science","bio":"Sarah Mohamad is an engagement producer and reporter for KQED's digital engagement team. She leads social media, newsletter, and engagement efforts for KQED Science content. Prior to this role, she played a key role as project manager for NSF's \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/crackingthecode\">\u003cem>Cracking the Code: Influencing Millennial Science Engagement\u003c/em> \u003c/a>audience research. Prior to joining KQED Science, Sarah worked in a brand new role as Digital Marketing Strategist at WPSU Penn State.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"sarahkmohamad","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"about","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sarah Mohamad | KQED","description":"Engagement Producer and Reporter, KQED Science","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/smohamad"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1991869":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1991869","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1991869","score":null,"sort":[1710846031000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"when-is-solar-eclipse-2024-bay-area-watch-parties","title":"Solar Eclipse 2024: How to See the Partial Eclipse in the Bay Area on April 8","publishDate":1710846031,"format":"image","headTitle":"Solar Eclipse 2024: How to See the Partial Eclipse in the Bay Area on April 8 | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1991228/where-to-see-the-2024-total-solar-eclipse-in-april\">The 2024 total solar eclipse is coming on April 8.\u003c/a> And for the United States, it’ll be the\u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/total-solar-eclipse-april-8-2024-finest-for-united-states\"> longest and most visible eclipse of its kind in a century\u003c/a>.[aside postID='science_1991228,science_1991791,news_11979339' label='More guides from kqed']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over\u003ca href=\"https://www.greatamericaneclipse.com/april-8-2024\"> 32 million people who live along the path of totality\u003c/a> — a narrow track of about 100 miles wide but 10,000 miles long that crosses three Mexican states, 15 U.S. states and five Canadian provinces — will experience this spectacular sight from the comfort of their own homes. But if you’re one of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsta.org/blog/final-push-be-ready-april-8-solar-eclipse-ways-be-resource-your-community#:~:text=The%20last%20total%20solar%20eclipse,of%20eclipse%20(weather%20permitting).\">estimated 500 million people in North America\u003c/a> who’ll be outside of that path, you’ll get to experience only a part of that eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if you’re not already planning to travel to the path of totality, how can you still enjoy the partial solar eclipse in the Bay Area?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When can I see the solar eclipse in the Bay Area?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, the eclipse will begin at 10:14 a.m. PST on Monday, April 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “maximum bite” will be taken out of the sun at 11:13 a.m. PST to about an hour later, and the event will officially end at around 12:16 p.m. PST, according to Andrew Fraknoi, an astronomer and board member of the SETI Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay, we’ll experience about 45% of the sun’s diameter covered, and the best time to start observing the eclipse is at 11 a.m., Fraknoi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the whole event will last about two hours, partial totality will only last up to about four minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jump to: \u003ca href=\"#eclipseparties\">Watch parties for the partial eclipse in the Bay Area\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How to view a total solar eclipse with glasses and pinhole projectors\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>During a solar eclipse, it is never safe to look directly at the sun without solar-filtered eyewear designed for solar viewing. That’s because looking at any part of the exposed sun can permanently injure \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2024/03/18/1238944697/get-ready-april-8-eclipse-glasses-eye-safety-damage-protection-doctors\">the eye’s retina, which is incredibly sensitive to light.\u003c/a> Only when the moon completely covers the sun during totality will it be safe to look at it without eye protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re looking for free eclipse glasses, check with your local public library in the Bay Area, which may well be offering them. You might also be able to snag eclipse glasses at places like the California Academy of Sciences, Exploratorium, and Chabot Space and Science Center. If you plan to buy eclipse glasses online, Fraknoi recommends two U.S.-based companies: Rainbow Symphony and American Paper Optics. \u003ca href=\"https://eclipse.aas.org/eye-safety/viewers-filters\">The American Astronomical Society also has a list of vetted suppliers.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also explore indirect viewing methods by \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/learn/project/how-to-make-a-pinhole-camera/\">making your pinhole projector\u003c/a> to view the eclipse safely. Learn more about how pinhole cameras work in the video below from artist Bob Miller’s Walk at the Exploratorium, and\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/eclipses-tabs/safety/\"> read more tips from NASA on how to view the eclipse safely\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Bob Miller - Light Walk (1982) | Exploratorium\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/dvmRO5IjW_I?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>5 watch parties in the Bay Area where you can see the solar eclipse\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you want to enjoy the eclipse at home from the comfort of your couch, free live streams of the total solar eclipse are also available on multiple \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/watch-total-solar-eclipse-april-8-online-free-livestreams\">websites like NASA and Timeanddate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some public libraries might also host a viewing party — like at \u003ca href=\"https://www.millvalleylibrary.org/\">Mill Valley Public Library, Marin\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ccclib.bibliocommons.com/events/65cd2317e3e1ee300030362e\">Danville Library, Contra Costa County\u003c/a> — so be sure to check with your local library branch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re looking to join others at a watch party in the Bay Area, here are five places hosting on April 8:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://lawrencehallofscience.org/events/solar-eclipse-viewing-party/\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/eclipse\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/eclipse\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/events/events-listing/\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://rfo.org/index.php/calendar-of-events/\">Robert Ferguson Observatory\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>For a running list of events around the solar eclipse in North California, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/site/aancsite/calendar/eclipses/2024-april-8-eclipse\">Astronomical Association of Northern California\u003c/a> website for the most recent updates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Even though you'll have to travel to another state to see totality, the Bay Area will still be treated to a partial solar eclipse next month. Here's where to view the eclipse locally.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1712243237,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":661},"headData":{"title":"Solar Eclipse 2024: How to See the Partial Eclipse in the Bay Area on April 8 | KQED","description":"Even though you'll have to travel to another state to see totality, the Bay Area will still be treated to a partial solar eclipse next month. Here's where to view the eclipse locally.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Solar Eclipse 2024: How to See the Partial Eclipse in the Bay Area on April 8","datePublished":"2024-03-19T11:00:31.000Z","dateModified":"2024-04-04T15:07:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1991869/when-is-solar-eclipse-2024-bay-area-watch-parties","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1991228/where-to-see-the-2024-total-solar-eclipse-in-april\">The 2024 total solar eclipse is coming on April 8.\u003c/a> And for the United States, it’ll be the\u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/total-solar-eclipse-april-8-2024-finest-for-united-states\"> longest and most visible eclipse of its kind in a century\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1991228,science_1991791,news_11979339","label":"More guides from kqed "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over\u003ca href=\"https://www.greatamericaneclipse.com/april-8-2024\"> 32 million people who live along the path of totality\u003c/a> — a narrow track of about 100 miles wide but 10,000 miles long that crosses three Mexican states, 15 U.S. states and five Canadian provinces — will experience this spectacular sight from the comfort of their own homes. But if you’re one of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsta.org/blog/final-push-be-ready-april-8-solar-eclipse-ways-be-resource-your-community#:~:text=The%20last%20total%20solar%20eclipse,of%20eclipse%20(weather%20permitting).\">estimated 500 million people in North America\u003c/a> who’ll be outside of that path, you’ll get to experience only a part of that eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if you’re not already planning to travel to the path of totality, how can you still enjoy the partial solar eclipse in the Bay Area?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When can I see the solar eclipse in the Bay Area?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, the eclipse will begin at 10:14 a.m. PST on Monday, April 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “maximum bite” will be taken out of the sun at 11:13 a.m. PST to about an hour later, and the event will officially end at around 12:16 p.m. PST, according to Andrew Fraknoi, an astronomer and board member of the SETI Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay, we’ll experience about 45% of the sun’s diameter covered, and the best time to start observing the eclipse is at 11 a.m., Fraknoi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the whole event will last about two hours, partial totality will only last up to about four minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jump to: \u003ca href=\"#eclipseparties\">Watch parties for the partial eclipse in the Bay Area\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How to view a total solar eclipse with glasses and pinhole projectors\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>During a solar eclipse, it is never safe to look directly at the sun without solar-filtered eyewear designed for solar viewing. That’s because looking at any part of the exposed sun can permanently injure \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2024/03/18/1238944697/get-ready-april-8-eclipse-glasses-eye-safety-damage-protection-doctors\">the eye’s retina, which is incredibly sensitive to light.\u003c/a> Only when the moon completely covers the sun during totality will it be safe to look at it without eye protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re looking for free eclipse glasses, check with your local public library in the Bay Area, which may well be offering them. You might also be able to snag eclipse glasses at places like the California Academy of Sciences, Exploratorium, and Chabot Space and Science Center. If you plan to buy eclipse glasses online, Fraknoi recommends two U.S.-based companies: Rainbow Symphony and American Paper Optics. \u003ca href=\"https://eclipse.aas.org/eye-safety/viewers-filters\">The American Astronomical Society also has a list of vetted suppliers.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also explore indirect viewing methods by \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/learn/project/how-to-make-a-pinhole-camera/\">making your pinhole projector\u003c/a> to view the eclipse safely. Learn more about how pinhole cameras work in the video below from artist Bob Miller’s Walk at the Exploratorium, and\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/eclipses-tabs/safety/\"> read more tips from NASA on how to view the eclipse safely\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Bob Miller - Light Walk (1982) | Exploratorium\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/dvmRO5IjW_I?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>5 watch parties in the Bay Area where you can see the solar eclipse\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you want to enjoy the eclipse at home from the comfort of your couch, free live streams of the total solar eclipse are also available on multiple \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/watch-total-solar-eclipse-april-8-online-free-livestreams\">websites like NASA and Timeanddate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some public libraries might also host a viewing party — like at \u003ca href=\"https://www.millvalleylibrary.org/\">Mill Valley Public Library, Marin\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ccclib.bibliocommons.com/events/65cd2317e3e1ee300030362e\">Danville Library, Contra Costa County\u003c/a> — so be sure to check with your local library branch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re looking to join others at a watch party in the Bay Area, here are five places hosting on April 8:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://lawrencehallofscience.org/events/solar-eclipse-viewing-party/\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/eclipse\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/eclipse\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/events/events-listing/\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://rfo.org/index.php/calendar-of-events/\">Robert Ferguson Observatory\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>For a running list of events around the solar eclipse in North California, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/site/aancsite/calendar/eclipses/2024-april-8-eclipse\">Astronomical Association of Northern California\u003c/a> website for the most recent updates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1991869/when-is-solar-eclipse-2024-bay-area-watch-parties","authors":["11631"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1073","science_4992","science_4417","science_4414","science_351","science_576","science_934","science_2933"],"featImg":"science_1914969","label":"science"},"science_1954225":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1954225","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1954225","score":null,"sort":[1577834095000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-best-noaa-satellite-images-from-2019","title":"The Best NOAA Satellite Images of 2019","publishDate":1577834095,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Best NOAA Satellite Images of 2019 | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has released a list of the agency’s most epic satellite images from 2019. From NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/2019-look-best-images-above\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">site\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It was a year of record-breaking tropical cyclones—in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Many parts of the globe were ravaged by wildfires in 2019 while the wonders of our solar system were on full display. … With their lofty view from space, NOAA satellites can see both the awe-inspiring beauty and the sobering destruction that Mother Nature creates across our dynamic blue planet.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the captivating images …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Total Solar Eclipse Spreads Darkness Across the Southern Hemisphere\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/a-celestrial-treat.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 2, people in parts of Chile and Argentina witnessed the moon entirely obscure the sun. At the same time, NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite tracked the moon’s shadow spreading over South America and the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Kincade Fire’s Long Plume \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/americas-on-fire-1.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gusting winds blew the Kincade Fire’s massive smoke plume hundreds of miles away from the blaze in Sonoma County. On Oct. 27, NOAA’s GOES-17 satellite caught the fire’s smoke streaming over the Pacific Ocean. Look closely and you can see smoke wafting from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11783200/glen-cove-fire-in-vallejo-closes-carquinez-bridge-and-portion-of-i-80-evacuations-ordered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">separate fire in Vallejo\u003c/a> that briefly closed the Carquinez Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Eye of the Hurricane \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/dorian_eye_nologo.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite had a view straight into the eye of Hurricane Dorian as it swirled around Abaco Island, Bahamas, on Sept. 1, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You Can Look At the Sun With a Solar Ultraviolet Imager \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/glassy-sun.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a special telescope, NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite can capture images of the sun by recording its ultraviolet radiation. On March 8, 2019, the satellite saw the eruption of a solar flare on the sun’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloud Formations Around Hawaii \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/Hawaii%20clouds2.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back on Earth, NOAA’s GOES-17 satellite flew over Hawaii on Jan. 15, 2019, as clouds formed around the Big Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dust Plumes off Western Africa\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/dust-in-the-wind.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite scoped one of the largest dust plumes of the year billowing across the Atlantic Ocean from the Sahara Desert on Aug. 26, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/2019-look-best-images-above\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More images on NOAA’s website here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"See a solar flare, wildfire smoke and the eye of a hurricane in these epic images from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847951,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":379},"headData":{"title":"The Best NOAA Satellite Images of 2019 | KQED","description":"See a solar flare, wildfire smoke and the eye of a hurricane in these epic images from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Best NOAA Satellite Images of 2019","datePublished":"2019-12-31T23:14:55.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:52:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Photos","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1954225/the-best-noaa-satellite-images-from-2019","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has released a list of the agency’s most epic satellite images from 2019. From NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/2019-look-best-images-above\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">site\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It was a year of record-breaking tropical cyclones—in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Many parts of the globe were ravaged by wildfires in 2019 while the wonders of our solar system were on full display. … With their lofty view from space, NOAA satellites can see both the awe-inspiring beauty and the sobering destruction that Mother Nature creates across our dynamic blue planet.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the captivating images …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Total Solar Eclipse Spreads Darkness Across the Southern Hemisphere\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/a-celestrial-treat.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 2, people in parts of Chile and Argentina witnessed the moon entirely obscure the sun. At the same time, NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite tracked the moon’s shadow spreading over South America and the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Kincade Fire’s Long Plume \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/americas-on-fire-1.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gusting winds blew the Kincade Fire’s massive smoke plume hundreds of miles away from the blaze in Sonoma County. On Oct. 27, NOAA’s GOES-17 satellite caught the fire’s smoke streaming over the Pacific Ocean. Look closely and you can see smoke wafting from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11783200/glen-cove-fire-in-vallejo-closes-carquinez-bridge-and-portion-of-i-80-evacuations-ordered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">separate fire in Vallejo\u003c/a> that briefly closed the Carquinez Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Eye of the Hurricane \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/dorian_eye_nologo.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite had a view straight into the eye of Hurricane Dorian as it swirled around Abaco Island, Bahamas, on Sept. 1, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You Can Look At the Sun With a Solar Ultraviolet Imager \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/glassy-sun.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a special telescope, NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite can capture images of the sun by recording its ultraviolet radiation. On March 8, 2019, the satellite saw the eruption of a solar flare on the sun’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloud Formations Around Hawaii \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/Hawaii%20clouds2.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back on Earth, NOAA’s GOES-17 satellite flew over Hawaii on Jan. 15, 2019, as clouds formed around the Big Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dust Plumes off Western Africa\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/dust-in-the-wind.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite scoped one of the largest dust plumes of the year billowing across the Atlantic Ocean from the Sahara Desert on Aug. 26, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/2019-look-best-images-above\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More images on NOAA’s website here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1954225/the-best-noaa-satellite-images-from-2019","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_28","science_35","science_40","science_98","science_3730"],"tags":["science_351","science_3463","science_576","science_934","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1954240","label":"source_science_1954225"},"science_1921417":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921417","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921417","score":null,"sort":[1521494299000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"our-1st-interstellar-visitor-likely-came-from-2-star-system","title":"Our 1st Interstellar Visitor Likely Came From a 2-Star System","publishDate":1521494299,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Our 1st Interstellar Visitor Likely Came From a 2-Star System | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Our first known interstellar visitor likely came from a two-star system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the latest from astronomers who were amazed by the mysterious cigar-shaped object, detected as it passed through our inner solar system last fall.[contextly_sidebar id=”nefUdheDSXHnOcJbt6vj7wZSFqG71Xpv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Toronto’s Alan Jackson reported Monday that the asteroid — the first confirmed object in our solar system originating elsewhere — is probably from a binary star system. That’s where two stars orbit a common center. According to Jackson and his team, the asteroid was likely ejected from its system as planets formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been wandering interstellar space for a long time since,” the scientists wrote in the Royal Astronomical Society’s journal, \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monthly Notices\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovered in October by a telescope in Hawaii millions of miles away, the asteroid is called Oumuamua, Hawaiian for messenger from afar arriving first, or scout. The red-tinged rock is estimated to be possibly 1,300 feet long and zooming away from the Earth and sun at more than 16 miles per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, a science team led by Wesley Fraser of Queen’s University Belfast reported that Oumuamua is actually tumbling through space, likely the result of a collision with another asteroid or other object that kicked it out of its home solar system. He expects it to continue tumbling for billions of more years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists originally thought it might be an icy comet, but now agree it is an asteroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The same way we use comets to better understand planet formation in our own solar system, maybe this curious object can tell us more about how planets form in other systems.” Jackson said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close binary star systems may be the source of the majority of interstellar objects out there, both icy comets and rocky asteroids, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Astronomers were amazed by the mysterious cigar-shaped object that passed through last fall.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928089,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":322},"headData":{"title":"Our 1st Interstellar Visitor Likely Came From a 2-Star System | KQED","description":"Astronomers were amazed by the mysterious cigar-shaped object that passed through last fall.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Our 1st Interstellar Visitor Likely Came From a 2-Star System","datePublished":"2018-03-19T21:18:19.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:08:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Marcia Dunn\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1921417/our-1st-interstellar-visitor-likely-came-from-2-star-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Our first known interstellar visitor likely came from a two-star system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the latest from astronomers who were amazed by the mysterious cigar-shaped object, detected as it passed through our inner solar system last fall.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Toronto’s Alan Jackson reported Monday that the asteroid — the first confirmed object in our solar system originating elsewhere — is probably from a binary star system. That’s where two stars orbit a common center. According to Jackson and his team, the asteroid was likely ejected from its system as planets formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been wandering interstellar space for a long time since,” the scientists wrote in the Royal Astronomical Society’s journal, \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monthly Notices\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovered in October by a telescope in Hawaii millions of miles away, the asteroid is called Oumuamua, Hawaiian for messenger from afar arriving first, or scout. The red-tinged rock is estimated to be possibly 1,300 feet long and zooming away from the Earth and sun at more than 16 miles per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, a science team led by Wesley Fraser of Queen’s University Belfast reported that Oumuamua is actually tumbling through space, likely the result of a collision with another asteroid or other object that kicked it out of its home solar system. He expects it to continue tumbling for billions of more years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists originally thought it might be an icy comet, but now agree it is an asteroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The same way we use comets to better understand planet formation in our own solar system, maybe this curious object can tell us more about how planets form in other systems.” Jackson said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close binary star systems may be the source of the majority of interstellar objects out there, both icy comets and rocky asteroids, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921417/our-1st-interstellar-visitor-likely-came-from-2-star-system","authors":["byline_science_1921417"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_144","science_1073","science_25","science_576","science_577","science_3416"],"featImg":"science_1921418","label":"source_science_1921417"},"science_723030":{"type":"posts","id":"science_723030","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"723030","score":null,"sort":[1464354023000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"its-not-your-parents-solar-system-anymore","title":"It's Not Your Parents' Solar System Anymore","publishDate":1464354023,"format":"standard","headTitle":"It’s Not Your Parents’ Solar System Anymore | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Ten years ago, Pluto was reclassified as dwarf planet — a result of discovering other solar system objects of comparable size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a year ago, the New Horizons spacecraft gave us our first up-close look at Pluto and its system of moons. These historic events define a decade in which our understanding of the solar system blossomed as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advancements in technology have enhanced our ability to detect, observe and analyze outer space. In addition, a wider field of players in solar system exploration has played no small role in the information explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do multiple countries now conduct space missions — the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan, China, India and others — private entities like Elon Musk’s SpaceX corporation are also getting into the game, to the extent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/32719-spacex-red-dragon-mars-missions-2018.html\">pursuing human missions to Mars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723135\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723135\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right).\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right). \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not very long ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age14-16/Astronomy/text/Theories_of_the_solar_system/index.html\">textbooks taught us\u003c/a> that our sun is the center of a system of nine planets, a belt of little understood bodies of rock (asteroids) between Mars and Jupiter and a mostly invisible host of mysterious comets that periodically enter our awareness when one passes close to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was then, this is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick headcount of \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/\">what we now know to exist\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Eight major planets — the four “terrestrial” planets of the inner solar system and four gas giants of the outer solar system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Five official dwarf planets, including Ceres (the largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt) and Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 150 “\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/pluto/kuiper_belt/trans_neptune_objects.html\">Trans-Neptunian Objects\u003c/a>” (minor planets whose average distances from the sun are greater than Neptune’s) that may eventually be classified as dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 179 moons orbiting planets and dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>About half a million \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/asteroids/indepth\">asteroids\u003c/a>, most of them in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And about 4,000 comets.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-723137 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg\" alt=\"The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth.\" width=\"800\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-400x275.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-768x527.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s what we know of. Estimates based on observation and theory suggest this is only the tip of the iceberg, and that there are probably tens of thousands of sizable bodies (larger than 60 miles across) and perhaps hundreds of billions of smaller comet-like objects out there — mostly orbiting beyond Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the sheer body-count, the past decade has also turned up fine details of objects that have been real eye-openers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, long ago, was partially covered in\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/28983-ancient-mars-oceans-big-waves.html\"> seas of liquid water\u003c/a>, likely salty, with an environment that may have been friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa \u003c/a>hides under its icy outer crust an ocean containing more liquid water than all of Earth’s oceans, warmed by energy spewing from its interior generated by tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a> — which is barely 300 miles in diameter—erupts with jets of water vapor and harbors liquid water beneath its surface, and possibly the chemistry that could support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723136\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723136\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>, is practically a cryogenic version of Earth, with a thick nitrogen atmosphere that supports a liquid-methane analog of Earth’s water cycle, complete with clouds, rain, river runoff, and lakes and seas of the stuff. (Make no mistake, though, if you took a swim in these seas, you would freeze solid in seconds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even cold, distant Pluto supports \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-on-frozen-pond\">dynamic processes\u003c/a> on its surface: glacier-like flows of nitrogen slush, cryovolcanoes and possibly tectonic activity. And we learned this just within the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A smaller dwarf planet than Pluto — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/6883/ceres/\">Ceres\u003c/a> — has shown signs of activity: water vapor outgassing from its surface, and bright mineral deposits possibly left behind by eruptions from beneath its crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most exciting part of our burgeoning awareness of the solar system’s surprises may be those yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the advancement in technology and the enterprises that participated in space exploration over the past decade changed our thinking about the solar system in such profound ways, imagine what the next decade will bring. Further advancements in Earth and \u003ca href=\"http://jwst.nasa.gov/comparison.html\">space-based observatories\u003c/a>, robotic spacecraft and probes, and even human expeditions into space are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What might we know by 2026?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the past decade our understanding of the solar system has exploded as never before. This \"springtime\" of discovery is powered both by advancements in technology and a broader field of players participating in space exploration. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930124,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":739},"headData":{"title":"It's Not Your Parents' Solar System Anymore | KQED","description":"In the past decade our understanding of the solar system has exploded as never before. This "springtime" of discovery is powered both by advancements in technology and a broader field of players participating in space exploration. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"It's Not Your Parents' Solar System Anymore","datePublished":"2016-05-27T13:00:23.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:42:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/723030/its-not-your-parents-solar-system-anymore","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ten years ago, Pluto was reclassified as dwarf planet — a result of discovering other solar system objects of comparable size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a year ago, the New Horizons spacecraft gave us our first up-close look at Pluto and its system of moons. These historic events define a decade in which our understanding of the solar system blossomed as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advancements in technology have enhanced our ability to detect, observe and analyze outer space. In addition, a wider field of players in solar system exploration has played no small role in the information explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do multiple countries now conduct space missions — the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan, China, India and others — private entities like Elon Musk’s SpaceX corporation are also getting into the game, to the extent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/32719-spacex-red-dragon-mars-missions-2018.html\">pursuing human missions to Mars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723135\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723135\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right).\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right). \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not very long ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age14-16/Astronomy/text/Theories_of_the_solar_system/index.html\">textbooks taught us\u003c/a> that our sun is the center of a system of nine planets, a belt of little understood bodies of rock (asteroids) between Mars and Jupiter and a mostly invisible host of mysterious comets that periodically enter our awareness when one passes close to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was then, this is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick headcount of \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/\">what we now know to exist\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Eight major planets — the four “terrestrial” planets of the inner solar system and four gas giants of the outer solar system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Five official dwarf planets, including Ceres (the largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt) and Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 150 “\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/pluto/kuiper_belt/trans_neptune_objects.html\">Trans-Neptunian Objects\u003c/a>” (minor planets whose average distances from the sun are greater than Neptune’s) that may eventually be classified as dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 179 moons orbiting planets and dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>About half a million \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/asteroids/indepth\">asteroids\u003c/a>, most of them in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And about 4,000 comets.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-723137 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg\" alt=\"The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth.\" width=\"800\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-400x275.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-768x527.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s what we know of. Estimates based on observation and theory suggest this is only the tip of the iceberg, and that there are probably tens of thousands of sizable bodies (larger than 60 miles across) and perhaps hundreds of billions of smaller comet-like objects out there — mostly orbiting beyond Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the sheer body-count, the past decade has also turned up fine details of objects that have been real eye-openers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, long ago, was partially covered in\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/28983-ancient-mars-oceans-big-waves.html\"> seas of liquid water\u003c/a>, likely salty, with an environment that may have been friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa \u003c/a>hides under its icy outer crust an ocean containing more liquid water than all of Earth’s oceans, warmed by energy spewing from its interior generated by tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a> — which is barely 300 miles in diameter—erupts with jets of water vapor and harbors liquid water beneath its surface, and possibly the chemistry that could support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723136\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723136\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>, is practically a cryogenic version of Earth, with a thick nitrogen atmosphere that supports a liquid-methane analog of Earth’s water cycle, complete with clouds, rain, river runoff, and lakes and seas of the stuff. (Make no mistake, though, if you took a swim in these seas, you would freeze solid in seconds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even cold, distant Pluto supports \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-on-frozen-pond\">dynamic processes\u003c/a> on its surface: glacier-like flows of nitrogen slush, cryovolcanoes and possibly tectonic activity. And we learned this just within the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A smaller dwarf planet than Pluto — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/6883/ceres/\">Ceres\u003c/a> — has shown signs of activity: water vapor outgassing from its surface, and bright mineral deposits possibly left behind by eruptions from beneath its crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most exciting part of our burgeoning awareness of the solar system’s surprises may be those yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the advancement in technology and the enterprises that participated in space exploration over the past decade changed our thinking about the solar system in such profound ways, imagine what the next decade will bring. Further advancements in Earth and \u003ca href=\"http://jwst.nasa.gov/comparison.html\">space-based observatories\u003c/a>, robotic spacecraft and probes, and even human expeditions into space are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What might we know by 2026?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/723030/its-not-your-parents-solar-system-anymore","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_5189","science_2172","science_5191","science_576"],"featImg":"science_723134","label":"science"},"science_29122":{"type":"posts","id":"science_29122","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"29122","score":null,"sort":[1428930014000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"alien-life-might-live-in-our-own-solar-system","title":"Alien Life Might Live in Our Own Solar System","publishDate":1428930014,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Alien Life Might Live in Our Own Solar System | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/04/20150413ScienceSolarSystemLife.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29154\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus-e1428707689654.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus-e1428707689654.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of vents on Saturn's moon Enceladus. New research suggests water below the surface there is near boiling hot and could be habitable for microbial life. (David Seal/NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of vents on Saturn’s moon Enceladus. New research suggests water below the surface there is near boiling hot and could be habitable for microbial life. (David Seal/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are thousands of planets orbiting stars in Earth’s galactic neighborhood. Scientists are spotting new planets so fast it’s hard to keep up — and many of them could be habitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re going to have strong indications of life beyond Earth within a decade,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-nasa-search-alien-life-20150407-story.html\">said NASA chief scientist Ellen Stofan\u003c/a> last week. “I think we’re going to have definitive evidence within 20 to 30 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, we might find alien life right here in our own backyard, just a few planets over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life — at least, life as we know it — requires liquid water, more and more of which \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html\">keeps turning up\u003c/a> around the solar system. Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/nature14262.epdf?referrer_access_token=TIJP4EwwMbxZ9hQ9sCXqRNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MfNjfSDEXIGYUVERnxB4yt1qm3vncv6g0T2d4NhWGHs7O9c8Esa6txChvxJCKD9sAE7lIUHsxgJv72rpaMa0etTtSTViTyGTBJxE5E2Y1H-9Kxbv-hyjLlQgO6Y0ICrZR6KI8SpFqUYkFuvRdaV1rU5jxiKfVSTukyweAxnbUZ0_xzi0pcBKYP7AkjaQ0skO6YzPb9c5GRAD1S-EB14paO&tracking_referrer=www.nytimes.com\">published last month\u003c/a> in the journal Nature says one of Saturn’s moons, Enceladus, has water that’s near boiling — cozy, for certain forms of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we aren’t likely to find Hollywood aliens like the one that exploded out of Sigourney Weaver’s shipmate, or that stalked “Men in Black’s” Tommy Lee Jones: “Imagine a giant cockroach with unlimited strength, a massive inferiority complex, and a real short temper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think we’re going to have strong indications of life beyond Earth within a decade.’\u003ccite>— Ellen Stofan,\u003cbr>\nNASA’s Chief Scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rather, experts say there’s a good chance of finding microbial aliens. After all, by some measures microbes are the dominant form of life here on Earth. They were here a couple billion years before us, or dinosaurs or even jellyfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tori Hoehler is a chemist who studies microbiology at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/\">NASA’s Ames Research Center \u003c/a>in Mountain View; the facility also happens to boast the world’s largest wind tunnel. Hoehler says one place to get a glimpse of the ancient world is on the roof above his office. “Some people think a time machine looks like a DeLorean,” he says, referencing “Back To The Future’s” time-traveling car. “But it actually looks like a greenhouse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside NASA’s greenhouse are boxes containing thick carpets of what Hoehler calls “orange goo.” It’s hard to fathom, but this is almost entirely made up of microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every cubic centimeter in there would have about a trillion individuals in it,” Hoehler says, “microbial cells.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This gunk is the bulk of life’s history on Earth. If alien explorers had visited Earth two billion years ago looking for life, Hoehler says, “they would’ve found a slime world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists develop an ever clearer picture of the outer solar system, the odds of finding a place that resembles a slime world are looking decent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29128\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-29128\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus1.jpg\" alt=\"New research says water below the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus is near boiling hot. “It has no excuse for having the degree of geologic activity that we found there,” says one planetary geologist. (NASA)\" width=\"272\" height=\"320\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New research says water below the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus is near boiling hot. “It has no excuse for having the degree of geologic activity that we found there,” says one planetary geologist. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moons in the Outer Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon Enceladus is tiny – just 300 miles in diameter. It doesn’t have the mysterious methane lakes and dense atmosphere of Titan, another one of Saturn’s moons. It also lacks the convenient proximity of Mars. Trips to the red planet from Earth can be measured in months, while missions to Saturn take years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planetary geologist Cynthia Phillips says Enceladus’ claim to fame are its geysers, which spew ice out into Saturn’s rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found these plumes actually venting material from near the south pole of Enceladus, and that was really surprising,” Phillips says. “It has no excuse for having the degree of geologic activity that we’ve found there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips works at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> in Mountain View. SETI stands for Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence, although for Phillips, that last bit is not a deal-breaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t have to be intelligent life,” she says. “Any kind of life. I’ll take microbes, I’ll take single-celled organisms — anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moons orbiting gas giants like Saturn and Jupiter are subject to immense gravitational forces; these pull on and flex the moons’ crusts. The resulting friction leads to a process called “tidal heating.” Phillips points fondly to a globe of Europa. The icy moon that orbits Jupiter is a potential candidate for life (and future exploration) and is Phillips’ avowed favorite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being five times as far from the sun as Earth, Europa gets 25 times less energy, meaning life there can’t bank on the sun for warmth. Tidal heating could be a tidy alternative, keeping some water in liquid form below the surface of moons like Europa and Enceladus. Recent research from the University of Colorado, Boulder, suggests that water under the surface of Enceladus is actually quite hot – 194 degrees Fahrenheit – well within the known parameters of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And even if it’s only bacteria,” says Seth Shostak, senior astronomer and research director at SETI, “that tells you that biology is all over the place. That’s big news!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ever More Possibilities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak says there are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?Category=Planets&IM_ID=20089\">several places\u003c/a> in the solar system where life could turn up. In addition to Europa, there are signs of subsurface oceans on two other moons of Jupiter: Callisto and Ganymede. And those oceans are some 20 times deeper than Earth’s Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29123\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/PierceLife-1024x515.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29123\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/PierceLife-1024x515.jpg\" alt=\"Life could turn up in several places around the solar system; here are a few scientists are curious about. (David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"515\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Life could turn up in several places around the solar system; here are a few scientists are curious about. (David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Each of those has an ocean that’s maybe 60 miles deep,” says Shostak, “so this is incredibly large amounts of water. On these moons there’s more water — twice as much water as on the Earth. It’s been sitting there for four billion years, maybe it’s cooked something up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it has, life there could well be quite different from Earthly biology. DNA may not even be a factor. In fact, alien life could theoretically get by without carbon or water at all, instead substituting alternatives like silicon and ammonia. While some astrobiologists say this “weird life” could occur in the clouds of Venus, most believe life in the solar system is staked around liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">more data streams in\u003c/a> from nearby stars, it looks like about one in five has a planet somewhat like Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, \u003cem>somewhat\u003c/em> might be good enough for microbes,” says Shostak. “So if that’s the case, that means that there are on the order of maybe a hundred billion worlds in our galaxy that have biology, if biology’s easy to cook up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a very big number, Shostak says – and keep in mind, there are 150 billion other galaxies out there, at least that we can see.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's top scientist says she thinks evidence of life beyond Earth will turn up in the next couple of decades. Why so optimistic? Scientists have been discovering liquid water all around the solar system, and even though life on other planets might look different than it does here on Earth, scientists bet liquid water will be essential.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932007,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1247},"headData":{"title":"Alien Life Might Live in Our Own Solar System | KQED","description":"NASA's top scientist says she thinks evidence of life beyond Earth will turn up in the next couple of decades. Why so optimistic? Scientists have been discovering liquid water all around the solar system, and even though life on other planets might look different than it does here on Earth, scientists bet liquid water will be essential.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Alien Life Might Live in Our Own Solar System","datePublished":"2015-04-13T13:00:14.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:13:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/04/20150413ScienceSolarSystemLife.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/29122/alien-life-might-live-in-our-own-solar-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/04/20150413ScienceSolarSystemLife.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29154\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus-e1428707689654.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus-e1428707689654.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of vents on Saturn's moon Enceladus. New research suggests water below the surface there is near boiling hot and could be habitable for microbial life. (David Seal/NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of vents on Saturn’s moon Enceladus. New research suggests water below the surface there is near boiling hot and could be habitable for microbial life. (David Seal/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are thousands of planets orbiting stars in Earth’s galactic neighborhood. Scientists are spotting new planets so fast it’s hard to keep up — and many of them could be habitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re going to have strong indications of life beyond Earth within a decade,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-nasa-search-alien-life-20150407-story.html\">said NASA chief scientist Ellen Stofan\u003c/a> last week. “I think we’re going to have definitive evidence within 20 to 30 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, we might find alien life right here in our own backyard, just a few planets over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life — at least, life as we know it — requires liquid water, more and more of which \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html\">keeps turning up\u003c/a> around the solar system. Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/nature14262.epdf?referrer_access_token=TIJP4EwwMbxZ9hQ9sCXqRNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MfNjfSDEXIGYUVERnxB4yt1qm3vncv6g0T2d4NhWGHs7O9c8Esa6txChvxJCKD9sAE7lIUHsxgJv72rpaMa0etTtSTViTyGTBJxE5E2Y1H-9Kxbv-hyjLlQgO6Y0ICrZR6KI8SpFqUYkFuvRdaV1rU5jxiKfVSTukyweAxnbUZ0_xzi0pcBKYP7AkjaQ0skO6YzPb9c5GRAD1S-EB14paO&tracking_referrer=www.nytimes.com\">published last month\u003c/a> in the journal Nature says one of Saturn’s moons, Enceladus, has water that’s near boiling — cozy, for certain forms of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we aren’t likely to find Hollywood aliens like the one that exploded out of Sigourney Weaver’s shipmate, or that stalked “Men in Black’s” Tommy Lee Jones: “Imagine a giant cockroach with unlimited strength, a massive inferiority complex, and a real short temper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think we’re going to have strong indications of life beyond Earth within a decade.’\u003ccite>— Ellen Stofan,\u003cbr>\nNASA’s Chief Scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rather, experts say there’s a good chance of finding microbial aliens. After all, by some measures microbes are the dominant form of life here on Earth. They were here a couple billion years before us, or dinosaurs or even jellyfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tori Hoehler is a chemist who studies microbiology at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/\">NASA’s Ames Research Center \u003c/a>in Mountain View; the facility also happens to boast the world’s largest wind tunnel. Hoehler says one place to get a glimpse of the ancient world is on the roof above his office. “Some people think a time machine looks like a DeLorean,” he says, referencing “Back To The Future’s” time-traveling car. “But it actually looks like a greenhouse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside NASA’s greenhouse are boxes containing thick carpets of what Hoehler calls “orange goo.” It’s hard to fathom, but this is almost entirely made up of microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every cubic centimeter in there would have about a trillion individuals in it,” Hoehler says, “microbial cells.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This gunk is the bulk of life’s history on Earth. If alien explorers had visited Earth two billion years ago looking for life, Hoehler says, “they would’ve found a slime world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists develop an ever clearer picture of the outer solar system, the odds of finding a place that resembles a slime world are looking decent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29128\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-29128\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus1.jpg\" alt=\"New research says water below the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus is near boiling hot. “It has no excuse for having the degree of geologic activity that we found there,” says one planetary geologist. (NASA)\" width=\"272\" height=\"320\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New research says water below the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus is near boiling hot. “It has no excuse for having the degree of geologic activity that we found there,” says one planetary geologist. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moons in the Outer Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon Enceladus is tiny – just 300 miles in diameter. It doesn’t have the mysterious methane lakes and dense atmosphere of Titan, another one of Saturn’s moons. It also lacks the convenient proximity of Mars. Trips to the red planet from Earth can be measured in months, while missions to Saturn take years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planetary geologist Cynthia Phillips says Enceladus’ claim to fame are its geysers, which spew ice out into Saturn’s rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found these plumes actually venting material from near the south pole of Enceladus, and that was really surprising,” Phillips says. “It has no excuse for having the degree of geologic activity that we’ve found there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips works at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> in Mountain View. SETI stands for Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence, although for Phillips, that last bit is not a deal-breaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t have to be intelligent life,” she says. “Any kind of life. I’ll take microbes, I’ll take single-celled organisms — anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moons orbiting gas giants like Saturn and Jupiter are subject to immense gravitational forces; these pull on and flex the moons’ crusts. The resulting friction leads to a process called “tidal heating.” Phillips points fondly to a globe of Europa. The icy moon that orbits Jupiter is a potential candidate for life (and future exploration) and is Phillips’ avowed favorite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being five times as far from the sun as Earth, Europa gets 25 times less energy, meaning life there can’t bank on the sun for warmth. Tidal heating could be a tidy alternative, keeping some water in liquid form below the surface of moons like Europa and Enceladus. Recent research from the University of Colorado, Boulder, suggests that water under the surface of Enceladus is actually quite hot – 194 degrees Fahrenheit – well within the known parameters of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And even if it’s only bacteria,” says Seth Shostak, senior astronomer and research director at SETI, “that tells you that biology is all over the place. That’s big news!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ever More Possibilities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak says there are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?Category=Planets&IM_ID=20089\">several places\u003c/a> in the solar system where life could turn up. In addition to Europa, there are signs of subsurface oceans on two other moons of Jupiter: Callisto and Ganymede. And those oceans are some 20 times deeper than Earth’s Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29123\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/PierceLife-1024x515.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29123\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/PierceLife-1024x515.jpg\" alt=\"Life could turn up in several places around the solar system; here are a few scientists are curious about. (David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"515\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Life could turn up in several places around the solar system; here are a few scientists are curious about. (David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Each of those has an ocean that’s maybe 60 miles deep,” says Shostak, “so this is incredibly large amounts of water. On these moons there’s more water — twice as much water as on the Earth. It’s been sitting there for four billion years, maybe it’s cooked something up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it has, life there could well be quite different from Earthly biology. DNA may not even be a factor. In fact, alien life could theoretically get by without carbon or water at all, instead substituting alternatives like silicon and ammonia. While some astrobiologists say this “weird life” could occur in the clouds of Venus, most believe life in the solar system is staked around liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">more data streams in\u003c/a> from nearby stars, it looks like about one in five has a planet somewhat like Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, \u003cem>somewhat\u003c/em> might be good enough for microbes,” says Shostak. “So if that’s the case, that means that there are on the order of maybe a hundred billion worlds in our galaxy that have biology, if biology’s easy to cook up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a very big number, Shostak says – and keep in mind, there are 150 billion other galaxies out there, at least that we can see.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/29122/alien-life-might-live-in-our-own-solar-system","authors":["6609"],"categories":["science_28","science_46","science_30","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_2356","science_64","science_576"],"featImg":"science_29154","label":"science"},"science_28463":{"type":"posts","id":"science_28463","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"28463","score":null,"sort":[1427137226000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hypothesis-our-solar-system-lacks-super-earths-because-jupiter-wrecked-them-all","title":"Hypothesis: Our Solar System Lacks 'Super-Earths' Because Jupiter Wrecked Them All","publishDate":1427137226,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Hypothesis: Our Solar System Lacks ‘Super-Earths’ Because Jupiter Wrecked Them All | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28497\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Jupiter2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28497 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Jupiter2.jpg\" alt='With its leather jacket and earring, Jupiter may have been a very, very bad influence on \"super-Earths\" during freshman year of the solar system. (Image courtesy NASA)' width=\"1280\" height=\"721\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the early days of the solar system, Jupiter may have compressed the orbits of any nascent “super-Earths,” triggering collisions and debris spiraling toward the sun. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I’ve always loathed Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, I am not stoked on toxic gases or crushing gravity. And the weather on Jupiter is abysmal, with wind speeds roughly twice those of hurricanes on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were I in charge, I once told a theoretical physicist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, I would set about destroying Jupiter for the good of humanity. He reminded me that in 1994, a like-minded comet smashed into the gas giant, which is some 89,000 miles across. The result was like a bullet fired into a mountain of shaving cream, accomplishing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes when I am feeling crabby aboard an overly humid BART car with no vacant seats I think, “Well, of all the places in the universe that I could be right now, at least I’m not on Jupiter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I mention this to explain the vindication I feel upon learning that Jupiter may be the reason our solar system is, it’s turning out, something of a weirdo among its galactic peers. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\">perusing\u003c/a> thousands of exoplanets (some potentially habitable) in other systems around the Milky Way are discovering that rocky “super-Earths” are commonplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are planets bigger than our own, albeit perhaps not better for our brand of life: they may have crushingly thick atmospheres, and their orbits are typically tighter than Mercury’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”PibCaA7lQnX51E91sjrQVszLByTzfGg6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The standard-issue planetary system in our galaxy seems to be a set of super-Earths with alarmingly short orbital periods. Our solar system is looking increasingly like an oddball,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.astro.ucsc.edu/faculty/profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=glaughli\">Gregory Laughlin\u003c/a>, professor and chair of astronomy and astrophysics at University of California, Santa Cruz, and co-author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/03/18/1423252112.abstract?sid=95e1eea2-a537-4d0d-b947-4a058672f40c\">new paper\u003c/a> in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason our humble solar system suffers this peculiar dearth of “super-Earths” and must instead make do with our vanilla “\u003cem>Earth\u003c/em>-Earth” can be summarized thusly: Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Miley Cyrus, Jupiter came in like a wrecking ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, astronomers proposed the “Grand Tack” hypothesis, suggesting that during the early days of the solar system — the first few million years — Jupiter migrated inward toward the sun, stopping only when the formation of Saturn tugged it back out to its current orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laughlin and co-author \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/pictures/ggik45ekh/konstantin-batygin-28/\">Konstantin Batygin\u003c/a> think rocky planets could’ve been forming near our sun, until an encroaching Jupiter’s gravitational perturbations rudely started compressing their orbits, slinging them into each other in a chain reaction that took out any nascent super-Earths and sent a lot of debris spiraling into the sun to be vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the same thing we worry about if satellites were to be destroyed in low-Earth orbit. Their fragments would start smashing into other satellites and you’d risk a chain reaction of collisions,” Laughlin says. “Our work indicates that Jupiter would have created just such a collisional cascade in the inner solar system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second generation of inner planets including familiar old Earth, as well as Mercury, Venus and Mars, would’ve emerged from the aftermath only tens of millions of years later. This explains why the planets close to our sun are younger than the planets farther away. And again, this was possible only thanks to Saturn tugging Jupiter away, thereby allowing our humble planet some breathing room to, you know, exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thank you, Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It turns out our solar system is weird: it doesn't have any rocky \"super-Earths\" orbiting closer to the sun than Mercury. Here's one theory as to why: like Miley Cyrus, Jupiter came in like a wrecking ball and smashed any nascent terrestrial planets just as the solar system was forming.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932096,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":626},"headData":{"title":"Hypothesis: Our Solar System Lacks 'Super-Earths' Because Jupiter Wrecked Them All | KQED","description":"It turns out our solar system is weird: it doesn't have any rocky "super-Earths" orbiting closer to the sun than Mercury. Here's one theory as to why: like Miley Cyrus, Jupiter came in like a wrecking ball and smashed any nascent terrestrial planets just as the solar system was forming.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Hypothesis: Our Solar System Lacks 'Super-Earths' Because Jupiter Wrecked Them All","datePublished":"2015-03-23T19:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:14:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/28463/hypothesis-our-solar-system-lacks-super-earths-because-jupiter-wrecked-them-all","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28497\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Jupiter2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28497 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Jupiter2.jpg\" alt='With its leather jacket and earring, Jupiter may have been a very, very bad influence on \"super-Earths\" during freshman year of the solar system. (Image courtesy NASA)' width=\"1280\" height=\"721\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the early days of the solar system, Jupiter may have compressed the orbits of any nascent “super-Earths,” triggering collisions and debris spiraling toward the sun. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I’ve always loathed Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, I am not stoked on toxic gases or crushing gravity. And the weather on Jupiter is abysmal, with wind speeds roughly twice those of hurricanes on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were I in charge, I once told a theoretical physicist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, I would set about destroying Jupiter for the good of humanity. He reminded me that in 1994, a like-minded comet smashed into the gas giant, which is some 89,000 miles across. The result was like a bullet fired into a mountain of shaving cream, accomplishing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes when I am feeling crabby aboard an overly humid BART car with no vacant seats I think, “Well, of all the places in the universe that I could be right now, at least I’m not on Jupiter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I mention this to explain the vindication I feel upon learning that Jupiter may be the reason our solar system is, it’s turning out, something of a weirdo among its galactic peers. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\">perusing\u003c/a> thousands of exoplanets (some potentially habitable) in other systems around the Milky Way are discovering that rocky “super-Earths” are commonplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are planets bigger than our own, albeit perhaps not better for our brand of life: they may have crushingly thick atmospheres, and their orbits are typically tighter than Mercury’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The standard-issue planetary system in our galaxy seems to be a set of super-Earths with alarmingly short orbital periods. Our solar system is looking increasingly like an oddball,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.astro.ucsc.edu/faculty/profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=glaughli\">Gregory Laughlin\u003c/a>, professor and chair of astronomy and astrophysics at University of California, Santa Cruz, and co-author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/03/18/1423252112.abstract?sid=95e1eea2-a537-4d0d-b947-4a058672f40c\">new paper\u003c/a> in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason our humble solar system suffers this peculiar dearth of “super-Earths” and must instead make do with our vanilla “\u003cem>Earth\u003c/em>-Earth” can be summarized thusly: Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Miley Cyrus, Jupiter came in like a wrecking ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, astronomers proposed the “Grand Tack” hypothesis, suggesting that during the early days of the solar system — the first few million years — Jupiter migrated inward toward the sun, stopping only when the formation of Saturn tugged it back out to its current orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laughlin and co-author \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/pictures/ggik45ekh/konstantin-batygin-28/\">Konstantin Batygin\u003c/a> think rocky planets could’ve been forming near our sun, until an encroaching Jupiter’s gravitational perturbations rudely started compressing their orbits, slinging them into each other in a chain reaction that took out any nascent super-Earths and sent a lot of debris spiraling into the sun to be vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the same thing we worry about if satellites were to be destroyed in low-Earth orbit. Their fragments would start smashing into other satellites and you’d risk a chain reaction of collisions,” Laughlin says. “Our work indicates that Jupiter would have created just such a collisional cascade in the inner solar system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second generation of inner planets including familiar old Earth, as well as Mercury, Venus and Mars, would’ve emerged from the aftermath only tens of millions of years later. This explains why the planets close to our sun are younger than the planets farther away. And again, this was possible only thanks to Saturn tugging Jupiter away, thereby allowing our humble planet some breathing room to, you know, exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thank you, Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/28463/hypothesis-our-solar-system-lacks-super-earths-because-jupiter-wrecked-them-all","authors":["6609"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_42"],"tags":["science_5180","science_576"],"label":"science"},"science_26690":{"type":"posts","id":"science_26690","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"26690","score":null,"sort":[1422561256000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-supposedly-dry-little-world-of-the-vesta-asteroid-reveals-signs-of-water","title":"The Supposedly Dry Little World of the Asteroid Vesta Reveals Signs of Water","publishDate":1422561256,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Supposedly Dry Little World of the Asteroid Vesta Reveals Signs of Water | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26691\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/cornelia-top.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26691\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/cornelia-top.jpg\" alt=\"Crater Cornelia on Vesta\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crater Cornelia, on Vesta, is a prime example of gullies and deposits that could only have formed in the presence of liquid water. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vesta is a large asteroid that would just fit between San Francisco and Los Angeles. It’s a small world, but a surprisingly grown-up one in ways that geologists appreciate. Now photos made during the year-long visit of the \u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dawn spacecraft\u003c/a> show strong evidence that Vesta contains water inside it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids, common knowledge goes, are dry things made of rock and iron while comets are objects mostly made of ice and dust, and the two are completely unalike. But as our spacecraft have begun visiting comets and asteroids up close, the distinction between these objects has started to blur. In the case of the asteroids, we’ve been finding more and more evidence of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of the dry asteroid is part of our old thinking. When astronomers discovered their first asteroids, starting in 1801, they thought of them as broken pieces of a former planet that once orbited between Mars and Jupiter. Any object left over from such a violent history would surely have lost everything delicate to the vacuum of space—water, gases, organic compounds, all the kinds of things we find in frozen comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent decades, with growing knowledge of the asteroids, Vesta has become more and more special. Unlike the thousands of other asteroids on the books, Vesta is an ancient protoplanet. When the solar system was forming from a cloud of dust, around 4.5 billion years ago, there were many protoplanets—objects that grew big enough and hot enough to melt inside and develop an internal structure just like a real planet, with an iron core, a dense rocky mantle around it and a thin crust of lighter rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest of these protoplanets gobbled up the others in collisions, and they grew into Earth and its sister planets Mercury, Venus and Mars. A few survived, but Vesta is the only protoplanet that wasn’t broken up during the 4 billion years since then (although it has taken a beating). The close visit by the Dawn spacecraft from 2011 to 2012 gave us a good look at the little world’s geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researcher Jennifer Scully, at UCLA, started looking at the Dawn photos, she found suggestive features in some of Vesta’s hundreds of impact craters. Her paper about them, with nine coauthors from five other institutions, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14007572\">appeared this week in the journal \u003ci>Earth and Planetary Science Letters\u003c/i>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most impact craters, on Vesta and elsewhere, have lots of pulverized stuff sliding straight down their steep walls. These look like the behavior of a bone-dry dirt pile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26692\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/vesta-dryslides.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26692\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/vesta-dryslides.jpg\" alt=\"Linear gullies on Vesta\" width=\"600\" height=\"416\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dry conditions result in linear gullies on this Vestan crater (\u003ca href=\"http://dawndata.igpp.ucla.edu/tw.jsp?section=data\">Dawn public data\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More interesting is places where the downward movement of stuff is organized in flows and curving gullies. On wet planets like Earth and Mars, gullies usually are a sign that water—or at least a fluid of some kind—once ran for long enough to create a channel. Scully’s paper shows a good example from Death Valley. There, water and dirt combine to build up lobe-shaped deposits of sediment cut by networks of curving gullies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/DVgullies.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/DVgullies.png\" alt=\"Gullies and fans in Death Valley\" width=\"600\" height=\"659\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Earth-style gullies and lobes in Death Valley alluvial fans. From Figure 1 of Scully et al., \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14007572\">“Geomorphological evidence for transient water flow on Vesta,” \u003ci>EPSL\u003c/i> 411, 151-163\u003c/a> (Scully/EPSL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Vesta, certain areas stand out in that they appear to resemble the familiar debris flows of Earth and Mars. But when we’re talking about a strange world, “appear” and “resemble” aren’t enough for a scientist. Scully’s team made a complete census of Vesta and went all analytical on it, tantalized by places like this spot near the crater Cornelia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/vesta-flows.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26694\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/vesta-flows.png\" alt=\"Interesting terrain on Vesta\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Interesting terrain on Vesta near Cornelia (\u003ca href=\"http://dawndata.igpp.ucla.edu/tw.jsp?section=data\">Dawn public data\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among 170 likely places on Vesta, Scully’s team found gullies at 59 sites. Eight of them had the most interesting type, curvilinear gullies. Inside Cornelia, Scully’s team mapped this intricate network of gullies, like landslides and debris flows on Earth. Flowing water was the only explanation for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/cornelia-lines.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/cornelia-lines.jpg\" alt=\"Gully map of Cornelia\" width=\"600\" height=\"608\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The gullies of crater Cornelia (\u003ca href=\"http://dawndata.igpp.ucla.edu/tw.jsp?section=data\">Dawn public data\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vesta is such a cold place, averaging about minus 130°C, that water can’t exist there. Nevertheless we have evidence of it. Meteorites blasted off Vesta by impacts (known as the howardite-eucrite-diogenite group) contain minerals that require liquid water to form—even quartz, which is almost unheard-of anywhere but Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scully’s team concluded that parts of Vesta must contain buried deposits of icy material, which melted briefly whenever an impact struck the right place. They calculated that the gullies could have formed in Earth-style debris flows, containing up to 30 percent water, within a few minutes during the first half-hour after such an impact. Vacuum experiments showed that liquid water could have lasted for at least that long before freezing and then evaporating away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strange, bubbly-looking terrain at the bottom of Cornelia is another sign of this scenario. Scully’s team interpreted this “pitted terrain,” by analogy with Mars and Earth, as a field of “degassing pipes.” On Vesta, it arose as a sort of baked Alaska when hot stuff swept down in a blanket on top of icy stuff. Unlike a well-behaved baked Alaska, the ice responded in a series of steam explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In sum, even though Vesta appears bone-dry today, emitting no water vapor into the interplanetary space around it, it appears to hold areas of deeply buried permafrost. It’s not the kind of asteroid we thought asteroids were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where does that ice come from—was it delivered by hundreds of water-bearing impactors in Vesta’s early days, is it a remnant of Vesta’s original crust? The answer is important for understanding the solar system’s infancy, but there’s no way to tell yet. Although the Dawn spacecraft may give us more clues this spring as it arrives at the large asteroid Ceres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres differs from Vesta in that it seems never to have differentiated into core and mantle and crust. It’s not a mini-Earth. It emits water vapor into space. It may be more comet-like. Ceres, I’ll bet, has lots of gullies too.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The large asteroid Vesta has added flows of material rich in water to its bag of tricks. It's just one more way this small world acts like a proper planet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932350,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":1107},"headData":{"title":"The Supposedly Dry Little World of the Asteroid Vesta Reveals Signs of Water | KQED","description":"The large asteroid Vesta has added flows of material rich in water to its bag of tricks. It's just one more way this small world acts like a proper planet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Supposedly Dry Little World of the Asteroid Vesta Reveals Signs of Water","datePublished":"2015-01-29T19:54:16.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:19:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/26690/the-supposedly-dry-little-world-of-the-vesta-asteroid-reveals-signs-of-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26691\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/cornelia-top.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26691\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/cornelia-top.jpg\" alt=\"Crater Cornelia on Vesta\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crater Cornelia, on Vesta, is a prime example of gullies and deposits that could only have formed in the presence of liquid water. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vesta is a large asteroid that would just fit between San Francisco and Los Angeles. It’s a small world, but a surprisingly grown-up one in ways that geologists appreciate. Now photos made during the year-long visit of the \u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dawn spacecraft\u003c/a> show strong evidence that Vesta contains water inside it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids, common knowledge goes, are dry things made of rock and iron while comets are objects mostly made of ice and dust, and the two are completely unalike. But as our spacecraft have begun visiting comets and asteroids up close, the distinction between these objects has started to blur. In the case of the asteroids, we’ve been finding more and more evidence of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of the dry asteroid is part of our old thinking. When astronomers discovered their first asteroids, starting in 1801, they thought of them as broken pieces of a former planet that once orbited between Mars and Jupiter. Any object left over from such a violent history would surely have lost everything delicate to the vacuum of space—water, gases, organic compounds, all the kinds of things we find in frozen comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent decades, with growing knowledge of the asteroids, Vesta has become more and more special. Unlike the thousands of other asteroids on the books, Vesta is an ancient protoplanet. When the solar system was forming from a cloud of dust, around 4.5 billion years ago, there were many protoplanets—objects that grew big enough and hot enough to melt inside and develop an internal structure just like a real planet, with an iron core, a dense rocky mantle around it and a thin crust of lighter rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest of these protoplanets gobbled up the others in collisions, and they grew into Earth and its sister planets Mercury, Venus and Mars. A few survived, but Vesta is the only protoplanet that wasn’t broken up during the 4 billion years since then (although it has taken a beating). The close visit by the Dawn spacecraft from 2011 to 2012 gave us a good look at the little world’s geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researcher Jennifer Scully, at UCLA, started looking at the Dawn photos, she found suggestive features in some of Vesta’s hundreds of impact craters. Her paper about them, with nine coauthors from five other institutions, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14007572\">appeared this week in the journal \u003ci>Earth and Planetary Science Letters\u003c/i>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most impact craters, on Vesta and elsewhere, have lots of pulverized stuff sliding straight down their steep walls. These look like the behavior of a bone-dry dirt pile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26692\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/vesta-dryslides.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26692\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/vesta-dryslides.jpg\" alt=\"Linear gullies on Vesta\" width=\"600\" height=\"416\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dry conditions result in linear gullies on this Vestan crater (\u003ca href=\"http://dawndata.igpp.ucla.edu/tw.jsp?section=data\">Dawn public data\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More interesting is places where the downward movement of stuff is organized in flows and curving gullies. On wet planets like Earth and Mars, gullies usually are a sign that water—or at least a fluid of some kind—once ran for long enough to create a channel. Scully’s paper shows a good example from Death Valley. There, water and dirt combine to build up lobe-shaped deposits of sediment cut by networks of curving gullies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/DVgullies.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/DVgullies.png\" alt=\"Gullies and fans in Death Valley\" width=\"600\" height=\"659\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Earth-style gullies and lobes in Death Valley alluvial fans. From Figure 1 of Scully et al., \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14007572\">“Geomorphological evidence for transient water flow on Vesta,” \u003ci>EPSL\u003c/i> 411, 151-163\u003c/a> (Scully/EPSL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Vesta, certain areas stand out in that they appear to resemble the familiar debris flows of Earth and Mars. But when we’re talking about a strange world, “appear” and “resemble” aren’t enough for a scientist. Scully’s team made a complete census of Vesta and went all analytical on it, tantalized by places like this spot near the crater Cornelia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/vesta-flows.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26694\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/vesta-flows.png\" alt=\"Interesting terrain on Vesta\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Interesting terrain on Vesta near Cornelia (\u003ca href=\"http://dawndata.igpp.ucla.edu/tw.jsp?section=data\">Dawn public data\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among 170 likely places on Vesta, Scully’s team found gullies at 59 sites. Eight of them had the most interesting type, curvilinear gullies. Inside Cornelia, Scully’s team mapped this intricate network of gullies, like landslides and debris flows on Earth. Flowing water was the only explanation for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/cornelia-lines.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/cornelia-lines.jpg\" alt=\"Gully map of Cornelia\" width=\"600\" height=\"608\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The gullies of crater Cornelia (\u003ca href=\"http://dawndata.igpp.ucla.edu/tw.jsp?section=data\">Dawn public data\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vesta is such a cold place, averaging about minus 130°C, that water can’t exist there. Nevertheless we have evidence of it. Meteorites blasted off Vesta by impacts (known as the howardite-eucrite-diogenite group) contain minerals that require liquid water to form—even quartz, which is almost unheard-of anywhere but Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scully’s team concluded that parts of Vesta must contain buried deposits of icy material, which melted briefly whenever an impact struck the right place. They calculated that the gullies could have formed in Earth-style debris flows, containing up to 30 percent water, within a few minutes during the first half-hour after such an impact. Vacuum experiments showed that liquid water could have lasted for at least that long before freezing and then evaporating away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strange, bubbly-looking terrain at the bottom of Cornelia is another sign of this scenario. Scully’s team interpreted this “pitted terrain,” by analogy with Mars and Earth, as a field of “degassing pipes.” On Vesta, it arose as a sort of baked Alaska when hot stuff swept down in a blanket on top of icy stuff. Unlike a well-behaved baked Alaska, the ice responded in a series of steam explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In sum, even though Vesta appears bone-dry today, emitting no water vapor into the interplanetary space around it, it appears to hold areas of deeply buried permafrost. It’s not the kind of asteroid we thought asteroids were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where does that ice come from—was it delivered by hundreds of water-bearing impactors in Vesta’s early days, is it a remnant of Vesta’s original crust? The answer is important for understanding the solar system’s infancy, but there’s no way to tell yet. Although the Dawn spacecraft may give us more clues this spring as it arrives at the large asteroid Ceres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres differs from Vesta in that it seems never to have differentiated into core and mantle and crust. It’s not a mini-Earth. It emits water vapor into space. It may be more comet-like. Ceres, I’ll bet, has lots of gullies too.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/26690/the-supposedly-dry-little-world-of-the-vesta-asteroid-reveals-signs-of-water","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_28","science_38"],"tags":["science_144","science_576"],"featImg":"science_26691","label":"science"},"science_25586":{"type":"posts","id":"science_25586","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"25586","score":null,"sort":[1419458457000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-data-from-rosetta-spacecraft-sheds-light-on-origins-of-earths-oceans","title":"New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth's Oceans","publishDate":1419458457,"format":"aside","headTitle":"New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth’s Oceans | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25591\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rosettas-selfie-with-comet.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25591\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rosettas-selfie-with-comet.jpg\" alt=\"ESA's Rosetta spacecraft snapped this selfie with comet 67P/C-G. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft snapped this selfie with comet 67P/C-G. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After several months of analysis of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft has yielded some intriguing, and maybe unexpected, results. This data is refueling a long-running debate in the scientific community about a matter closer to home: the origin of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has long been debated exactly how Earth acquired its oceans. Were the waters of our oceans part of the Earth’s original stock of materials, or was it added later? Was it a combination of these? It is thought that any water present in the original formation of the Earth should have boiled away due to Earth’s hot, molten-rock temperatures–in which case some, if not most, of the ocean’s waters must have arrived after Earth cooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four and a half billion years, how could we possibly tell where the water came from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is in chemistry—particularly the chemistry of the hydrogen contained in water molecules. Hydrogen comes in different forms, or isotopes, the simplest of which contains a single proton in its nucleus. The hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium each contain a proton, plus one and two neutrons, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proportion of water molecules containing deuterium atoms compared to “normal” water molecules possessing only hydrogen is a key ratio that can be used to match one sample to another—for example, matching the hydrogen-deuterium ratio in Earth’s ocean water to that sampled from a particular comet, sort of like matching the DNA found at a crime scene to an individual suspect. In this case, the “crime” being investigated is the appearance of Earth’s oceans—so we can probably be lenient on any suspects we match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hydrogen-deuterium ratio in a sample of water is an indicator of the conditions that prevailed when the water formed, and so varies depending on where it originated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">After sampling the water chemistry of 11 comets, only one is a match to Earth’s oceans\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After sampling the water chemistry of 11 different comets, including the most recent measurements by Rosetta, some unexpected results have surfaced. Of the sampled comets, only one of them matched the chemistry of Earth’s ocean water: the \u003ca title=\"Comet Hartley 2\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20033-comet-hartley-2.html\">comet 103P/Hartley 2\u003c/a>, a \u003ca title=\"Jupiter-family Comet\" href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/J/Jupiter-family+comets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jupiter-family comet\u003c/a>. A Jupiter-family comet is found within the orbit of Jupiter, circling the sun in less than 20 years, a class of comet once believed to have originated in the Kuiper Belt, beyond the orbit of Neptune. So, Hartley 2’s contribution to the debate, on its surface, suggested that Earth’s ocean water, at least in part, came from Kuiper Belt comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta, however, has \u003ca title=\"Rosetta Results\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_fuels_debate_on_origin_of_Earth_s_oceans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measured the hydrogen-deuterium ratio\u003c/a> of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, also a Jupiter-family comet, as not only three times higher than that of Hartley 2 and Earth’s water, but higher also than samples obtained from comets that originated in the Oort Cloud, the vast shell of distant comets far beyond the Kuiper Belt. This suggests that Jupiter-family comets may have more diverse origins than originally thought, composed of members that came from different regions of the solar system. Yet, if the waters of Earth were delivered by a mixture of comets of different lineage, its chemistry should reflect that fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new data from Rosetta has not only put into question the extent to which comet collisions may have contributed to our oceans, it has strengthened an idea that some, if not much, of Earth’s ocean water came not from comets, but from a source much closer to home. Measurements of the water hydrogen-deuterium ratio in samples of meteorites that originated in the Main Asteroid Belt have also shown a positive match to Earth water chemistry, fingering asteroid impacts as a potential major culprit in the watering of our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the comet and spacecraft glide closer to the Sun in the months ahead, reaching a closest and warmest approach to the sun next August, Rosetta will continue to gather data as the comet heats up, spewing materials into space that have been frozen in it since the earliest times of our solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After several months of analysis of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft has yielded some intriguing, and maybe, unexpected results. The data is refueling a long-running debate in the scientific community about a matter closer to home: the origin of Earth's oceans.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932474,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":734},"headData":{"title":"New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth's Oceans | KQED","description":"After several months of analysis of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft has yielded some intriguing, and maybe, unexpected results. The data is refueling a long-running debate in the scientific community about a matter closer to home: the origin of Earth's oceans.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth's Oceans","datePublished":"2014-12-24T22:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:21:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/25586/new-data-from-rosetta-spacecraft-sheds-light-on-origins-of-earths-oceans","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25591\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rosettas-selfie-with-comet.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25591\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rosettas-selfie-with-comet.jpg\" alt=\"ESA's Rosetta spacecraft snapped this selfie with comet 67P/C-G. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft snapped this selfie with comet 67P/C-G. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After several months of analysis of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft has yielded some intriguing, and maybe unexpected, results. This data is refueling a long-running debate in the scientific community about a matter closer to home: the origin of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has long been debated exactly how Earth acquired its oceans. Were the waters of our oceans part of the Earth’s original stock of materials, or was it added later? Was it a combination of these? It is thought that any water present in the original formation of the Earth should have boiled away due to Earth’s hot, molten-rock temperatures–in which case some, if not most, of the ocean’s waters must have arrived after Earth cooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four and a half billion years, how could we possibly tell where the water came from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is in chemistry—particularly the chemistry of the hydrogen contained in water molecules. Hydrogen comes in different forms, or isotopes, the simplest of which contains a single proton in its nucleus. The hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium each contain a proton, plus one and two neutrons, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proportion of water molecules containing deuterium atoms compared to “normal” water molecules possessing only hydrogen is a key ratio that can be used to match one sample to another—for example, matching the hydrogen-deuterium ratio in Earth’s ocean water to that sampled from a particular comet, sort of like matching the DNA found at a crime scene to an individual suspect. In this case, the “crime” being investigated is the appearance of Earth’s oceans—so we can probably be lenient on any suspects we match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hydrogen-deuterium ratio in a sample of water is an indicator of the conditions that prevailed when the water formed, and so varies depending on where it originated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">After sampling the water chemistry of 11 comets, only one is a match to Earth’s oceans\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After sampling the water chemistry of 11 different comets, including the most recent measurements by Rosetta, some unexpected results have surfaced. Of the sampled comets, only one of them matched the chemistry of Earth’s ocean water: the \u003ca title=\"Comet Hartley 2\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20033-comet-hartley-2.html\">comet 103P/Hartley 2\u003c/a>, a \u003ca title=\"Jupiter-family Comet\" href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/J/Jupiter-family+comets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jupiter-family comet\u003c/a>. A Jupiter-family comet is found within the orbit of Jupiter, circling the sun in less than 20 years, a class of comet once believed to have originated in the Kuiper Belt, beyond the orbit of Neptune. So, Hartley 2’s contribution to the debate, on its surface, suggested that Earth’s ocean water, at least in part, came from Kuiper Belt comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta, however, has \u003ca title=\"Rosetta Results\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_fuels_debate_on_origin_of_Earth_s_oceans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measured the hydrogen-deuterium ratio\u003c/a> of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, also a Jupiter-family comet, as not only three times higher than that of Hartley 2 and Earth’s water, but higher also than samples obtained from comets that originated in the Oort Cloud, the vast shell of distant comets far beyond the Kuiper Belt. This suggests that Jupiter-family comets may have more diverse origins than originally thought, composed of members that came from different regions of the solar system. Yet, if the waters of Earth were delivered by a mixture of comets of different lineage, its chemistry should reflect that fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new data from Rosetta has not only put into question the extent to which comet collisions may have contributed to our oceans, it has strengthened an idea that some, if not much, of Earth’s ocean water came not from comets, but from a source much closer to home. Measurements of the water hydrogen-deuterium ratio in samples of meteorites that originated in the Main Asteroid Belt have also shown a positive match to Earth water chemistry, fingering asteroid impacts as a potential major culprit in the watering of our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the comet and spacecraft glide closer to the Sun in the months ahead, reaching a closest and warmest approach to the sun next August, Rosetta will continue to gather data as the comet heats up, spewing materials into space that have been frozen in it since the earliest times of our solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/25586/new-data-from-rosetta-spacecraft-sheds-light-on-origins-of-earths-oceans","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_144","science_145","science_74","science_1216","science_64","science_575","science_843","science_1215","science_576"],"featImg":"science_25591","label":"science"},"science_7343":{"type":"posts","id":"science_7343","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"7343","score":null,"sort":[1377132089000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"rare-meteorite-lands-permanently-at-uc-davis","title":"Rare Meteorite Lands Permanently at UC Davis","publishDate":1377132089,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Rare Meteorite Lands Permanently at UC Davis | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>A chunk of a rare meteorite is landing permanently at University of California, Davis. The university just acquired a piece of \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/20/stardust-and-sunbreath-in-the-sutters-mill-meteorite/\">the rock\u003c/a>, which fell in Northern California last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7357\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-LindaWelzenbach_Smithsonian-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-LindaWelzenbach_Smithsonian-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The main mass of the rare Sutter's Mill meteorite before it was divided up between five scientific institutions. (Linda Welzenbach/Smithsonian Institution)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The main mass of the rare Sutter’s Mill meteorite before it was divided up between five scientific institutions. (Linda Welzenbach/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before the meteorite slammed into Earth it had been minding its own business in the solar system for more than 4.5 billion years. The meteorite’s age makes it rare and valuable. It contains dust from ancient stars that exploded — the same stuff that eventually formed our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason that we’re excited about this meteorite is, [it] witnessed the beginning of the solar system,” said \u003ca href=\"http://geology.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/yin.php\">Qing-Zhu Yin\u003c/a>, a geologist who specializes in meteorites at UC Davis. “If we want to unlock the secret of what happened 4 1/2 billion years ago leading to the formation of the solar system, this was a bystander from that point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7353\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-1280-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7353 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-1280-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"UC Davis geology professor Qing-Zhu Yin holds a fragment of the Sutter's Mill meteorite, a different piece than the one UC Davis just acquired. (Gregory Urquiaga/UC Davis)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Davis geology professor Qing-Zhu Yin holds a fragment of the Sutter’s Mill meteorite, a different piece than the one UC Davis just acquired. (Gregory Urquiaga/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the meteorite landed near Sutter’s Mill in April of last year, Yin and his students went to look for pieces of it. However, they didn’t find the largest piece until someone emailed Yin after attending a public lecture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I saw it, [I thought] this is it,” Qin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This piece of the meteorite is being divided between five scientific institutions. Yin says Davis’s piece may be put on display in the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can see renderings of the meteorite on \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/user/YinLabatUCDavis?feature=watch\">YouTube\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"UC Davis is acquiring a chunk of meteorite that landed in Northern California last year. The meteorite's age makes it rare and valuable. It contains dust from ancient stars that exploded, the same stuff that eventually formed our solar system.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935226,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":299},"headData":{"title":"Rare Meteorite Lands Permanently at UC Davis | KQED","description":"UC Davis is acquiring a chunk of meteorite that landed in Northern California last year. The meteorite's age makes it rare and valuable. It contains dust from ancient stars that exploded, the same stuff that eventually formed our solar system.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Rare Meteorite Lands Permanently at UC Davis","datePublished":"2013-08-22T00:41:29.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:07:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/7343/rare-meteorite-lands-permanently-at-uc-davis","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A chunk of a rare meteorite is landing permanently at University of California, Davis. The university just acquired a piece of \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/20/stardust-and-sunbreath-in-the-sutters-mill-meteorite/\">the rock\u003c/a>, which fell in Northern California last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7357\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-LindaWelzenbach_Smithsonian-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-LindaWelzenbach_Smithsonian-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The main mass of the rare Sutter's Mill meteorite before it was divided up between five scientific institutions. (Linda Welzenbach/Smithsonian Institution)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The main mass of the rare Sutter’s Mill meteorite before it was divided up between five scientific institutions. (Linda Welzenbach/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before the meteorite slammed into Earth it had been minding its own business in the solar system for more than 4.5 billion years. The meteorite’s age makes it rare and valuable. It contains dust from ancient stars that exploded — the same stuff that eventually formed our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason that we’re excited about this meteorite is, [it] witnessed the beginning of the solar system,” said \u003ca href=\"http://geology.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/yin.php\">Qing-Zhu Yin\u003c/a>, a geologist who specializes in meteorites at UC Davis. “If we want to unlock the secret of what happened 4 1/2 billion years ago leading to the formation of the solar system, this was a bystander from that point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7353\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-1280-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7353 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-1280-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"UC Davis geology professor Qing-Zhu Yin holds a fragment of the Sutter's Mill meteorite, a different piece than the one UC Davis just acquired. (Gregory Urquiaga/UC Davis)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Davis geology professor Qing-Zhu Yin holds a fragment of the Sutter’s Mill meteorite, a different piece than the one UC Davis just acquired. (Gregory Urquiaga/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the meteorite landed near Sutter’s Mill in April of last year, Yin and his students went to look for pieces of it. However, they didn’t find the largest piece until someone emailed Yin after attending a public lecture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I saw it, [I thought] this is it,” Qin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This piece of the meteorite is being divided between five scientific institutions. Yin says Davis’s piece may be put on display in the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can see renderings of the meteorite on \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/user/YinLabatUCDavis?feature=watch\">YouTube\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/7343/rare-meteorite-lands-permanently-at-uc-davis","authors":["200"],"categories":["science_28","science_38","science_40"],"tags":["science_575","science_576","science_577"],"featImg":"science_7352","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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