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gains, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06522-6\">a new study\u003c/a> published Wednesday in \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. “We’ve seen really remarkable improvements in air quality,” says Marissa Childs, one of the authors of the study and a researcher at Harvard’s Center for the Environment. “But wildfire smoke is undoing that progress in many states.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects are more pronounced in Western states, where smoke-laden days have become an annual fact of life. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/25/1131279317/pacific-northwest-schools-cancel-outdoor-activities-when-air-quality-is-unhealth\">Schools\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/550656850\"> keep kids inside during recess\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/25/1195926923/canada-wildfire-smoke-asthma-cdc-new-york-hospital-visits\">emergency rooms\u003c/a> know to prepare when wildfires break out nearby. The study found that since 2016, in states like California, Washington, and Oregon, wildfire smoke has added enough pollution to the air to wipe out nearly half of the total air quality gains made from 2000 onward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Midwest, South, and eastern states are not immune. “This is impacting way more places than we used to think and at a larger scale,” says Childs. Even before this year’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/22/1195154996/some-of-canadas-wildfires-likely-made-worse-by-human-driven-climate-change\"> Canadian wildfires\u003c/a> blanketed the Eastern seaboard in thick smoke, smoke plumes regularly tanked air quality far from\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/06/26/1184393713/canadas-wildfires-are-part-of-a-worrying-trend-but-theyre-not-without-precedent\"> the actual wildfires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Clean Air Act worked until now\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The bipartisan Clean Air Act, signed into law in 1970, has had remarkable success cleaning up \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/06/19/1179670466/air-pollution-satellite-baltimore-climate-change\">the nation’s air\u003c/a>. In its first few decades, levels of the six major pollutants it addressed dropped by \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/40th-anniversary-clean-air-act\">more than 40%\u003c/a>. Since 2000, the drop has continued nearly everywhere in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Marissa Childs, author and researcher, Harvard's Center for the Environment\"]‘We’ve seen really remarkable improvements in air quality. But wildfire smoke is undoing that progress in many states.’[/pullquote]One major target of the Clean Air Act is PM2.5 — tiny particles about 30 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. Many different sources contribute to PM2.5 including dust, and soot from burning coal or gas. The super-small particles are also produced when anything burns such as forests, grasslands, and houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closing or retiring coal and gas-fired power plants cut PM2.5 levels nearby. So did improving car and truck fuel efficiency and pollution-control technologies like catalytic converters — though pollution levels near major roadways still often exceed the EPA’s daily standard. Nationally, PM2.5 levels dropped \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/particulate-matter-pm25-trends\">another 42% between 2000 and 2022\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Overall, there was a big improvement — but it was not shared equitably,” says Tarik Benmarhnia, an environmental epidemiologist at the University of California, San Diego. Communities of colo\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/06/19/1179670466/air-pollution-satellite-baltimore-climate-change\">r remained exposed to higher pollution\u003c/a>,\u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/full/10.1289/EHP8584\"> even as total levels dropped\u003c/a>. Black communities in particular breathe in much more heavy pollution from \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.abf4491\">cars, heavy industry, and construction\u003c/a> than any other groups. That’s a pattern that holds nationwide and over decades, including into today’s efforts to cut back fossil fuel pollution, which are at risk of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41131-x\">continuing the disparities\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More smoke is not good for anyone’s health\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Overall, the country’s air was getting cleaner. But Childs, who was living in California at the time watching wildfire seasons break record after record, could tell that wasn’t the whole story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists were pinpointing how climate change exacerbated the burns. The answer, they found over and over, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2213815120\">was a lot\u003c/a>. Hotter, drier conditions sucked more moisture out of vegetation, priming it to burn explosively and extensively when a spark happened to catch.[aside postID='science_1926793,science_1930023,news_11834305' label='Related coverage']Decades and even centuries of fire suppression — the long-held policy of the U.S. Forest Service and other agencies — also fed the wildfires. Many habitats across the Western U.S. evolved to experience frequent burns, which cleared away excess fuel, and Indigenous communities often used fire to keep those habitats open as well. Now forests are packed with \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecs2.3250\">many more trees\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination has led to wildfires that burn 10 times the acreage as 50 years ago. Massive, destructive burn years like 2020 are projected to become much more common as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-021-00299-0\">climate change marches forward\u003c/a>, though \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/features/professionals-prepare-for-prescribed-burn#:~:text=Prescribed%20fire%20helps%20reduce%20wildfire,less%20available%20material%20to%20burn.\">aggressive forest management\u003c/a> could blunt some of the worst outcomes,\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1126912268\"> research shows\u003c/a>. And wildfires are not just tied to the West. This year, wildfires burned from Canada’s East to West coasts and deep into Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christopher Migliaccio, an immunologist at the University of Montana, studies the impact of wildfire smoke on human health. When he moved to Montana in 2000, wildfires weren’t top-of-mind for most people. But within the past decade, “the concern has gotten huge,” he says. “And it’s gone global.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the health impacts leak well outside the immediate realm of the fires. Smoke, and all its fine particles, can travel thousands of miles. “When you see a wildfire smoke plume, you see that pollution. Essentially, the smoke that you’re seeing is PM2.5,” says Colleen Reid, an environmental public health expert at the University of Colorado, Boulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not yet completely clear if \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/05/17/1099482986/eliminating-fossil-fuel-air-pollution-would-save-about-50-000-lives-study-finds\">wildfire smoke particles\u003c/a> induce different health outcomes than PM2.5 from other sources, like roadways, though \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/03/05/973848360/study-finds-wildfire-smoke-more-harmful-to-humans-than-pollution-from-cars\">some research points that direction\u003c/a>. But the tiny particles from fires and other pollution sources are so small they cross from lungs into the bloodstream, driving inflammation throughout the body. Even short-term exposure to wildfire smoke makes lung problems like asthma worse, as well as a panoply of other health issues, from heart attacks to neurological issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Migliaccio \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32764367/\">led a study\u003c/a> that followed Montanans exposed to extremely high doses of smoke for 49 straight days in 2017. It found their lung function was depressed for at least two years afterward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 41 states, air quality had been getting better between 2000 and the 2010s. But as wildfires exploded, those improvements stopped or even reversed. Smoke was responsible for just intermittent “exceedances,” when air pollution exceeds EPA’s limits, in the early part of the record. By 2020-2022, wildfire smoke was the primary cause of bad air in four western states and a major contributor in 17 others.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Solutions are not straightforward\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Wildfires are a natural and necessary ecological reality in many parts of the country. But research predicts the frequency and size of fires will\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-021-00299-0\"> grow precipitously in coming decades\u003c/a>, increasing peoples’ exposure to smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act effectively regulates point-source pollution, like soot from power plants. It is less effective at regulating risk from smoke, which drifts across state borders and affects people far from the wildfires themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dialing back the climate pressures that exacerbate wildfires is critical, says Childs. But so is creating forest and fire management policies that reduce exposure to very high concentrations of smoke. That could be, somewhat counterintuitively, increasing the number of \u003cem>prescribed\u003c/em> fires, which can lessen the risk of catastrophic wildfires, though they also generate local smoke plumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, people can take steps to protect themselves from inevitable smoke exposure, says Reid. Installing air filters in your home — and keeping them clean — can go a long way. Health experts recommend wearing N95 or KN95 masks if you have to go outdoors, and to avoid exercise in smoky air if possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+wildfire+smoke+is+erasing+years+of+progress+toward+cleaning+up+America%27s+air&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new study finds that smoke from massive wildfires has eroded about a quarter of the air quality gains from the last few decades. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845898,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1294},"headData":{"title":"How Wildfire Smoke Is Erasing Years of Progress Toward Cleaning Up America's Air | KQED","description":"A new study finds that smoke from massive wildfires has eroded about a quarter of the air quality gains from the last few decades. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Wildfire Smoke Is Erasing Years of Progress Toward Cleaning Up America's Air","datePublished":"2023-09-21T14:30:43.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:18:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/news/affiliate/npr","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/1193795778/alejandra-borunda\">Alejandra Borunda\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"David Dee Delgado/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"1200143622","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1200143622&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2023/09/20/1200143622/how-wildfire-smoke-is-erasing-years-of-progress-toward-cleaning-up-americas-air?ft=nprml&f=1200143622","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 20 Sep 2023 11:40:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 20 Sep 2023 11:00:20 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 20 Sep 2023 11:40:59 -0400","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984299/how-wildfire-smoke-is-erasing-years-of-progress-toward-cleaning-up-americas-air","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Over the last few decades, air in the U.S. has undergone a remarkable transformation: pollution levels of health-damaging tiny particles have dropped by roughly 40% since 2000, primarily thanks to the country’s decades-long effort to improve air quality through the Clean Air Act, a landmark environmental law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke from wildfires fueled by human-driven climate change, however, has erased roughly 25% of those air quality gains, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06522-6\">a new study\u003c/a> published Wednesday in \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. “We’ve seen really remarkable improvements in air quality,” says Marissa Childs, one of the authors of the study and a researcher at Harvard’s Center for the Environment. “But wildfire smoke is undoing that progress in many states.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects are more pronounced in Western states, where smoke-laden days have become an annual fact of life. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/25/1131279317/pacific-northwest-schools-cancel-outdoor-activities-when-air-quality-is-unhealth\">Schools\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/550656850\"> keep kids inside during recess\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/25/1195926923/canada-wildfire-smoke-asthma-cdc-new-york-hospital-visits\">emergency rooms\u003c/a> know to prepare when wildfires break out nearby. The study found that since 2016, in states like California, Washington, and Oregon, wildfire smoke has added enough pollution to the air to wipe out nearly half of the total air quality gains made from 2000 onward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Midwest, South, and eastern states are not immune. “This is impacting way more places than we used to think and at a larger scale,” says Childs. Even before this year’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/22/1195154996/some-of-canadas-wildfires-likely-made-worse-by-human-driven-climate-change\"> Canadian wildfires\u003c/a> blanketed the Eastern seaboard in thick smoke, smoke plumes regularly tanked air quality far from\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/06/26/1184393713/canadas-wildfires-are-part-of-a-worrying-trend-but-theyre-not-without-precedent\"> the actual wildfires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Clean Air Act worked until now\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The bipartisan Clean Air Act, signed into law in 1970, has had remarkable success cleaning up \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/06/19/1179670466/air-pollution-satellite-baltimore-climate-change\">the nation’s air\u003c/a>. In its first few decades, levels of the six major pollutants it addressed dropped by \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/40th-anniversary-clean-air-act\">more than 40%\u003c/a>. Since 2000, the drop has continued nearly everywhere in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We’ve seen really remarkable improvements in air quality. But wildfire smoke is undoing that progress in many states.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Marissa Childs, author and researcher, Harvard's Center for the Environment","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>One major target of the Clean Air Act is PM2.5 — tiny particles about 30 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. Many different sources contribute to PM2.5 including dust, and soot from burning coal or gas. The super-small particles are also produced when anything burns such as forests, grasslands, and houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closing or retiring coal and gas-fired power plants cut PM2.5 levels nearby. So did improving car and truck fuel efficiency and pollution-control technologies like catalytic converters — though pollution levels near major roadways still often exceed the EPA’s daily standard. Nationally, PM2.5 levels dropped \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/particulate-matter-pm25-trends\">another 42% between 2000 and 2022\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Overall, there was a big improvement — but it was not shared equitably,” says Tarik Benmarhnia, an environmental epidemiologist at the University of California, San Diego. Communities of colo\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/06/19/1179670466/air-pollution-satellite-baltimore-climate-change\">r remained exposed to higher pollution\u003c/a>,\u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/full/10.1289/EHP8584\"> even as total levels dropped\u003c/a>. Black communities in particular breathe in much more heavy pollution from \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.abf4491\">cars, heavy industry, and construction\u003c/a> than any other groups. That’s a pattern that holds nationwide and over decades, including into today’s efforts to cut back fossil fuel pollution, which are at risk of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41131-x\">continuing the disparities\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More smoke is not good for anyone’s health\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Overall, the country’s air was getting cleaner. But Childs, who was living in California at the time watching wildfire seasons break record after record, could tell that wasn’t the whole story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists were pinpointing how climate change exacerbated the burns. The answer, they found over and over, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2213815120\">was a lot\u003c/a>. Hotter, drier conditions sucked more moisture out of vegetation, priming it to burn explosively and extensively when a spark happened to catch.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1926793,science_1930023,news_11834305","label":"Related coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Decades and even centuries of fire suppression — the long-held policy of the U.S. Forest Service and other agencies — also fed the wildfires. Many habitats across the Western U.S. evolved to experience frequent burns, which cleared away excess fuel, and Indigenous communities often used fire to keep those habitats open as well. Now forests are packed with \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecs2.3250\">many more trees\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination has led to wildfires that burn 10 times the acreage as 50 years ago. Massive, destructive burn years like 2020 are projected to become much more common as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-021-00299-0\">climate change marches forward\u003c/a>, though \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/features/professionals-prepare-for-prescribed-burn#:~:text=Prescribed%20fire%20helps%20reduce%20wildfire,less%20available%20material%20to%20burn.\">aggressive forest management\u003c/a> could blunt some of the worst outcomes,\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1126912268\"> research shows\u003c/a>. And wildfires are not just tied to the West. This year, wildfires burned from Canada’s East to West coasts and deep into Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christopher Migliaccio, an immunologist at the University of Montana, studies the impact of wildfire smoke on human health. When he moved to Montana in 2000, wildfires weren’t top-of-mind for most people. But within the past decade, “the concern has gotten huge,” he says. “And it’s gone global.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the health impacts leak well outside the immediate realm of the fires. Smoke, and all its fine particles, can travel thousands of miles. “When you see a wildfire smoke plume, you see that pollution. Essentially, the smoke that you’re seeing is PM2.5,” says Colleen Reid, an environmental public health expert at the University of Colorado, Boulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not yet completely clear if \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/05/17/1099482986/eliminating-fossil-fuel-air-pollution-would-save-about-50-000-lives-study-finds\">wildfire smoke particles\u003c/a> induce different health outcomes than PM2.5 from other sources, like roadways, though \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/03/05/973848360/study-finds-wildfire-smoke-more-harmful-to-humans-than-pollution-from-cars\">some research points that direction\u003c/a>. But the tiny particles from fires and other pollution sources are so small they cross from lungs into the bloodstream, driving inflammation throughout the body. Even short-term exposure to wildfire smoke makes lung problems like asthma worse, as well as a panoply of other health issues, from heart attacks to neurological issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Migliaccio \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32764367/\">led a study\u003c/a> that followed Montanans exposed to extremely high doses of smoke for 49 straight days in 2017. It found their lung function was depressed for at least two years afterward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 41 states, air quality had been getting better between 2000 and the 2010s. But as wildfires exploded, those improvements stopped or even reversed. Smoke was responsible for just intermittent “exceedances,” when air pollution exceeds EPA’s limits, in the early part of the record. By 2020-2022, wildfire smoke was the primary cause of bad air in four western states and a major contributor in 17 others.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Solutions are not straightforward\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Wildfires are a natural and necessary ecological reality in many parts of the country. But research predicts the frequency and size of fires will\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-021-00299-0\"> grow precipitously in coming decades\u003c/a>, increasing peoples’ exposure to smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act effectively regulates point-source pollution, like soot from power plants. It is less effective at regulating risk from smoke, which drifts across state borders and affects people far from the wildfires themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dialing back the climate pressures that exacerbate wildfires is critical, says Childs. But so is creating forest and fire management policies that reduce exposure to very high concentrations of smoke. That could be, somewhat counterintuitively, increasing the number of \u003cem>prescribed\u003c/em> fires, which can lessen the risk of catastrophic wildfires, though they also generate local smoke plumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, people can take steps to protect themselves from inevitable smoke exposure, says Reid. Installing air filters in your home — and keeping them clean — can go a long way. Health experts recommend wearing N95 or KN95 masks if you have to go outdoors, and to avoid exercise in smoky air if possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+wildfire+smoke+is+erasing+years+of+progress+toward+cleaning+up+America%27s+air&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984299/how-wildfire-smoke-is-erasing-years-of-progress-toward-cleaning-up-americas-air","authors":["byline_science_1984299"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_505","science_524","science_959","science_3463","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1984300","label":"source_science_1984299"},"science_1930023":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1930023","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1930023","score":null,"sort":[1695159126000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area","title":"Map: Here's Your Current Air Quality Report for the Bay Area","publishDate":1695159126,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Map: Here’s Your Current Air Quality Report for the Bay Area | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968622/mapa-reporte-actual-de-la-calidad-del-aire-en-el-area-de-la-bahia\">\u003cem>Leer en español.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>Large circles on the map show Air Quality Index (AQI) values — for ozone and AQI2.5 — that are measured at official, outdoor permanent monitoring sites (managed in the Bay Area by the Air Quality Management District) and submitted to the U.S. EPA’s AirNow database. Data is updated hourly. To view wind and weather patterns, based on hourly station data provided by NOAA, click on the layer-list button in the top left corner and select “Current Weather and Wind Station Data.”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%;\" align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/instant/basic/index.html?appid=bc0e7cbb37be4c6f97ab161d3af75b6a\" width=\"1200\" height=\"850\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 94%;\" align=\"left\">\u003ci>Map produced by Matthew Green/KQED\u003c/i>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want more information about air quality and wildfire smoke?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926793/protecting-your-health-from-toxic-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">How to protect yourself from wildfire smoke\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969271/making-sense-of-purple-air-vs-airnow-and-a-new-map-to-rule-them-all\">How to read air quality maps properly, from Purple Air to AirNow\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11834305/masks-for-smoke-and-covid-19-what-kind-is-best\">Masks for smoke \u003cem>and\u003c/em> COVID: Which are best?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Here is an expanded list of other air quality measurement resources:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://tools.airfire.org/monitoring/v4/#!/?category=PM2.5_nowcast¢erlat=42¢erlon=-95&zoom=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Forest Service Air Monitoring Program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://mobile.arb.ca.gov/breathewell/CityList.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Air Resource Board Breathewell for Mobile\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://aqicn.org/city/california/san-francisco/san-francisco-arkansas-street/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">World Air Quality Index\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/?lat=37.7576497&lng=-122.4353884&zoom=10\">AirNow is also running a project\u003c/a> that adds data from low-cost sensors to a fire and smoke map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore a map updated hourly of air quality in the Bay Area and across California.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845902,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.arcgis.com/apps/instant/basic/index.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":185},"headData":{"title":"Map: Here's Your Current Air Quality Report for the Bay Area | KQED","description":"Explore a map updated hourly of air quality in the Bay Area and across California.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Map: Here's Your Current Air Quality Report for the Bay Area","datePublished":"2023-09-19T21:32:06.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:18:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Air Quality","sticky":false,"nprByline":"KQED","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968622/mapa-reporte-actual-de-la-calidad-del-aire-en-el-area-de-la-bahia\">\u003cem>Leer en español.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>Large circles on the map show Air Quality Index (AQI) values — for ozone and AQI2.5 — that are measured at official, outdoor permanent monitoring sites (managed in the Bay Area by the Air Quality Management District) and submitted to the U.S. EPA’s AirNow database. Data is updated hourly. To view wind and weather patterns, based on hourly station data provided by NOAA, click on the layer-list button in the top left corner and select “Current Weather and Wind Station Data.”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%;\" align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/instant/basic/index.html?appid=bc0e7cbb37be4c6f97ab161d3af75b6a\" width=\"1200\" height=\"850\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 94%;\" align=\"left\">\u003ci>Map produced by Matthew Green/KQED\u003c/i>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want more information about air quality and wildfire smoke?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926793/protecting-your-health-from-toxic-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">How to protect yourself from wildfire smoke\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969271/making-sense-of-purple-air-vs-airnow-and-a-new-map-to-rule-them-all\">How to read air quality maps properly, from Purple Air to AirNow\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11834305/masks-for-smoke-and-covid-19-what-kind-is-best\">Masks for smoke \u003cem>and\u003c/em> COVID: Which are best?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Here is an expanded list of other air quality measurement resources:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://tools.airfire.org/monitoring/v4/#!/?category=PM2.5_nowcast¢erlat=42¢erlon=-95&zoom=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Forest Service Air Monitoring Program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://mobile.arb.ca.gov/breathewell/CityList.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Air Resource Board Breathewell for Mobile\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://aqicn.org/city/california/san-francisco/san-francisco-arkansas-street/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">World Air Quality Index\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/?lat=37.7576497&lng=-122.4353884&zoom=10\">AirNow is also running a project\u003c/a> that adds data from low-cost sensors to a fire and smoke map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area","authors":["byline_science_1930023"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_3730"],"tags":["science_505","science_524","science_4992","science_856","science_3820","science_3463","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1965690","label":"source_science_1930023"},"science_1983001":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1983001","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1983001","score":null,"sort":[1686338437000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"3-lessons-from-the-western-u-s-for-dealing-with-wildfire-smoke","title":"3 Lessons From the Western US for Dealing With Wildfire Smoke","publishDate":1686338437,"format":"standard","headTitle":"3 Lessons From the Western US for Dealing With Wildfire Smoke | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When New York City’s skyline turned an eerie orange color with smoke from widespread wildfires in Canada, it was an all-too-familiar sight for residents of the Western U.S. In recent years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/search?q=wildfires&site=all\">record-setting wildfires\u003c/a> have darkened the sky for weeks at a time with unhealthy air, upending life for Westerners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hazardous wildfire smoke is becoming an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11890211/dangerous%E2%80%91air%E2%80%91as%E2%80%91california%E2%80%91burns%E2%80%91america%E2%80%91breathes%E2%80%91toxic%E2%80%91smoke.\">increasing problem around the country\u003c/a>, as NPR’s California Newsroom has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11890211/dangerous%E2%80%91air%E2%80%91as%E2%80%91california%E2%80%91burns%E2%80%91america%E2%80%91breathes%E2%80%91toxic%E2%80%91smoke.\">reported\u003c/a>. The risk is only expected to rise, as a hotter climate helps create bigger and more severe fires that can take months to contain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny particles in smoke can go deep in the lungs, increasing the risk of asthma, heart attack and stroke. One scientific study found wildfire smoke is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/03/05/973848360/study-finds-wildfire-smoke-more-harmful-to-humans-than-pollution-from-cars\">even more dangerous\u003c/a> than pollution from cars and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the West, schools districts, businesses and families have had to grapple with how to live with smoke. Here’s what they’ve learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1. Everyone needs to protect themselves, even when they’re indoors\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When wildfires raged in California in the summer of 2020, the air was choked with smoke for weeks. Many residents tracked the air quality in real-time on \u003ca href=\"https://www2.purpleair.com/\">Purple Air\u003c/a>, a crowd-sourced network of sensors that shows pollution readings across a city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On those same maps, pollution also spiked inside people’s homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some households had installed sensors indoors to track air quality levels. Researchers at the University of California Berkeley studied the data from 1,400 sensors in San Francisco and Los Angeles and found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/09/07/1034895514/sheltering-inside-may-not-protect-you-from-the-dangers-of-wildfire-smoke\">even indoors, air pollution tripled during the fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lesson: just going inside isn’t enough. Invisible particles in smoke, known as particulate matter or PM 2.5, can seep in through doors and cracks in windows. In older homes and substandard housing, the infiltration can be even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, researchers found the households that took action fared much better. Those that closed their windows, had air purifiers or ran central air conditioners had lower levels of indoor pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Covid-19 pandemic has made portable indoor air purifiers a much more common item, but when smoke fills the skies, it can be tough to find one in a store. So, plans to build more affordable DIY air purifiers have proliferated online where \u003ca href=\"https://aghealth.ucdavis.edu/news/corsi-rosenthal-box-diy-box-fan-air-filter-covid-19-and-wildfire-smoke\">all someone needs is a box fan, some air filters and duct tape\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2. Create a plan for what to do with kids\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A haze of gray smoke in the sky usually means one thing for families: a scramble for childcare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/live-updates/air-quality-wildfires-canada-smoke#new-york-city-schools-canceled-all-outdoor-activities-for-the-day\">Many schools close\u003c/a> when air quality reaches hazardous levels, but policies can be patchwork and haphazard. While an elementary school might close for the day, nearby preschools or aftercare programs might remain open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For school administrators, the decision can be fraught. Many working parents have no other options for where to send their kids. And knowing when to keep kids indoors can be tough for families, based on the official \u003ca href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-basics/\">air quality index\u003c/a> or AQI. While children are considered a “sensitive” group, there’s not much guidance about whether a \u003ca href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-basics/\">yellow or orange air alert\u003c/a> is enough to keep kids under lockdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children are \u003ca href=\"http://childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/parenting/parenting-articles/wildfire-smoke/\">particularly vulnerable to the effects of wildfire smoke\u003c/a>. They’re more active, have developing lungs and take in more air than adults do relative to their body size. The decision to close school is up to each local district, but just a few years ago, there weren’t many health resources to inform those decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As wildfire smoke became more severe in California, state officials released an index with more specific \u003ca href=\"https://www.cde.ca.gov/ls/ep/documents/airqualityguidance.pdf\">advice for schools about activities (PDF)\u003c/a>, like what to do about P.E., recess and sports events. (In the state’s version, it doesn’t mention exact air quality index numbers, though many school districts have consulted local air quality officials and created guidelines, \u003ca href=\"https://www.shastacounty.gov/sites/default/files/fileattachments/air_quality/page/2400/aq-levels-guidelines.pdf\">like this version (PDF)\u003c/a> from Shasta County Office of Education.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Creating smoke response plans ahead of time, with community input, is key for schools, according to Eric Wittmershaus, director of communications for the Sonoma County Office of Education. On the West Coast, “smoke days” are becoming the new “snow days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we tell school officials to balance is whether the students will be safer and healthier if they’re in their school building, which may have a better HVAC system than what the students have at home,” Wittmershaus says. “It’s going to be a fact of life we struggle with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>3. The most vulnerable communities of people need direct help\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some of those most susceptible to the health impacts of wildfire smoke are the least able to protect themselves. Recent episodes of smoke on the West Coast have revealed how some populations are falling through the cracks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people don’t realize they need to protect themselves from smoke, unlike other extreme weather events. The elderly or those with health problems might struggle to get the tools and solutions to filter the air at home. Those who lack housing have no way to escape being exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see individuals with access to fewer resources, who may live in substandard housing, who may desire to reduce their exposure but who are unable to do so,” says Gabrielle Wong-Parodi, assistant professor in the department of earth system science at Stanford University, who has studied how communities responded to smoke in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/how-do-people-respond-wildfire-smoke\">not many people are checking the air quality index\u003c/a> on a regular basis and changing their behavior, her research found. Instead, seeing how other people react to smoke is the bigger motivator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lesson: make sure the message is coming from those in the local community, like community groups, senior centers or faith groups. Providing masks, air filters and resources to groups on the ground can help ensure it reaches those who need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=3+lessons+from+the+Western+U.S.+for+dealing+with+wildfire+smoke+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How bad does the air get inside your house? What should schools do about recess? Western states have grappled with all that before.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845987,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1008},"headData":{"title":"3 Lessons From the Western US for Dealing With Wildfire Smoke | KQED","description":"How bad does the air get inside your house? What should schools do about recess? Western states have grappled with all that before.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"3 Lessons From the Western US for Dealing With Wildfire Smoke","datePublished":"2023-06-09T19:20:37.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:19:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.npr.org","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Angela Weiss","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/803934365/lauren-sommer\">Lauren Sommer\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"AFP via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"1181179929","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1181179929&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2023/06/09/1181179929/wildfire-smoke-health-western-tips?ft=nprml&f=1181179929","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 09 Jun 2023 13:23:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 09 Jun 2023 05:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 09 Jun 2023 13:23:01 -0400","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1983001/3-lessons-from-the-western-u-s-for-dealing-with-wildfire-smoke","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When New York City’s skyline turned an eerie orange color with smoke from widespread wildfires in Canada, it was an all-too-familiar sight for residents of the Western U.S. In recent years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/search?q=wildfires&site=all\">record-setting wildfires\u003c/a> have darkened the sky for weeks at a time with unhealthy air, upending life for Westerners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hazardous wildfire smoke is becoming an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11890211/dangerous%E2%80%91air%E2%80%91as%E2%80%91california%E2%80%91burns%E2%80%91america%E2%80%91breathes%E2%80%91toxic%E2%80%91smoke.\">increasing problem around the country\u003c/a>, as NPR’s California Newsroom has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11890211/dangerous%E2%80%91air%E2%80%91as%E2%80%91california%E2%80%91burns%E2%80%91america%E2%80%91breathes%E2%80%91toxic%E2%80%91smoke.\">reported\u003c/a>. The risk is only expected to rise, as a hotter climate helps create bigger and more severe fires that can take months to contain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny particles in smoke can go deep in the lungs, increasing the risk of asthma, heart attack and stroke. One scientific study found wildfire smoke is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/03/05/973848360/study-finds-wildfire-smoke-more-harmful-to-humans-than-pollution-from-cars\">even more dangerous\u003c/a> than pollution from cars and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the West, schools districts, businesses and families have had to grapple with how to live with smoke. Here’s what they’ve learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1. Everyone needs to protect themselves, even when they’re indoors\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When wildfires raged in California in the summer of 2020, the air was choked with smoke for weeks. Many residents tracked the air quality in real-time on \u003ca href=\"https://www2.purpleair.com/\">Purple Air\u003c/a>, a crowd-sourced network of sensors that shows pollution readings across a city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On those same maps, pollution also spiked inside people’s homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some households had installed sensors indoors to track air quality levels. Researchers at the University of California Berkeley studied the data from 1,400 sensors in San Francisco and Los Angeles and found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/09/07/1034895514/sheltering-inside-may-not-protect-you-from-the-dangers-of-wildfire-smoke\">even indoors, air pollution tripled during the fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lesson: just going inside isn’t enough. Invisible particles in smoke, known as particulate matter or PM 2.5, can seep in through doors and cracks in windows. In older homes and substandard housing, the infiltration can be even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, researchers found the households that took action fared much better. Those that closed their windows, had air purifiers or ran central air conditioners had lower levels of indoor pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Covid-19 pandemic has made portable indoor air purifiers a much more common item, but when smoke fills the skies, it can be tough to find one in a store. So, plans to build more affordable DIY air purifiers have proliferated online where \u003ca href=\"https://aghealth.ucdavis.edu/news/corsi-rosenthal-box-diy-box-fan-air-filter-covid-19-and-wildfire-smoke\">all someone needs is a box fan, some air filters and duct tape\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2. Create a plan for what to do with kids\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A haze of gray smoke in the sky usually means one thing for families: a scramble for childcare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/live-updates/air-quality-wildfires-canada-smoke#new-york-city-schools-canceled-all-outdoor-activities-for-the-day\">Many schools close\u003c/a> when air quality reaches hazardous levels, but policies can be patchwork and haphazard. While an elementary school might close for the day, nearby preschools or aftercare programs might remain open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For school administrators, the decision can be fraught. Many working parents have no other options for where to send their kids. And knowing when to keep kids indoors can be tough for families, based on the official \u003ca href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-basics/\">air quality index\u003c/a> or AQI. While children are considered a “sensitive” group, there’s not much guidance about whether a \u003ca href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-basics/\">yellow or orange air alert\u003c/a> is enough to keep kids under lockdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children are \u003ca href=\"http://childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/parenting/parenting-articles/wildfire-smoke/\">particularly vulnerable to the effects of wildfire smoke\u003c/a>. They’re more active, have developing lungs and take in more air than adults do relative to their body size. The decision to close school is up to each local district, but just a few years ago, there weren’t many health resources to inform those decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As wildfire smoke became more severe in California, state officials released an index with more specific \u003ca href=\"https://www.cde.ca.gov/ls/ep/documents/airqualityguidance.pdf\">advice for schools about activities (PDF)\u003c/a>, like what to do about P.E., recess and sports events. (In the state’s version, it doesn’t mention exact air quality index numbers, though many school districts have consulted local air quality officials and created guidelines, \u003ca href=\"https://www.shastacounty.gov/sites/default/files/fileattachments/air_quality/page/2400/aq-levels-guidelines.pdf\">like this version (PDF)\u003c/a> from Shasta County Office of Education.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Creating smoke response plans ahead of time, with community input, is key for schools, according to Eric Wittmershaus, director of communications for the Sonoma County Office of Education. On the West Coast, “smoke days” are becoming the new “snow days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we tell school officials to balance is whether the students will be safer and healthier if they’re in their school building, which may have a better HVAC system than what the students have at home,” Wittmershaus says. “It’s going to be a fact of life we struggle with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>3. The most vulnerable communities of people need direct help\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some of those most susceptible to the health impacts of wildfire smoke are the least able to protect themselves. Recent episodes of smoke on the West Coast have revealed how some populations are falling through the cracks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people don’t realize they need to protect themselves from smoke, unlike other extreme weather events. The elderly or those with health problems might struggle to get the tools and solutions to filter the air at home. Those who lack housing have no way to escape being exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see individuals with access to fewer resources, who may live in substandard housing, who may desire to reduce their exposure but who are unable to do so,” says Gabrielle Wong-Parodi, assistant professor in the department of earth system science at Stanford University, who has studied how communities responded to smoke in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/how-do-people-respond-wildfire-smoke\">not many people are checking the air quality index\u003c/a> on a regular basis and changing their behavior, her research found. Instead, seeing how other people react to smoke is the bigger motivator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lesson: make sure the message is coming from those in the local community, like community groups, senior centers or faith groups. Providing masks, air filters and resources to groups on the ground can help ensure it reaches those who need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=3+lessons+from+the+Western+U.S.+for+dealing+with+wildfire+smoke+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1983001/3-lessons-from-the-western-u-s-for-dealing-with-wildfire-smoke","authors":["byline_science_1983001"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_524","science_4877","science_194","science_3463","science_113","science_3693"],"featImg":"science_1983002","label":"source_science_1983001"},"science_1982448":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1982448","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1982448","score":null,"sort":[1682446656000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"uc-researchers-examine-how-smoke-from-californias-megafires-affects-pregnancy-and-children","title":"UC Researchers Examine How Smoke From California's Megafires Affects Pregnancy and Children","publishDate":1682446656,"format":"standard","headTitle":"UC Researchers Examine How Smoke From California’s Megafires Affects Pregnancy and Children | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When wildfires spread through parts of Northern California wine country in 2017, they melted electronics, combusted cars and exploded propane tanks. The fires sent acrid smoke billowing into the sky, its footprint wafting over the state and extending for 500 miles into the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Rebecca Schmidt, a molecular epidemiologist at UC Davis, was working on a study that followed families of children with autism who were expecting another child. When the fires spread, pregnant participants in the research started asking whether they should be worried about the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt and her collaborators didn’t know what to say. There wasn’t much existing research on how wildfire smoke affects pregnancy. “I would have been wondering the same thing,” she said. “We really couldn’t tell them how concerned they needed to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She decided to try to find the answers herself. Over the last several years, Schmidt and a team of fellow scientists have collected biological samples like hair, saliva and blood from pregnant people in California to better understand the health effects of smoke exposure on babies and those who birth them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s timeline overlapped with numerous huge fires in the state, and researchers are still assessing the results. But the number of participants wasn’t large enough to fully understand the relationship between exposure and birth outcomes or developmental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Schmidt and a team of researchers are expanding the scope, examining two decades of statewide health and birth records alongside wildfire smoke data to determine which pockets of California are bearing the brunt of the smoke and what effects that environmental exposure could be having on early life. The results could have wide-reaching implications for locations experiencing similar spikes in hazardous fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s only going to get worse with climate change,” Schmidt said. “Learning about it is relevant for everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team, which includes nine researchers from UC Davis and UCLA, will be led by Schmidt and Miriam Nuño, a UC Davis biostatistician who researches public health and health disparities. In addition to identifying communities where wildfire smoke may be causing harm and analyzing health impacts, the scientists will engage with community members on ways they can better protect themselves, like wearing N95 masks or installing relatively cheap indoor air filters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Nuño and Schmidt have long studied human health. And both grew up in areas where air pollution was a part of daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born and raised in Iowa, Schmidt drove past agricultural fields where pesticides at times hung in the air like a “brown shroud” on her way to school. She lived in the state through graduate school, earning her Ph.D. in epidemiology at the University of Iowa. When she moved to California in 2008, the state was experiencing drought and a devastating fire year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember thinking, ‘Is it going to be like this every year?’” she said. “I’ve definitely had to modify my life around smoke exposure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuño moved to California from Guadalajara, Mexico, when she was 14, settling in Los Angeles and then the city of Riverside, about 60 miles east. In areas inland of Los Angeles, smog and pollution blow in from the west and sit there, with nearby mountains preventing dispersal. At the time, she didn’t realize poor air quality was a problem there, she said, and she didn’t expect to pursue health-related research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those clouds of gray smoke — I never grew up realizing that was even an issue,” she said. “Often, you worry about other things, like do you have enough to eat and things like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuño studied pure mathematics at UC Riverside, and planned on getting her Ph.D. in applied math and biostatistics, although she couldn’t entirely envision a future limited to studying mathematical concepts. Then, while in graduate school, she attended a lecture on math and HIV modeling. “That was really the change for me,” she said. “I want to do research that people can read about, and it can have some change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After studying math and computational biology during her Ph.D. work at Cornell University and completing fellowships in biostatistics at the Harvard School of Public Health and UCLA, Nuño increasingly focused her research on real-world health data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the COVID-19 pandemic arrived in 2020, she began working with the city of Davis to forecast infection rates. It was her “first taste,” she said, of how her skills could help focus resources, like testing and vaccination, to reduce the disproportionate health impacts in underserved communities. Mathematical modeling and statistical analysis are powerful, she said, “but if you’re not looking with the lens of equity and health equity, then you’re missing the picture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study on wildfire smoke is Nuño’s first collaboration with Schmidt. Their work will be funded by a $1.35 million grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency focused on environmental justice and climate-related health impacts on vulnerable populations and on life stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, only a few studies have looked at the impact of wildfire smoke on birth outcomes, such as a 2022 paper from scientists at Stanford University that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001393512101166X?via%3Dihub\">attributed nearly 7,000 preterm births from 2006 to 2012 in California to wildfire smoke exposure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has largely focused on the years preceding California’s parade of record-breaking wildfires in the last decade. By focusing on a more recent time period that encompasses those extreme fires, the UCLA and UC Davis research may yield different findings from the earlier research, said Amy Padula, an epidemiologist at UCSF’s School of Medicine, who is using California birth records to conduct separate research on wildfire-related air pollution and birth outcomes from 2007 to 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More research is needed, said Nuño, in part because of the size of climate-worsened fires but also because of where they’re burning. As people move into forested areas, and wildfires spread to inhabited zones, the flames are combusting not just trees and vegetation but also homes and all the objects inside them. That changes the chemical makeup of smoke and the dangers of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team is currently mapping the parts of the state that are at high risk for smoke exposure. Then the group will determine where that exposure varies, and how that intersects with race, income level, exposure to pollutants and other factors. In addition to looking at birth weight and gestational age, the team will examine health data on developmental outcomes and autism diagnoses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While data collected from birth records and from measuring wildfire smoke, birth outcomes and later development will guide their work, collaborators are paying close attention to communities where many people spend a lot of time outside, such as agricultural areas where many farmworkers live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communities of color and lower-income communities experience disproportionate air pollution, and the team expects the same will be true for wildfire exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this is systemic,” said Natalia Deeb-Sossa, sociologist and professor of Chicana/o studies at UC Davis, who is working on the team. “Wildfires are now every year more and more common because of climate change. I believe that is something that is affecting more and more of our more vulnerable communities and populations, and I think it’s really important that we do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has linked air pollution to lower birth weights and preterm births, which can have a negative impact on health later in life. The California study, which will run into 2025, could provide more clarity on the extent to which those effects also result from wildfire smoke, for those inside and outside the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole world’s been impacted by wildfire smoke at this point,” Schmidt said. “It’s not easy to run from anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">Sign up for the ICN newsletter here.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The researchers are examining decades of birth records and wildfire smoke data to understand how wildfires affect pregnancy and children’s health.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846034,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1396},"headData":{"title":"UC Researchers Examine How Smoke From California's Megafires Affects Pregnancy and Children | KQED","description":"The researchers are examining decades of birth records and wildfire smoke data to understand how wildfires affect pregnancy and children’s health.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"UC Researchers Examine How Smoke From California's Megafires Affects Pregnancy and Children","datePublished":"2023-04-25T18:17:36.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:20:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Inside Climate News","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/profile/emma-foehringer-merchant/\">Emma Foehringer Merchant\u003c/a> \u003cbr>Inside Climate News \u003cbr>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1982448/uc-researchers-examine-how-smoke-from-californias-megafires-affects-pregnancy-and-children","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When wildfires spread through parts of Northern California wine country in 2017, they melted electronics, combusted cars and exploded propane tanks. The fires sent acrid smoke billowing into the sky, its footprint wafting over the state and extending for 500 miles into the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Rebecca Schmidt, a molecular epidemiologist at UC Davis, was working on a study that followed families of children with autism who were expecting another child. When the fires spread, pregnant participants in the research started asking whether they should be worried about the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt and her collaborators didn’t know what to say. There wasn’t much existing research on how wildfire smoke affects pregnancy. “I would have been wondering the same thing,” she said. “We really couldn’t tell them how concerned they needed to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She decided to try to find the answers herself. Over the last several years, Schmidt and a team of fellow scientists have collected biological samples like hair, saliva and blood from pregnant people in California to better understand the health effects of smoke exposure on babies and those who birth them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s timeline overlapped with numerous huge fires in the state, and researchers are still assessing the results. But the number of participants wasn’t large enough to fully understand the relationship between exposure and birth outcomes or developmental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Schmidt and a team of researchers are expanding the scope, examining two decades of statewide health and birth records alongside wildfire smoke data to determine which pockets of California are bearing the brunt of the smoke and what effects that environmental exposure could be having on early life. The results could have wide-reaching implications for locations experiencing similar spikes in hazardous fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s only going to get worse with climate change,” Schmidt said. “Learning about it is relevant for everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team, which includes nine researchers from UC Davis and UCLA, will be led by Schmidt and Miriam Nuño, a UC Davis biostatistician who researches public health and health disparities. In addition to identifying communities where wildfire smoke may be causing harm and analyzing health impacts, the scientists will engage with community members on ways they can better protect themselves, like wearing N95 masks or installing relatively cheap indoor air filters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Nuño and Schmidt have long studied human health. And both grew up in areas where air pollution was a part of daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born and raised in Iowa, Schmidt drove past agricultural fields where pesticides at times hung in the air like a “brown shroud” on her way to school. She lived in the state through graduate school, earning her Ph.D. in epidemiology at the University of Iowa. When she moved to California in 2008, the state was experiencing drought and a devastating fire year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember thinking, ‘Is it going to be like this every year?’” she said. “I’ve definitely had to modify my life around smoke exposure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuño moved to California from Guadalajara, Mexico, when she was 14, settling in Los Angeles and then the city of Riverside, about 60 miles east. In areas inland of Los Angeles, smog and pollution blow in from the west and sit there, with nearby mountains preventing dispersal. At the time, she didn’t realize poor air quality was a problem there, she said, and she didn’t expect to pursue health-related research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those clouds of gray smoke — I never grew up realizing that was even an issue,” she said. “Often, you worry about other things, like do you have enough to eat and things like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuño studied pure mathematics at UC Riverside, and planned on getting her Ph.D. in applied math and biostatistics, although she couldn’t entirely envision a future limited to studying mathematical concepts. Then, while in graduate school, she attended a lecture on math and HIV modeling. “That was really the change for me,” she said. “I want to do research that people can read about, and it can have some change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After studying math and computational biology during her Ph.D. work at Cornell University and completing fellowships in biostatistics at the Harvard School of Public Health and UCLA, Nuño increasingly focused her research on real-world health data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the COVID-19 pandemic arrived in 2020, she began working with the city of Davis to forecast infection rates. It was her “first taste,” she said, of how her skills could help focus resources, like testing and vaccination, to reduce the disproportionate health impacts in underserved communities. Mathematical modeling and statistical analysis are powerful, she said, “but if you’re not looking with the lens of equity and health equity, then you’re missing the picture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study on wildfire smoke is Nuño’s first collaboration with Schmidt. Their work will be funded by a $1.35 million grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency focused on environmental justice and climate-related health impacts on vulnerable populations and on life stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, only a few studies have looked at the impact of wildfire smoke on birth outcomes, such as a 2022 paper from scientists at Stanford University that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001393512101166X?via%3Dihub\">attributed nearly 7,000 preterm births from 2006 to 2012 in California to wildfire smoke exposure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has largely focused on the years preceding California’s parade of record-breaking wildfires in the last decade. By focusing on a more recent time period that encompasses those extreme fires, the UCLA and UC Davis research may yield different findings from the earlier research, said Amy Padula, an epidemiologist at UCSF’s School of Medicine, who is using California birth records to conduct separate research on wildfire-related air pollution and birth outcomes from 2007 to 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More research is needed, said Nuño, in part because of the size of climate-worsened fires but also because of where they’re burning. As people move into forested areas, and wildfires spread to inhabited zones, the flames are combusting not just trees and vegetation but also homes and all the objects inside them. That changes the chemical makeup of smoke and the dangers of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team is currently mapping the parts of the state that are at high risk for smoke exposure. Then the group will determine where that exposure varies, and how that intersects with race, income level, exposure to pollutants and other factors. In addition to looking at birth weight and gestational age, the team will examine health data on developmental outcomes and autism diagnoses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While data collected from birth records and from measuring wildfire smoke, birth outcomes and later development will guide their work, collaborators are paying close attention to communities where many people spend a lot of time outside, such as agricultural areas where many farmworkers live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communities of color and lower-income communities experience disproportionate air pollution, and the team expects the same will be true for wildfire exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this is systemic,” said Natalia Deeb-Sossa, sociologist and professor of Chicana/o studies at UC Davis, who is working on the team. “Wildfires are now every year more and more common because of climate change. I believe that is something that is affecting more and more of our more vulnerable communities and populations, and I think it’s really important that we do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has linked air pollution to lower birth weights and preterm births, which can have a negative impact on health later in life. The California study, which will run into 2025, could provide more clarity on the extent to which those effects also result from wildfire smoke, for those inside and outside the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole world’s been impacted by wildfire smoke at this point,” Schmidt said. “It’s not easy to run from anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">Sign up for the ICN newsletter here.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1982448/uc-researchers-examine-how-smoke-from-californias-megafires-affects-pregnancy-and-children","authors":["byline_science_1982448"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_39","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_512","science_112","science_5181","science_616","science_3463","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1982449","label":"source_science_1982448"},"science_1976747":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1976747","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1976747","score":null,"sort":[1631516492000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-the-air-quality-index-actually-means","title":"What the Air Quality Index Actually Means","publishDate":1631516492,"format":"audio","headTitle":"What the Air Quality Index Actually Means | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">Over the past five years, as California wildfires increased in both intensity and scope, fall in the Bay Area has meant skies intermittently shrouded in smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This season, my morning routine has not only included caffeine and email, but also checking outdoor air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The number and color flashing to life on my phone, also known as the Air Quality Index, dictates to some extent how I’ll go through the day. It determines if my kid’s school will be open, how long I can take the dog out, and whether I’ll keep my windows sealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">So … what actually is the air quality index?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>AQI, Who Am I?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-basics/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Air Quality Index\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (AQI) is the Environmental Protection Agency’s way of representing the amount of pollution in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The higher the number, the more air pollution, and the worse for your health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The AQI is divided into six color-coded categories, starting with green, which means air quality is healthy enough for everyone to be outdoors. The index then moves through, in increasing order of pollution, yellow, orange, red, purple and maroon. Maroon is equivalent to an AQI of more than 300, indicating a health emergency in which the air is hazardous for everyone to breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Bay Area locations have hit high AQI levels for weeks at a time in recent years, even when they’re more than 100 miles away from a particular wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Here are some good thresholds to keep in mind:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"ul1\">\n\u003cli class=\"li1\">\u003cb>An AQI above 100\u003c/b>, categorized as “orange,” means everyone should be mindful of air quality, says Juan Romero, spokesman for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. At these levels, the air can be unhealthy for sensitive groups such as children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with lung disease. It’s important to check in with your doctor and follow their recommendations related to air quality exposure if you’re in one of these groups.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"li1\">\u003cb>An AQI above 150\u003c/b>, designated “red,” means everyone should limit outdoor activities.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"li1\">\u003cb>An AQI above 200\u003c/b>, or “purple,” is the point at which the air district suggests all people stay inside.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How is AQI measured? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Air Quality Index is calculated through measuring six major pollutants: ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and two sizes of particulate matter, known as PM2.5 and the slightly larger PM10. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The major sources of air pollution in the Bay Area are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/about/what-is-spare-the-air\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ozone and fine particulate matter, or PM2.5\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. PM2.5 is tiny, with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller. For a sense of scale, visualize it would take about 25 of these particles to span the width of the average human hair. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We often see higher concentrations of ozone in the warmer months, typically between April and October. Ozone comes mostly from sources of “smog,” such as emissions from cars, trucks, refineries, construction sites and gas stations. While ozone is produced year-round, it builds up more during the longer, hotter days of summer. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ozone pollution can worsen respiratory irritation and asthma. Some \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19079727/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">studies \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">link prolonged exposure to ozone to an increased risk of kids developing asthma. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We often see more pollution from PM2.5 in the cooler months of November through February, due to burning firewood. But we also see this pollutant more now during the heart of wildfire season. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This miniscule pollutant can go deep into the lungs and bloodstream and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/protecting-yourself-wildfire-smoke\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cause lung and heart disease\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s Spare the Air? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The air district converts pollution measurements into the AQI scale, and if concentrations of any of the six pollutants used to measure AQI is expected to exceed 100 somewhere across the Bay Area, it calls a Spare the Air Alert for the entire region. That’s because cutting back on emissions in one location can impact the air miles away. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976757\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976757\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/summer-alert-mode-png.png\" alt=\"Red sign announcing air quality advisory\" width=\"300\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/summer-alert-mode-png.png 300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/summer-alert-mode-png-160x166.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of an air quality alert, issued by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. \u003ccite>(courtesy Bay Area Air Quality Management District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the Spare the Air Alert is called due to ozone, the air quality district will recommend driving less to reduce emissions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the alert is called due to high concentrations of PM2.5, it becomes illegal to use fireplaces and other wood-burning stoves in the Bay Area. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s also helpful, but not required, to eliminate activities such as lawn mowing, leaf blowing and barbecuing on Spare the Air days.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976755\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976755 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/advisory-mode-png.png\" alt=\"Yellow sign announcing air quality advisory\" width=\"300\" height=\"329\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/advisory-mode-png.png 300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/advisory-mode-png-160x175.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of an air quality advisory, issued by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. \u003ccite>(courtesy Bay Area Air Quality Management District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The air quality district also issues air quality advisories, which can be a precursor to an alert. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advisories\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are often issued when there’s smoke way up in the air, too high for it to pollute the air we breathe on the ground. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How can folks stay up to date on AQI?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can check \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">KQED’s air quality map\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">AirNow Fire and Smoke Map\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which combines government and commercial sensors like those that show up on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www2.purpleair.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PurpleAir’s map\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can also sign up for\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/connect-with-us/sign-up-for-alerts\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> alerts from the air quality district\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. You can even pick your favorite form of communication: text, phone call, email, or social media. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Over the past five years, as California wildfires increased in both intensity and scope, Bay Area skies have intermittently filled with smoke, causing residents to routinely check the air quality index. Here's a guide to understanding what the index means. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846442,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":900},"headData":{"title":"What the Air Quality Index Actually Means | KQED","description":"Over the past five years, as California wildfires increased in both intensity and scope, Bay Area skies have intermittently filled with smoke, causing residents to routinely check the air quality index. Here's a guide to understanding what the index means. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What the Air Quality Index Actually Means","datePublished":"2021-09-13T07:01:32.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:27:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/184d5926-325c-47d8-a99f-ada5012c2e7c/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1976747/what-the-air-quality-index-actually-means","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">Over the past five years, as California wildfires increased in both intensity and scope, fall in the Bay Area has meant skies intermittently shrouded in smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This season, my morning routine has not only included caffeine and email, but also checking outdoor air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The number and color flashing to life on my phone, also known as the Air Quality Index, dictates to some extent how I’ll go through the day. It determines if my kid’s school will be open, how long I can take the dog out, and whether I’ll keep my windows sealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">So … what actually is the air quality index?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>AQI, Who Am I?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-basics/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Air Quality Index\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (AQI) is the Environmental Protection Agency’s way of representing the amount of pollution in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The higher the number, the more air pollution, and the worse for your health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The AQI is divided into six color-coded categories, starting with green, which means air quality is healthy enough for everyone to be outdoors. The index then moves through, in increasing order of pollution, yellow, orange, red, purple and maroon. Maroon is equivalent to an AQI of more than 300, indicating a health emergency in which the air is hazardous for everyone to breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Bay Area locations have hit high AQI levels for weeks at a time in recent years, even when they’re more than 100 miles away from a particular wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Here are some good thresholds to keep in mind:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"ul1\">\n\u003cli class=\"li1\">\u003cb>An AQI above 100\u003c/b>, categorized as “orange,” means everyone should be mindful of air quality, says Juan Romero, spokesman for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. At these levels, the air can be unhealthy for sensitive groups such as children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with lung disease. It’s important to check in with your doctor and follow their recommendations related to air quality exposure if you’re in one of these groups.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"li1\">\u003cb>An AQI above 150\u003c/b>, designated “red,” means everyone should limit outdoor activities.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"li1\">\u003cb>An AQI above 200\u003c/b>, or “purple,” is the point at which the air district suggests all people stay inside.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How is AQI measured? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Air Quality Index is calculated through measuring six major pollutants: ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and two sizes of particulate matter, known as PM2.5 and the slightly larger PM10. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The major sources of air pollution in the Bay Area are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/about/what-is-spare-the-air\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ozone and fine particulate matter, or PM2.5\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. PM2.5 is tiny, with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller. For a sense of scale, visualize it would take about 25 of these particles to span the width of the average human hair. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We often see higher concentrations of ozone in the warmer months, typically between April and October. Ozone comes mostly from sources of “smog,” such as emissions from cars, trucks, refineries, construction sites and gas stations. While ozone is produced year-round, it builds up more during the longer, hotter days of summer. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ozone pollution can worsen respiratory irritation and asthma. Some \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19079727/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">studies \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">link prolonged exposure to ozone to an increased risk of kids developing asthma. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We often see more pollution from PM2.5 in the cooler months of November through February, due to burning firewood. But we also see this pollutant more now during the heart of wildfire season. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This miniscule pollutant can go deep into the lungs and bloodstream and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/protecting-yourself-wildfire-smoke\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cause lung and heart disease\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s Spare the Air? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The air district converts pollution measurements into the AQI scale, and if concentrations of any of the six pollutants used to measure AQI is expected to exceed 100 somewhere across the Bay Area, it calls a Spare the Air Alert for the entire region. That’s because cutting back on emissions in one location can impact the air miles away. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976757\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976757\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/summer-alert-mode-png.png\" alt=\"Red sign announcing air quality advisory\" width=\"300\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/summer-alert-mode-png.png 300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/summer-alert-mode-png-160x166.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of an air quality alert, issued by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. \u003ccite>(courtesy Bay Area Air Quality Management District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the Spare the Air Alert is called due to ozone, the air quality district will recommend driving less to reduce emissions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the alert is called due to high concentrations of PM2.5, it becomes illegal to use fireplaces and other wood-burning stoves in the Bay Area. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s also helpful, but not required, to eliminate activities such as lawn mowing, leaf blowing and barbecuing on Spare the Air days.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976755\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976755 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/advisory-mode-png.png\" alt=\"Yellow sign announcing air quality advisory\" width=\"300\" height=\"329\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/advisory-mode-png.png 300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/advisory-mode-png-160x175.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of an air quality advisory, issued by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. \u003ccite>(courtesy Bay Area Air Quality Management District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The air quality district also issues air quality advisories, which can be a precursor to an alert. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advisories\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are often issued when there’s smoke way up in the air, too high for it to pollute the air we breathe on the ground. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How can folks stay up to date on AQI?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can check \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">KQED’s air quality map\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">AirNow Fire and Smoke Map\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which combines government and commercial sensors like those that show up on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www2.purpleair.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PurpleAir’s map\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can also sign up for\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/connect-with-us/sign-up-for-alerts\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> alerts from the air quality district\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. You can even pick your favorite form of communication: text, phone call, email, or social media. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1976747/what-the-air-quality-index-actually-means","authors":["8648"],"categories":["science_31","science_4450"],"tags":["science_524","science_4414","science_3463","science_3693"],"featImg":"science_1969556","label":"science"},"science_1976483":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1976483","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1976483","score":null,"sort":[1629912070000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"wildfire-smoke-the-greatest-challenge-facing-california-wine-industry","title":"Wildfire Smoke The 'Greatest Challenge' Facing California Wine Industry","publishDate":1629912070,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Wildfire Smoke The ‘Greatest Challenge’ Facing California Wine Industry | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In August 2013, Ron and Cheryl Harms were eagerly anticipating the third harvest from their boutique vineyard in the Sierra Foothills when the massive, fast-moving Rim Fire zigzagged perilously close to their property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple’s four-acre Yosemite Cellars vineyard sits on a rocky hillside surrounded by forest about 20 miles west of Yosemite National Park. From their perch high above the valley, the Harms watched helplessly as planes released flame retardant around the gathering firestorm and thick clouds of smoke settled on their ripening grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we convinced ourselves that we were probably going to be okay, personally, and that our property was going to be okay, it was fascinating to just see where the fire was going and how it was being fought,” said Ron Harms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fascinating yet terrifying, said Cheryl Harms, fighting back tears. “I have PTSD from it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire, at the time California’s third-largest wildfire, torched more than a quarter of a million acres of Sierra forestland, including nearly 80,000 acres in Yosemite. The inferno spared the Harms’ home and vineyard. But it left the couple grappling with a grape affliction that has emerged as the West Coast wine industry’s latest scourge: smoke taint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our grapes were very smoky,” said Cheryl Harms. When they had juice from their grapes analyzed, she said, “it was smokier than anything they’d ever tested.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there was little they could do to remove the taint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires can cause extensive damage throughout the agricultural industry, destroying crops and killing livestock. But grapes appear to be the only commodity affected by smoke taint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers intentionally add subtle smoky notes to increase the complexity of wines by aging them in toasted oak barrels. But wildfire smoke can make wines undrinkable. Smoke-tainted wines have unpleasant aromas often described as disinfectant or burnt rubber and taste “like licking an ashtray,” experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine being a 5-year-old who thinks it’s fun to put dad’s old cigarette in their mouth,” said Anita Oberholster, an enology extension specialist who studies smoke taint at the University of California, Davis. Smoke taint, like sucking on a cigarette butt, assaults the back of your throat with a trademark campfire smoke or ashtray quality, she said. “The only thing I’ve ever seen that gives you that character is smoke exposure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke taint can ruin a wine as surely as a bad cork. And as climate change increases the likelihood of drought-fueled conflagrations in fire-prone California, wildfire’s effects on grape quality have emerged as one of the biggest threats to the state’s $43 billion wine industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pandemic was an enormous challenge,” said John Aguirre, president of the California Association of Winegrape Growers. “But now, without question, I think the threat of wildfire in many different ways is the greatest challenge of the day for the industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising global temperatures have made droughts and heatwaves more common and intense, fueling ever more devastating wildfires. Last year, thousands of drought-primed fires scorched more than 4 million acres in California—close to 40% of the national total—making 2020 the state’s largest wildfire season on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still in the throes of severe drought, nearly a million and a half acres have already burned in the state this year, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several devastating fire seasons, many California vintners and wineries found themselves either \u003ca href=\"https://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/denied-property-insurance-napa-valley-wineries-extremely-vulnerable-this-fire-season/article_709a9690-11bf-54aa-b603-6a6a09fbc147.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">denied fire insurance\u003c/a> because they were too risky or priced out of coverage as rates skyrocketed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires can cause serious economic losses through direct damage to vineyards and wineries. But vineyards tend to be fairly resistant to the flames, Aguirre said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In wine country vineyards have demonstrated themselves to be good fire breaks. They can really help prevent the movement of fire,” he said. “But the smoke is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Losses incurred from smoke drifting into vineyards before harvest \u003ca href=\"https://www.wineaustralia.com/getmedia/07c52619-2f6a-44a6-8502-2a67f238abd7/Krstic_et_al-2015-Australian_Journal_of_Grape_and_Wine_Research.pdf\">far outweigh\u003c/a> direct losses from fires, industry analysts say\u003cstrong>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With fire season already in high gear, scientists are scrambling to help growers figure out how to protect their harvests.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Adapting to smoke\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Scientists first recognized wildfire smoke’s growing threat to wine grapes less than two decades ago, around the same time \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate change was driving\u003c/a> more and more destructive fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The devastating 2003 Canberra bushfires in southeastern Australia followed one of the most severe droughts on record, and left winegrowing regions shrouded in smoke for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inundated by inquiries for help from wineries and grape growers, the Australian Wine Research Institute ran experimental trials to understand the nature and extent of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few vineyards sustained fire damage, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.awri.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2003_AWRI_Annual_Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">institute found\u003c/a>, but damage from smoke exposure was widespread. Institute scientists identified compounds associated with smoke taint’s hallmark ashtray qualities. But solutions, they concluded, “remain elusive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically, Australia had the brunt of the wildfires,” said Oberholster, of UC Davis. “And now since 2017, the West Coast is in the same boat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, California endured “one of the deadliest and most destructive fire seasons in modern history,” according to Cal Fire. Fewer fires burned the following year, but they tore through hundreds of thousands more acres to cause some of the worst destruction ever seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976484\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976484\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"Ryan Harms and Eric Harms stand in front of big oak wine barrels. \" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-800x538.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-1020x685.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two of the Harms’ sons, Ryan (left) and Eric Harms, took over management of Yosemite Cellars in June. \u003ccite>(Yosemite Cellars/Inside Climate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Devastating firestorms were no longer an anomaly in wine country, but the new norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Ron Harms looked out his window in early July, he could see smoke on the horizon. “It’s from the Dixie Fire, I presume, though there are also some fires in Yosemite that might be contributing to that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dixie Fire, now California’s second-largest fire on record, incinerated most of the small Sierra Nevada town of Greenville a few weeks ago, and has barely slowed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little Harms can do about the smoke, he said. “Our reality as a grower and wine producer is that we just have to roll with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After yet another record-breaking fire season in 2020, wine grape growers suffered substantial economic losses due to concerns about smoke exposure. An estimated 165,000 to 325,000 tons of California wine grapes went unharvested last year, contributing to more than $600 million in losses from wildfire and smoke, according to an analysis \u003ca href=\"https://wineindustryadvisor.com/2021/07/08/cawg-legal-analysis-2020-winegrape-rejections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">released in July\u003c/a> by the California Association of Winegrape Growers and Allied Grape Growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many wineries rejected growers’ wine grapes, the analysis found, “often with little evidence to support the rejection and without basis in the grape purchase contract.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major problem stemmed from fuzzy language in contracts about “quality standards.” Contracts drawn up before severe wildfires had become a recurring wine country hazard did not mention smoke exposure. More recent contracts referenced “smoke taint” or “smoke compounds,” without clear definitions or evaluation criteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lack of understanding and science around smoke issues has meant that people are acting very conservatively and rejecting grapes,” Aguirre said. “The purpose of our report is to highlight that, regrettably, some of these actions by wineries were just inconsistent with contracts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires are contributing in a substantial way to economic losses in the industry, Aguirre added. “And we’ve got to change the way we’re doing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward that end, Aguirre and other industry leaders from California, Oregon and Washington formed the West Coast Smoke Exposure Task Force to advocate for federal funding for research on managing smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force won a $2 million grant to support smoke exposure research last year from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service, and expects an additional $5 million for research when the 2022 federal appropriations bill passes. The hope is to find ways to predict the risk of smoke taint in the vineyard and mitigate its effects in the winery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re optimistic that funding for research will help a great deal,” Aguirre said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Dissecting smoke’s effects\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>UC Davis’ Oberholster is among the scientists leading that research. One of her top priorities will be to identify objective markers of smoke-affected grapes. The task is complicated by the fact that some of the same chemical compounds associated with taint occur naturally in berries at levels that vary among grape varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the growers’ contracts talk about “elevated” levels, Oberholster said. But to know what’s elevated, you need to know what’s normal. “We need to figure out a baseline for each variety to figure out what’s normal,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrations of the compounds vary seasonally, so it will take multiple seasons to get an accurate picture of what’s normal. Australian scientists identified markers for their top 12 varieties, but it took them seven years because wildfire smoke kept interfering with their efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oberholster had been studying a grapevine virus in an experimental Napa vineyard when the 2017 firestorms broke out. She couldn’t get to her plot for 10 days, as wildfire smoke settled on her vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s when my smoke exposure research started,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As climate change brings longer, more destructive fire seasons, the California wine industry scrambles to protect vineyards from the dreaded taint of smoke.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846460,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":45,"wordCount":1636},"headData":{"title":"Wildfire Smoke The 'Greatest Challenge' Facing California Wine Industry | KQED","description":"As climate change brings longer, more destructive fire seasons, the California wine industry scrambles to protect vineyards from the dreaded taint of smoke.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Wildfire Smoke The 'Greatest Challenge' Facing California Wine Industry","datePublished":"2021-08-25T17:21:10.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:27:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"InsideClimate News","sticky":false,"nprByline":" Liza Gross \u003cbr />InsideClimate News\u003cbr>","path":"/science/1976483/wildfire-smoke-the-greatest-challenge-facing-california-wine-industry","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In August 2013, Ron and Cheryl Harms were eagerly anticipating the third harvest from their boutique vineyard in the Sierra Foothills when the massive, fast-moving Rim Fire zigzagged perilously close to their property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple’s four-acre Yosemite Cellars vineyard sits on a rocky hillside surrounded by forest about 20 miles west of Yosemite National Park. From their perch high above the valley, the Harms watched helplessly as planes released flame retardant around the gathering firestorm and thick clouds of smoke settled on their ripening grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we convinced ourselves that we were probably going to be okay, personally, and that our property was going to be okay, it was fascinating to just see where the fire was going and how it was being fought,” said Ron Harms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fascinating yet terrifying, said Cheryl Harms, fighting back tears. “I have PTSD from it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire, at the time California’s third-largest wildfire, torched more than a quarter of a million acres of Sierra forestland, including nearly 80,000 acres in Yosemite. The inferno spared the Harms’ home and vineyard. But it left the couple grappling with a grape affliction that has emerged as the West Coast wine industry’s latest scourge: smoke taint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our grapes were very smoky,” said Cheryl Harms. When they had juice from their grapes analyzed, she said, “it was smokier than anything they’d ever tested.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there was little they could do to remove the taint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires can cause extensive damage throughout the agricultural industry, destroying crops and killing livestock. But grapes appear to be the only commodity affected by smoke taint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers intentionally add subtle smoky notes to increase the complexity of wines by aging them in toasted oak barrels. But wildfire smoke can make wines undrinkable. Smoke-tainted wines have unpleasant aromas often described as disinfectant or burnt rubber and taste “like licking an ashtray,” experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine being a 5-year-old who thinks it’s fun to put dad’s old cigarette in their mouth,” said Anita Oberholster, an enology extension specialist who studies smoke taint at the University of California, Davis. Smoke taint, like sucking on a cigarette butt, assaults the back of your throat with a trademark campfire smoke or ashtray quality, she said. “The only thing I’ve ever seen that gives you that character is smoke exposure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke taint can ruin a wine as surely as a bad cork. And as climate change increases the likelihood of drought-fueled conflagrations in fire-prone California, wildfire’s effects on grape quality have emerged as one of the biggest threats to the state’s $43 billion wine industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pandemic was an enormous challenge,” said John Aguirre, president of the California Association of Winegrape Growers. “But now, without question, I think the threat of wildfire in many different ways is the greatest challenge of the day for the industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising global temperatures have made droughts and heatwaves more common and intense, fueling ever more devastating wildfires. Last year, thousands of drought-primed fires scorched more than 4 million acres in California—close to 40% of the national total—making 2020 the state’s largest wildfire season on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still in the throes of severe drought, nearly a million and a half acres have already burned in the state this year, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several devastating fire seasons, many California vintners and wineries found themselves either \u003ca href=\"https://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/denied-property-insurance-napa-valley-wineries-extremely-vulnerable-this-fire-season/article_709a9690-11bf-54aa-b603-6a6a09fbc147.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">denied fire insurance\u003c/a> because they were too risky or priced out of coverage as rates skyrocketed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires can cause serious economic losses through direct damage to vineyards and wineries. But vineyards tend to be fairly resistant to the flames, Aguirre said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In wine country vineyards have demonstrated themselves to be good fire breaks. They can really help prevent the movement of fire,” he said. “But the smoke is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Losses incurred from smoke drifting into vineyards before harvest \u003ca href=\"https://www.wineaustralia.com/getmedia/07c52619-2f6a-44a6-8502-2a67f238abd7/Krstic_et_al-2015-Australian_Journal_of_Grape_and_Wine_Research.pdf\">far outweigh\u003c/a> direct losses from fires, industry analysts say\u003cstrong>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With fire season already in high gear, scientists are scrambling to help growers figure out how to protect their harvests.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Adapting to smoke\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Scientists first recognized wildfire smoke’s growing threat to wine grapes less than two decades ago, around the same time \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate change was driving\u003c/a> more and more destructive fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The devastating 2003 Canberra bushfires in southeastern Australia followed one of the most severe droughts on record, and left winegrowing regions shrouded in smoke for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inundated by inquiries for help from wineries and grape growers, the Australian Wine Research Institute ran experimental trials to understand the nature and extent of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few vineyards sustained fire damage, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.awri.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2003_AWRI_Annual_Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">institute found\u003c/a>, but damage from smoke exposure was widespread. Institute scientists identified compounds associated with smoke taint’s hallmark ashtray qualities. But solutions, they concluded, “remain elusive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically, Australia had the brunt of the wildfires,” said Oberholster, of UC Davis. “And now since 2017, the West Coast is in the same boat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, California endured “one of the deadliest and most destructive fire seasons in modern history,” according to Cal Fire. Fewer fires burned the following year, but they tore through hundreds of thousands more acres to cause some of the worst destruction ever seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976484\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976484\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"Ryan Harms and Eric Harms stand in front of big oak wine barrels. \" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-800x538.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-1020x685.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/RyanleftEricright.Harms_.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two of the Harms’ sons, Ryan (left) and Eric Harms, took over management of Yosemite Cellars in June. \u003ccite>(Yosemite Cellars/Inside Climate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Devastating firestorms were no longer an anomaly in wine country, but the new norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Ron Harms looked out his window in early July, he could see smoke on the horizon. “It’s from the Dixie Fire, I presume, though there are also some fires in Yosemite that might be contributing to that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dixie Fire, now California’s second-largest fire on record, incinerated most of the small Sierra Nevada town of Greenville a few weeks ago, and has barely slowed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little Harms can do about the smoke, he said. “Our reality as a grower and wine producer is that we just have to roll with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After yet another record-breaking fire season in 2020, wine grape growers suffered substantial economic losses due to concerns about smoke exposure. An estimated 165,000 to 325,000 tons of California wine grapes went unharvested last year, contributing to more than $600 million in losses from wildfire and smoke, according to an analysis \u003ca href=\"https://wineindustryadvisor.com/2021/07/08/cawg-legal-analysis-2020-winegrape-rejections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">released in July\u003c/a> by the California Association of Winegrape Growers and Allied Grape Growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many wineries rejected growers’ wine grapes, the analysis found, “often with little evidence to support the rejection and without basis in the grape purchase contract.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major problem stemmed from fuzzy language in contracts about “quality standards.” Contracts drawn up before severe wildfires had become a recurring wine country hazard did not mention smoke exposure. More recent contracts referenced “smoke taint” or “smoke compounds,” without clear definitions or evaluation criteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lack of understanding and science around smoke issues has meant that people are acting very conservatively and rejecting grapes,” Aguirre said. “The purpose of our report is to highlight that, regrettably, some of these actions by wineries were just inconsistent with contracts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires are contributing in a substantial way to economic losses in the industry, Aguirre added. “And we’ve got to change the way we’re doing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward that end, Aguirre and other industry leaders from California, Oregon and Washington formed the West Coast Smoke Exposure Task Force to advocate for federal funding for research on managing smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force won a $2 million grant to support smoke exposure research last year from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service, and expects an additional $5 million for research when the 2022 federal appropriations bill passes. The hope is to find ways to predict the risk of smoke taint in the vineyard and mitigate its effects in the winery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re optimistic that funding for research will help a great deal,” Aguirre said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Dissecting smoke’s effects\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>UC Davis’ Oberholster is among the scientists leading that research. One of her top priorities will be to identify objective markers of smoke-affected grapes. The task is complicated by the fact that some of the same chemical compounds associated with taint occur naturally in berries at levels that vary among grape varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the growers’ contracts talk about “elevated” levels, Oberholster said. But to know what’s elevated, you need to know what’s normal. “We need to figure out a baseline for each variety to figure out what’s normal,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrations of the compounds vary seasonally, so it will take multiple seasons to get an accurate picture of what’s normal. Australian scientists identified markers for their top 12 varieties, but it took them seven years because wildfire smoke kept interfering with their efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oberholster had been studying a grapevine virus in an experimental Napa vineyard when the 2017 firestorms broke out. She couldn’t get to her plot for 10 days, as wildfire smoke settled on her vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s when my smoke exposure research started,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1976483/wildfire-smoke-the-greatest-challenge-facing-california-wine-industry","authors":["byline_science_1976483"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_36","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_4122","science_3463","science_113","science_393"],"featImg":"science_1976485","label":"source_science_1976483"},"science_1969271":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1969271","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1969271","score":null,"sort":[1629306652000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"making-sense-of-purple-air-vs-airnow-and-a-new-map-to-rule-them-all","title":"From PurpleAir to AirNow, Your Air Quality Maps for Wildfire Smoke","publishDate":1629306652,"format":"aside","headTitle":"From PurpleAir to AirNow, Your Air Quality Maps for Wildfire Smoke | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Bay Area residents have become used to the ritual of checking online maps for local air quality amid burning forests and chaparral near and far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 2018 Camp Fire, \u003ca href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">AirNow\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an air quality website maintained by a partnership of states, the federal government, Canada and Mexico, crashed because it could not handle so many people flocking online to put numbers to what their noses were telling them: The air seemed really bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">The failure sent web users \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1950648/californians-turn-to-low-cost-sensors-for-highly-local-air-quality-info\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">rushing\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to alternative, unofficial websites like the interactive, crowdsourced map maintained by \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?mylocation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">PurpleAir\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a manufacturer of low-cost air monitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But users have noticed a discrepancy between what official sites are reporting and the readings displayed on PurpleAir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So, what’s the deal?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadly put, PurpleAir provides more localized, more current and less accurate readings than AirNow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA and the U.S. Forest Service have a \u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/?lat=37.768719999999995&lng=-122.4454258&zoom=12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">project\u003c/a> of what some may consider to be the Holy Grail of air quality maps: combined readings taken from PurpleAir’s low-cost sensors and those from official government monitoring devices, all in a single map. Click \u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/?lat=37.7576497&lng=-122.4353884&zoom=10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a> or on the image below to access the map; the circles represent official government monitors, the squares indicate PurpleAir sensors, and the triangles show temporary monitors set up by government agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/?lat=37.7576497&lng=-122.4353884&zoom=10\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1969281 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-1020x544.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-1020x544.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-800x427.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-160x85.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-768x410.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-1536x819.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-2048x1092.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-1920x1024.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Screenshot from AirNow Fire and Smoke map, a pilot project, on Sept. 4, 2020.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“While these [unofficial] sensors don’t meet the rigorous standards required for regulatory monitors, they can help you get a picture of air quality nearest you, especially when wildfire smoke is in your area,” the website states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PurpleAir readings and those from government sensors like the ones maintained by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District differ in several key ways: speed, accuracy and placement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">Users of PurpleAir can toggle between real-time data and readings averaged over the last 10 or 30 minutes. The data comes from the commercial sensors the company sells, which members of the public install on porches, yards and other neighborhood sites. The readings can be helpful for people deciding whether to go for a walk or engage in other outdoor activity. (Remember to deselect “indoor sensors” to see outdoors-only readings.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">The AirNow site displays hourly, not real-time, readings. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">The government sensors that send data to AirNow are very expensive, state-regulated and regularly calibrated by scientists to accurately measure the density of wildfire ash and other particles in the air. But they are more sparsely located than PurpleAir’s network of hundreds of monitors in the region. In contrast, PurpleAir’s devices rely on a laser to count the particles in the air, and use an average density to determine air quality at the monitor’s location. The calculation is an estimate, however, especially during fire season, as woodsmoke particles have a different density from gravel dust or other pollutants.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To try to remedy the situation, we’ve had a whole bunch of different groups, different scientists, different universities, different agencies look at the data and convert it into a calibrated reading that more accurately compares to the EPA’s data,” PurpleAir founder Adrian Dybwad said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">PurpleAir users can now toggle among several conversions — one listed as “US EPA” developed by the U.S. government; “LRAPA,” developed by the Lane Regional Air Pollution Agency in Oregon; “AQandU,” developed by the University of Utah; and another labeled “WOODSMOKE,” developed by researchers in Australia. These readings will align more closely with those from official sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cem>An earlier version of this story was published on Sept. 4, 2020. Jon Brooks contributed.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Here's how to make sense of PurpleAir vs. AirNow air quality maps. Plus, a look at one map that rules them all.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846469,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":625},"headData":{"title":"From PurpleAir to AirNow, Your Air Quality Maps for Wildfire Smoke | KQED","description":"Here's how to make sense of PurpleAir vs. AirNow air quality maps. Plus, a look at one map that rules them all.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"From PurpleAir to AirNow, Your Air Quality Maps for Wildfire Smoke","datePublished":"2021-08-18T17:10:52.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:27:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Air Quality","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1969271/making-sense-of-purple-air-vs-airnow-and-a-new-map-to-rule-them-all","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bay Area residents have become used to the ritual of checking online maps for local air quality amid burning forests and chaparral near and far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 2018 Camp Fire, \u003ca href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">AirNow\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an air quality website maintained by a partnership of states, the federal government, Canada and Mexico, crashed because it could not handle so many people flocking online to put numbers to what their noses were telling them: The air seemed really bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">The failure sent web users \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1950648/californians-turn-to-low-cost-sensors-for-highly-local-air-quality-info\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">rushing\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to alternative, unofficial websites like the interactive, crowdsourced map maintained by \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?mylocation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">PurpleAir\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a manufacturer of low-cost air monitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But users have noticed a discrepancy between what official sites are reporting and the readings displayed on PurpleAir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So, what’s the deal?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadly put, PurpleAir provides more localized, more current and less accurate readings than AirNow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA and the U.S. Forest Service have a \u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/?lat=37.768719999999995&lng=-122.4454258&zoom=12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">project\u003c/a> of what some may consider to be the Holy Grail of air quality maps: combined readings taken from PurpleAir’s low-cost sensors and those from official government monitoring devices, all in a single map. Click \u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/?lat=37.7576497&lng=-122.4353884&zoom=10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a> or on the image below to access the map; the circles represent official government monitors, the squares indicate PurpleAir sensors, and the triangles show temporary monitors set up by government agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/?lat=37.7576497&lng=-122.4353884&zoom=10\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1969281 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-1020x544.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-1020x544.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-800x427.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-160x85.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-768x410.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-1536x819.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-2048x1092.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-1920x1024.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Screenshot from AirNow Fire and Smoke map, a pilot project, on Sept. 4, 2020.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“While these [unofficial] sensors don’t meet the rigorous standards required for regulatory monitors, they can help you get a picture of air quality nearest you, especially when wildfire smoke is in your area,” the website states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PurpleAir readings and those from government sensors like the ones maintained by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District differ in several key ways: speed, accuracy and placement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"science","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">Users of PurpleAir can toggle between real-time data and readings averaged over the last 10 or 30 minutes. The data comes from the commercial sensors the company sells, which members of the public install on porches, yards and other neighborhood sites. The readings can be helpful for people deciding whether to go for a walk or engage in other outdoor activity. (Remember to deselect “indoor sensors” to see outdoors-only readings.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">The AirNow site displays hourly, not real-time, readings. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">The government sensors that send data to AirNow are very expensive, state-regulated and regularly calibrated by scientists to accurately measure the density of wildfire ash and other particles in the air. But they are more sparsely located than PurpleAir’s network of hundreds of monitors in the region. In contrast, PurpleAir’s devices rely on a laser to count the particles in the air, and use an average density to determine air quality at the monitor’s location. The calculation is an estimate, however, especially during fire season, as woodsmoke particles have a different density from gravel dust or other pollutants.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To try to remedy the situation, we’ve had a whole bunch of different groups, different scientists, different universities, different agencies look at the data and convert it into a calibrated reading that more accurately compares to the EPA’s data,” PurpleAir founder Adrian Dybwad said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">PurpleAir users can now toggle among several conversions — one listed as “US EPA” developed by the U.S. government; “LRAPA,” developed by the Lane Regional Air Pollution Agency in Oregon; “AQandU,” developed by the University of Utah; and another labeled “WOODSMOKE,” developed by researchers in Australia. These readings will align more closely with those from official sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cem>An earlier version of this story was published on Sept. 4, 2020. Jon Brooks contributed.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1969271/making-sense-of-purple-air-vs-airnow-and-a-new-map-to-rule-them-all","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_35","science_39","science_40","science_4450","science_3730"],"tags":["science_524","science_3463","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1969276","label":"source_science_1969271"},"science_1974108":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1974108","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1974108","score":null,"sort":[1619125451000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"doctors-find-wildfire-smoke-may-damage-the-skin","title":"Doctors Find Wildfire Smoke May Damage the Skin","publishDate":1619125451,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Doctors Find Wildfire Smoke May Damage the Skin | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Wildfire smoke may not only be choking people’s lungs. It could also be irritating their skin, according to a new UCSF and UC Berkeley \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/2778632?guestAccessKey=8ae10d43-5a47-49a9-871f-333058452007&utm_source=For_The_Media&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=ftm_links&utm_content=tfl&utm_term=042121\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study published in JAMA Dermatology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiny particles floating in wildfire smoke can wreak havoc on the body, and it’s well documented that pollutants can trigger a scratchy throat, coughing fits or even a heart attack. Exposure to air pollutants contributed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30505-6/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">3.7 million to 4.8 million deaths across the globe in 2015.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28195077/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has found that skin conditions like eczema may be exacerbated by cigarette smoke or heavy air pollution in dense cities. Smoky days may also cause the skin to flare up. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wildfires cause particulate matter to circulate in the air which could settle on the skin, similarly to other airborne irritants,” Dr. Dawn Marie Davis, a professor of dermatology and pediatrics at the Mayo Clinic, said in an email. “The skin may be negatively impacted by exposure to wildfire smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers who conducted the new study analyzed data from more than 8,000 patient visits to dermatology clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area over a two-week period in 2018, when the Camp Fire scorched Butte County and the number of patients seeking medical treatment for itchy skin significantly increased. Adult visits went up 20% and pediatric visits nearly 90% compared to the same period in earlier years. Scientists also noted an increase in prescribed medications, like steroids, suggesting patients experienced severe reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Air pollution leads to widespread exacerbation,” said Raj Fadadu, a UCSF medical student and lead author of the study. “So it may not only affect patients who have preexisting disease, but could have far-reaching outcomes in patients who have healthier skin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When pollutants penetrate skin cells they can trigger \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5551541/#:~:text=Oxidative%20stress%20is%20a%20phenomenon,to%20detoxify%20these%20reactive%20products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">oxidative stress\u003c/a> and cause inflammation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fatadu is especially worried about people like agricultural and construction workers who can’t avoid the outdoors during smoke events. He recommends wearing long sleeves and pants on smoky days. Thick moisturizers may also create a protective barrier over the skin, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study is one of the first to look at how wildfire smoke damages the skin. In the future, the scientists plan to follow patients for longer periods of time across multiple geographic areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that not all wildfires have the same effect on the skin, since fires can have different components,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/maria.wei\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maria Wei\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a dermatologist and melanoma specialist at UCSF and a senior author of the study. “We studied the Camp Fire, which burned the city of Paradise as well as forests. Future studies will determine the generalizability of our findings.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new study finds airborne irritants and allergens in wildfire smoke can worsen existing skin disease and may cause healthy skin to flare up.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846657,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":459},"headData":{"title":"Doctors Find Wildfire Smoke May Damage the Skin | KQED","description":"A new study finds airborne irritants and allergens in wildfire smoke can worsen existing skin disease and may cause healthy skin to flare up.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Doctors Find Wildfire Smoke May Damage the Skin","datePublished":"2021-04-22T21:04:11.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:30:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Wildfire Smoke","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2021/04/McClurgWildfireSmokeSkin20210421.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1974108/doctors-find-wildfire-smoke-may-damage-the-skin","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wildfire smoke may not only be choking people’s lungs. It could also be irritating their skin, according to a new UCSF and UC Berkeley \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/2778632?guestAccessKey=8ae10d43-5a47-49a9-871f-333058452007&utm_source=For_The_Media&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=ftm_links&utm_content=tfl&utm_term=042121\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study published in JAMA Dermatology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiny particles floating in wildfire smoke can wreak havoc on the body, and it’s well documented that pollutants can trigger a scratchy throat, coughing fits or even a heart attack. Exposure to air pollutants contributed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30505-6/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">3.7 million to 4.8 million deaths across the globe in 2015.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28195077/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has found that skin conditions like eczema may be exacerbated by cigarette smoke or heavy air pollution in dense cities. Smoky days may also cause the skin to flare up. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wildfires cause particulate matter to circulate in the air which could settle on the skin, similarly to other airborne irritants,” Dr. Dawn Marie Davis, a professor of dermatology and pediatrics at the Mayo Clinic, said in an email. “The skin may be negatively impacted by exposure to wildfire smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers who conducted the new study analyzed data from more than 8,000 patient visits to dermatology clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area over a two-week period in 2018, when the Camp Fire scorched Butte County and the number of patients seeking medical treatment for itchy skin significantly increased. Adult visits went up 20% and pediatric visits nearly 90% compared to the same period in earlier years. Scientists also noted an increase in prescribed medications, like steroids, suggesting patients experienced severe reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Air pollution leads to widespread exacerbation,” said Raj Fadadu, a UCSF medical student and lead author of the study. “So it may not only affect patients who have preexisting disease, but could have far-reaching outcomes in patients who have healthier skin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When pollutants penetrate skin cells they can trigger \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5551541/#:~:text=Oxidative%20stress%20is%20a%20phenomenon,to%20detoxify%20these%20reactive%20products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">oxidative stress\u003c/a> and cause inflammation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fatadu is especially worried about people like agricultural and construction workers who can’t avoid the outdoors during smoke events. He recommends wearing long sleeves and pants on smoky days. Thick moisturizers may also create a protective barrier over the skin, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study is one of the first to look at how wildfire smoke damages the skin. In the future, the scientists plan to follow patients for longer periods of time across multiple geographic areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that not all wildfires have the same effect on the skin, since fires can have different components,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/maria.wei\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maria Wei\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a dermatologist and melanoma specialist at UCSF and a senior author of the study. “We studied the Camp Fire, which burned the city of Paradise as well as forests. Future studies will determine the generalizability of our findings.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1974108/doctors-find-wildfire-smoke-may-damage-the-skin","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_35","science_39","science_4450","science_3730"],"tags":["science_3463","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1974109","label":"source_science_1974108"},"science_1972725":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1972725","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1972725","score":null,"sort":[1613507417000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"wildfire-smoke-could-be-the-main-way-californians-experience-climate-change","title":"Wildfire Smoke Could Be the Main Way Californians Experience Climate Change","publishDate":1613507417,"format":"image","headTitle":"Wildfire Smoke Could Be the Main Way Californians Experience Climate Change | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The rising threat from wildfire smoke was on full display last fall, when dense plumes from several fires burning across Northern California blocked out the sun, shrouding the Bay Area in orange-tinged darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That smokestorm in August and September polluted Bay Area air for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969739/smoke-from-californias-record-wildfires-is-its-own-disaster\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">record\u003c/span>\u003c/a> 30 straight days, at the apex of a fire season that saw more than 5 million acres burned up across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire smoke now accounts for half of the fine-particle pollution that wafts across the West, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/118/2/e2011048118.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> led by \u003cstrong>Marshall Burke, an Earth scientist with Stanford University\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2020, we saw roughly 60 days with wildfire smoke that was in the air that we breathed, up from 10 to 15 days just a decade ago,” Burke told KQED. “That’s a really dramatic increase in our exposure to wildfire smoke and is leading to measurable changes in the air quality in the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke spoke last week with KQED’s Brian Watt about the increasing danger of wildfire smoke in California. The following excerpts are edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>We know that wildfires are worse partly because of warming temperatures. How much worse could our air get? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke: \u003c/i>Projections suggest that climate change has increased wildfire risk by about 50% so far. It’s already had a large effect on the number and particularly the severity of the wildfires we’ve seen. And projections going forward suggest that we could see even a doubling on top of that — very, very large projected increases in future wildfire risk and in the associated smoke that comes with those wildfires if we don’t do anything about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>How do you think this problem of air pollution compares to other kinds of climate impacts like rising sea levels or the worsening wildfires themselves?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke: \u003c/i>This is something we look at in our research, and we find for much of the U.S. and particularly people in the West, exposure to wildfire smoke might be one of the main impacts of climate change they experience in their lives. Most of us don’t live right next to the coast. In the Bay Area, if we do, we might actually not be directly exposed to changes in sea level. The wildfires and really the smoke from wildfires can reach us in ways that many of the other climate impacts don’t. We see that as one of the main climate impacts we will experience as Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>How will this impact people’s health?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke:\u003c/i> We have decades of research showing that breathing dirty air is very bad for a range of health problems: cardiovascular, respiratory, even things like cognitive function. Dirty air really hurts humans. What our research suggests is wildfires are contributing more and more key pollutants to our air, and that will likely get worse in the future as the climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>One of the solutions to these devastating wildfires is more controlled burning. Could that make a difference in air pollution as well?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke:\u003c/i> An area that’s seen a controlled burn is less likely to actually burn in an extreme wildfire. And if a wildfire does come through, it’s likely to be lower intensity, unlikely to get up into the canopy of trees and lead to these very intense fires that generate a lot of smoke. So more controlled, or prescribed burns, as they’re called, are a very important tool for dealing with this problem. We think of controlled burns as “good” fire compared to “bad,” out-of-control and extreme wildfire. Having more good fire reduces the amount of bad fire we get. And evidence suggests it will also reduce the amount of overall air pollution. What it will mean is a little more low-level air pollution in seasons in which we do these prescribed burns. But the benefit will be a reduction in these really bad air quality events like the ones we saw in the Bay Area in the fall of 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>What is the top solution you’d recommend to government leaders and forest managers? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke:\u003c/i> We can think of solutions at multiple levels. Number one, we know that climate change is really the leading cause of the increase in wildfire risk that we’ve seen in the last few years. Getting a handle on climate change as a whole is very important for dealing with this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Number two, managing our forests more actively and, in particular, doing much more prescribed burning than we’ve done in the past is really important. I’m optimistic that at the state level, the new administration is on this, proposing to rapidly expand the amount of prescribed burning done in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Finally, as individuals, we need to think about how to protect ourselves from wildfire smoke that does get into the air. We need to know when the air quality is bad. We need to stay indoors. If possible, we need to have ways to filter our indoor air. We have evidence that helps keep us safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Wildfire smoke now accounts for half of the fine-particle pollution that wafts across the West.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846760,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":875},"headData":{"title":"Wildfire Smoke Could Be the Main Way Californians Experience Climate Change | KQED","description":"Wildfire smoke now accounts for half of the fine-particle pollution that wafts across the West.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Wildfire Smoke Could Be the Main Way Californians Experience Climate Change","datePublished":"2021-02-16T20:30:17.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:32:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Wildfire Smoke","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/a229341f-f155-4542-ba42-acd1014481af/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1972725/wildfire-smoke-could-be-the-main-way-californians-experience-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The rising threat from wildfire smoke was on full display last fall, when dense plumes from several fires burning across Northern California blocked out the sun, shrouding the Bay Area in orange-tinged darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That smokestorm in August and September polluted Bay Area air for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969739/smoke-from-californias-record-wildfires-is-its-own-disaster\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">record\u003c/span>\u003c/a> 30 straight days, at the apex of a fire season that saw more than 5 million acres burned up across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire smoke now accounts for half of the fine-particle pollution that wafts across the West, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/118/2/e2011048118.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> led by \u003cstrong>Marshall Burke, an Earth scientist with Stanford University\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2020, we saw roughly 60 days with wildfire smoke that was in the air that we breathed, up from 10 to 15 days just a decade ago,” Burke told KQED. “That’s a really dramatic increase in our exposure to wildfire smoke and is leading to measurable changes in the air quality in the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke spoke last week with KQED’s Brian Watt about the increasing danger of wildfire smoke in California. The following excerpts are edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>We know that wildfires are worse partly because of warming temperatures. How much worse could our air get? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke: \u003c/i>Projections suggest that climate change has increased wildfire risk by about 50% so far. It’s already had a large effect on the number and particularly the severity of the wildfires we’ve seen. And projections going forward suggest that we could see even a doubling on top of that — very, very large projected increases in future wildfire risk and in the associated smoke that comes with those wildfires if we don’t do anything about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>How do you think this problem of air pollution compares to other kinds of climate impacts like rising sea levels or the worsening wildfires themselves?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke: \u003c/i>This is something we look at in our research, and we find for much of the U.S. and particularly people in the West, exposure to wildfire smoke might be one of the main impacts of climate change they experience in their lives. Most of us don’t live right next to the coast. In the Bay Area, if we do, we might actually not be directly exposed to changes in sea level. The wildfires and really the smoke from wildfires can reach us in ways that many of the other climate impacts don’t. We see that as one of the main climate impacts we will experience as Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>How will this impact people’s health?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke:\u003c/i> We have decades of research showing that breathing dirty air is very bad for a range of health problems: cardiovascular, respiratory, even things like cognitive function. Dirty air really hurts humans. What our research suggests is wildfires are contributing more and more key pollutants to our air, and that will likely get worse in the future as the climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>One of the solutions to these devastating wildfires is more controlled burning. Could that make a difference in air pollution as well?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke:\u003c/i> An area that’s seen a controlled burn is less likely to actually burn in an extreme wildfire. And if a wildfire does come through, it’s likely to be lower intensity, unlikely to get up into the canopy of trees and lead to these very intense fires that generate a lot of smoke. So more controlled, or prescribed burns, as they’re called, are a very important tool for dealing with this problem. We think of controlled burns as “good” fire compared to “bad,” out-of-control and extreme wildfire. Having more good fire reduces the amount of bad fire we get. And evidence suggests it will also reduce the amount of overall air pollution. What it will mean is a little more low-level air pollution in seasons in which we do these prescribed burns. But the benefit will be a reduction in these really bad air quality events like the ones we saw in the Bay Area in the fall of 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>What is the top solution you’d recommend to government leaders and forest managers? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke:\u003c/i> We can think of solutions at multiple levels. Number one, we know that climate change is really the leading cause of the increase in wildfire risk that we’ve seen in the last few years. Getting a handle on climate change as a whole is very important for dealing with this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Number two, managing our forests more actively and, in particular, doing much more prescribed burning than we’ve done in the past is really important. I’m optimistic that at the state level, the new administration is on this, proposing to rapidly expand the amount of prescribed burning done in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Finally, as individuals, we need to think about how to protect ourselves from wildfire smoke that does get into the air. We need to know when the air quality is bad. We need to stay indoors. If possible, we need to have ways to filter our indoor air. We have evidence that helps keep us safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1972725/wildfire-smoke-could-be-the-main-way-californians-experience-climate-change","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_35","science_39","science_40","science_4450","science_3730"],"tags":["science_194","science_4414","science_3463","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1972728","label":"source_science_1972725"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. 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