NASA, UC Berkeley Team Up to Launch Silicon Valley Space Center
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Wastewater Becomes a Resource in Silicon Valley
Judge Orders Silicon Valley Billionaire to Testify in Dispute Over Beach
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represents a fantastic and unprecedented opportunity for our students, faculty and staff,” said UC Berkeley Chancellor Carol Christ at a press conference on Monday. “We’re thrilled by the prospect of it. New collaborations can speed the translation of research discoveries into the inventions, technologies and services that will advance the greater good. This is a prime location and prime time for this public university.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park will be on the site of the decommissioned Moffett Federal Airfield, which NASA is leasing to UC Berkeley free for 99 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project’s proposed $2 billion master plan envisions a space in the style of a sleek tech campus and includes office and conference space, laboratories, classrooms and retail stores, set among parks and outdoor work areas. According to speakers at Monday’s press conference, it’s anticipated that the first building could begin construction within three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Carol Christ, chancellor, UC Berkeley \"]‘The planned expansion of Berkeley’s physical footprint and academic reach represents a fantastic and unprecedented opportunity for our students, faculty and staff.’[/pullquote]Later on, developers plan to add residential structures to house students and faculty and short-term accommodations for visitors. Pending environmental review, construction is scheduled to begin in 2026.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What specific projects the Berkeley Space Center will work on is up in the air. But scientists are full of ideas. Air transport seems an almost certain focus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the decade of electric automated urban aviation, and this campus should be a pioneer of it,” said Alexandre Bayen, a UC Berkeley professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s interested in designing networks of vertiports, similar to helipads, from which electric air vehicles and flying taxis can take off or land by flying straight up and down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984729\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1984729 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"An aeriel view of a series of large buildings and airplane runways set beside a body of water.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial view of NASA’s Ames Research Center and Moffet Field in Santa Clara County on Feb. 3, 2012. \u003ccite>(Eric James for NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These vehicles are not as futuristic as they sound. United Airlines plans to offer electric air taxi service to and from San Francisco International Airport \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/sfo-united-electric-flights-18158031.php\">as soon as 2026. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Eugene Tu, director, NASA's Ames Research Center\"]‘We are chartered to advance world-class research in aviation, earth, space and life sciences, space exploration and cutting edge technologies to support NASA’s mission, to explore and to improve life here on Earth.’[/pullquote]Claire Tomlin, now professor and chair of electrical engineering and computer sciences at UC Berkeley, said Moffett Field is a great location and an “outdoor testbed” for drone research, too, especially for students in UC Berkeley’s aerospace engineering program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the collaboration with NASA also invites opportunities for space research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California’s innovation and drive is not limited to Earth,” said California Gov. Gavin Newsom in a statement. “Berkeley Space Center will help lead the state’s space tech development.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley’s Haas School of Business and Berkeley Law are currently looking into how to regulate business in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='More Stories on Space Exploration' tag='space']“We are chartered to advance world-class research in aviation, earth, space and life sciences, space exploration and cutting edge technologies to support NASA’s mission, to explore and to improve life here on Earth,” said NASA’s Ames Research Center Director Eugene Tu at a press conference on Monday. “We firmly believe that partnering closely with a leading educational institution like UC Berkeley will help us meet our goals for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some UC Berkeley classes will take place at the Berkeley Space Center, allowing students to work with researchers and industry leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The timing could not be better. We are at a major pivot point, if you will, in space exploration. Unlike the last half century, the future of space exploration is going to be much more dependent on and reliant on partnerships,” Tu said. “… changes in technology, changes in the world, especially in the environment that NASA works in, that makes this perfect timing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Berkeley Space Center could be ready for move-in as soon as 2027.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"UC Berkeley, NASA and real estate developer, SKS Partners, team up to create a 36-acre research park in Mountain View for aviation and space tech innovation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845869,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":801},"headData":{"title":"NASA, UC Berkeley Team Up to Launch Silicon Valley Space Center | KQED","description":"UC Berkeley, NASA and real estate developer, SKS Partners, team up to create a 36-acre research park in Mountain View for aviation and space tech innovation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA, UC Berkeley Team Up to Launch Silicon Valley Space Center","datePublished":"2023-10-16T19:50:33.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:17:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Katherine Monahan","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984704/a-new-berkeley-space-center-is-coming-to-silicon-valley","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>UC Berkeley, in collaboration with NASA and real estate developer SKS Partners, plans to build a 36-acre research park in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university said in a press release that it will be a place for scientists, students and tech companies to work together, developing innovations in aviation and space exploration as well as climate change and social sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The planned expansion of Berkeley’s physical footprint and academic reach represents a fantastic and unprecedented opportunity for our students, faculty and staff,” said UC Berkeley Chancellor Carol Christ at a press conference on Monday. “We’re thrilled by the prospect of it. New collaborations can speed the translation of research discoveries into the inventions, technologies and services that will advance the greater good. This is a prime location and prime time for this public university.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park will be on the site of the decommissioned Moffett Federal Airfield, which NASA is leasing to UC Berkeley free for 99 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project’s proposed $2 billion master plan envisions a space in the style of a sleek tech campus and includes office and conference space, laboratories, classrooms and retail stores, set among parks and outdoor work areas. According to speakers at Monday’s press conference, it’s anticipated that the first building could begin construction within three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘The planned expansion of Berkeley’s physical footprint and academic reach represents a fantastic and unprecedented opportunity for our students, faculty and staff.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Carol Christ, chancellor, UC Berkeley ","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Later on, developers plan to add residential structures to house students and faculty and short-term accommodations for visitors. Pending environmental review, construction is scheduled to begin in 2026.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What specific projects the Berkeley Space Center will work on is up in the air. But scientists are full of ideas. Air transport seems an almost certain focus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the decade of electric automated urban aviation, and this campus should be a pioneer of it,” said Alexandre Bayen, a UC Berkeley professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s interested in designing networks of vertiports, similar to helipads, from which electric air vehicles and flying taxis can take off or land by flying straight up and down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984729\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1984729 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"An aeriel view of a series of large buildings and airplane runways set beside a body of water.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-Ames-Research-Center-EJ-KQED-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial view of NASA’s Ames Research Center and Moffet Field in Santa Clara County on Feb. 3, 2012. \u003ccite>(Eric James for NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These vehicles are not as futuristic as they sound. United Airlines plans to offer electric air taxi service to and from San Francisco International Airport \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/sfo-united-electric-flights-18158031.php\">as soon as 2026. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We are chartered to advance world-class research in aviation, earth, space and life sciences, space exploration and cutting edge technologies to support NASA’s mission, to explore and to improve life here on Earth.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Eugene Tu, director, NASA's Ames Research Center","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Claire Tomlin, now professor and chair of electrical engineering and computer sciences at UC Berkeley, said Moffett Field is a great location and an “outdoor testbed” for drone research, too, especially for students in UC Berkeley’s aerospace engineering program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the collaboration with NASA also invites opportunities for space research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California’s innovation and drive is not limited to Earth,” said California Gov. Gavin Newsom in a statement. “Berkeley Space Center will help lead the state’s space tech development.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley’s Haas School of Business and Berkeley Law are currently looking into how to regulate business in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"More Stories on Space Exploration ","tag":"space"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We are chartered to advance world-class research in aviation, earth, space and life sciences, space exploration and cutting edge technologies to support NASA’s mission, to explore and to improve life here on Earth,” said NASA’s Ames Research Center Director Eugene Tu at a press conference on Monday. “We firmly believe that partnering closely with a leading educational institution like UC Berkeley will help us meet our goals for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some UC Berkeley classes will take place at the Berkeley Space Center, allowing students to work with researchers and industry leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The timing could not be better. We are at a major pivot point, if you will, in space exploration. Unlike the last half century, the future of space exploration is going to be much more dependent on and reliant on partnerships,” Tu said. “… changes in technology, changes in the world, especially in the environment that NASA works in, that makes this perfect timing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Berkeley Space Center could be ready for move-in as soon as 2027.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984704/a-new-berkeley-space-center-is-coming-to-silicon-valley","authors":["byline_science_1984704"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_968","science_577","science_190"],"featImg":"science_1984738","label":"science"},"science_1962231":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1962231","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1962231","score":null,"sort":[1587075922000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"for-society-to-reopen-america-needs-massive-contract-tracing-heres-what-that-is","title":"For Society To Reopen, America Needs Massive 'Contact Tracing.' Here's What That Is","publishDate":1587075922,"format":"audio","headTitle":"For Society To Reopen, America Needs Massive ‘Contact Tracing.’ Here’s What That Is | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When the call came from the local health department in northeast Nebraska, Katie Berger was waiting. She had already gotten a text from the salon where she’d gotten her hair done recently, telling her that one of the stylists had COVID-19. She knew she was at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They said, ‘We’re calling to inform you that you were exposed to a COVID-19 patient,’ ” Berger says. “It was still pretty scary getting that call, even though I knew it was coming.” The public health official told her to monitor her temperature and watch for possible symptoms until two weeks after the haircut — April 17. Berger’s been staying at home since that call, hoping her quarantine will end uneventfully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process is called contact tracing. It’s been a critical tool to control the spread of infectious diseases for decades. Now, public health leaders are calling for communities around the country to ramp up capacity and get ready for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/10/831200054/cdc-director-very-aggressive-contact-tracing-needed-for-u-s-to-return-to-normal\">massive contact tracing effort\u003c/a> to control the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a guide to the basics of the process and how it could help society restart after the current wave of coronavirus cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Identify and isolate: How to stop infection from spreading\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contact tracing is a process designed to halt the chain of transmission of an infectious pathogen — like the coronavirus — and slow community spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone tests positive for an infectious disease they become a “case.” Public health workers then reach out to the case, first of all to make sure they have what they need and that they \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/steps-when-sick.html\">are self-isolating\u003c/a>, and then to figure out who they had contact with who may be at risk of infection, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole point of this process is to make sure that people who have the virus are separated from those who don’t,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/person/josh-michaud/\">Josh Michaud\u003c/a>, associate director for global health policy at the Kaiser Family Foundation. “That includes the original case, who’s isolating, and the contacts who might be incubating the disease. If you get them to self-quarantine before they are infectious, then you’ve essentially stopped the transmission of that disease from that transmission train. If you do that with enough contacts, then you’ve effectively interrupted community transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not perfect — a tracer might not be able to reach all the contacts, and those contacts might not all follow the guidance, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cste.org/page/Staff?\">Dr. Jeff Engel\u003c/a>, senior adviser for COVID-19 to the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. “But even the leaky quarantine is effective,” he says. “If you get 85% of contacts to self-quarantine for 14 days, you’re going to do a lot in the community to decrease transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"privacy\" label=\"Related Coverage\"]The World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/contact-tracing\">breaks down the process into three steps\u003c/a>: contact identification, contact listing and contact follow-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Step 1: Sleuth out all the patients’ contacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re picturing being put under a spotlight and grilled about where you were and who you were with, put that image aside. It’s not usually so dramatic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public health worker will typically call the patient who tests positive and have a straightforward — and hopefully empathetic — conversation, says Engel, requesting that they help the health department piece together a list of their recent contacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a hair stylist who tests positive, that might involve pulling up a list of everyone who had hair appointments while that stylist was at work, as was the case with Berger. But it can get much more complicated than that. One COVID-19 patient \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-03-15/coronavirus-aerospace-consultant-web-of-potential-infection\">described to the LA Times\u003c/a> how he had to reach out to at least a dozen contacts after he attended a conference before everything shut down. It can mean going through your social media posts, your emails or your calendar, trying to piece together who you were close to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With some cases, there might not be a contact history — maybe they haven’t left their house, maybe they haven’t come in contact or been exposed or have exposed anybody else,” Michaud says. On the other hand, he says, there can be dozens or even hundreds of contacts to follow up with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Step 2: Reach out and gain trust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the list is made, public health workers do outreach to those contacts, which can be brief and to the point. Berger says her call with the public health department took just a few minutes: “They just told me to monitor symptoms until April 17.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guidance for each contact may also vary depending on how high risk the contact was. If you were very close to a coughing person for an hour, you may be asked to self-quarantine for 14 days. If you were just in the same room as someone who was mildly symptomatic for 20 minutes, you might just be asked to self-monitor for symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Receiving calls from a government official about your health can be nerve-wracking. Public health officials have learned lessons from contact tracing sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and syphilis, Engel says, to talk to people in a way that’s not stigmatizing and will encourage people to get on board with the request to self-isolate or share their contacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Step 3: Follow-up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally there’s follow-up, and some information about what to do next. Berger says she was told that “if anything changes, or if I develop symptoms, to either call them or to call my primary care physician,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michaud says if someone who’s in quarantine does develop symptoms, the health department will want to make sure to get them tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contact follow-up can be rigorous in some countries. In South Korea, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/03/06/905459/coronavirus-south-korea-smartphone-app-quarantine/\">MIT Technology Review\u003c/a> reports that each person in quarantine is assigned a government case officer who checks in twice a day, and a smartphone app notifies that officer if the contact leaves their quarantine area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Determining who’s an at-risk contact\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/public-health-recommendations.html\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s current recommendations\u003c/a>, contacts include household members, intimate partners, caregivers of COVID-19 patients in a household and anyone who’s had close contact (6 feet or closer) “for a prolonged period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those guidelines note that the longer a contact was exposed to the patient, the greater their exposure risk. And if the patient who tested positive had symptoms like coughing or if they were wearing a mask which can block some respiratory droplets, these things also affect risk level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rule of thumb is that you were within 6 feet of a person,” Engel says. “But the variable that has everyone a little bit stumped is that time element. Should it be 30 minutes at 6 feet or should it be more like 10 minutes? There’s some controversy about that, and the science is still emerging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How contact tracing could help the country open up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials have zeroed in on widespread testing and contact tracing of positive cases as key tools for the U.S. to be able to begin to return to normal life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The broad \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/social-distancing.html\">social distancing\u003c/a> measures in place now for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/03/12/815200313/what-governors-are-doing-to-tackle-spreading-coronavirus\">most of the country\u003c/a> are a kind of mass quarantine — in contrast, contact tracing can allow a more targeted group of people to quarantine while the rest of society begins to open up, Engel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now in hot spots like New York City, contact tracing isn’t really happening. “It’s just not feasible to take in literally thousands of new infections a day that are being discovered in the community — the workforce isn’t there,” Engel says. But “when the numbers begin to become more manageable,” he says, contact tracing will be key to end the lockdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, says Michaud, contact tracing is especially helpful at the flatter ends of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/03/13/815502262/flattening-a-pandemics-curve-why-staying-home-now-can-save-lives\">the epidemic curve\u003c/a> — at the beginning, and after the peak as case counts go down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the epidemic isn’t affecting all places equally, in a place like Utah, where the case count is much lower than New York City, contact tracing is feasible and happening now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing is an important piece of the puzzle, too, Michaud notes. “If you’re not identifying most or all the cases, then contact tracing is going to be missing a lot of transmission,” he says, and quick and widespread testing is still a major problem in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Increasing the contact tracing workforce\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently 2,200 contact tracers across the country, according to a letter the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.astho.org/Federal-Government-Relations/Correspondence/ASTHO-Issues-Contact-Tracing-Memo-to-Congress/\">recently sent to Congress\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, there have been calls to massively increase the number of people doing this work to meet the need during the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/13/832027703/massachusetts-recruits-1-000-contact-tracers-to-battle-covid-19\">launching a statewide effort\u003c/a>, hiring 1,000 contact tracers in partnership with Partners In Health, an international health nonprofit with experience in the developing world. \u003ca href=\"https://jobs.crelate.com/portal/talentboost/job/3kyqki4zeqoyugdzsha5iynhce\">Qualifications include\u003c/a> a high school diploma or equivalent, the ability to speak and write in English, and the “ability to show empathy to distressed individuals.” San Francisco has also been \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/04/08/998758/how-san-francisco-plans-to-trace-every-coronavirus-case-and-contact/\">scaling up its contact tracing workforce\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://chm.med.umich.edu/about/howard-markel-m-d-ph-d/\">Dr. Howard Markel\u003c/a>, director of the Center for the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan, notes that these efforts are a kind of return to the way things were in the 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They had very large departments of health in every city and they had many workers that ranked all the way from doctors who ran things and public health nurses and social workers, but also contact trace workers,” he says. “As public health budgets were cut — beginning in the 1980s and almost every year since — that has fallen by the wayside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To open up the country safely with the coronavirus still spreading, a recent report from the Johns Hopkins \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/pubs_archive/pubs-pdfs/2020/a-national-plan-to-enable-comprehensive-COVID-19-case-finding-and-contact-tracing-in-the-US.pdf\">Center for Health Security calculates\u003c/a> that we may need in the ballpark of 100,000 contact tracers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A place for smartphone surveillance?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some promising apps that take advantage of the tracking device many of us carry around already: our smartphones. Some apps use \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/02/825860406/in-germany-high-hopes-for-new-covid-19-contact-tracing-app-that-protects-privacy\">Bluetooth to notify you\u003c/a> if you’ve been close to someone who tested positive. Others allow contact tracers to work more efficiently, for instance, by automating follow-up for contacts who are in quarantine, asking if they have any symptoms, etc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are privacy concerns there, and many apps are still in development and need further testing. In the meantime, old fashioned phone calls still work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Contact+Tracing+Works+And+How+It+Can+Help+Reopen+The+Country&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Contact tracing is labor-intensive and represents an expanding job market in the midst of the economic shutdown. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847562,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":46,"wordCount":1844},"headData":{"title":"For Society To Reopen, America Needs Massive 'Contact Tracing.' Here's What That Is | KQED","description":"Contact tracing is labor-intensive and represents an expanding job market in the midst of the economic shutdown.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Contact tracing is labor-intensive and represents an expanding job market in the midst of the economic shutdown.","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"For Society To Reopen, America Needs Massive 'Contact Tracing.' Here's What That Is","datePublished":"2020-04-16T22:25:22.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:46:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/659bb554-327b-49c7-bfcb-aba001074b57/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Paul Faith","nprByline":"Selena Simmons-Duffin, NPR","nprImageAgency":"AFP via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"833726999","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=833726999&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/14/833726999/how-contact-tracing-can-help-fight-coronavirus?ft=nprml&f=833726999","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 14 Apr 2020 10:41:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 14 Apr 2020 08:57:02 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 14 Apr 2020 10:41:29 -0400","path":"/science/1962231/for-society-to-reopen-america-needs-massive-contract-tracing-heres-what-that-is","audioDuration":211000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the call came from the local health department in northeast Nebraska, Katie Berger was waiting. She had already gotten a text from the salon where she’d gotten her hair done recently, telling her that one of the stylists had COVID-19. She knew she was at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They said, ‘We’re calling to inform you that you were exposed to a COVID-19 patient,’ ” Berger says. “It was still pretty scary getting that call, even though I knew it was coming.” The public health official told her to monitor her temperature and watch for possible symptoms until two weeks after the haircut — April 17. Berger’s been staying at home since that call, hoping her quarantine will end uneventfully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process is called contact tracing. It’s been a critical tool to control the spread of infectious diseases for decades. Now, public health leaders are calling for communities around the country to ramp up capacity and get ready for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/10/831200054/cdc-director-very-aggressive-contact-tracing-needed-for-u-s-to-return-to-normal\">massive contact tracing effort\u003c/a> to control the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a guide to the basics of the process and how it could help society restart after the current wave of coronavirus cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Identify and isolate: How to stop infection from spreading\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contact tracing is a process designed to halt the chain of transmission of an infectious pathogen — like the coronavirus — and slow community spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone tests positive for an infectious disease they become a “case.” Public health workers then reach out to the case, first of all to make sure they have what they need and that they \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/steps-when-sick.html\">are self-isolating\u003c/a>, and then to figure out who they had contact with who may be at risk of infection, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole point of this process is to make sure that people who have the virus are separated from those who don’t,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/person/josh-michaud/\">Josh Michaud\u003c/a>, associate director for global health policy at the Kaiser Family Foundation. “That includes the original case, who’s isolating, and the contacts who might be incubating the disease. If you get them to self-quarantine before they are infectious, then you’ve essentially stopped the transmission of that disease from that transmission train. If you do that with enough contacts, then you’ve effectively interrupted community transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not perfect — a tracer might not be able to reach all the contacts, and those contacts might not all follow the guidance, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cste.org/page/Staff?\">Dr. Jeff Engel\u003c/a>, senior adviser for COVID-19 to the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. “But even the leaky quarantine is effective,” he says. “If you get 85% of contacts to self-quarantine for 14 days, you’re going to do a lot in the community to decrease transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"tag":"privacy","label":"Related Coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/contact-tracing\">breaks down the process into three steps\u003c/a>: contact identification, contact listing and contact follow-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Step 1: Sleuth out all the patients’ contacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re picturing being put under a spotlight and grilled about where you were and who you were with, put that image aside. It’s not usually so dramatic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public health worker will typically call the patient who tests positive and have a straightforward — and hopefully empathetic — conversation, says Engel, requesting that they help the health department piece together a list of their recent contacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a hair stylist who tests positive, that might involve pulling up a list of everyone who had hair appointments while that stylist was at work, as was the case with Berger. But it can get much more complicated than that. One COVID-19 patient \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-03-15/coronavirus-aerospace-consultant-web-of-potential-infection\">described to the LA Times\u003c/a> how he had to reach out to at least a dozen contacts after he attended a conference before everything shut down. It can mean going through your social media posts, your emails or your calendar, trying to piece together who you were close to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With some cases, there might not be a contact history — maybe they haven’t left their house, maybe they haven’t come in contact or been exposed or have exposed anybody else,” Michaud says. On the other hand, he says, there can be dozens or even hundreds of contacts to follow up with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Step 2: Reach out and gain trust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the list is made, public health workers do outreach to those contacts, which can be brief and to the point. Berger says her call with the public health department took just a few minutes: “They just told me to monitor symptoms until April 17.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guidance for each contact may also vary depending on how high risk the contact was. If you were very close to a coughing person for an hour, you may be asked to self-quarantine for 14 days. If you were just in the same room as someone who was mildly symptomatic for 20 minutes, you might just be asked to self-monitor for symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Receiving calls from a government official about your health can be nerve-wracking. Public health officials have learned lessons from contact tracing sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and syphilis, Engel says, to talk to people in a way that’s not stigmatizing and will encourage people to get on board with the request to self-isolate or share their contacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Step 3: Follow-up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally there’s follow-up, and some information about what to do next. Berger says she was told that “if anything changes, or if I develop symptoms, to either call them or to call my primary care physician,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michaud says if someone who’s in quarantine does develop symptoms, the health department will want to make sure to get them tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contact follow-up can be rigorous in some countries. In South Korea, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/03/06/905459/coronavirus-south-korea-smartphone-app-quarantine/\">MIT Technology Review\u003c/a> reports that each person in quarantine is assigned a government case officer who checks in twice a day, and a smartphone app notifies that officer if the contact leaves their quarantine area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Determining who’s an at-risk contact\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/public-health-recommendations.html\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s current recommendations\u003c/a>, contacts include household members, intimate partners, caregivers of COVID-19 patients in a household and anyone who’s had close contact (6 feet or closer) “for a prolonged period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those guidelines note that the longer a contact was exposed to the patient, the greater their exposure risk. And if the patient who tested positive had symptoms like coughing or if they were wearing a mask which can block some respiratory droplets, these things also affect risk level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rule of thumb is that you were within 6 feet of a person,” Engel says. “But the variable that has everyone a little bit stumped is that time element. Should it be 30 minutes at 6 feet or should it be more like 10 minutes? There’s some controversy about that, and the science is still emerging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How contact tracing could help the country open up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials have zeroed in on widespread testing and contact tracing of positive cases as key tools for the U.S. to be able to begin to return to normal life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The broad \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/social-distancing.html\">social distancing\u003c/a> measures in place now for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/03/12/815200313/what-governors-are-doing-to-tackle-spreading-coronavirus\">most of the country\u003c/a> are a kind of mass quarantine — in contrast, contact tracing can allow a more targeted group of people to quarantine while the rest of society begins to open up, Engel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now in hot spots like New York City, contact tracing isn’t really happening. “It’s just not feasible to take in literally thousands of new infections a day that are being discovered in the community — the workforce isn’t there,” Engel says. But “when the numbers begin to become more manageable,” he says, contact tracing will be key to end the lockdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, says Michaud, contact tracing is especially helpful at the flatter ends of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/03/13/815502262/flattening-a-pandemics-curve-why-staying-home-now-can-save-lives\">the epidemic curve\u003c/a> — at the beginning, and after the peak as case counts go down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the epidemic isn’t affecting all places equally, in a place like Utah, where the case count is much lower than New York City, contact tracing is feasible and happening now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing is an important piece of the puzzle, too, Michaud notes. “If you’re not identifying most or all the cases, then contact tracing is going to be missing a lot of transmission,” he says, and quick and widespread testing is still a major problem in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Increasing the contact tracing workforce\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently 2,200 contact tracers across the country, according to a letter the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.astho.org/Federal-Government-Relations/Correspondence/ASTHO-Issues-Contact-Tracing-Memo-to-Congress/\">recently sent to Congress\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, there have been calls to massively increase the number of people doing this work to meet the need during the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/13/832027703/massachusetts-recruits-1-000-contact-tracers-to-battle-covid-19\">launching a statewide effort\u003c/a>, hiring 1,000 contact tracers in partnership with Partners In Health, an international health nonprofit with experience in the developing world. \u003ca href=\"https://jobs.crelate.com/portal/talentboost/job/3kyqki4zeqoyugdzsha5iynhce\">Qualifications include\u003c/a> a high school diploma or equivalent, the ability to speak and write in English, and the “ability to show empathy to distressed individuals.” San Francisco has also been \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/04/08/998758/how-san-francisco-plans-to-trace-every-coronavirus-case-and-contact/\">scaling up its contact tracing workforce\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://chm.med.umich.edu/about/howard-markel-m-d-ph-d/\">Dr. Howard Markel\u003c/a>, director of the Center for the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan, notes that these efforts are a kind of return to the way things were in the 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They had very large departments of health in every city and they had many workers that ranked all the way from doctors who ran things and public health nurses and social workers, but also contact trace workers,” he says. “As public health budgets were cut — beginning in the 1980s and almost every year since — that has fallen by the wayside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To open up the country safely with the coronavirus still spreading, a recent report from the Johns Hopkins \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/pubs_archive/pubs-pdfs/2020/a-national-plan-to-enable-comprehensive-COVID-19-case-finding-and-contact-tracing-in-the-US.pdf\">Center for Health Security calculates\u003c/a> that we may need in the ballpark of 100,000 contact tracers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A place for smartphone surveillance?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some promising apps that take advantage of the tracking device many of us carry around already: our smartphones. Some apps use \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/02/825860406/in-germany-high-hopes-for-new-covid-19-contact-tracing-app-that-protects-privacy\">Bluetooth to notify you\u003c/a> if you’ve been close to someone who tested positive. Others allow contact tracers to work more efficiently, for instance, by automating follow-up for contacts who are in quarantine, asking if they have any symptoms, etc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are privacy concerns there, and many apps are still in development and need further testing. In the meantime, old fashioned phone calls still work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Contact+Tracing+Works+And+How+It+Can+Help+Reopen+The+Country&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1962231/for-society-to-reopen-america-needs-massive-contract-tracing-heres-what-that-is","authors":["byline_science_1962231"],"categories":["science_39","science_3890","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4329","science_4368","science_5181","science_3563","science_968"],"featImg":"science_1962232","label":"source_science_1962231"},"science_1959432":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1959432","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1959432","score":null,"sort":[1584643197000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-rallies-to-ensure-seniors-dont-go-hungry-during-coronavirus-pandemic","title":"Bay Area Rallies to Ensure Seniors Don't Go Hungry During Coronavirus Pandemic","publishDate":1584643197,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Bay Area Rallies to Ensure Seniors Don’t Go Hungry During Coronavirus Pandemic | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>With senior citizens in the Bay Area directed to shelter in place and otherwise steer clear of coronavirus vectors, this huge population of more than 878,000 people (according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/bayarea.htm\">2010 U.S. Census\u003c/a>) is suddenly deluged with offers of help from family, neighbors and non-profits.[aside postID=\"news_11806966\" label=\"Look Up Local Food Banks That Need Your Help\" hero=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/03/RS42178_012_KQED_SanFranciscoMarinFoodBank_03182020_-qut-1020x680.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11644545/the-holocaust-survivor-who-made-resolving-conflict-her-lifes-work\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elisabeth Seaman\u003c/a> of Mountain View is a great-grandmother, but she’s not typically in need of help getting things done. “That’s for sure. I’m much more used to helping other people than to getting help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The professional mediator and author can still pull produce from the communal garden in her cohousing community. But finally, when yet another friend offered to shop for her, she relented and said yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She couldn’t do it all in one day, but she went to Safeway on Monday, and Trader Joe’s. Of course, she couldn’t find everything, but what she could find she got!” Seaman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On hyperlocal newsgroups, email chains and Twitter threads across the region, people who don’t personally know a senior — or anyone medically vulnerable — are putting out word they want to help. Jon Davis, a junior at Acalanes High School in Lafayette, is looking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959496\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1959496\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42185_121-Edit-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Eagle Scout Jon Davis, a Senior Patrol Leader for Troop 204 in Lafayette, is making himself available to shop for seniors local to him who need food or hardware supplies over the next few weeks.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2475\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42185_121-Edit-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42185_121-Edit-qut-160x206.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42185_121-Edit-qut-800x1031.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42185_121-Edit-qut-768x990.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42185_121-Edit-qut-1020x1315.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eagle Scout Jon Davis, a Senior Patrol Leader for Troop 204 in Lafayette, is making himself available to shop for seniors local to him who need food or hardware supplies over the next few weeks. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jon Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, just one couple has signed on for his shopping service. He’ll be procuring critical crisis survival items like ice cream and hand sanitizer. The 17 year-old from Lafayette is hopeful more people will say yes to his offer; and just to be clear: he’s NOT doing this to add to his massive collection of merit badges. “I have grandparents, and I know that they don’t want to leave the house right now, and I thought some of my neighbors might be in the same situation,” he said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He might consider volunteering at a Bay Area food bank. \u003ca href=\"https://www.shfb.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Second Harvest of Silicon Valley\u003c/a>, for instance, works with more than 300 different partners to provide food for more than a quarter of a million people every month at a thousand distribution sites in San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This crisis is challenging for all of us, but for people who are living paycheck to paycheck, this becomes a time of even more anxiety,” says CEO Leslie Bacco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She adds, “We are serving more and more working families. We are serving more and more seniors. More and more folks who are really struggling to live here on a fixed income. But now that so many people are going to see their wages cut, are going to see their hours cut, are going to potentially be losing their jobs, we are anticipating see a huge increase in the people who need our services.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as the non profit food delivery system ramps up to address the Covid-19 crisis, there’s been a sudden drop in volunteers. Legions of seniors who used to help package and deliver food are now sheltering in place. \u003ca href=\"https://healthtrust.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Health Trust\u003c/a> Meals on Wheels program in San Jose, which usually serves 500 individuals a week, anticipates needing to deliver meals to 1,000 people next week. How they will do that is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1388px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1959440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42186_Screen-Shot-2020-03-18-at-10.50.21-AM.jpeg\" alt=\"Second Harvest Silicon Valley CEO Leslie Bacco speaks at a press conference March 18, 2020 announcing a new initiative to, among other things, alleviate food insecurity during the Coronavirus pandemic.\" width=\"1388\" height=\"773\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42186_Screen-Shot-2020-03-18-at-10.50.21-AM.jpeg 1388w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42186_Screen-Shot-2020-03-18-at-10.50.21-AM-160x89.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42186_Screen-Shot-2020-03-18-at-10.50.21-AM-800x446.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42186_Screen-Shot-2020-03-18-at-10.50.21-AM-768x428.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42186_Screen-Shot-2020-03-18-at-10.50.21-AM-1020x568.jpeg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1388px) 100vw, 1388px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Second Harvest Silicon Valley CEO Leslie Bacco speaks at a press conference March 18, 2020 announcing a new initiative to, among other things, alleviate food insecurity during the Coronavirus pandemic. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“On a pre-Covid day, we usually have 36 drivers,” says CEO Michelle Lew. “About half of our drivers have had to drop out. They are retired folks, and they themselves need to self isolate. So we are scrambling to find more drivers, as well as generate cash donations to buy the meals for people in need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Programs like this one are also hiring. “We have a lot of restaurants and other places that are now letting staff go, and so, I frankly think the needs are gonna get greater. There’s an incredible opportunity for people who are looking for both work and to help in a meaningful way,” says Santa Clara County Supervisor \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/d2/Pages/D2-Supervisor-Cindy-Chavez.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cindy Chavez\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose is also developing a countywide food distribution plan in partnership with Santa Clara County, non-profits and the private sector. The city is encouraging volunteers to sign up at its web site \u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/your-government/departments-offices/mayor-and-city-council/mayor-s-office/san-jose-strong/volunteer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Silicon Valley Strong\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a time like this, when so many are struggling, we need to do more to ensure that all in our community have access to food through this crisis,” Mayor Sam Liccardo said at the press conference announcing the partnership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley tech titans like Facebook, Cisco and Apple have already contributed large sums to various organizations around the Bay Area, as well as to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.siliconvalleycf.org/coronavirus-fund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Silicon Valley Community Foundation\u003c/a> to distribute to groups focused on food stability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook, for example, has donated roughly $700,000 in cash and food to local senior centers, schools, food pantries. John Tenanes, Facebook’s Vice President of Global Facilities and Real Estate, says, “The current COVID-19 situation has impacted people everywhere, including many of our neighbors, and we’re committed to help them weather this storm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going stir crazy at home? Consider getting involved yourself.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Individuals and organizations are rallying to address skyrocketing food insecurity during the Coronavirus pandemic.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847646,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":962},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Rallies to Ensure Seniors Don't Go Hungry During Coronavirus Pandemic | KQED","description":"Individuals and organizations are rallying to address skyrocketing food insecurity during the Coronavirus pandemic.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bay Area Rallies to Ensure Seniors Don't Go Hungry During Coronavirus Pandemic","datePublished":"2020-03-19T18:39:57.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:47:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/5b1ff9c8-111e-4a94-af41-ab8301287b6b/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1959432/bay-area-rallies-to-ensure-seniors-dont-go-hungry-during-coronavirus-pandemic","audioDuration":249000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With senior citizens in the Bay Area directed to shelter in place and otherwise steer clear of coronavirus vectors, this huge population of more than 878,000 people (according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/bayarea.htm\">2010 U.S. Census\u003c/a>) is suddenly deluged with offers of help from family, neighbors and non-profits.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11806966","label":"Look Up Local Food Banks That Need Your Help ","hero":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/03/RS42178_012_KQED_SanFranciscoMarinFoodBank_03182020_-qut-1020x680.jpg"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11644545/the-holocaust-survivor-who-made-resolving-conflict-her-lifes-work\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elisabeth Seaman\u003c/a> of Mountain View is a great-grandmother, but she’s not typically in need of help getting things done. “That’s for sure. I’m much more used to helping other people than to getting help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The professional mediator and author can still pull produce from the communal garden in her cohousing community. But finally, when yet another friend offered to shop for her, she relented and said yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She couldn’t do it all in one day, but she went to Safeway on Monday, and Trader Joe’s. Of course, she couldn’t find everything, but what she could find she got!” Seaman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On hyperlocal newsgroups, email chains and Twitter threads across the region, people who don’t personally know a senior — or anyone medically vulnerable — are putting out word they want to help. Jon Davis, a junior at Acalanes High School in Lafayette, is looking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959496\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1959496\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42185_121-Edit-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Eagle Scout Jon Davis, a Senior Patrol Leader for Troop 204 in Lafayette, is making himself available to shop for seniors local to him who need food or hardware supplies over the next few weeks.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2475\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42185_121-Edit-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42185_121-Edit-qut-160x206.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42185_121-Edit-qut-800x1031.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42185_121-Edit-qut-768x990.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42185_121-Edit-qut-1020x1315.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eagle Scout Jon Davis, a Senior Patrol Leader for Troop 204 in Lafayette, is making himself available to shop for seniors local to him who need food or hardware supplies over the next few weeks. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jon Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, just one couple has signed on for his shopping service. He’ll be procuring critical crisis survival items like ice cream and hand sanitizer. The 17 year-old from Lafayette is hopeful more people will say yes to his offer; and just to be clear: he’s NOT doing this to add to his massive collection of merit badges. “I have grandparents, and I know that they don’t want to leave the house right now, and I thought some of my neighbors might be in the same situation,” he said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He might consider volunteering at a Bay Area food bank. \u003ca href=\"https://www.shfb.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Second Harvest of Silicon Valley\u003c/a>, for instance, works with more than 300 different partners to provide food for more than a quarter of a million people every month at a thousand distribution sites in San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This crisis is challenging for all of us, but for people who are living paycheck to paycheck, this becomes a time of even more anxiety,” says CEO Leslie Bacco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She adds, “We are serving more and more working families. We are serving more and more seniors. More and more folks who are really struggling to live here on a fixed income. But now that so many people are going to see their wages cut, are going to see their hours cut, are going to potentially be losing their jobs, we are anticipating see a huge increase in the people who need our services.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as the non profit food delivery system ramps up to address the Covid-19 crisis, there’s been a sudden drop in volunteers. Legions of seniors who used to help package and deliver food are now sheltering in place. \u003ca href=\"https://healthtrust.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Health Trust\u003c/a> Meals on Wheels program in San Jose, which usually serves 500 individuals a week, anticipates needing to deliver meals to 1,000 people next week. How they will do that is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1388px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1959440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42186_Screen-Shot-2020-03-18-at-10.50.21-AM.jpeg\" alt=\"Second Harvest Silicon Valley CEO Leslie Bacco speaks at a press conference March 18, 2020 announcing a new initiative to, among other things, alleviate food insecurity during the Coronavirus pandemic.\" width=\"1388\" height=\"773\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42186_Screen-Shot-2020-03-18-at-10.50.21-AM.jpeg 1388w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42186_Screen-Shot-2020-03-18-at-10.50.21-AM-160x89.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42186_Screen-Shot-2020-03-18-at-10.50.21-AM-800x446.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42186_Screen-Shot-2020-03-18-at-10.50.21-AM-768x428.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/RS42186_Screen-Shot-2020-03-18-at-10.50.21-AM-1020x568.jpeg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1388px) 100vw, 1388px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Second Harvest Silicon Valley CEO Leslie Bacco speaks at a press conference March 18, 2020 announcing a new initiative to, among other things, alleviate food insecurity during the Coronavirus pandemic. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“On a pre-Covid day, we usually have 36 drivers,” says CEO Michelle Lew. “About half of our drivers have had to drop out. They are retired folks, and they themselves need to self isolate. So we are scrambling to find more drivers, as well as generate cash donations to buy the meals for people in need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Programs like this one are also hiring. “We have a lot of restaurants and other places that are now letting staff go, and so, I frankly think the needs are gonna get greater. There’s an incredible opportunity for people who are looking for both work and to help in a meaningful way,” says Santa Clara County Supervisor \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/d2/Pages/D2-Supervisor-Cindy-Chavez.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cindy Chavez\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose is also developing a countywide food distribution plan in partnership with Santa Clara County, non-profits and the private sector. The city is encouraging volunteers to sign up at its web site \u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/your-government/departments-offices/mayor-and-city-council/mayor-s-office/san-jose-strong/volunteer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Silicon Valley Strong\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a time like this, when so many are struggling, we need to do more to ensure that all in our community have access to food through this crisis,” Mayor Sam Liccardo said at the press conference announcing the partnership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley tech titans like Facebook, Cisco and Apple have already contributed large sums to various organizations around the Bay Area, as well as to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.siliconvalleycf.org/coronavirus-fund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Silicon Valley Community Foundation\u003c/a> to distribute to groups focused on food stability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook, for example, has donated roughly $700,000 in cash and food to local senior centers, schools, food pantries. John Tenanes, Facebook’s Vice President of Global Facilities and Real Estate, says, “The current COVID-19 situation has impacted people everywhere, including many of our neighbors, and we’re committed to help them weather this storm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going stir crazy at home? Consider getting involved yourself.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1959432/bay-area-rallies-to-ensure-seniors-dont-go-hungry-during-coronavirus-pandemic","authors":["251"],"categories":["science_36","science_39","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_507","science_2003","science_968"],"featImg":"science_1959437","label":"science"},"science_1955623":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1955623","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1955623","score":null,"sort":[1578902537000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-neverending-battle-over-martins-beach-explained","title":"The Never-ending Battle Over Martins Beach Explained","publishDate":1578902537,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Never-ending Battle Over Martins Beach Explained | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Coastal Commission and the State Lands Commission continue their battle with Silicon Valley billionaire Vinod Khosla over public access to Martins Beach on the San Mateo County coast. For 100 years, Bay Area families have been going to this beach, seven miles south of Half Moon Bay, to fish, swim and picnic. The only way onto this scenic beach is a single road through private property. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After Khosla, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, bought the land surrounding Martins Beach in 2008, he restricted access to that road by displaying “No Trespassing” signs, charging parking fees, and locking its access gate. This newest lawsuit continues a 10-year conflict that could affect land-access rights throughout California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Paul Rogers\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, managing editor of KQED Science, has been covering the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/01/06/martins-beach-california-sues-billionaire-vinod-khosla-over-public-access/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for the Mercury News, where he writes about the environment. He and KQED’s Brian Watt spoke about the latest developments and long history surrounding Martins Beach. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s at the center of this newest lawsuit?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under a legal doctrine in California called \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=SSEZXsfcJYT-9AOpy5mIBg&q=implied+dedication&oq=implied+dedication&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0l2j0i22i30l8.2317.4585..4815...0.0..0.120.1198.16j2......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i131j0i70i249j0i22i10i30.Koki5eX5LGg&ved=0ahUKEwiHpbahr_rmAhUEP30KHallBmEQ4dUDCAg&uact=5&safe=active&ssui=on\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">implied dedication\u003c/a>, public use of a road for five years or more without restrictions establishes a permanent legal right to the road. Khosla argues that people never had that right because, for years before he bought the land surrounding the beach, its former owners charged a parking fee. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] This case represents a big clash between two rights: private property and free access to California’s coastline. [/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last year in a separate lawsuit, a state appeals court agreed with Khosla. But the Coastal Commission is now arguing that the court didn’t consider all the evidence. For this new lawsuit, to demonstrate that people routinely used the access road without paying, the Coastal Commission has collected a century of photographs, journal entries, letters and the like from 230 families.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>This is just one beach. Why is \u003c/b>\u003cb>this\u003c/b>\u003cb> case such a big deal?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental groups and beachgoers say that what happens at Martins Beach could set a precedent that would allow very wealthy people in other parts of California — Malibu for example — to block access to public lands. Khosla has argued that he’s sticking up for his private property rights. Just as people have no right to walk through a landowner’s backyard without permission, he contends that they have no right to use the road through his property. This case represents a big clash between two rights: private property and free access to California’s coastline. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Didn’t Khosla already lose a case that went all the way up to the U.S. Supreme Court?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Two years ago, the nation’s highest court refused to hear an appeal of a case that Khosla lost in three lower courts in California. The landowner had argued that he did not need a permit to close the gate to the access road running through his property to the beach. But California’s coastal law is pretty clear. Property owners need permits from the Coastal Commission not only when they build houses near the beach, but also if they change public access to the beach. So Khosla lost that case. Since then, he has opened the gate most days and he allows people who pay a $10 parking fee to drive to the beach.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How will the result of this latest lawsuit affect the fight over this beach?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s a really big juncture in this long-running battle because a win for Khosla would establish that there is no legal public right to use that road. Such a decision would make it easier for him to get a permit to close the gate from the Coastal Commission. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the state wins, there’s almost no way that the Coastal Commission is going to grant that Khosla permit. Commissioners would argue that the public right to that road existed for decades. Additionally, the commission would probably prevent Khosla from charging the $10 parking fee. Potentially, it could fine him $20 million or more. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if California loses this case, the State Lands Commission could try to seize the road or access to it by eminent domain.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The conflict between the state of California and a Silicon Valley billionaire over a beach on the San Mateo County coast is at an important juncture. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847915,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":713},"headData":{"title":"The Never-ending Battle Over Martins Beach Explained | KQED","description":"The conflict between the state of California and a Silicon Valley billionaire over a beach on the San Mateo County coast is at an important juncture. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Never-ending Battle Over Martins Beach Explained","datePublished":"2020-01-13T08:02:17.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:51:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Land Use","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":286,"path":"/science/1955623/the-neverending-battle-over-martins-beach-explained","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2020/01/Rogers2wayMartinsBeach.mp3","audioDuration":286000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Coastal Commission and the State Lands Commission continue their battle with Silicon Valley billionaire Vinod Khosla over public access to Martins Beach on the San Mateo County coast. For 100 years, Bay Area families have been going to this beach, seven miles south of Half Moon Bay, to fish, swim and picnic. The only way onto this scenic beach is a single road through private property. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After Khosla, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, bought the land surrounding Martins Beach in 2008, he restricted access to that road by displaying “No Trespassing” signs, charging parking fees, and locking its access gate. This newest lawsuit continues a 10-year conflict that could affect land-access rights throughout California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Paul Rogers\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, managing editor of KQED Science, has been covering the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/01/06/martins-beach-california-sues-billionaire-vinod-khosla-over-public-access/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for the Mercury News, where he writes about the environment. He and KQED’s Brian Watt spoke about the latest developments and long history surrounding Martins Beach. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s at the center of this newest lawsuit?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under a legal doctrine in California called \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=SSEZXsfcJYT-9AOpy5mIBg&q=implied+dedication&oq=implied+dedication&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0l2j0i22i30l8.2317.4585..4815...0.0..0.120.1198.16j2......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i131j0i70i249j0i22i10i30.Koki5eX5LGg&ved=0ahUKEwiHpbahr_rmAhUEP30KHallBmEQ4dUDCAg&uact=5&safe=active&ssui=on\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">implied dedication\u003c/a>, public use of a road for five years or more without restrictions establishes a permanent legal right to the road. Khosla argues that people never had that right because, for years before he bought the land surrounding the beach, its former owners charged a parking fee. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":" This case represents a big clash between two rights: private property and free access to California’s coastline. ","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last year in a separate lawsuit, a state appeals court agreed with Khosla. But the Coastal Commission is now arguing that the court didn’t consider all the evidence. For this new lawsuit, to demonstrate that people routinely used the access road without paying, the Coastal Commission has collected a century of photographs, journal entries, letters and the like from 230 families.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>This is just one beach. Why is \u003c/b>\u003cb>this\u003c/b>\u003cb> case such a big deal?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental groups and beachgoers say that what happens at Martins Beach could set a precedent that would allow very wealthy people in other parts of California — Malibu for example — to block access to public lands. Khosla has argued that he’s sticking up for his private property rights. Just as people have no right to walk through a landowner’s backyard without permission, he contends that they have no right to use the road through his property. This case represents a big clash between two rights: private property and free access to California’s coastline. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Didn’t Khosla already lose a case that went all the way up to the U.S. Supreme Court?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Two years ago, the nation’s highest court refused to hear an appeal of a case that Khosla lost in three lower courts in California. The landowner had argued that he did not need a permit to close the gate to the access road running through his property to the beach. But California’s coastal law is pretty clear. Property owners need permits from the Coastal Commission not only when they build houses near the beach, but also if they change public access to the beach. So Khosla lost that case. Since then, he has opened the gate most days and he allows people who pay a $10 parking fee to drive to the beach.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How will the result of this latest lawsuit affect the fight over this beach?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s a really big juncture in this long-running battle because a win for Khosla would establish that there is no legal public right to use that road. Such a decision would make it easier for him to get a permit to close the gate from the Coastal Commission. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the state wins, there’s almost no way that the Coastal Commission is going to grant that Khosla permit. Commissioners would argue that the public right to that road existed for decades. Additionally, the commission would probably prevent Khosla from charging the $10 parking fee. Potentially, it could fine him $20 million or more. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if California loses this case, the State Lands Commission could try to seize the road or access to it by eminent domain.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1955623/the-neverending-battle-over-martins-beach-explained","authors":["6387"],"categories":["science_40","science_2873","science_3423"],"tags":["science_715","science_192","science_3370","science_1159","science_968"],"featImg":"science_12935","label":"source_science_1955623"},"science_1941092":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1941092","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1941092","score":null,"sort":[1561273268000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-disrupters-meet-the-disruption-how-tech-aims-to-save-big-ag-from-climate-change","title":"How Tech Aims to Save Big Ag From Climate Change","publishDate":1561273268,"format":"image","headTitle":"How Tech Aims to Save Big Ag From Climate Change | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>“Reckoning in the Central Valley” is a collaboration between \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature\u003c/a> magazine and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science\u003c/a> examining how climate change is laying bare the vulnerabilities of California agriculture. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he disrupters of Silicon Valley and its tributaries have trained their GPS on the most fundamental of all human needs — food. In San Francisco earlier this spring, 1,300 venture capitalists, gene scientists, bio-tech visionaries and startup aspirants gathered to probe what they consider to be the nearly digitally virgin terrain of agriculture. It’s a terrain that’s being profoundly transformed by the biggest disrupter of all: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Howard Yana-Shapiro, Mars Corporation']‘Nothing we knew in the past is a fact today.’[/pullquote]As attendees at the fifth annual World Agri-Tech Innovation Summit trooped from ballroom to ballroom at the Hilton, plotting the future of agriculture, more than half a million acres of Central Valley fields, once filled with tomatoes, lettuce, almonds, and other crops sat empty for another day of nothing happening. They are fields out of commission, fallowed by two symptoms of climate volatility that are challenging the agricultural practices in the Central Valley and across the country — too little water, or water that’s too salty for cultivating crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Reckoning in the Central Valley' link1='https://baynature.org/article/a-time-of-reckoning-in-the-central-valley/,How a Hotter, Drier, Saltier Central Valley Is Upending Ag and Spurring Conservation' link2='https://baynature.org/2019/06/21/photos-climate-change-arrives-in-the-central-valley/,Photo Essay: Climate Change Arrives in the Central Valley' hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BAY20NATURE20LOGO20SUMMER-no20tag.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone at the summit, who paid almost $2,400 to be there for two days, is well aware that climate change is reshaping agriculture: Temperature, rainfall and the imbalances that lead to extreme weather are all in a kind of atmospheric free-for-all, as greenhouse gases accumulate and volatility accelerates. And that’s just the beginning, as the federal government’s \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/10/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a> told us last year: There is more turbulence to come. Losses will likely \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/114/12/E2285\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accelerate\u003c/a> as the weather changes; new pests and diseases that were wholly unanticipated a decade ago are heading north across the US, following the heat; extreme destructive events multiply in their number and intensity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the summit convened, the Midwest was reeling from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-weather-floods-exclusive/exclusive-more-than-1-million-acres-of-us-cropland-ravaged-by-floods-idUSKCN1RA2AW\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">devastating cyclone \u003c/a>that left hundreds of thousand of acres underwater. A team of scientists of scientists from UC Merced \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/3/25/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sounded the alarm\u003c/a> last year in the peer-reviewed journal\u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> agronomy\u003c/a>: “Adaptation,” they said, “was a matter of the utmost urgency.” For farmers in California, they warned, there is accelerating volatility — year after year of never-before-experienced deviations from what had been the norms of heat and rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, as Howard Yana-Shapiro, chief Agricultural Officer for the Mars Corporation, put it in an interview at the Hilton, “Nothing we knew in the past is a fact today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1943790\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Women work in a cacao beans workshop in Soubre, Ivory Coast, in 2017. \u003ccite>(SIA KAMBOU/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s sobering news for Big Ag, which requires predictability above all. Mainstream food production counts on using the same seeds across vastly different ecological zones, sustained by a set of identical and reproducible chemical inputs. But the rate of disruption in the fundamental elements that foster food growth\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>sun, rain, soil\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">outpacing\u003c/a> the ability of even major seed breeders to keep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not knowing what’s coming that haunts the attendees at the Ag-Tech Summit. Mars was at the summit because the three main ingredients the company relies on for its candy — peanuts, \u003ca href=\"https://impactforestry.org/2016/09/13/the-ivory-coast-a-case-study-on-climate-change-and-the-chocolate-we-eat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cacao\u003c/a> and mint — are experiencing devastating losses, and Yana-Shapiro is running test plots in Davis to find more resilient ways of growing them. Land O’Lakes was there because \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/how-climate-change-will-affect-dairy-cows-and-milk-production-in-the-uk-new-study-101843\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dairy farmers\u003c/a> face a combination of plunging prices and shifting conditions for the silage they grow for their cows. Driscoll’s was there out of concern for how much water they’ll be able to supply for their berries. And two giant grain traders, Cargill and ADM, were anxious about destabilization of their cereal and grain supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Reckoning in the Central Valley' link1='https://wp.me/p6iq8L-89Dx,Centers of Insurrection: Central Valley Farmers Reckon With Climate Change' link2='https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2019/06/23/the-disrupters-meet-the-disruption-how-tech-aims-to-save-big-ag-from-climate-change,The Disrupters Meet the Disruption: How Tech Aims to Save Big Ag From Climate Change' hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/kqed-logo-black.jpg']\u003cb>How, Then, Will We Grow Food?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">I\u003c/span>nto this whirlpool of disruption come the disrupters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s about a hundred miles from the Hilton in San Francisco to the heart of the Central Valley, around Modesto, but it might as well be a million. There was barely a farmer in sight, among the men and women boasting name tags like Amazon Web Services, Google Launchpad, Rabo AgriFinance (a bank), Lazard (financiers), Microsoft, Immarsat (satellites that provide ag-related imagery), IBM, Wells Fargo, and Evogene (specializing in gene sequencing).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The self-titled Captain of Moonshots Astro Teller, who is CEO of X, the company in charge of Google’s advanced technology division, launched the proceedings with a brief staccato call for a ‘moonshot’ for agriculture. He wasn’t overly specific as to what that would be — it was a roomful of potential competitors and start-ups seeking cash — but he came to the Continental Ballroom with a portfolio of already-launched initiatives by X of what the company calls “computational agriculture.” That means applying \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610549/exclusive-alphabet-x-is-exploring-new-ways-to-use-ai-in-food-production/?utm_source=twitter.com&utm_medium=social&utm_content=2018-03-27&utm_campaign=Technology+Review\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">artificial intelligence\u003c/a> to the hurly-burly hard work of conjuring food from the earth — from sensors that can signal the prime time for harvest to autonomous vehicles capable of harvesting crops or applying pesticides at record-breaking speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thing about food, you start talking about the moon but you always end up closer to Earth. In the hallways of the Hilton, under the wannabe chandeliers, came the buzzwords, like mantras: sustainability, resilience, good for the planet, ROI (return on investment), and, soon enough, win-win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Charles Baron, Farmers Business Network']‘A real ‘disruption’ would be if your seed doesn’t need to be blanketed with glyphosate.’[/pullquote]Prowling the conversations and presentations, never seen but omnipresent, was the “unicorn,” the billion dollar company-to-be that would transform farm fields and enable them to withstand the onrushing changes — the way Uber transformed the taxi business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Was the unicorn a new robot capable of traversing apple orchards and plucking fruit without human intervention? Could it be the new hyper-sensitive pest monitor which can provide a stream of acre-by-acre data about pest populations and narrow the target for spraying insecticides? Or was it the microbe dropped into the soil that encourages crop-friendly nematodes (aka, worms) to reproduce and populate the fields, but kills the nematodes hostile to crops?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe it’s the new genetic interventions that can sterilize pest populations and \u003cem>— Hey! — genetic interventions could even someday allow plants to flourish in a drought!\u003c/em> (This one is nowhere near any horizon, however distant, due to the complex genetics of how plants integrate and use water — but this was a conference of relentless optimists.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top of the list was more data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if all of the data we have access to today is a grain of sand,” Matt Crisp, Vice President of Benson Hill Bio Systems, a leading bio-tech firm, intoned from the dais. “Then in 10 years we’ll be walking on the beach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943800\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1943800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1355\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-768x508.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-1200x794.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-1920x1270.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker digs a ditch next to a fallow field in 2015 in Hanford, about 35 miles south of Fresno. As California entered its fourth year of severe drought, farmers in the Central Valley struggled to keep crops watered as wells run dry and government water allocations were reduced or terminated. Many opted to leave acres of their fields fallow. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For example: Install pest-tracking sensors that use an algorithm to identify which insect species in a field threaten the crop, and which don’t. Insert sensors into the soil to monitor water absorption, and identify where additional irrigation might be essential. Or, suggested an executive at the European airplane manufacturer Airbus: Hire our satellite fleet to capture photos that can tell you where fields are drying and whether cover crops are enriching soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the more advanced ideas actually signaled a return to earlier knowledge: the soil. After a half a century in which soil has been treated as a kind of platform for an environment constructed from synthetic agri-chemicals, attention is returning to how plant crops might draw what they need from soil itself. In other words, a 10,000-year-old idea dating to the domestication of agriculture is in vogue once again, with a Silicon Valley bio-tech twist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biology is the next building material to solve the challenges of agriculture,” Karsten Temme, CEO and co-founder of Pivot-Bio, commented in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pivotbio.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pivot-Bio\u003c/a> has looked inside the genomes of microbes that spend their life in soil, and figured out a way to unlock their ability to turn nitrogen into mineral nourishment for plants. Which means unlocking capacities they used to have before industrial agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When modern fertilizers came along,” Temme said, “the microbes lost their ability to metabolize nitrogen in a way that was beneficial to the plants. They went into hibernation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His genetic intervention is aimed at triggering that nascent function back into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who is Disrupting What? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>ver the two days, a question hung in the air: What precisely are the disrupters aiming to disrupt?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were promises of small-scale disruption to be sure, including those non-chemical soil treatments designed to short-circuit the reproductive capacity of nematodes\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>aka, worms\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>that attack crops; the sensors for identifying already moist areas in fields and thus guide more targeted irrigation; and Pivot Bio’s nitrogen stimulant for micro-organisms, reducing the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizer applications. All could conceivably reduce the need for synthetic chemicals and ensure less wasted water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his keynote, Neal Gutterson, the Chief Technology Officer of Corteva, the agri-chemical division of the two merged chemical giants DowDuPont, offered five company goals on PowerPoint\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>aphorisms for agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our job,” he said, “is simplifying the life of farmers and consumers. Consumers want cleaner labels, less waste, environmental sustainability, increasing yields, and to reduce our environmental footprint.” For America’s largest agri-chemical company, that meant, for one, more efficient ways of delivering the company’s agri-chemicals. For example, more use of drones to identify areas of insect infestation — and thus target the application of pesticides. It also meant more active bio-tech initiatives, including genome alterations aimed at increasing yields. Gutterson highlighted the company’s development of a new herbicide, called Enlist Duo, that he claimed is less “prone to drift” onto a neighbor’s field than the herbicides of their competitors, such as the glyphosate weedkiller produced by competitors like Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a bigger picture. Climate change strains the half-century of agricultural practices that are based on fighting nature, breeding seeds that require pesticides to survive, or geoengineering them to enable resistance to the company’s own herbicides, as in the case with glyphosate, hence insulating the seed through chemical interventions from the environment around them. It’s a system heavily dependent on fossil fuels, synthetic fertilizers and mono-cropping, and contributes greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world’s three dominant agri-chemical companies — Monsanto/Bayer, Corteva (the renamed agricultural chemical and seed division of the merged DowDuPont), and Syngenta, now owned by ChemChina, the largest chemical company in China — were among the ‘Platinum’ sponsors of the conference, their logos plastered behind the speakers on the dais, speakers who were there to consider how to shake up the status quo that those companies contributed mightily to creating over the last half-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, several big disruptions were already happening far from the Hilton and independent of any of the initiatives suggested there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-weather/historic-floods-hit-nebraska-after-bomb-cyclone-storm-idUSKCN1QY00Y\">‘bomb cyclone’\u003c/a> that hit Nebraska and elsewhere in the Midwest left hundreds of thousands of acres of farm fields and crops underwater, demonstrating the fragile status of the Midwest’s commodity agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on the very same day the summit commenced at the Hilton, a federal judge in San Francisco, in a courtroom barely a mile from the Hilton, declared Monsanto’s corporate parent Bayer liable for the cancer caused by its weedkiller Roundup to a 70-year-old man who had applied it to his property outside Santa Rosa for several decades. That verdict presents a direct threat to the financial stability of Monsanto’s new corporate parent, and to the practice of tying a seed so closely to a chemical. (One week later, the court ruled that the man, Charles Hardeman, was entitled to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/27/707439575/jury-awards-80-million-in-damages-in-roundup-weed-killer-cancer-trial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$80 million\u003c/a>) in damages. Bayer/Monsanto is appealing the verdict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A real ‘disruption’ would be if your seed doesn’t need to be blanketed with glyphosate,” quipped Charles Baron, a co-founder and Vice President of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fbn.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Farmers Business Network\u003c/a>, which provides data to farmers independent of the major seed and chemical companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of the biggest climate disruption in recorded history, the billions of dollars in the room and the sharpest technical minds were thinking of how to bulletproof the status quo with greater and greater levels of technological intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference, like the phenomenon we all face, had a poignant ring of sci-fi — as some of the world’s most sophisticated players in agriculture, high-tech, and venture capital, accustomed to a playing field they can shape, contended with a new global playing field already shifting in a million ways they cannot guide and over which they have little control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For its part, Bayer celebrated its participation in the summit by announcing its latest innovation — a newly hybridized broccoli with a higher crown that simplifies the machine harvesting of broccoli. It’s name: High-Rise broccoli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit ended. The search for the unicorn continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mark Schapiro is an investigative journalist specializing in the environment. His most recent book is “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Seeds-Resistance-Fight-Save-Supply/dp/1510705767/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Seeds+of+Resistance%2C+Mark+Schapiro&qid=1561401325&s=books&sr=1-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seeds of Resistance: The Fight To Save Our Food Supply,\u003c/a>” \u003ci>an investigation into the \u003c/i>\u003ci>seeds needed to survive climate disruption and the fight to control them. His previous book, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/End-Stationarity-Searching-Normal-Carbon/dp/1603586806/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1561403133&sr=1-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The End of Stationarity: \u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003ci>Searching for the New Normal in the Age of Carbon Shock” \u003c/i>\u003ci>reveals the hidden costs of climate change. Schapiro\u003c/i> is also a lecturer at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. You can find him on Twitter, @schapiro.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Reckoning in the Central Valley” is a collaboration between KQED Science and Bay Nature magazine, examining how climate change is laying bare the vulnerabilities of California agriculture. \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baynature.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature magazine\u003c/a> is an independent, nonprofit publication that reports on the environment in the greater Bay Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the face of the biggest climate disruption in recorded history, the sharpest technical minds of Silicon Valley gathered with venture capitalists and agriculture CEOs to search for a great idea.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848577,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":43,"wordCount":2632},"headData":{"title":"How Tech Aims to Save Big Ag From Climate Change | KQED","description":"In the face of the biggest climate disruption in recorded history, the sharpest technical minds of Silicon Valley gathered with venture capitalists and agriculture CEOs to search for a great idea.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Tech Aims to Save Big Ag From Climate Change","datePublished":"2019-06-23T07:01:08.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:02:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003cstrong>Mark Schapiro\u003c/strong>","path":"/science/1941092/the-disrupters-meet-the-disruption-how-tech-aims-to-save-big-ag-from-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>“Reckoning in the Central Valley” is a collaboration between \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature\u003c/a> magazine and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science\u003c/a> examining how climate change is laying bare the vulnerabilities of California agriculture. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he disrupters of Silicon Valley and its tributaries have trained their GPS on the most fundamental of all human needs — food. In San Francisco earlier this spring, 1,300 venture capitalists, gene scientists, bio-tech visionaries and startup aspirants gathered to probe what they consider to be the nearly digitally virgin terrain of agriculture. It’s a terrain that’s being profoundly transformed by the biggest disrupter of all: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Nothing we knew in the past is a fact today.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","citation":"Howard Yana-Shapiro, Mars Corporation","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>As attendees at the fifth annual World Agri-Tech Innovation Summit trooped from ballroom to ballroom at the Hilton, plotting the future of agriculture, more than half a million acres of Central Valley fields, once filled with tomatoes, lettuce, almonds, and other crops sat empty for another day of nothing happening. They are fields out of commission, fallowed by two symptoms of climate volatility that are challenging the agricultural practices in the Central Valley and across the country — too little water, or water that’s too salty for cultivating crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Reckoning in the Central Valley ","link1":"https://baynature.org/article/a-time-of-reckoning-in-the-central-valley/,How a Hotter, Drier, Saltier Central Valley Is Upending Ag and Spurring Conservation","link2":"https://baynature.org/2019/06/21/photos-climate-change-arrives-in-the-central-valley/,Photo Essay: Climate Change Arrives in the Central Valley","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BAY20NATURE20LOGO20SUMMER-no20tag.jpg"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone at the summit, who paid almost $2,400 to be there for two days, is well aware that climate change is reshaping agriculture: Temperature, rainfall and the imbalances that lead to extreme weather are all in a kind of atmospheric free-for-all, as greenhouse gases accumulate and volatility accelerates. And that’s just the beginning, as the federal government’s \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/10/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a> told us last year: There is more turbulence to come. Losses will likely \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/114/12/E2285\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accelerate\u003c/a> as the weather changes; new pests and diseases that were wholly unanticipated a decade ago are heading north across the US, following the heat; extreme destructive events multiply in their number and intensity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the summit convened, the Midwest was reeling from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-weather-floods-exclusive/exclusive-more-than-1-million-acres-of-us-cropland-ravaged-by-floods-idUSKCN1RA2AW\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">devastating cyclone \u003c/a>that left hundreds of thousand of acres underwater. A team of scientists of scientists from UC Merced \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/3/25/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sounded the alarm\u003c/a> last year in the peer-reviewed journal\u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> agronomy\u003c/a>: “Adaptation,” they said, “was a matter of the utmost urgency.” For farmers in California, they warned, there is accelerating volatility — year after year of never-before-experienced deviations from what had been the norms of heat and rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, as Howard Yana-Shapiro, chief Agricultural Officer for the Mars Corporation, put it in an interview at the Hilton, “Nothing we knew in the past is a fact today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1943790\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-649472306-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Women work in a cacao beans workshop in Soubre, Ivory Coast, in 2017. \u003ccite>(SIA KAMBOU/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s sobering news for Big Ag, which requires predictability above all. Mainstream food production counts on using the same seeds across vastly different ecological zones, sustained by a set of identical and reproducible chemical inputs. But the rate of disruption in the fundamental elements that foster food growth\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>sun, rain, soil\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">outpacing\u003c/a> the ability of even major seed breeders to keep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not knowing what’s coming that haunts the attendees at the Ag-Tech Summit. Mars was at the summit because the three main ingredients the company relies on for its candy — peanuts, \u003ca href=\"https://impactforestry.org/2016/09/13/the-ivory-coast-a-case-study-on-climate-change-and-the-chocolate-we-eat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cacao\u003c/a> and mint — are experiencing devastating losses, and Yana-Shapiro is running test plots in Davis to find more resilient ways of growing them. Land O’Lakes was there because \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/how-climate-change-will-affect-dairy-cows-and-milk-production-in-the-uk-new-study-101843\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dairy farmers\u003c/a> face a combination of plunging prices and shifting conditions for the silage they grow for their cows. Driscoll’s was there out of concern for how much water they’ll be able to supply for their berries. And two giant grain traders, Cargill and ADM, were anxious about destabilization of their cereal and grain supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Reckoning in the Central Valley ","link1":"https://wp.me/p6iq8L-89Dx,Centers of Insurrection: Central Valley Farmers Reckon With Climate Change","link2":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2019/06/23/the-disrupters-meet-the-disruption-how-tech-aims-to-save-big-ag-from-climate-change,The Disrupters Meet the Disruption: How Tech Aims to Save Big Ag From Climate Change","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/kqed-logo-black.jpg"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cb>How, Then, Will We Grow Food?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">I\u003c/span>nto this whirlpool of disruption come the disrupters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s about a hundred miles from the Hilton in San Francisco to the heart of the Central Valley, around Modesto, but it might as well be a million. There was barely a farmer in sight, among the men and women boasting name tags like Amazon Web Services, Google Launchpad, Rabo AgriFinance (a bank), Lazard (financiers), Microsoft, Immarsat (satellites that provide ag-related imagery), IBM, Wells Fargo, and Evogene (specializing in gene sequencing).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The self-titled Captain of Moonshots Astro Teller, who is CEO of X, the company in charge of Google’s advanced technology division, launched the proceedings with a brief staccato call for a ‘moonshot’ for agriculture. He wasn’t overly specific as to what that would be — it was a roomful of potential competitors and start-ups seeking cash — but he came to the Continental Ballroom with a portfolio of already-launched initiatives by X of what the company calls “computational agriculture.” That means applying \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610549/exclusive-alphabet-x-is-exploring-new-ways-to-use-ai-in-food-production/?utm_source=twitter.com&utm_medium=social&utm_content=2018-03-27&utm_campaign=Technology+Review\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">artificial intelligence\u003c/a> to the hurly-burly hard work of conjuring food from the earth — from sensors that can signal the prime time for harvest to autonomous vehicles capable of harvesting crops or applying pesticides at record-breaking speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thing about food, you start talking about the moon but you always end up closer to Earth. In the hallways of the Hilton, under the wannabe chandeliers, came the buzzwords, like mantras: sustainability, resilience, good for the planet, ROI (return on investment), and, soon enough, win-win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘A real ‘disruption’ would be if your seed doesn’t need to be blanketed with glyphosate.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","citation":"Charles Baron, Farmers Business Network","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Prowling the conversations and presentations, never seen but omnipresent, was the “unicorn,” the billion dollar company-to-be that would transform farm fields and enable them to withstand the onrushing changes — the way Uber transformed the taxi business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Was the unicorn a new robot capable of traversing apple orchards and plucking fruit without human intervention? Could it be the new hyper-sensitive pest monitor which can provide a stream of acre-by-acre data about pest populations and narrow the target for spraying insecticides? Or was it the microbe dropped into the soil that encourages crop-friendly nematodes (aka, worms) to reproduce and populate the fields, but kills the nematodes hostile to crops?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe it’s the new genetic interventions that can sterilize pest populations and \u003cem>— Hey! — genetic interventions could even someday allow plants to flourish in a drought!\u003c/em> (This one is nowhere near any horizon, however distant, due to the complex genetics of how plants integrate and use water — but this was a conference of relentless optimists.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top of the list was more data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if all of the data we have access to today is a grain of sand,” Matt Crisp, Vice President of Benson Hill Bio Systems, a leading bio-tech firm, intoned from the dais. “Then in 10 years we’ll be walking on the beach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943800\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1943800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1355\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-768x508.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-1200x794.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/GettyImages-471007868-1920x1270.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker digs a ditch next to a fallow field in 2015 in Hanford, about 35 miles south of Fresno. As California entered its fourth year of severe drought, farmers in the Central Valley struggled to keep crops watered as wells run dry and government water allocations were reduced or terminated. Many opted to leave acres of their fields fallow. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For example: Install pest-tracking sensors that use an algorithm to identify which insect species in a field threaten the crop, and which don’t. Insert sensors into the soil to monitor water absorption, and identify where additional irrigation might be essential. Or, suggested an executive at the European airplane manufacturer Airbus: Hire our satellite fleet to capture photos that can tell you where fields are drying and whether cover crops are enriching soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the more advanced ideas actually signaled a return to earlier knowledge: the soil. After a half a century in which soil has been treated as a kind of platform for an environment constructed from synthetic agri-chemicals, attention is returning to how plant crops might draw what they need from soil itself. In other words, a 10,000-year-old idea dating to the domestication of agriculture is in vogue once again, with a Silicon Valley bio-tech twist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biology is the next building material to solve the challenges of agriculture,” Karsten Temme, CEO and co-founder of Pivot-Bio, commented in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pivotbio.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pivot-Bio\u003c/a> has looked inside the genomes of microbes that spend their life in soil, and figured out a way to unlock their ability to turn nitrogen into mineral nourishment for plants. Which means unlocking capacities they used to have before industrial agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When modern fertilizers came along,” Temme said, “the microbes lost their ability to metabolize nitrogen in a way that was beneficial to the plants. They went into hibernation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His genetic intervention is aimed at triggering that nascent function back into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who is Disrupting What? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>ver the two days, a question hung in the air: What precisely are the disrupters aiming to disrupt?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were promises of small-scale disruption to be sure, including those non-chemical soil treatments designed to short-circuit the reproductive capacity of nematodes\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>aka, worms\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>that attack crops; the sensors for identifying already moist areas in fields and thus guide more targeted irrigation; and Pivot Bio’s nitrogen stimulant for micro-organisms, reducing the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizer applications. All could conceivably reduce the need for synthetic chemicals and ensure less wasted water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his keynote, Neal Gutterson, the Chief Technology Officer of Corteva, the agri-chemical division of the two merged chemical giants DowDuPont, offered five company goals on PowerPoint\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — \u003c/span>aphorisms for agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our job,” he said, “is simplifying the life of farmers and consumers. Consumers want cleaner labels, less waste, environmental sustainability, increasing yields, and to reduce our environmental footprint.” For America’s largest agri-chemical company, that meant, for one, more efficient ways of delivering the company’s agri-chemicals. For example, more use of drones to identify areas of insect infestation — and thus target the application of pesticides. It also meant more active bio-tech initiatives, including genome alterations aimed at increasing yields. Gutterson highlighted the company’s development of a new herbicide, called Enlist Duo, that he claimed is less “prone to drift” onto a neighbor’s field than the herbicides of their competitors, such as the glyphosate weedkiller produced by competitors like Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a bigger picture. Climate change strains the half-century of agricultural practices that are based on fighting nature, breeding seeds that require pesticides to survive, or geoengineering them to enable resistance to the company’s own herbicides, as in the case with glyphosate, hence insulating the seed through chemical interventions from the environment around them. It’s a system heavily dependent on fossil fuels, synthetic fertilizers and mono-cropping, and contributes greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world’s three dominant agri-chemical companies — Monsanto/Bayer, Corteva (the renamed agricultural chemical and seed division of the merged DowDuPont), and Syngenta, now owned by ChemChina, the largest chemical company in China — were among the ‘Platinum’ sponsors of the conference, their logos plastered behind the speakers on the dais, speakers who were there to consider how to shake up the status quo that those companies contributed mightily to creating over the last half-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, several big disruptions were already happening far from the Hilton and independent of any of the initiatives suggested there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-weather/historic-floods-hit-nebraska-after-bomb-cyclone-storm-idUSKCN1QY00Y\">‘bomb cyclone’\u003c/a> that hit Nebraska and elsewhere in the Midwest left hundreds of thousands of acres of farm fields and crops underwater, demonstrating the fragile status of the Midwest’s commodity agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on the very same day the summit commenced at the Hilton, a federal judge in San Francisco, in a courtroom barely a mile from the Hilton, declared Monsanto’s corporate parent Bayer liable for the cancer caused by its weedkiller Roundup to a 70-year-old man who had applied it to his property outside Santa Rosa for several decades. That verdict presents a direct threat to the financial stability of Monsanto’s new corporate parent, and to the practice of tying a seed so closely to a chemical. (One week later, the court ruled that the man, Charles Hardeman, was entitled to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/27/707439575/jury-awards-80-million-in-damages-in-roundup-weed-killer-cancer-trial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$80 million\u003c/a>) in damages. Bayer/Monsanto is appealing the verdict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A real ‘disruption’ would be if your seed doesn’t need to be blanketed with glyphosate,” quipped Charles Baron, a co-founder and Vice President of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fbn.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Farmers Business Network\u003c/a>, which provides data to farmers independent of the major seed and chemical companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of the biggest climate disruption in recorded history, the billions of dollars in the room and the sharpest technical minds were thinking of how to bulletproof the status quo with greater and greater levels of technological intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference, like the phenomenon we all face, had a poignant ring of sci-fi — as some of the world’s most sophisticated players in agriculture, high-tech, and venture capital, accustomed to a playing field they can shape, contended with a new global playing field already shifting in a million ways they cannot guide and over which they have little control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For its part, Bayer celebrated its participation in the summit by announcing its latest innovation — a newly hybridized broccoli with a higher crown that simplifies the machine harvesting of broccoli. It’s name: High-Rise broccoli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit ended. The search for the unicorn continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mark Schapiro is an investigative journalist specializing in the environment. His most recent book is “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Seeds-Resistance-Fight-Save-Supply/dp/1510705767/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Seeds+of+Resistance%2C+Mark+Schapiro&qid=1561401325&s=books&sr=1-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seeds of Resistance: The Fight To Save Our Food Supply,\u003c/a>” \u003ci>an investigation into the \u003c/i>\u003ci>seeds needed to survive climate disruption and the fight to control them. His previous book, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/End-Stationarity-Searching-Normal-Carbon/dp/1603586806/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1561403133&sr=1-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The End of Stationarity: \u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003ci>Searching for the New Normal in the Age of Carbon Shock” \u003c/i>\u003ci>reveals the hidden costs of climate change. Schapiro\u003c/i> is also a lecturer at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. You can find him on Twitter, @schapiro.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Reckoning in the Central Valley” is a collaboration between KQED Science and Bay Nature magazine, examining how climate change is laying bare the vulnerabilities of California agriculture. \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baynature.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature magazine\u003c/a> is an independent, nonprofit publication that reports on the environment in the greater Bay Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1941092/the-disrupters-meet-the-disruption-how-tech-aims-to-save-big-ag-from-climate-change","authors":["byline_science_1941092"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_36","science_40"],"tags":["science_392","science_194","science_4203","science_3370","science_3832","science_3834","science_968","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1941174","label":"source_science_1941092"},"science_1943483":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1943483","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1943483","score":null,"sort":[1560885909000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-company-wants-to-replace-plastics-in-textiles-by-using-bacteria","title":"Bay Area Company Wants to Replace Plastics in Textiles by Using Bacteria","publishDate":1560885909,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Company Wants to Replace Plastics in Textiles by Using Bacteria | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>If civilizations are remembered for what they leave behind, our time might be labeled the Plastic Age. Plastic can endure for centuries. It’s everywhere, even in our clothes, from polyester leisure suits to fleece jackets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Silicon Valley startup is trying to get the plastic out of clothing and put something else in: biopolymers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A polymer is a long-chain molecule made of lots of identical units. Polymers are durable and often elastic. Plastic is a polymer made from petroleum products. But biopolymers occur often in nature — cellulose in wood or silk from silkworms — and unlike plastic, they can be broken down into natural materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molly Morse manufactures biopolymers that she hopes will replace some kinds of plastic. She runs a small company called Mango Materials. Mango is her favorite fruit, and she wanted her company to sound different from other tech enterprises in the San Francisco Bay Area. “We’re not your typical Silicon Valley startup company,” Morse says. “We’re manufacturing polymers at a waste-water treatment plant. We’re not a bunch of guys in a garage coding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How did she end up making bioplastic at a sewage treatment plant?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morse says it started when she was in elementary school. She went to an aquarium and stumbled on an exhibit about plastic trash floating in the ocean. “There was this huge, gigantic-like fish-tank-type structure full of clamshells, like [plastic foam] clamshells from McDonald’s,” she recalls. “And I was floored … completely horrified. It changed my life and I was like, that is freaking ridiculous, and I’m going to change it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21550\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21550 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/photo-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Representing the Pacific Gyre, a suspended ceiling of plastic trash floats over the heads of viewers at “Washed Ashore” exhibit at the San Francisco Zoo. (Sharol Nelson/Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She followed through. She went to Stanford University and got a doctorate in environmental engineering. At a scientific conference in 2006, she met another young engineer, Anne Schauer-Gimenez. “I think we were up to like 4 in the morning or something,” Schauer-Gimenez says, “just talking about research and how this process works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process was how to manufacture biopolymers — using bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are certain kinds of bacteria that eat methane. The bacteria use it to make their own biopolymers in their cells, especially if you feed them well. “If we were to get really fat from eating a lot of ice cream or chocolate,” Morse explains, “we’d accumulate fat inside our bodies. These bacteria, same thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schauer-Gimenez adds: “To me, microorganisms kind of run the show on planet Earth anyway, so why not let them help us with this process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make biopolymers, the bacteria need lots of food. That’s why Mango Materials set up a field site at a sewage treatment plant called Silicon Valley Clean Water in Redwood City, Calif., next to the San Francisco Bay. They got funding from the National Science Foundation, among other backers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation='Molly Morse']‘And I was floored … completely horrified. It changed my life and I was like, that is freaking ridiculous, and I’m going to change it.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sewage, or at least the methane gas that sewage emits, is food for bacteria. Treatment plants usually burn off the methane or just vent it into the air. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming when it goes into the atmosphere. Mango feeds it to the bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s done in a fermenter set up outside, nestled between big steel tanks full of sewage. Engineer Allison Pieja, a third member of the Mango leadership team, shows off their invention. It looks kind of like a big beer keg with pipes sticking in it like intravenous drips. “This is where the magic happens,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pieja is the bug expert at Mango. “We add the methane and oxygen continuously and kind of drip in our secret sauce based on how the bacteria are growing,” she says. The secret sauce is an additive the team developed to keep the process going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, when the bacteria are fattened up, the team breaks them open and harvests the biopolymer. They dry it and turn it into pellets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, they’ve shipped almost 2,000 pounds of their biopolymer to companies interested in using it. Their principal target market is textiles (though they say the biopolymer works for packaging, too). They’ve produced brightly colored threads that look and feel “plasticky,” like polyester maybe. The hope is to weave the biopolymer into clothing to replace plastics in textiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943493\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943493\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/pha-knitted-sleeve_cut-800x599.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/pha-knitted-sleeve_cut.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/pha-knitted-sleeve_cut-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/pha-knitted-sleeve_cut-768x575.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sleeve made from biopolymer for clothing. The Mango team is working with several companies to test how well their biopolymer will work in textiles. \u003ccite>(Chris Joyce/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It would be biodegradable clothing, which Schauer-Gimenez says freaks people out. ” ‘Oh my gosh, you’re going to make a swimsuit out of your material? I’m going into the ocean and it’s going to biodegrade off my body!’ And I’m like, ‘No, no, no, no, no, it doesn’t quite work like that.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To degrade, biopolymers need warm temperatures and the right bacteria around to chew them up, and the process takes weeks or months of constant exposure. Morse acknowledges that if conditions aren’t right, though — say in a dry Arizona desert or at the bottom of the ocean — it will take longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one of the drawbacks of biopolymers so far; some haven’t lived up to their promise to biodegrade quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biology professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.citadel.edu/root/biology-facultystaff/47-academics/schools/ssm/biology/2436-weinstein-bio\">John Weinstein\u003c/a> at The Citadel in South Carolina put corn-based polymer bags in a wetland and found they degraded even more slowly than regular plastic bags. “You’ve created a new material,” he says of the bioplastic, “but how does it break down? I was surprised.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government and the state of California have penalized companies for selling biodegradable “plastic” that actually takes years to break down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making a statement — ‘biodegradable’ — that is misleading, especially to the general public,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.egr.msu.edu/people/profile/narayan\">Ramani Narayan\u003c/a>, a chemical engineer at Michigan State University and an expert on bioplastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it’s all about the environmental conditions. And the longer something takes to biodegrade, the longer it’s litter. “In that intervening period, it is going to have impacts, and that is what needs to be carefully considered,” Narayan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, a big market in biopolymers made from feedstocks such as corn could raise food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Schauer-Gimenez']‘To me, microorganisms kind of run the show on planet Earth anyway, so why not let them help us with this process?’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plant-based biopolymers can be composted at an industrial facility that uses high heat and pressure. But Narayan points out that the industry in the U.S. is in its infancy. As for recycling them, he says the recycling industry is already overwhelmed. The Environmental Protection Agency’s latest figures, for 2015, show only 9.1% of U.S. plastic waste was recycled. That number is thought to be even lower now that China and other countries have stopped recycling the waste — as little as 2.2% is recycled in the U.S., according to research by engineer Jan Dell, founder of the anti-pollution group The Last Beach Cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t have the right waste management infrastructure in play” to recycle new plastic replacements, Narayan says, “then all the things we do at the top end of it is going to be useless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team at Mango Materials says their material (a form of polyhydroxyalkanoate, or PHA) is different from most biopolymers and doesn’t need to be recycled, but will biodegrade in a month or two in the right conditions. Their products are currently being tested independently to confirm that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morse acknowledges there’s a lot more to do to pave the way for biopolymers, and she urges people to use less plastic and reuse things instead of throwing them away. But she’s following that childhood dream — to find something better than plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wouldn’t be [doing this] unless we firmly believed that this is a solution to a massive global problem,” Morse says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A problem that won’t go away on its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Replacing+Plastic%3A+Can+Bacteria+Help+Us+Break+The+Habit%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Entrepreneurs are eager to find substitutes for plastic that naturally degrade. One option is a \"natural\" plastic made by microbes and then eaten by them. But the process is still in the early days.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848589,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1487},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Company Wants to Replace Plastics in Textiles by Using Bacteria | KQED","description":"Entrepreneurs are eager to find substitutes for plastic that naturally degrade. One option is a "natural" plastic made by microbes and then eaten by them. But the process is still in the early days.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bay Area Company Wants to Replace Plastics in Textiles by Using Bacteria","datePublished":"2019-06-18T19:25:09.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:03:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.npr.org","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Christopher Joyce\u003cbr />NPR","nprImageAgency":"Chris Joyce/NPR","nprStoryId":"728599455","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=728599455&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2019/06/17/728599455/replacing-plastic-can-bacteria-help-us-break-the-habit?ft=nprml&f=728599455","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 17 Jun 2019 11:06:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 17 Jun 2019 07:17:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 17 Jun 2019 11:11:11 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2019/06/20190617_me_replacing_plastic_can_bacteria_help_us_break_the_habit.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1025&aggIds=684530164&d=312&p=3&story=728599455&ft=nprml&f=728599455","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1733317729-663272.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1025&aggIds=684530164&d=312&p=3&story=728599455&ft=nprml&f=728599455","audioTrackLength":312,"path":"/science/1943483/bay-area-company-wants-to-replace-plastics-in-textiles-by-using-bacteria","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2019/06/20190617_me_replacing_plastic_can_bacteria_help_us_break_the_habit.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1025&aggIds=684530164&d=312&p=3&story=728599455&ft=nprml&f=728599455","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If civilizations are remembered for what they leave behind, our time might be labeled the Plastic Age. Plastic can endure for centuries. It’s everywhere, even in our clothes, from polyester leisure suits to fleece jackets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Silicon Valley startup is trying to get the plastic out of clothing and put something else in: biopolymers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A polymer is a long-chain molecule made of lots of identical units. Polymers are durable and often elastic. Plastic is a polymer made from petroleum products. But biopolymers occur often in nature — cellulose in wood or silk from silkworms — and unlike plastic, they can be broken down into natural materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molly Morse manufactures biopolymers that she hopes will replace some kinds of plastic. She runs a small company called Mango Materials. Mango is her favorite fruit, and she wanted her company to sound different from other tech enterprises in the San Francisco Bay Area. “We’re not your typical Silicon Valley startup company,” Morse says. “We’re manufacturing polymers at a waste-water treatment plant. We’re not a bunch of guys in a garage coding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How did she end up making bioplastic at a sewage treatment plant?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morse says it started when she was in elementary school. She went to an aquarium and stumbled on an exhibit about plastic trash floating in the ocean. “There was this huge, gigantic-like fish-tank-type structure full of clamshells, like [plastic foam] clamshells from McDonald’s,” she recalls. “And I was floored … completely horrified. It changed my life and I was like, that is freaking ridiculous, and I’m going to change it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21550\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21550 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/photo-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Representing the Pacific Gyre, a suspended ceiling of plastic trash floats over the heads of viewers at “Washed Ashore” exhibit at the San Francisco Zoo. (Sharol Nelson/Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She followed through. She went to Stanford University and got a doctorate in environmental engineering. At a scientific conference in 2006, she met another young engineer, Anne Schauer-Gimenez. “I think we were up to like 4 in the morning or something,” Schauer-Gimenez says, “just talking about research and how this process works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process was how to manufacture biopolymers — using bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are certain kinds of bacteria that eat methane. The bacteria use it to make their own biopolymers in their cells, especially if you feed them well. “If we were to get really fat from eating a lot of ice cream or chocolate,” Morse explains, “we’d accumulate fat inside our bodies. These bacteria, same thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schauer-Gimenez adds: “To me, microorganisms kind of run the show on planet Earth anyway, so why not let them help us with this process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make biopolymers, the bacteria need lots of food. That’s why Mango Materials set up a field site at a sewage treatment plant called Silicon Valley Clean Water in Redwood City, Calif., next to the San Francisco Bay. They got funding from the National Science Foundation, among other backers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘And I was floored … completely horrified. It changed my life and I was like, that is freaking ridiculous, and I’m going to change it.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"left","citation":"Molly Morse","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sewage, or at least the methane gas that sewage emits, is food for bacteria. Treatment plants usually burn off the methane or just vent it into the air. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming when it goes into the atmosphere. Mango feeds it to the bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s done in a fermenter set up outside, nestled between big steel tanks full of sewage. Engineer Allison Pieja, a third member of the Mango leadership team, shows off their invention. It looks kind of like a big beer keg with pipes sticking in it like intravenous drips. “This is where the magic happens,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pieja is the bug expert at Mango. “We add the methane and oxygen continuously and kind of drip in our secret sauce based on how the bacteria are growing,” she says. The secret sauce is an additive the team developed to keep the process going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, when the bacteria are fattened up, the team breaks them open and harvests the biopolymer. They dry it and turn it into pellets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, they’ve shipped almost 2,000 pounds of their biopolymer to companies interested in using it. Their principal target market is textiles (though they say the biopolymer works for packaging, too). They’ve produced brightly colored threads that look and feel “plasticky,” like polyester maybe. The hope is to weave the biopolymer into clothing to replace plastics in textiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943493\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943493\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/pha-knitted-sleeve_cut-800x599.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/pha-knitted-sleeve_cut.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/pha-knitted-sleeve_cut-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/pha-knitted-sleeve_cut-768x575.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sleeve made from biopolymer for clothing. The Mango team is working with several companies to test how well their biopolymer will work in textiles. \u003ccite>(Chris Joyce/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It would be biodegradable clothing, which Schauer-Gimenez says freaks people out. ” ‘Oh my gosh, you’re going to make a swimsuit out of your material? I’m going into the ocean and it’s going to biodegrade off my body!’ And I’m like, ‘No, no, no, no, no, it doesn’t quite work like that.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To degrade, biopolymers need warm temperatures and the right bacteria around to chew them up, and the process takes weeks or months of constant exposure. Morse acknowledges that if conditions aren’t right, though — say in a dry Arizona desert or at the bottom of the ocean — it will take longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one of the drawbacks of biopolymers so far; some haven’t lived up to their promise to biodegrade quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biology professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.citadel.edu/root/biology-facultystaff/47-academics/schools/ssm/biology/2436-weinstein-bio\">John Weinstein\u003c/a> at The Citadel in South Carolina put corn-based polymer bags in a wetland and found they degraded even more slowly than regular plastic bags. “You’ve created a new material,” he says of the bioplastic, “but how does it break down? I was surprised.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government and the state of California have penalized companies for selling biodegradable “plastic” that actually takes years to break down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making a statement — ‘biodegradable’ — that is misleading, especially to the general public,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.egr.msu.edu/people/profile/narayan\">Ramani Narayan\u003c/a>, a chemical engineer at Michigan State University and an expert on bioplastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it’s all about the environmental conditions. And the longer something takes to biodegrade, the longer it’s litter. “In that intervening period, it is going to have impacts, and that is what needs to be carefully considered,” Narayan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, a big market in biopolymers made from feedstocks such as corn could raise food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘To me, microorganisms kind of run the show on planet Earth anyway, so why not let them help us with this process?’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Schauer-Gimenez","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plant-based biopolymers can be composted at an industrial facility that uses high heat and pressure. But Narayan points out that the industry in the U.S. is in its infancy. As for recycling them, he says the recycling industry is already overwhelmed. The Environmental Protection Agency’s latest figures, for 2015, show only 9.1% of U.S. plastic waste was recycled. That number is thought to be even lower now that China and other countries have stopped recycling the waste — as little as 2.2% is recycled in the U.S., according to research by engineer Jan Dell, founder of the anti-pollution group The Last Beach Cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t have the right waste management infrastructure in play” to recycle new plastic replacements, Narayan says, “then all the things we do at the top end of it is going to be useless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team at Mango Materials says their material (a form of polyhydroxyalkanoate, or PHA) is different from most biopolymers and doesn’t need to be recycled, but will biodegrade in a month or two in the right conditions. Their products are currently being tested independently to confirm that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morse acknowledges there’s a lot more to do to pave the way for biopolymers, and she urges people to use less plastic and reuse things instead of throwing them away. But she’s following that childhood dream — to find something better than plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wouldn’t be [doing this] unless we firmly believed that this is a solution to a massive global problem,” Morse says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A problem that won’t go away on its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Replacing+Plastic%3A+Can+Bacteria+Help+Us+Break+The+Habit%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1943483/bay-area-company-wants-to-replace-plastics-in-textiles-by-using-bacteria","authors":["byline_science_1943483"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_246","science_3838","science_1189","science_968"],"featImg":"science_1943484","label":"source_science_1943483"},"science_1927986":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1927986","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1927986","score":null,"sort":[1532552445000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-a-silicon-valley-city-cut-landmark-deals-to-solve-a-water-crisis","title":"How a Silicon Valley City Cut Landmark Deals to Solve a Water Crisis","publishDate":1532552445,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How a Silicon Valley City Cut Landmark Deals to Solve a Water Crisis | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Silicon Valley logged seven straight years of economic growth – coming out of the Great Recession like a runner out of the blocks. And the numbers aren’t simply tallied in ledger books and spreadsheets – the growth is visible in the slow slog of daily traffic, in the weekend open houses crammed with would-be buyers eager for $2 million starter homes and in the forest of construction cranes on the suburban horizon.[contextly_sidebar id=”NbJ09yXjXiHjekfYKybcPudhUuS6oQot”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley has been bursting at the seams as developers try to keep pace. But there is one place in the last few years where you wouldn’t have heard the buzz of saws and the pounding of hammers – East Palo Alto, a small city of just 28,000 residents. The city is located roughly halfway between San Francisco and San Jose, at the southern edge of San Mateo County. It neighbors tony Palo Alto, home of Stanford University and Menlo Park, with Facebook’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.menlopark.org/995/Facebook-Campus-Expansion-Project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ever-expanding campus\u003c/a> just next door. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ft.com/content/82bc282e-8790-11e7-bf50-e1c239b45787\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Financial Times story\u003c/a> called the juxtaposition of Facebook and East Palo Alto “an ocean liner docked on the edge of an undeveloped country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While East Palo Alto is far from undeveloped, the fruits of the technology boom have mostly bypassed the city, which has been a majority minority community since the 1970s. And just as things seemed to be improving economically, growth stalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 2016, East Palo Alto issued a moratorium on development because the city couldn’t guarantee there would be enough water for new projects. This was when California was still in the midst of drought and abiding by mandatory conservation orders issued by Governor Jerry Brown. But East Palo Alto’s water shortage had nothing to do with the lack of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is plenty of water, it’s just not ours,” says Carlos Martinez, the city manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Palo Alto obtains all of its water from the San Francisco Regional Water System, run by the \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=134\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> (SFPUC). It’s the same system that funnels Yosemite snowmelt via Hetch Hetchy Reservoir through a network of pipes, pumps and tunnels to San Francisco residents and 1.7 million others in the Bay Area.[contextly_sidebar id=”X8eNL9QY3heGZZJB32GmPIlSYaoUNXa5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, East Palo Alto’s water allocation wasn’t enough for the city to keep growing. The hold on development meant that several high-profile projects couldn’t get off the ground, resulting in lost revenue for the city, which already lagged its Silicon Valley neighbors in economic health. The water shortage also meant a halt to plans for building more desperately needed affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so city officials began a multiyear journey to find new water sources – a process that would end with an unprecedented partnership involving neighboring cities, wealthy developers and affordable-housing advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Historical Roots of a Water Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever Ruben Abrica gets the chance to talk to young people about politics, he tells them that every vote counts – at least at the local level. And it’s not just a platitude. Abrica was part of a group of residents that fought for the incorporation of East Palo Alto – an effort that, after decades of work, finally succeeded in 1983 by a mere 15 votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knocked on every single house and apartment,” says Abrica, who is now doing his second tour as the city’s mayor and was one of the first city councillors elected after incorporation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote, though controversial at the time, was monumental. East Palo Alto became the 20th and newest city in San Mateo County. Despite its municipal youthfulness, the community has a much longer history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, East Palo Alto was an unincorporated town, and one that, in the decades after World War II, became a haven for African-Americans looking to settle in the Bay Area who were excluded or displaced from other cities due to racially restrictive covenants, unsavory real estate practices or so-called “redevelopment” efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, East Palo Alto’s population went from 70 percent white in 1960 to 60 percent black a decade later. The shifting demographic had economic implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During this time of intensifying development in the region, East Palo Alto’s unincorporated status and racially diverse population effectively excluded it from the sources of development capital,” \u003ca href=\"https://arcade.stanford.edu/occasion/reading-whiskey-gulch-meanings-space-and-urban-redevelopment-east-palo-alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes\u003c/a> Stanford University urban studies lecturer Michael B. Kahan in the humanities journal Arcade.[contextly_sidebar id=”cJhv8NxZPPGWyBG6Psfegpnyi0gzveoB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While high-technology parks took off in other (majority white) Silicon Valley cities, East Palo Alto – at the mercy of the county – ended up with a lot of dirty development instead. This included the county dump, a hazardous waste disposal facility and other polluting industries. (Other areas of Silicon Valley also experienced an enduring legacy from several decades of high-tech manufacturing, which left Santa Clara County with the most Superfund sites in the nation.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What does it say to a community that the county designated them as a dump site or designated a toxic waste facility to be there?” asks Tameeka Bennett, who grew up in East Palo Alto and now is executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://youthunited.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Youth United for Community Action\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helped shut down the toxic waste facility, Romic, after 43 years of operation. “It kind of says that you don’t care much.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many residents saw incorporation as a way for the city to forge a better path and tap into the region’s growing prosperity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When East Palo Alto’s newly elected city government took over in the mid-80s it faced numerous challenges, but at the forefront were issues of affordable housing and tenant protections, says Abrica. And while East Palo Alto residents were worried about displacement and unscrupulous landlords, not to mention high crime rates, big decisions about water were taking place in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s entire water supply came from the SFPUC, which had been providing water not just to residents of San Francisco but also to roughly two dozen municipalities and water agencies in San Mateo, Santa Clara and Alameda counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These regional wholesale customers had come to be collectively represented by the Bay Area Water Users Association (later changed to the \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency\u003c/a>). And in 1984 they renegotiated their contract with SFPUC.[contextly_sidebar id=”PN00Ik0EYYviKxs7J7uHfWQPspiWHX65″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the terms of the 1984 agreement, which was later updated in 2009, wholesale customers would receive a collective minimum water supply of \u003ca href=\"https://sfwater.org/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=8632\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">184 million gallons a day\u003c/a>. Wholesale customers divvied that allotment into shares for each city or agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The calculation was initially based on past usage and previous contracts. As such, new and slowly developing East Palo Alto received a small allotment of just \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.east-palo-alto.ca.us/documentcenter/view/37\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">under 2 million gallons\u003c/a> a day. It proved too little to meet rising demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000 the “Whiskey Gulch” neighborhood – East Palo Alto’s prime retail district, which contained affordable housing, nonprofits and small businesses (some of those liquor stores and bars) – was razed for a massive new development, University Circle, aimed at bringing in more tax revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5472px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180723130240/wd_sv_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5472\" height=\"3648\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Four Seasons Hotel in East Palo Alto, Calif., which was part of a redevelopment project. (Sarah Craig)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By 2006, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.east-palo-alto.ca.us/index.aspx?NID=430\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University Circle\u003c/a> would include 450,000 square feet of class-A office space, 15,000 square feet of retail space and a Four Seasons hotel. At the same time, East Palo Alto began to feel the squeeze on its water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 2001 and 2015, the city \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofepa.org/DocumentCenter/View/3404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exceeded its supply\u003c/a> allocation four times. Finally, in 2016 East Palo Alto’s water situation reached a critical point. Several large development projects were lining up, and the city badly needed to build more affordable housing, but a water supply assessment showed that the city needed an additional 1.5 million gallons a day of supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to institute a [development] moratorium because we couldn’t approve projects – we simply couldn’t assure them that we could supply the water,” says city manager Martinez. Affordable housing had to wait, along with developers hoping to build a private school and new commercial properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Palo Alto city manager Carlos Martinez shakes hands with a worker at the city’s newly updated Gloria Way well. (Sarah Craig)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking Inward\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When East Palo Alto was examining options to tackle its water problems, that included seeing what it could do within the borders of the 2.5 square-mile city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turns out, there wasn’t much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gross per capita water consumption in East Palo Alto in 2015–16 was 58 gallons a day, one of the lowest in the region (and state). And residential per capita use was just 51.6 gallons a day – a stark contrast to the more than 218 gallons a day consumed by San Jose residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been very good stewards,” says Mayor Abrica. “Generally, it’s wealthy communities which waste water, it’s not poor communities. People are mindful of how much they’re paying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city doesn’t have big parks or golf courses that use lots of water, either. Potential gains made from conservation would be minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One resource East Palo Alto did have, though, is groundwater. At least some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5302px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180723130548/wd_sv_4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5302\" height=\"3535\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An electrical panel on the construction site of the Gloria Well in East Palo Alto. (Sarah Craig)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We commissioned a scientific study and looked at every inch of land in East Palo Alto that potentially had groundwater and lo and behold we found good water,” on a small slice of land the city owns in a Home Depot parking lot, says Abrica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has already started on the design of the well, which they call “Pad D,” and construction is likely to start sometime in 2019. The city also owns an existing well on Gloria Way in a residential neighborhood a few blocks from the town’s library and municipal offices.[contextly_sidebar id=”0n2b2RJnKQkj8sv7TZYC13uFtcmB7aer”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contamination problems with the well had rendered the water undrinkable for years, but the city got to work on building a new treatment system. The water from the wells, though, was expected to help shrink the water supply gap, or minimally provide a much-needed source of local backup, but it wouldn’t be enough to meet all the East Palo Alto’s needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking Outward\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most obvious place for East Palo Alto to look for more water was its provider, SFPUC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2016, East Palo Alto requested that SFPUC consider increasing its allocation by 1.5 million gallons a day to close its projected shortfall. Others threw their weight behind the request, as well, including local business and community leaders like U.S.Rep. Jackie Speier, whose district includes East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I view the request of East Palo Alto as the latest chapter in a civil rights struggle that began decades ago when discrimination was lawful and widely practiced,” she wrote in a letter to the SFPUC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But East Palo Alto’s allocation was also enmeshed in a complicated and changing water supply picture across the region. SFPUC was engaged in a multiyear process to update its long-term water supply plan, known as the Water Management Action Plan, which would designate water allotments for 2019 to 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In doing so it needed to examine both the needs of its dozens of wholesale customers and also the future water supply picture in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to East Palo Alto’s request for more water, the larger cities of San Jose and Santa Clara were also seeking to have their allocations increased and made permanent (they had been classified as temporary, interruptible customers whose supplies could be curtailed).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest issue had to do with the big unknowns in SFPUC’s future water supply because the state was also engaged in a long process of updating a water plan for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta that could involve curtailments to the SFPUC’s supply from the Tuolumne River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given all the balls in the air for SFPUC, East Palo Alto knew a quick decision on its fate from the commission wasn’t coming soon and so it began to look for other options.[contextly_sidebar id=”t0yf1BDSAN32Yv86b06UBJHesoiWA3Wb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though East Palo Alto was consuming all of its supply allocations, it knew that other cities in the region had more water than they regularly used. They just needed to find one or two municipalities willing to part with some of it – something that had never been done before in the region. In California, giving up water is pretty much unheard of – especially in the wake of a five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Palo Alto is a small city of 28,000 residents in San Mateo County, California. (Sarah Craig)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Neighborly Help\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was nothing to suggest that Mountain View’s monthly city council meeting in May 2017 would be historic – no big crowds, no fanfare. But item number 7.2 on the agenda, coming after information on street resurfacing, was an important order of business: a vote on whether to approve a permanent water rights transfer of 1 million gallons a day to the nearby city of East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our opportunity,” East Palo Alto’s then-mayor Larry Moody said at the meeting. “If we are able to do this water transfer today we can become a community that’s … pursuing our hopes and dreams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exhausting other possibilities for securing more water, East Palo Alto officials focused their efforts on two cities, Mountain View and Palo Alto, which were open to talks about a potential water transfer.[contextly_sidebar id=”Kkx7R5UaX8IY3XFSH6NOtOrcJn1FQwW0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Mountain View, the water supply picture, even in the midst of drought, was good. The city, home to Google and other tech companies, has an allocation of 13.5million gallons a day, which they hadn’t come close to using in 30 years, according to Gregg Hosfeldt, assistant public works director for the city. During California’s recent drought, Mountain View residents cut consumption by 24 percent in two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city currently was using just over 7 million gallons a day. That’s good news on a conservation front, but bad news financially for Mountain View. It is one of four cities in the regional water system with contracts that stipulate that it must purchase a minimum amount of water each year from SFPUC. For Mountain View, its minimum is 8.9 million gallons a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain View’s staff had calculated that the city was likely to pay $8.5 million over the next four years for water it wouldn’t use. So, they worked out a plan to transfer a water right of 1 million gallons a day to East Palo Alto for a one-time fee of $5 million, which would ease East Palo Alto’s water troubles and help take some of the sting out of paying for unused water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing what East Palo Alto was facing and knowing what our situation is and knowing that no other agency was stepping up, we kind of made a leap of faith and started working with them to see how we could make this fly,” says Hosfeldt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain View then-mayor Ken Rosenberg closed out the city council meeting by saying, “Access to clean drinkable water is a human right and we’re doing human rights work on this vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a whoop and some clapping from the small audience in attendance, the councillors voted 6-1 in favor of the water transfer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month later East Palo Alto’s city council approved the transfer, which was subsequently greenlighted by the SFPUC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal was advantageous to all sides, but the fact that it was struck was still groundbreaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody sells water – you just don’t do that,” says Hosfeldt. And from a negotiating standpoint, there wasn’t a lot of precedent, either. “If you look historically, there is probably none of these deals to look at – we’re breaking new ground.”[contextly_sidebar id=”CxZkrLQTwQ5zF7q6LSK7xNrzovwISUe2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How East Palo Alto funded the project was a first, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city didn’t have $5 million in the bank, so it \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofepa.org/DocumentCenter/View/3404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">got creative\u003c/a>. East Palo Alto kicked in $470,000 from its general fund. Another $1.53 million was split between three big developers – the Sobrato Organization, 2020 Bay Road and The Primary School (a project of the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, the philanthropic organization of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and his wife, pediatrician Priscilla Chan). The Sobrato Organization also agreed to loan the city $1 million and the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative gifted an additional $2 million, $500,000 of which was to be used to create a permanent position for an affordable housing manager for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water and affordable housing in East Palo are intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time East Palo Alto was focused on more water to spur economic development, it was also trying to prevent that development from displacing the city’s residents – many of whom are low- and middle-income. East Palo Alto is one of the most affordable places (relatively speaking) left to live in Silicon Valley, but that’s changing quickly as the tech boom ripples through the region and is likely to accelerate with a stable supply of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bennett of Youth United for Community Action called the development moratorium resulting from the city’s water shortage both a blessing and a curse. It prevented the construction of new affordable housing, “which has been a detriment to the community,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the same time East Palo Alto is fighting “rapid gentrification,” she says, and the moratorium bought them some time. “It gave us a chance to do some visioning about what we want to see in East Palo Alto and to figure out some tools to get us to what we envision,” she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades ago East Palo Alto was a city known chiefly for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/01/02/how-east-palo-alto-shed-its-crime-rep-and-built-a-new-path-forward/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">high murder rate\u003c/a>, but community groups and elected officials have worked hard to fight corruption, lower crime rates and bring in more tax dollars through development. As Silicon Valley has become more expensive, East Palo Alto’s allure increased. Over the last five years, the median sales price of a two-bedroom home in East Palo Alto has increased 153 percent to $985,500, according to the real estate company Trulia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bennett wants to see the community grow, but not at the expense of those who already call it home. “We wanted to become a city because it was our sense of place, of where we could belong, and now people want to take that away from us,” she says. “That’s not that easily put into words – it’s the unseen part of gentrification.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now East Palo Alto feels like a city on the cusp of something, and longtime residents want to make sure they have a say in what that something is.[contextly_sidebar id=”w5W2oJBzOUAXlD5N389Dg2qFA7PA4FYd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are receiving all the negative impacts [of Silicon Valley’s growth] – a lack of housing, increased traffic – and yet we remain a community that has a lot of needs, more needs than anyone else,” says Martinez. “But we have less employees and less revenue to provide the services that the community needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more water, he hopes they can create more city revenue and more services and opportunities for residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One Deal Away\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Mountain View deal closed in the summer of 2017 and the city about two-thirds of the way to meeting its water supply needs, East Palo Alto then focused on securing one more deal – this time with neighboring Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two cities decided to work on three collaborative projects, one of which was a water transfer agreement of half a million gallons a day from Palo Alto’s allocation with the regional water system, according to Ed Shikada, Palo Alto’s assistant city manager. The other two were a bridge project and traffic signal synchronization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought it would be good to move the three [projects] together,” says Shikada. And because the water deal is part of multiple cooperative projects between the cities, Palo Alto did not seek payment for the water transfer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recognizing that East Palo Alto does have economic development needs including low-income housing and educational facilities that have been held up on the basis of the water supply being unavailable, those are valuable community assets we’d like to support,” he says.[contextly_sidebar id=”k17jGGYdVZEgm9c1XkRrXsBedE9S0qlh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palo Alto’s City Council voted to approve the water transfer in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This action by Palo Alto, combined with previous action in 2017 by the city of Mountain View, provides the water necessary for East Palo Alto to move forward with its sustainable growth plans envisioned in their General Plan to benefit its residents,” says Nicole Sandkulla, chief executive officer of the Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency, of which all three cities are members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For officials in East Palo Alto, a secure source of water means that they can focus more attention on other issues. The city has spent so much time thinking about its physical infrastructure, it’s time to focus on the human infrastructure and services for residents, says Abrica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope we keep our spirit of trying to look after the most vulnerable people in housing, which is not an easy thing,” he says. “We would like for people to stay here if they want to and not be displaced, and we would like for the fruits of the development to make life good for all of the community.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"East Palo Alto feels like a city on the cusp of something, and longtime residents want to make sure they have a say. With more water, officials hope they can create more opportunities for residents.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927654,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":84,"wordCount":3755},"headData":{"title":"How a Silicon Valley City Cut Landmark Deals to Solve a Water Crisis | KQED","description":"East Palo Alto feels like a city on the cusp of something, and longtime residents want to make sure they have a say. With more water, officials hope they can create more opportunities for residents.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How a Silicon Valley City Cut Landmark Deals to Solve a Water Crisis","datePublished":"2018-07-25T21:00:45.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:00:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Tara Lohan\u003cbr />Water Deeply","path":"/science/1927986/how-a-silicon-valley-city-cut-landmark-deals-to-solve-a-water-crisis","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Silicon Valley logged seven straight years of economic growth – coming out of the Great Recession like a runner out of the blocks. And the numbers aren’t simply tallied in ledger books and spreadsheets – the growth is visible in the slow slog of daily traffic, in the weekend open houses crammed with would-be buyers eager for $2 million starter homes and in the forest of construction cranes on the suburban horizon.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley has been bursting at the seams as developers try to keep pace. But there is one place in the last few years where you wouldn’t have heard the buzz of saws and the pounding of hammers – East Palo Alto, a small city of just 28,000 residents. The city is located roughly halfway between San Francisco and San Jose, at the southern edge of San Mateo County. It neighbors tony Palo Alto, home of Stanford University and Menlo Park, with Facebook’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.menlopark.org/995/Facebook-Campus-Expansion-Project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ever-expanding campus\u003c/a> just next door. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ft.com/content/82bc282e-8790-11e7-bf50-e1c239b45787\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Financial Times story\u003c/a> called the juxtaposition of Facebook and East Palo Alto “an ocean liner docked on the edge of an undeveloped country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While East Palo Alto is far from undeveloped, the fruits of the technology boom have mostly bypassed the city, which has been a majority minority community since the 1970s. And just as things seemed to be improving economically, growth stalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 2016, East Palo Alto issued a moratorium on development because the city couldn’t guarantee there would be enough water for new projects. This was when California was still in the midst of drought and abiding by mandatory conservation orders issued by Governor Jerry Brown. But East Palo Alto’s water shortage had nothing to do with the lack of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is plenty of water, it’s just not ours,” says Carlos Martinez, the city manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Palo Alto obtains all of its water from the San Francisco Regional Water System, run by the \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=134\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> (SFPUC). It’s the same system that funnels Yosemite snowmelt via Hetch Hetchy Reservoir through a network of pipes, pumps and tunnels to San Francisco residents and 1.7 million others in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, East Palo Alto’s water allocation wasn’t enough for the city to keep growing. The hold on development meant that several high-profile projects couldn’t get off the ground, resulting in lost revenue for the city, which already lagged its Silicon Valley neighbors in economic health. The water shortage also meant a halt to plans for building more desperately needed affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so city officials began a multiyear journey to find new water sources – a process that would end with an unprecedented partnership involving neighboring cities, wealthy developers and affordable-housing advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Historical Roots of a Water Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever Ruben Abrica gets the chance to talk to young people about politics, he tells them that every vote counts – at least at the local level. And it’s not just a platitude. Abrica was part of a group of residents that fought for the incorporation of East Palo Alto – an effort that, after decades of work, finally succeeded in 1983 by a mere 15 votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knocked on every single house and apartment,” says Abrica, who is now doing his second tour as the city’s mayor and was one of the first city councillors elected after incorporation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote, though controversial at the time, was monumental. East Palo Alto became the 20th and newest city in San Mateo County. Despite its municipal youthfulness, the community has a much longer history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, East Palo Alto was an unincorporated town, and one that, in the decades after World War II, became a haven for African-Americans looking to settle in the Bay Area who were excluded or displaced from other cities due to racially restrictive covenants, unsavory real estate practices or so-called “redevelopment” efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, East Palo Alto’s population went from 70 percent white in 1960 to 60 percent black a decade later. The shifting demographic had economic implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During this time of intensifying development in the region, East Palo Alto’s unincorporated status and racially diverse population effectively excluded it from the sources of development capital,” \u003ca href=\"https://arcade.stanford.edu/occasion/reading-whiskey-gulch-meanings-space-and-urban-redevelopment-east-palo-alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes\u003c/a> Stanford University urban studies lecturer Michael B. Kahan in the humanities journal Arcade.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While high-technology parks took off in other (majority white) Silicon Valley cities, East Palo Alto – at the mercy of the county – ended up with a lot of dirty development instead. This included the county dump, a hazardous waste disposal facility and other polluting industries. (Other areas of Silicon Valley also experienced an enduring legacy from several decades of high-tech manufacturing, which left Santa Clara County with the most Superfund sites in the nation.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What does it say to a community that the county designated them as a dump site or designated a toxic waste facility to be there?” asks Tameeka Bennett, who grew up in East Palo Alto and now is executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://youthunited.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Youth United for Community Action\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helped shut down the toxic waste facility, Romic, after 43 years of operation. “It kind of says that you don’t care much.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many residents saw incorporation as a way for the city to forge a better path and tap into the region’s growing prosperity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When East Palo Alto’s newly elected city government took over in the mid-80s it faced numerous challenges, but at the forefront were issues of affordable housing and tenant protections, says Abrica. And while East Palo Alto residents were worried about displacement and unscrupulous landlords, not to mention high crime rates, big decisions about water were taking place in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s entire water supply came from the SFPUC, which had been providing water not just to residents of San Francisco but also to roughly two dozen municipalities and water agencies in San Mateo, Santa Clara and Alameda counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These regional wholesale customers had come to be collectively represented by the Bay Area Water Users Association (later changed to the \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency\u003c/a>). And in 1984 they renegotiated their contract with SFPUC.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the terms of the 1984 agreement, which was later updated in 2009, wholesale customers would receive a collective minimum water supply of \u003ca href=\"https://sfwater.org/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=8632\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">184 million gallons a day\u003c/a>. Wholesale customers divvied that allotment into shares for each city or agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The calculation was initially based on past usage and previous contracts. As such, new and slowly developing East Palo Alto received a small allotment of just \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.east-palo-alto.ca.us/documentcenter/view/37\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">under 2 million gallons\u003c/a> a day. It proved too little to meet rising demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000 the “Whiskey Gulch” neighborhood – East Palo Alto’s prime retail district, which contained affordable housing, nonprofits and small businesses (some of those liquor stores and bars) – was razed for a massive new development, University Circle, aimed at bringing in more tax revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5472px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180723130240/wd_sv_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5472\" height=\"3648\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Four Seasons Hotel in East Palo Alto, Calif., which was part of a redevelopment project. (Sarah Craig)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By 2006, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.east-palo-alto.ca.us/index.aspx?NID=430\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University Circle\u003c/a> would include 450,000 square feet of class-A office space, 15,000 square feet of retail space and a Four Seasons hotel. At the same time, East Palo Alto began to feel the squeeze on its water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 2001 and 2015, the city \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofepa.org/DocumentCenter/View/3404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exceeded its supply\u003c/a> allocation four times. Finally, in 2016 East Palo Alto’s water situation reached a critical point. Several large development projects were lining up, and the city badly needed to build more affordable housing, but a water supply assessment showed that the city needed an additional 1.5 million gallons a day of supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to institute a [development] moratorium because we couldn’t approve projects – we simply couldn’t assure them that we could supply the water,” says city manager Martinez. Affordable housing had to wait, along with developers hoping to build a private school and new commercial properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Palo Alto city manager Carlos Martinez shakes hands with a worker at the city’s newly updated Gloria Way well. (Sarah Craig)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking Inward\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When East Palo Alto was examining options to tackle its water problems, that included seeing what it could do within the borders of the 2.5 square-mile city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turns out, there wasn’t much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gross per capita water consumption in East Palo Alto in 2015–16 was 58 gallons a day, one of the lowest in the region (and state). And residential per capita use was just 51.6 gallons a day – a stark contrast to the more than 218 gallons a day consumed by San Jose residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been very good stewards,” says Mayor Abrica. “Generally, it’s wealthy communities which waste water, it’s not poor communities. People are mindful of how much they’re paying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city doesn’t have big parks or golf courses that use lots of water, either. Potential gains made from conservation would be minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One resource East Palo Alto did have, though, is groundwater. At least some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5302px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180723130548/wd_sv_4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5302\" height=\"3535\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An electrical panel on the construction site of the Gloria Well in East Palo Alto. (Sarah Craig)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We commissioned a scientific study and looked at every inch of land in East Palo Alto that potentially had groundwater and lo and behold we found good water,” on a small slice of land the city owns in a Home Depot parking lot, says Abrica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has already started on the design of the well, which they call “Pad D,” and construction is likely to start sometime in 2019. The city also owns an existing well on Gloria Way in a residential neighborhood a few blocks from the town’s library and municipal offices.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contamination problems with the well had rendered the water undrinkable for years, but the city got to work on building a new treatment system. The water from the wells, though, was expected to help shrink the water supply gap, or minimally provide a much-needed source of local backup, but it wouldn’t be enough to meet all the East Palo Alto’s needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking Outward\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most obvious place for East Palo Alto to look for more water was its provider, SFPUC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2016, East Palo Alto requested that SFPUC consider increasing its allocation by 1.5 million gallons a day to close its projected shortfall. Others threw their weight behind the request, as well, including local business and community leaders like U.S.Rep. Jackie Speier, whose district includes East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I view the request of East Palo Alto as the latest chapter in a civil rights struggle that began decades ago when discrimination was lawful and widely practiced,” she wrote in a letter to the SFPUC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But East Palo Alto’s allocation was also enmeshed in a complicated and changing water supply picture across the region. SFPUC was engaged in a multiyear process to update its long-term water supply plan, known as the Water Management Action Plan, which would designate water allotments for 2019 to 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In doing so it needed to examine both the needs of its dozens of wholesale customers and also the future water supply picture in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to East Palo Alto’s request for more water, the larger cities of San Jose and Santa Clara were also seeking to have their allocations increased and made permanent (they had been classified as temporary, interruptible customers whose supplies could be curtailed).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest issue had to do with the big unknowns in SFPUC’s future water supply because the state was also engaged in a long process of updating a water plan for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta that could involve curtailments to the SFPUC’s supply from the Tuolumne River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given all the balls in the air for SFPUC, East Palo Alto knew a quick decision on its fate from the commission wasn’t coming soon and so it began to look for other options.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though East Palo Alto was consuming all of its supply allocations, it knew that other cities in the region had more water than they regularly used. They just needed to find one or two municipalities willing to part with some of it – something that had never been done before in the region. In California, giving up water is pretty much unheard of – especially in the wake of a five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Palo Alto is a small city of 28,000 residents in San Mateo County, California. (Sarah Craig)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Neighborly Help\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was nothing to suggest that Mountain View’s monthly city council meeting in May 2017 would be historic – no big crowds, no fanfare. But item number 7.2 on the agenda, coming after information on street resurfacing, was an important order of business: a vote on whether to approve a permanent water rights transfer of 1 million gallons a day to the nearby city of East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our opportunity,” East Palo Alto’s then-mayor Larry Moody said at the meeting. “If we are able to do this water transfer today we can become a community that’s … pursuing our hopes and dreams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exhausting other possibilities for securing more water, East Palo Alto officials focused their efforts on two cities, Mountain View and Palo Alto, which were open to talks about a potential water transfer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Mountain View, the water supply picture, even in the midst of drought, was good. The city, home to Google and other tech companies, has an allocation of 13.5million gallons a day, which they hadn’t come close to using in 30 years, according to Gregg Hosfeldt, assistant public works director for the city. During California’s recent drought, Mountain View residents cut consumption by 24 percent in two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city currently was using just over 7 million gallons a day. That’s good news on a conservation front, but bad news financially for Mountain View. It is one of four cities in the regional water system with contracts that stipulate that it must purchase a minimum amount of water each year from SFPUC. For Mountain View, its minimum is 8.9 million gallons a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain View’s staff had calculated that the city was likely to pay $8.5 million over the next four years for water it wouldn’t use. So, they worked out a plan to transfer a water right of 1 million gallons a day to East Palo Alto for a one-time fee of $5 million, which would ease East Palo Alto’s water troubles and help take some of the sting out of paying for unused water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing what East Palo Alto was facing and knowing what our situation is and knowing that no other agency was stepping up, we kind of made a leap of faith and started working with them to see how we could make this fly,” says Hosfeldt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain View then-mayor Ken Rosenberg closed out the city council meeting by saying, “Access to clean drinkable water is a human right and we’re doing human rights work on this vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a whoop and some clapping from the small audience in attendance, the councillors voted 6-1 in favor of the water transfer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month later East Palo Alto’s city council approved the transfer, which was subsequently greenlighted by the SFPUC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal was advantageous to all sides, but the fact that it was struck was still groundbreaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody sells water – you just don’t do that,” says Hosfeldt. And from a negotiating standpoint, there wasn’t a lot of precedent, either. “If you look historically, there is probably none of these deals to look at – we’re breaking new ground.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How East Palo Alto funded the project was a first, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city didn’t have $5 million in the bank, so it \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofepa.org/DocumentCenter/View/3404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">got creative\u003c/a>. East Palo Alto kicked in $470,000 from its general fund. Another $1.53 million was split between three big developers – the Sobrato Organization, 2020 Bay Road and The Primary School (a project of the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, the philanthropic organization of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and his wife, pediatrician Priscilla Chan). The Sobrato Organization also agreed to loan the city $1 million and the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative gifted an additional $2 million, $500,000 of which was to be used to create a permanent position for an affordable housing manager for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water and affordable housing in East Palo are intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time East Palo Alto was focused on more water to spur economic development, it was also trying to prevent that development from displacing the city’s residents – many of whom are low- and middle-income. East Palo Alto is one of the most affordable places (relatively speaking) left to live in Silicon Valley, but that’s changing quickly as the tech boom ripples through the region and is likely to accelerate with a stable supply of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bennett of Youth United for Community Action called the development moratorium resulting from the city’s water shortage both a blessing and a curse. It prevented the construction of new affordable housing, “which has been a detriment to the community,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the same time East Palo Alto is fighting “rapid gentrification,” she says, and the moratorium bought them some time. “It gave us a chance to do some visioning about what we want to see in East Palo Alto and to figure out some tools to get us to what we envision,” she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades ago East Palo Alto was a city known chiefly for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/01/02/how-east-palo-alto-shed-its-crime-rep-and-built-a-new-path-forward/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">high murder rate\u003c/a>, but community groups and elected officials have worked hard to fight corruption, lower crime rates and bring in more tax dollars through development. As Silicon Valley has become more expensive, East Palo Alto’s allure increased. Over the last five years, the median sales price of a two-bedroom home in East Palo Alto has increased 153 percent to $985,500, according to the real estate company Trulia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bennett wants to see the community grow, but not at the expense of those who already call it home. “We wanted to become a city because it was our sense of place, of where we could belong, and now people want to take that away from us,” she says. “That’s not that easily put into words – it’s the unseen part of gentrification.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now East Palo Alto feels like a city on the cusp of something, and longtime residents want to make sure they have a say in what that something is.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are receiving all the negative impacts [of Silicon Valley’s growth] – a lack of housing, increased traffic – and yet we remain a community that has a lot of needs, more needs than anyone else,” says Martinez. “But we have less employees and less revenue to provide the services that the community needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more water, he hopes they can create more city revenue and more services and opportunities for residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One Deal Away\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Mountain View deal closed in the summer of 2017 and the city about two-thirds of the way to meeting its water supply needs, East Palo Alto then focused on securing one more deal – this time with neighboring Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two cities decided to work on three collaborative projects, one of which was a water transfer agreement of half a million gallons a day from Palo Alto’s allocation with the regional water system, according to Ed Shikada, Palo Alto’s assistant city manager. The other two were a bridge project and traffic signal synchronization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought it would be good to move the three [projects] together,” says Shikada. And because the water deal is part of multiple cooperative projects between the cities, Palo Alto did not seek payment for the water transfer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recognizing that East Palo Alto does have economic development needs including low-income housing and educational facilities that have been held up on the basis of the water supply being unavailable, those are valuable community assets we’d like to support,” he says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palo Alto’s City Council voted to approve the water transfer in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This action by Palo Alto, combined with previous action in 2017 by the city of Mountain View, provides the water necessary for East Palo Alto to move forward with its sustainable growth plans envisioned in their General Plan to benefit its residents,” says Nicole Sandkulla, chief executive officer of the Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency, of which all three cities are members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For officials in East Palo Alto, a secure source of water means that they can focus more attention on other issues. The city has spent so much time thinking about its physical infrastructure, it’s time to focus on the human infrastructure and services for residents, says Abrica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope we keep our spirit of trying to look after the most vulnerable people in housing, which is not an easy thing,” he says. “We would like for people to stay here if they want to and not be displaced, and we would like for the fruits of the development to make life good for all of the community.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1927986/how-a-silicon-valley-city-cut-landmark-deals-to-solve-a-water-crisis","authors":["byline_science_1927986"],"categories":["science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_572","science_460","science_968","science_461","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1927995","label":"science"},"science_620606":{"type":"posts","id":"science_620606","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"620606","score":null,"sort":[1459947609000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"wastewater-becomes-a-resource-in-silicon-valley","title":"Wastewater Becomes a Resource in Silicon Valley","publishDate":1459947609,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Wastewater Becomes a Resource in Silicon Valley | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Despite a much wetter winter than the last several, California is still mired in drought, according to scientists and policymakers. But if you ask architect Bill Worthen of \u003ca href=\"http://urbanfabrick.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Urban Fabrick\u003c/a>, there is plenty of water in the state of California. “It’s just not where we want it, when we want it, in the form we want it,” he said. “To me, as an architect, that’s a classic design problem and that’s also a huge opportunity to think about how we can reuse and rethink water in the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8q39TbELLYztF2vbp510TvKVa6Tjgyix”]Worthen recently spoke at a gathering of building and design professionals interested in water reuse in Silicon Valley. “Our opportunity here is to think about how we can stop the insanity of using water once as it comes out of our tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept of reusing water in Silicon Valley is not new. There are more than 150 miles (240km) of purple pipes – the designated color for pipes carrying recycled water. Some cities have incentives to encourage water reuse in homes and an “advanced water purification center” in San Jose is able to treat wastewater to drinking water standards – yet the region still has an incredible amount of untapped potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, most residents are still flushing their toilets with pristine water. “Future generations are going to look at us like we’re insane that we used drinking water to flush poop,” said Gil Friend, chief sustainability officer for the City of Palo Alto. “Who could possibly have thought of something so stupid? But here we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s drought, now in its fifth year, has highlighted the need to conserve water and increase efficiency. And slowly gaining more attention is the idea to match water quality to water need. More than half the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/02/9693/reliable-silicon-valley-water-sources/\" rel=\"external\">water supply\u003c/a> for Silicon Valley is imported, originating in the Sierra Nevada mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does it all need to be the cleanest, safest drinking supply known to mankind or can some of it actually not be that clean?” asks Josiah Cain, a landscape architect at \u003ca href=\"http://www.sherwoodengineers.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Sherwood Design Engineers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Opportunity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is actually that we don’t always need pristine drinking water to meet a lot of our water supply requirements. We certainly don’t need it to flush our toilets. For a typical office building, 95 percent of the water used could come from nonpotable sources, says Worthen. This means that almost all the water used in an office building goes to irrigation, heating and cooling systems, and to flushing toilets and urinals. In a multiunit residential building, the number is 50 percent – much lower, but still significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arid California will undoubtedly face future droughts and climate change modeling indicates that these may be longer and more severe, and that the timing and amount of crucial snowpack will change, affecting the availability of water when it’s needed most in hot summer months. All of which means that finding new ways to augment water supply is becoming a priority that extends beyond the current water crunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">report\u003c/a>, the Pacific Institute, a global water think tank, found that California had significant potential to increase water reuse and capture stormwater. “Traditional supply options are tapped out,” the report found, adding that groundwater is overdrafted in many places and there are few options for creating new surface storage reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reuse creates a water supply that is both reliable and local. “It can also provide economic and environmental benefits by reducing energy use, diversions from rivers and streams, and pollution from wastewater discharges,” the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_620613\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1834px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-620613\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines.jpg\" alt=\"Purple lines indicate the pipelines of the recycled water systems stretching through multiple cities in Santa Clara County. \" width=\"1834\" height=\"1464\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines.jpg 1834w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-800x639.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-768x613.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-1440x1149.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-1180x942.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-960x766.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1834px) 100vw, 1834px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple lines indicate the pipelines of the recycled water systems stretching through multiple cities in Santa Clara County. \u003ccite>(Sustainable Silicon Valley and Saskia Fagan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beyond what’s already being done there is another 1.2 million to 1.8 million acre-feet (1.4 to 2.2 billion cubic meters) per year potential to expand water reuse in the state, especially in coastal areas, the Pacific Institute reported. And in the San Francisco Bay Area and Southern California cities, capturing stormwater could reduce flooding and boost water supplies by 420,000 to 630,000 acre-feet or more annually. For comparison, an average California home uses 0.5–1 acre-foot a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are other reasons, too. Researchers from UCLA found that there are \u003ca href=\"http://ph.ucla.edu/news/press-release/2016/mar/expanding-use-recycled-water-would-benefit-environment-and-human-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">health benefits\u003c/a>from using recycled water because it supports the maintenance of green spaces, can decrease air pollution and can lower greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Reuse in Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley has gotten a jump on water reuse, but still has a long way to go before it’s widespread at either the home, business or municipal level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Hackler, founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.baymaples.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Bay Maples\u003c/a> landscaping company, got a good sense in the last year of how popular water reuse is becoming. Hackler’s team installed 16 graywater systems and five rainwater catchment systems in homes in 2015 and held numerous workshops to teach the principles to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easiest and most popular way to reuse water at home is for “laundry-to-landscape” systems, for which there is now a state code. These involve piping washing machine water to gardens for irrigation. Hackler also does graywater projects that use bathroom sink and shower water for irrigation, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities, like Palo Alto, are helping to spur more water reuse in the home. Palo Alto’s building code requires new construction or large renovation projects to make homes laundry-to-landscape ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to water reuse at the home level, “There is a lot of interest in it, but the number of people who’ve actually done it is still fairly small,” said Phil Bobel, the deputy director of Public Works for Palo Alto. “It requires time, energy, you have to get a building permit and deal with our building department and all of that stuff. There are a lot things that slow you down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hackler has also found that the process isn’t always consistent from city to city – or the costs. A building department permit in one city may be $600 and in another it’s only $200.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the biggest impact from recycled water currently comes from water reuse at the municipal level. And the biggest player in this is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=1587\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">South Bay Water Recycling\u003c/a> program in San Jose, which provides nonpotable water via 143 miles (230km) of “purple pipes” to the City of Santa Clara, the City of Milpitas and two water retailers – San Jose Water Company and San Jose Municipal Water System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each day about 10 million gallons (40,000 cubic meters) of recycled water are piped from this system to 800 irrigation and industrial customers including Levi’s Stadium, Great America, McCarthy Ranch Shopping Center, Guadalupe Gardens, Intel and San Jose City Hall. The water is used in cooling towers and power plants, for toilet flushing in dual-plumbed buildings and for irrigating golf courses, street medians, college campuses, parks and other landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the water in the system is currently mixed with highly treated recycled water from the\u003ca href=\"http://purewater4u.org/advanced-water-treatment-facility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a>. It treats wastewater to drinking water standards, but the water so far is only permitted to be used for nonpotable purposes, although in the future it may be used to replenish groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides San Jose’s treatment plant, there are three others – in Gilroy/Morgan Hill, Sunnyvale and Palo Alto – that produce recycled water for purple pipe systems. Palo Alto’s biggest customer is next door in Mountain View’s north of Bayshore neighborhood, home to Google and other businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo County has some municipal water recycling, although not as much as Santa Clara County. Daly City’s North San Mateo County Sanitation District has been providing 1 million gallons (4,000 cubic meters) of recycled water per day to irrigate areas of Daly City as well as irrigating Harding Park and Fleming Park golf courses in San Francisco. And nearby, the Pacifica Recycled Water Project irrigates the Sharp Park Golf Course and other areas in Pacifica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across Silicon Valley, interest in recycled water is high, says Bobel. “The drought has really increased everybody’s interest, that’s for sure,” he said. Palo Alto hopes to expand its recycled water pipeline, as does San Jose. And Bobel believes that in the future all the south county recycled water systems in Santa Clara may be connected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people are recognizing while this current ‘drought’ may end, we may be in for a long-term low-rainfall kind of situation and we shouldn’t count on the high rainfall years of the past,” he said. “We should start to plan \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9865/silicon-valley-seeks-local-water-sources/\" rel=\"external\">alternative water supplies\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Navigating the Speed Bumps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, Bobel says, expanding water recycling systems might have been impeded by lack of public acceptance. But now the public is onboard and the biggest hurdle is the cost to build the pipelines, he says. The same holds true for constructing buildings with dual plumbing to reuse graywater – it’s mostly an issue of economics, although regulatory challenges do exist, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The giant public sector capital investment that’s necessary to do something like this, we don’t seem to have available,” said Cain. “So we do the district approach.” In between small-scale home systems and large municipal pipeline systems is another area of opportunity – creating onsite graywater or blackwater reuse systems in buildings. A few of these decentralized systems can also be linked together in small districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, San Francisco has been a driver of this technology. Last year it became the\u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tara-lohan/san-franciscos-innovative-step-to-save-water_b_8236072.html?utm_hp_ref=green&ir=Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">first city\u003c/a> in the country to require new developments over 250,000 square feet (23,000 square meters) to use onsite water reuse systems for any water needs that are nonpotable. The ordinance also requires buildings of 40,000 square feet or more to do an assessment of the reuse potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new requirement was driven by interest in a program developed by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which spent several years working to align health, public works and water departments on the vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it hasn’t been easily transferrable to other places in California yet, although the interest is great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marianna Grossman, a founder and managing partner at \u003ca href=\"http://www.minervaventures.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Minerva Ventures\u003c/a>, wanted to help bring those regulations to Santa Clara and San Mateo counties. “It should be easy because it is so clear that we need to not flush drinking water down the toilet,” said Grossman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead she found a lot of barriers to implementation. In San Francisco, there is only one city and county. “In San Mateo, I think there are 22 separate cities and towns,” said Grossman. “In Santa Clara there are 16, plus each county has unincorporated areas that they run.” And there are also the various health, planning and public works departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In working to help four technology companies in Mountain View to establish onsite reuse systems, she said they encountered more problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mountain View’s city council thinks they’ve said they want to do water reuse, but in fact the way the regulations get enforced, it makes it very hard to do,” she said. “There is a lack of alignment in the city government from the policymakers to the different departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the \u003ca href=\"https://cee.stanford.edu/labs-centers/codiga-resource-recovery-center-cr2c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Codiga Resource Recovery Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University, said he’s also had conversations with several different technology companies in Silicon Valley that are interested in onsite water reuse systems. “They want to increase their resilience and to be good corporate citizens,” he said. “But the real obstacle to getting the systems installed today is regulatory – it’s building inspections, codes, things like that – and of course education of not just the public, but making sure regulators and building inspectors are on board with water reuse and trust it to be safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grossman believes there should be better statewide regulations for water reuse protocols. “To try and go city by city to set zoning rules around water reuse I don’t think is efficient or sensible,” said Grossman. “It is a nightmare for developers and builders if every single one has a different plan and approach and process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Drinking Water has been tasked with investigating the feasibility of developing uniform water recycling criteria for direct potable reuse, which is when water is recycled and directly piped to customers for drinking water. But these potential new regulations would not cover nonpotable water reuse projects, such as decentralized graywater systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grossman believes standard regulations will help drive more businesses to seize the economic advantages of water reuse. “Rules and policies build market possibilities,” she said. “Once you have the rules, you create a huge market that drives down the cost of a water reuse system and increases the knowledge of plumbers, engineers and architects on how to do those systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Friend cautions that it’s not just a matter of regulations, it’s also a matter implementing these systems on a meaningful scale. “In San Francisco, we’ve got terrific examples of iconic buildings [doing water reuse] that are valuable because they show what’s possible, that it works, it’s economical, it’s safe,” he said. “But to go from there to shifting hundreds of thousands of households in a region is a steeply challenging issue we need to think through. We can’t get there by random. The regulation may be the easy part, as hard as that is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California's drought has highlighted the need to conserve water, but it is also spurring interest in recycling water to increase supply.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930396,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":45,"wordCount":2409},"headData":{"title":"Wastewater Becomes a Resource in Silicon Valley | KQED","description":"California's drought has highlighted the need to conserve water, but it is also spurring interest in recycling water to increase supply.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Wastewater Becomes a Resource in Silicon Valley","datePublished":"2016-04-06T13:00:09.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:46:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> ","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"http://www.taralohan.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Tara Lohan\u003c/a>,\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>","path":"/science/620606/wastewater-becomes-a-resource-in-silicon-valley","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite a much wetter winter than the last several, California is still mired in drought, according to scientists and policymakers. But if you ask architect Bill Worthen of \u003ca href=\"http://urbanfabrick.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Urban Fabrick\u003c/a>, there is plenty of water in the state of California. “It’s just not where we want it, when we want it, in the form we want it,” he said. “To me, as an architect, that’s a classic design problem and that’s also a huge opportunity to think about how we can reuse and rethink water in the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Worthen recently spoke at a gathering of building and design professionals interested in water reuse in Silicon Valley. “Our opportunity here is to think about how we can stop the insanity of using water once as it comes out of our tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept of reusing water in Silicon Valley is not new. There are more than 150 miles (240km) of purple pipes – the designated color for pipes carrying recycled water. Some cities have incentives to encourage water reuse in homes and an “advanced water purification center” in San Jose is able to treat wastewater to drinking water standards – yet the region still has an incredible amount of untapped potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, most residents are still flushing their toilets with pristine water. “Future generations are going to look at us like we’re insane that we used drinking water to flush poop,” said Gil Friend, chief sustainability officer for the City of Palo Alto. “Who could possibly have thought of something so stupid? But here we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s drought, now in its fifth year, has highlighted the need to conserve water and increase efficiency. And slowly gaining more attention is the idea to match water quality to water need. More than half the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/02/9693/reliable-silicon-valley-water-sources/\" rel=\"external\">water supply\u003c/a> for Silicon Valley is imported, originating in the Sierra Nevada mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does it all need to be the cleanest, safest drinking supply known to mankind or can some of it actually not be that clean?” asks Josiah Cain, a landscape architect at \u003ca href=\"http://www.sherwoodengineers.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Sherwood Design Engineers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Opportunity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is actually that we don’t always need pristine drinking water to meet a lot of our water supply requirements. We certainly don’t need it to flush our toilets. For a typical office building, 95 percent of the water used could come from nonpotable sources, says Worthen. This means that almost all the water used in an office building goes to irrigation, heating and cooling systems, and to flushing toilets and urinals. In a multiunit residential building, the number is 50 percent – much lower, but still significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arid California will undoubtedly face future droughts and climate change modeling indicates that these may be longer and more severe, and that the timing and amount of crucial snowpack will change, affecting the availability of water when it’s needed most in hot summer months. All of which means that finding new ways to augment water supply is becoming a priority that extends beyond the current water crunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">report\u003c/a>, the Pacific Institute, a global water think tank, found that California had significant potential to increase water reuse and capture stormwater. “Traditional supply options are tapped out,” the report found, adding that groundwater is overdrafted in many places and there are few options for creating new surface storage reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reuse creates a water supply that is both reliable and local. “It can also provide economic and environmental benefits by reducing energy use, diversions from rivers and streams, and pollution from wastewater discharges,” the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_620613\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1834px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-620613\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines.jpg\" alt=\"Purple lines indicate the pipelines of the recycled water systems stretching through multiple cities in Santa Clara County. \" width=\"1834\" height=\"1464\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines.jpg 1834w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-800x639.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-768x613.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-1440x1149.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-1180x942.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-960x766.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1834px) 100vw, 1834px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple lines indicate the pipelines of the recycled water systems stretching through multiple cities in Santa Clara County. \u003ccite>(Sustainable Silicon Valley and Saskia Fagan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beyond what’s already being done there is another 1.2 million to 1.8 million acre-feet (1.4 to 2.2 billion cubic meters) per year potential to expand water reuse in the state, especially in coastal areas, the Pacific Institute reported. And in the San Francisco Bay Area and Southern California cities, capturing stormwater could reduce flooding and boost water supplies by 420,000 to 630,000 acre-feet or more annually. For comparison, an average California home uses 0.5–1 acre-foot a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are other reasons, too. Researchers from UCLA found that there are \u003ca href=\"http://ph.ucla.edu/news/press-release/2016/mar/expanding-use-recycled-water-would-benefit-environment-and-human-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">health benefits\u003c/a>from using recycled water because it supports the maintenance of green spaces, can decrease air pollution and can lower greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Reuse in Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley has gotten a jump on water reuse, but still has a long way to go before it’s widespread at either the home, business or municipal level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Hackler, founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.baymaples.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Bay Maples\u003c/a> landscaping company, got a good sense in the last year of how popular water reuse is becoming. Hackler’s team installed 16 graywater systems and five rainwater catchment systems in homes in 2015 and held numerous workshops to teach the principles to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easiest and most popular way to reuse water at home is for “laundry-to-landscape” systems, for which there is now a state code. These involve piping washing machine water to gardens for irrigation. Hackler also does graywater projects that use bathroom sink and shower water for irrigation, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities, like Palo Alto, are helping to spur more water reuse in the home. Palo Alto’s building code requires new construction or large renovation projects to make homes laundry-to-landscape ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to water reuse at the home level, “There is a lot of interest in it, but the number of people who’ve actually done it is still fairly small,” said Phil Bobel, the deputy director of Public Works for Palo Alto. “It requires time, energy, you have to get a building permit and deal with our building department and all of that stuff. There are a lot things that slow you down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hackler has also found that the process isn’t always consistent from city to city – or the costs. A building department permit in one city may be $600 and in another it’s only $200.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the biggest impact from recycled water currently comes from water reuse at the municipal level. And the biggest player in this is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=1587\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">South Bay Water Recycling\u003c/a> program in San Jose, which provides nonpotable water via 143 miles (230km) of “purple pipes” to the City of Santa Clara, the City of Milpitas and two water retailers – San Jose Water Company and San Jose Municipal Water System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each day about 10 million gallons (40,000 cubic meters) of recycled water are piped from this system to 800 irrigation and industrial customers including Levi’s Stadium, Great America, McCarthy Ranch Shopping Center, Guadalupe Gardens, Intel and San Jose City Hall. The water is used in cooling towers and power plants, for toilet flushing in dual-plumbed buildings and for irrigating golf courses, street medians, college campuses, parks and other landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the water in the system is currently mixed with highly treated recycled water from the\u003ca href=\"http://purewater4u.org/advanced-water-treatment-facility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a>. It treats wastewater to drinking water standards, but the water so far is only permitted to be used for nonpotable purposes, although in the future it may be used to replenish groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides San Jose’s treatment plant, there are three others – in Gilroy/Morgan Hill, Sunnyvale and Palo Alto – that produce recycled water for purple pipe systems. Palo Alto’s biggest customer is next door in Mountain View’s north of Bayshore neighborhood, home to Google and other businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo County has some municipal water recycling, although not as much as Santa Clara County. Daly City’s North San Mateo County Sanitation District has been providing 1 million gallons (4,000 cubic meters) of recycled water per day to irrigate areas of Daly City as well as irrigating Harding Park and Fleming Park golf courses in San Francisco. And nearby, the Pacifica Recycled Water Project irrigates the Sharp Park Golf Course and other areas in Pacifica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across Silicon Valley, interest in recycled water is high, says Bobel. “The drought has really increased everybody’s interest, that’s for sure,” he said. Palo Alto hopes to expand its recycled water pipeline, as does San Jose. And Bobel believes that in the future all the south county recycled water systems in Santa Clara may be connected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people are recognizing while this current ‘drought’ may end, we may be in for a long-term low-rainfall kind of situation and we shouldn’t count on the high rainfall years of the past,” he said. “We should start to plan \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9865/silicon-valley-seeks-local-water-sources/\" rel=\"external\">alternative water supplies\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Navigating the Speed Bumps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, Bobel says, expanding water recycling systems might have been impeded by lack of public acceptance. But now the public is onboard and the biggest hurdle is the cost to build the pipelines, he says. The same holds true for constructing buildings with dual plumbing to reuse graywater – it’s mostly an issue of economics, although regulatory challenges do exist, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The giant public sector capital investment that’s necessary to do something like this, we don’t seem to have available,” said Cain. “So we do the district approach.” In between small-scale home systems and large municipal pipeline systems is another area of opportunity – creating onsite graywater or blackwater reuse systems in buildings. A few of these decentralized systems can also be linked together in small districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, San Francisco has been a driver of this technology. Last year it became the\u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tara-lohan/san-franciscos-innovative-step-to-save-water_b_8236072.html?utm_hp_ref=green&ir=Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">first city\u003c/a> in the country to require new developments over 250,000 square feet (23,000 square meters) to use onsite water reuse systems for any water needs that are nonpotable. The ordinance also requires buildings of 40,000 square feet or more to do an assessment of the reuse potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new requirement was driven by interest in a program developed by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which spent several years working to align health, public works and water departments on the vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it hasn’t been easily transferrable to other places in California yet, although the interest is great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marianna Grossman, a founder and managing partner at \u003ca href=\"http://www.minervaventures.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Minerva Ventures\u003c/a>, wanted to help bring those regulations to Santa Clara and San Mateo counties. “It should be easy because it is so clear that we need to not flush drinking water down the toilet,” said Grossman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead she found a lot of barriers to implementation. In San Francisco, there is only one city and county. “In San Mateo, I think there are 22 separate cities and towns,” said Grossman. “In Santa Clara there are 16, plus each county has unincorporated areas that they run.” And there are also the various health, planning and public works departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In working to help four technology companies in Mountain View to establish onsite reuse systems, she said they encountered more problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mountain View’s city council thinks they’ve said they want to do water reuse, but in fact the way the regulations get enforced, it makes it very hard to do,” she said. “There is a lack of alignment in the city government from the policymakers to the different departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the \u003ca href=\"https://cee.stanford.edu/labs-centers/codiga-resource-recovery-center-cr2c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Codiga Resource Recovery Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University, said he’s also had conversations with several different technology companies in Silicon Valley that are interested in onsite water reuse systems. “They want to increase their resilience and to be good corporate citizens,” he said. “But the real obstacle to getting the systems installed today is regulatory – it’s building inspections, codes, things like that – and of course education of not just the public, but making sure regulators and building inspectors are on board with water reuse and trust it to be safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grossman believes there should be better statewide regulations for water reuse protocols. “To try and go city by city to set zoning rules around water reuse I don’t think is efficient or sensible,” said Grossman. “It is a nightmare for developers and builders if every single one has a different plan and approach and process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Drinking Water has been tasked with investigating the feasibility of developing uniform water recycling criteria for direct potable reuse, which is when water is recycled and directly piped to customers for drinking water. But these potential new regulations would not cover nonpotable water reuse projects, such as decentralized graywater systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grossman believes standard regulations will help drive more businesses to seize the economic advantages of water reuse. “Rules and policies build market possibilities,” she said. “Once you have the rules, you create a huge market that drives down the cost of a water reuse system and increases the knowledge of plumbers, engineers and architects on how to do those systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Friend cautions that it’s not just a matter of regulations, it’s also a matter implementing these systems on a meaningful scale. “In San Francisco, we’ve got terrific examples of iconic buildings [doing water reuse] that are valuable because they show what’s possible, that it works, it’s economical, it’s safe,” he said. “But to go from there to shifting hundreds of thousands of households in a region is a steeply challenging issue we need to think through. We can’t get there by random. The regulation may be the easy part, as hard as that is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/620606/wastewater-becomes-a-resource-in-silicon-valley","authors":["byline_science_620606"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_572","science_968"],"featImg":"science_620612","label":"source_science_620606"},"science_17223":{"type":"posts","id":"science_17223","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"17223","score":null,"sort":[1399593304000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"silicon-valley-billionaire-moves-to-skip-court-appearance-over-disputed-beach","title":"Judge Orders Silicon Valley Billionaire to Testify in Dispute Over Beach","publishDate":1399593304,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Judge Orders Silicon Valley Billionaire to Testify in Dispute Over Beach | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12954\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/P1140220-1024x768.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12954\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12954\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/P1140220-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Martins Beach is home to the residents of about 45 small beach houses, all of whose leases expire in 2021. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vinod Khosla, the Silicon Valley venture capitalist, bought the Martins Beach property for $37.5 million in 2008. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Thursday, May 8:\u003c/strong> A San Mateo County Superior Court judge has ordered tech billionaire Vinod Khosla to testify in a lawsuit challenging \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/silicon-valley-billionaire-battles-surfers-over-beach-access/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">his decision to shut down public access\u003c/a> to a popular beach. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the trial opened Thursday, San Mateo County Superior Court Judge Barbara Mallach rejected a motion to quash a subpoena for Khosla (embedded at the bottom of this article), who paid $37.5 million to buy the disputed Martin’s Beach property in 2008. Defense attorneys said the subpoena amounted to harassment and argued that the manager of the property, not Khosla, was responsible for decisions like closing off access. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khosla, a cofounder of Sun Microsystems, is expected to appear in court Monday. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for the Surfrider Foundation said in opening arguments Thursday that Khosla violated the California Coastal Act when he blocked access to Martins Beach, just south of Half Moon Bay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people of the state of California passed legislation in 1976 saying that the beaches are public property,” said Surfrider attorney Joe Cotchett outside court. “We now have an individual who steps up and says I’m going to challenge that, because under my constitutional rights, I can buy a beach and close it to the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Defense attorney Jeffrey Essner argued that there’s no public right of access to the property because the previous owners routinely closed it for winter, private events and other occasions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post (Monday, May 5): \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorneys for Silicon Valley billionaire Vinod Khosla have asked that the venture capitalist be excused from testifying in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/silicon-valley-billionaire-battles-surfers-over-beach-access/\">public access dispute\u003c/a> over a scenic stretch of San Mateo coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two companies owned by Khosla, Martins Beach 1, LLC and Martins Beach 2, LLC, bought the 100-acre Martins Beach property for $37.5 million in 2008. The new owners subsequently put up a gate on the main access road and blacked out a welcome sign on Highway 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘He wants to hide behind a wall of lawyers.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lawyers representing the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.surfrider.org/\">Surfrider Foundation\u003c/a> allege that the gate and other work on the property violate \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/ccatc.html\">California’s Coastal Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 29, Khosla’s attorneys filed a motion to quash Khosla’s subpoena, which would prevent plaintiffs from calling him to the stand as a witness. (The motion is embedded at the bottom of this article.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He wants to hide behind a wall of lawyers instead of coming to court and explain what he’s done,” said Mark Massara, an attorney with the Surfrider Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives for Khosla did not respond to an interview request. But the motion states that Khosla has no “unique knowledge” about the case and therefore should not be required to testify.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Surfrider’ s efforts …. can only be explained by an improper motive to harass.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The Surfrider’s efforts to force Mr. Khosla to testify at trial can only be explained by an improper motive to harass, annoy, or invade the privacy of Mr. Khosla, to create some perceived leverage, or to generate publicity,” reads the motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khosla’s attorneys have also \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/222194141/Motion-for-Site-Visit-by-the-Trial-Judge\">requested a site visit\u003c/a>, which would bring both legal teams, along with the judge, to see “the unique properties” of the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few dozen residents still live on the beach property, but their leases expire in 2021. Khosla hasn’t commented publicly about the dispute, or revealed what he plans to do with the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Surfrider suit is one of several attempts to preserve public access to Martins Beach, a favorite spot among local surfers. Until 2008, the beach was owned by the Deeney family, which charged visitors a $10 fee to park near the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial is expected to begin on Wednesday in front of California Superior Court Judge Barbara Mallach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jerry Hill, a Democratic state senator from San Mateo, is \u003ca href=\"http://sd13.senate.ca.gov/news/2014-02-06-hill-introduce-bill-restore-public-access-martin-s-beach-near-half-moon-bay\">proposing to use eminent domain\u003c/a> to allow public access to the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View Motion to Quash Trial Subpoena to Khosla on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/222194140/Motion-to-Quash-Trial-Subpoena-to-Khosla\">Motion to Quash Trial Subpoena to Khosla\u003c/a> by \u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View KQED News's profile on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/KQED_News\">KQED News\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_69598\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/222194140/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-18gfqdttcr9luhx4nq0o&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Venture capitalist expected to appear Monday in case involving access to a popular local beach. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933700,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["//www.scribd.com/embeds/222194140/content"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":704},"headData":{"title":"Judge Orders Silicon Valley Billionaire to Testify in Dispute Over Beach | KQED","description":"Venture capitalist expected to appear Monday in case involving access to a popular local beach. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Judge Orders Silicon Valley Billionaire to Testify in Dispute Over Beach","datePublished":"2014-05-08T23:55:04.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:41:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/17223/silicon-valley-billionaire-moves-to-skip-court-appearance-over-disputed-beach","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12954\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/P1140220-1024x768.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12954\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12954\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/P1140220-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Martins Beach is home to the residents of about 45 small beach houses, all of whose leases expire in 2021. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vinod Khosla, the Silicon Valley venture capitalist, bought the Martins Beach property for $37.5 million in 2008. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Thursday, May 8:\u003c/strong> A San Mateo County Superior Court judge has ordered tech billionaire Vinod Khosla to testify in a lawsuit challenging \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/silicon-valley-billionaire-battles-surfers-over-beach-access/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">his decision to shut down public access\u003c/a> to a popular beach. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the trial opened Thursday, San Mateo County Superior Court Judge Barbara Mallach rejected a motion to quash a subpoena for Khosla (embedded at the bottom of this article), who paid $37.5 million to buy the disputed Martin’s Beach property in 2008. Defense attorneys said the subpoena amounted to harassment and argued that the manager of the property, not Khosla, was responsible for decisions like closing off access. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khosla, a cofounder of Sun Microsystems, is expected to appear in court Monday. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for the Surfrider Foundation said in opening arguments Thursday that Khosla violated the California Coastal Act when he blocked access to Martins Beach, just south of Half Moon Bay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people of the state of California passed legislation in 1976 saying that the beaches are public property,” said Surfrider attorney Joe Cotchett outside court. “We now have an individual who steps up and says I’m going to challenge that, because under my constitutional rights, I can buy a beach and close it to the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Defense attorney Jeffrey Essner argued that there’s no public right of access to the property because the previous owners routinely closed it for winter, private events and other occasions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post (Monday, May 5): \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorneys for Silicon Valley billionaire Vinod Khosla have asked that the venture capitalist be excused from testifying in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/silicon-valley-billionaire-battles-surfers-over-beach-access/\">public access dispute\u003c/a> over a scenic stretch of San Mateo coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two companies owned by Khosla, Martins Beach 1, LLC and Martins Beach 2, LLC, bought the 100-acre Martins Beach property for $37.5 million in 2008. The new owners subsequently put up a gate on the main access road and blacked out a welcome sign on Highway 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘He wants to hide behind a wall of lawyers.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lawyers representing the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.surfrider.org/\">Surfrider Foundation\u003c/a> allege that the gate and other work on the property violate \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/ccatc.html\">California’s Coastal Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 29, Khosla’s attorneys filed a motion to quash Khosla’s subpoena, which would prevent plaintiffs from calling him to the stand as a witness. (The motion is embedded at the bottom of this article.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He wants to hide behind a wall of lawyers instead of coming to court and explain what he’s done,” said Mark Massara, an attorney with the Surfrider Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives for Khosla did not respond to an interview request. But the motion states that Khosla has no “unique knowledge” about the case and therefore should not be required to testify.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Surfrider’ s efforts …. can only be explained by an improper motive to harass.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The Surfrider’s efforts to force Mr. Khosla to testify at trial can only be explained by an improper motive to harass, annoy, or invade the privacy of Mr. Khosla, to create some perceived leverage, or to generate publicity,” reads the motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khosla’s attorneys have also \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/222194141/Motion-for-Site-Visit-by-the-Trial-Judge\">requested a site visit\u003c/a>, which would bring both legal teams, along with the judge, to see “the unique properties” of the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few dozen residents still live on the beach property, but their leases expire in 2021. Khosla hasn’t commented publicly about the dispute, or revealed what he plans to do with the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Surfrider suit is one of several attempts to preserve public access to Martins Beach, a favorite spot among local surfers. Until 2008, the beach was owned by the Deeney family, which charged visitors a $10 fee to park near the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial is expected to begin on Wednesday in front of California Superior Court Judge Barbara Mallach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jerry Hill, a Democratic state senator from San Mateo, is \u003ca href=\"http://sd13.senate.ca.gov/news/2014-02-06-hill-introduce-bill-restore-public-access-martin-s-beach-near-half-moon-bay\">proposing to use eminent domain\u003c/a> to allow public access to the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View Motion to Quash Trial Subpoena to Khosla on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/222194140/Motion-to-Quash-Trial-Subpoena-to-Khosla\">Motion to Quash Trial Subpoena to Khosla\u003c/a> by \u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View KQED News's profile on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/KQED_News\">KQED News\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_69598\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/222194140/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-18gfqdttcr9luhx4nq0o&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/17223/silicon-valley-billionaire-moves-to-skip-court-appearance-over-disputed-beach","authors":["210"],"categories":["science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1159","science_968"],"featImg":"science_17245","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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