Tired of Wells Threatening Residents’ Health, a Small California Town Takes on Big Oil
California Approves Plan to Clean Up Central Valley's Toxic Air
Breathing Fire: California's Central Valley Bears the Brunt of Harmful Wildfire Smoke
Another Danger from Overpumping Groundwater: Arsenic
Recycled Wastewater Now Flowing to San Joaquin Valley Farms, Wildlife
Trump’s Pledge to ‘Open Up the Water’ for Valley Farms: Easier Said Than Done
When City Codes Clash With State Water Rules, Confusion Reigns
Drought Drives Drilling Frenzy for Groundwater in California
Drought Tech: How Solar Desalination Could Help Parched Farms
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Pesticides sprayed on industrial-scale farms, fumes drifting from the region’s ubiquitous oil and gas wells, exhaust from the trucks barreling down Interstate 5 — it all gets trapped in the valley, creating a thick haze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arvin’s residents are especially concerned by the oil and gas wells sprinkled throughout their community. These wells, sometimes drilled and operated in close proximity to neighborhoods, schools, and health care centers, release a toxic mix of pollutants into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have linked proximity to oil and gas extraction to a wide range of adverse health effects, including increased risk of asthma, respiratory illnesses, preterm birth, low birthweight and cancer. Yet California has no statewide rule on setbacks — a regulatory gap that is rare among the nation’s top oil producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry wields considerable power here, and has consistently attempted to thwart new regulations, including public health protections. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a> and Chevron are currently the two top lobbying groups in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Arvin, a small group of mostly low-income Latino residents is taking on the big oil companies in a David-versus-Goliath fight to protect the environment and their health. Their struggle is unusual in Kern County, where pumpjacks sucking heavy crude from the parched floor of the San Joaquin Valley stretch for miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fresh off several local victories, a small environmental justice group called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/betterarvin/\">Committee for a Better Arvin\u003c/a> has united with other front-line community groups — including many in Los Angeles, a hub for urban drilling — to press California to create a statewide setback rule. Their slogan: “No drilling where we are living.” The coalition is urging state lawmakers to vote for a proposed law on setbacks, which has had trouble gaining traction, but which supporters say still may reach the Senate floor if an amended version comes to a vote in the Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Water next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘How Could This Have Been Allowed to Happen?’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Estela Escoto, president of the Committee for a Better Arvin, moved from Los Angeles to Arvin with her husband and three children in 2006, they hoped that it would be “a nice, peaceful place to live, kind of like a small town in Mexico,” Escoto said, speaking through a Spanish interpreter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They soon learned that Arvin residents deal with some of the worst pollution in the country. Escoto joined the Committee for a Better Arvin, a newly-formed group of community members who wanted a cleaner, healthier city. They tackled water quality issues, pesticide use, and the odor from a nearby chicken manure composting facility, but for many years\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>despite the pollution from the wells, they left the oil and gas industry alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_5783.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1968159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_5783.jpeg\" alt=\"Photo: Arvin, CA with pumpjack in foreground\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_5783.jpeg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_5783-160x107.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pumpjack looms near Arvin’s high school. \u003ccite>(Julia Kane/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2014, people on a residential street not far from Arvin’s high school began feeling sick. They smelled gas and experienced nosebleeds, headaches, dizziness and nausea. Air sampling from inside homes on the street revealed levels of toxic gas 13 times higher than what was deemed safe by the Environmental Protection Agency. The cause: a leaky pipeline operated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.shalexp.com/petro-capital-resources-llc\">Petro Capital Resources\u003c/a> that was used to carry raw natural gas. Eight families were forced to evacuate their homes, unable to return for eight months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, for many Arvin residents, a tipping point. They began demanding answers. How could this have been allowed to happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jose Gurrola Jr., the Petro Capital Resources gas leak “really brought the issue of environmental justice and environmental racism to the forefront,” he said. A self-described “homegrown kid,” he decided to run for mayor in 2016 after realizing that “these things aren’t normal for every community, for every race,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over a year into Gurrola’s term, Arvin unveiled proposed updates to its oil and gas ordinance, which had been written in the 1960s. The changes the city sought were modest — among other protective measures, the proposed ordinance would prohibit new oil and gas drilling in residential zones and create a 300-foot buffer between new drilling and homes, schools and hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kern County’s Board of Supervisors weighed in, discouraging Arvin from creating its own regulations. They advised the town to rely on a county ordinance and environmental impact report instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/CalifFrackingRegions750px.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1968153\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/CalifFrackingRegions750px.png\" alt=\"Map: CA Fracking Areas\" width=\"648\" height=\"820\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/CalifFrackingRegions750px.png 648w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/CalifFrackingRegions750px-160x202.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kern County’s ordinance had a major flaw: The result of a deal with three oil and gas trade associations — the Western States Petroleum Association, the California Independent Petroleum Association, and the Independent Oil Producers’ Agency — it allowed regulators to rubber stamp permits for new oil and gas extraction based on a single blanket environmental impact report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Committee for a Better Arvin and other community and environmental groups sued the county. Three years later, the courts would rule in favor of the committee, but in 2017, as Arvin was considering its own oil and gas ordinance, the outcome of the lawsuit was still uncertain. Despite pressure from the industry groups and the county Board of Supervisors, Arvin forged ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the Committee for a Better Arvin began a grassroots campaign in support of Arvin’s proposed ordinance. “We walked down all the streets. We visited many homes so that we could explain the problems that were going on,” Escoto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968115\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Estela_and_Robert-estela-escoto.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968115 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Estela_and_Robert-estela-escoto-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Estela & Roberto Escoto\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Estela_and_Robert-estela-escoto-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Estela_and_Robert-estela-escoto-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Estela_and_Robert-estela-escoto-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Estela_and_Robert-estela-escoto.jpg 924w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Estela Escoto, president of the Committee for a Better Arvin, and her husband, Roberto. \u003ccite>(Estela Escoto)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She and other activists showed their neighbors videos filmed using optical gas imaging, which made the invisible air pollution spewing from the wells near their homes suddenly visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry groups fought back, but on July 17, 2018, the council passed the ordinance — the first of its kind in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might seem like it’s small, only 300 feet, but for us, it was a really big accomplishment,” Escoto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Arvin’s environmental justice movement gained momentum, a similar story was also playing out in the greater Los Angeles area. In Los Angeles County alone, over 1.5 million people live within 2,500 feet of an operational well — a majority of them non-white. There, organizations like Stand Together Against Neighborhood Drilling (\u003ca href=\"https://www.stand.la/\">STAND-L.A.\u003c/a>) also had been advocating for local setbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental justice group called the \u003ca href=\"https://crpe-ej.org/\">Center on Race, Poverty & the Environment\u003c/a> (CRPE) realized that people in the San Joaquin Valley and people in the greater Los Angeles area had a shared interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We decided that we wanted to come together to define a statewide strategy and lead the fight on a setback to protect the health of frontline communities,” said Ingrid Brostrom, assistant director of CRPE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together with several other organizations, they approached Democratic Assemblyman Al Muratsuchi. He authored Assembly Bill 345, or \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB345\">AB 345\u003c/a>, which mandates that California create a setback based on health and science data and environmental justice concerns by July 2022, and that it consider a 2,500-foot setback for schools, playgrounds and other public places where children are present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the pandemic struck, Escoto traveled from her home in Arvin to join a group of front-line community members as they walked the halls of Sacramento, encouraging legislators to support the bill. “It’s very important that this law passes,” she told them. “We have a lot of people in my community who are sick because of the pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AB 345 passed in the California Assembly in January, but the legislation was voted down during a hearing in the state Senate Committee on Natural Resources on Wednesday, during which many of the bill’s supporters say they were unable to call in to register their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill’s sponsors are amending the proposed law, which the committee will likely reconsider on Aug. 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, “We’re often talking about how we are leading the nation in the fight against climate change and the fight for our environment,” Muratsuchi said. “And yet on these common sense proposals to protect low-income communities of color from the well-documented, adverse health impacts of oil and gas developments in their backyards, we are behind many other states and communities across the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Escoto said she remains hopeful. All the successes the Committee for a Better Arvin has had are proof that grassroots action works, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all have the right to live a healthy life, without all of this contamination,” she said. “I believe we all have that right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read Julia Kane’s \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082020/california-big-oil-environmental-health\">full story\u003c/a>, originally published on Aug. 3, by \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a>, a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/icn-weekly\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The mostly low-income, Latino residents of Arvin have joined with other communities to demand setbacks for wells. Their slogan: “No drilling where we are living.”","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847116,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1522},"headData":{"title":"Tired of Wells Threatening Residents’ Health, a Small California Town Takes on Big Oil | KQED","description":"The mostly low-income, Latino residents of Arvin have joined with other communities to demand setbacks for wells. Their slogan: “No drilling where we are living.”","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Environmental Justice","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Julia Kane, InsideClimate News","path":"/science/1968101/tired-of-wells-threatening-residents-health-a-small-california-town-takes-on-big-oil","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Arvin, a small, agricultural town at the southern tip of the San Joaquin Valley, pollution is a pervasive part of life. Pesticides sprayed on industrial-scale farms, fumes drifting from the region’s ubiquitous oil and gas wells, exhaust from the trucks barreling down Interstate 5 — it all gets trapped in the valley, creating a thick haze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arvin’s residents are especially concerned by the oil and gas wells sprinkled throughout their community. These wells, sometimes drilled and operated in close proximity to neighborhoods, schools, and health care centers, release a toxic mix of pollutants into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have linked proximity to oil and gas extraction to a wide range of adverse health effects, including increased risk of asthma, respiratory illnesses, preterm birth, low birthweight and cancer. Yet California has no statewide rule on setbacks — a regulatory gap that is rare among the nation’s top oil producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry wields considerable power here, and has consistently attempted to thwart new regulations, including public health protections. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a> and Chevron are currently the two top lobbying groups in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Arvin, a small group of mostly low-income Latino residents is taking on the big oil companies in a David-versus-Goliath fight to protect the environment and their health. Their struggle is unusual in Kern County, where pumpjacks sucking heavy crude from the parched floor of the San Joaquin Valley stretch for miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fresh off several local victories, a small environmental justice group called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/betterarvin/\">Committee for a Better Arvin\u003c/a> has united with other front-line community groups — including many in Los Angeles, a hub for urban drilling — to press California to create a statewide setback rule. Their slogan: “No drilling where we are living.” The coalition is urging state lawmakers to vote for a proposed law on setbacks, which has had trouble gaining traction, but which supporters say still may reach the Senate floor if an amended version comes to a vote in the Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Water next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘How Could This Have Been Allowed to Happen?’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Estela Escoto, president of the Committee for a Better Arvin, moved from Los Angeles to Arvin with her husband and three children in 2006, they hoped that it would be “a nice, peaceful place to live, kind of like a small town in Mexico,” Escoto said, speaking through a Spanish interpreter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They soon learned that Arvin residents deal with some of the worst pollution in the country. Escoto joined the Committee for a Better Arvin, a newly-formed group of community members who wanted a cleaner, healthier city. They tackled water quality issues, pesticide use, and the odor from a nearby chicken manure composting facility, but for many years\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>despite the pollution from the wells, they left the oil and gas industry alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_5783.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1968159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_5783.jpeg\" alt=\"Photo: Arvin, CA with pumpjack in foreground\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_5783.jpeg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_5783-160x107.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pumpjack looms near Arvin’s high school. \u003ccite>(Julia Kane/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2014, people on a residential street not far from Arvin’s high school began feeling sick. They smelled gas and experienced nosebleeds, headaches, dizziness and nausea. Air sampling from inside homes on the street revealed levels of toxic gas 13 times higher than what was deemed safe by the Environmental Protection Agency. The cause: a leaky pipeline operated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.shalexp.com/petro-capital-resources-llc\">Petro Capital Resources\u003c/a> that was used to carry raw natural gas. Eight families were forced to evacuate their homes, unable to return for eight months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, for many Arvin residents, a tipping point. They began demanding answers. How could this have been allowed to happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jose Gurrola Jr., the Petro Capital Resources gas leak “really brought the issue of environmental justice and environmental racism to the forefront,” he said. A self-described “homegrown kid,” he decided to run for mayor in 2016 after realizing that “these things aren’t normal for every community, for every race,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over a year into Gurrola’s term, Arvin unveiled proposed updates to its oil and gas ordinance, which had been written in the 1960s. The changes the city sought were modest — among other protective measures, the proposed ordinance would prohibit new oil and gas drilling in residential zones and create a 300-foot buffer between new drilling and homes, schools and hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kern County’s Board of Supervisors weighed in, discouraging Arvin from creating its own regulations. They advised the town to rely on a county ordinance and environmental impact report instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/CalifFrackingRegions750px.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1968153\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/CalifFrackingRegions750px.png\" alt=\"Map: CA Fracking Areas\" width=\"648\" height=\"820\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/CalifFrackingRegions750px.png 648w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/CalifFrackingRegions750px-160x202.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kern County’s ordinance had a major flaw: The result of a deal with three oil and gas trade associations — the Western States Petroleum Association, the California Independent Petroleum Association, and the Independent Oil Producers’ Agency — it allowed regulators to rubber stamp permits for new oil and gas extraction based on a single blanket environmental impact report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Committee for a Better Arvin and other community and environmental groups sued the county. Three years later, the courts would rule in favor of the committee, but in 2017, as Arvin was considering its own oil and gas ordinance, the outcome of the lawsuit was still uncertain. Despite pressure from the industry groups and the county Board of Supervisors, Arvin forged ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the Committee for a Better Arvin began a grassroots campaign in support of Arvin’s proposed ordinance. “We walked down all the streets. We visited many homes so that we could explain the problems that were going on,” Escoto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968115\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Estela_and_Robert-estela-escoto.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968115 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Estela_and_Robert-estela-escoto-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Estela & Roberto Escoto\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Estela_and_Robert-estela-escoto-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Estela_and_Robert-estela-escoto-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Estela_and_Robert-estela-escoto-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Estela_and_Robert-estela-escoto.jpg 924w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Estela Escoto, president of the Committee for a Better Arvin, and her husband, Roberto. \u003ccite>(Estela Escoto)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She and other activists showed their neighbors videos filmed using optical gas imaging, which made the invisible air pollution spewing from the wells near their homes suddenly visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry groups fought back, but on July 17, 2018, the council passed the ordinance — the first of its kind in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might seem like it’s small, only 300 feet, but for us, it was a really big accomplishment,” Escoto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Arvin’s environmental justice movement gained momentum, a similar story was also playing out in the greater Los Angeles area. In Los Angeles County alone, over 1.5 million people live within 2,500 feet of an operational well — a majority of them non-white. There, organizations like Stand Together Against Neighborhood Drilling (\u003ca href=\"https://www.stand.la/\">STAND-L.A.\u003c/a>) also had been advocating for local setbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental justice group called the \u003ca href=\"https://crpe-ej.org/\">Center on Race, Poverty & the Environment\u003c/a> (CRPE) realized that people in the San Joaquin Valley and people in the greater Los Angeles area had a shared interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We decided that we wanted to come together to define a statewide strategy and lead the fight on a setback to protect the health of frontline communities,” said Ingrid Brostrom, assistant director of CRPE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together with several other organizations, they approached Democratic Assemblyman Al Muratsuchi. He authored Assembly Bill 345, or \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB345\">AB 345\u003c/a>, which mandates that California create a setback based on health and science data and environmental justice concerns by July 2022, and that it consider a 2,500-foot setback for schools, playgrounds and other public places where children are present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the pandemic struck, Escoto traveled from her home in Arvin to join a group of front-line community members as they walked the halls of Sacramento, encouraging legislators to support the bill. “It’s very important that this law passes,” she told them. “We have a lot of people in my community who are sick because of the pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AB 345 passed in the California Assembly in January, but the legislation was voted down during a hearing in the state Senate Committee on Natural Resources on Wednesday, during which many of the bill’s supporters say they were unable to call in to register their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill’s sponsors are amending the proposed law, which the committee will likely reconsider on Aug. 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, “We’re often talking about how we are leading the nation in the fight against climate change and the fight for our environment,” Muratsuchi said. “And yet on these common sense proposals to protect low-income communities of color from the well-documented, adverse health impacts of oil and gas developments in their backyards, we are behind many other states and communities across the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Escoto said she remains hopeful. All the successes the Committee for a Better Arvin has had are proof that grassroots action works, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all have the right to live a healthy life, without all of this contamination,” she said. “I believe we all have that right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read Julia Kane’s \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082020/california-big-oil-environmental-health\">full story\u003c/a>, originally published on Aug. 3, by \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a>, a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/icn-weekly\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1968101/tired-of-wells-threatening-residents-health-a-small-california-town-takes-on-big-oil","authors":["byline_science_1968101"],"categories":["science_33","science_35","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_2541","science_1487"],"featImg":"science_1968105","label":"source_science_1968101"},"science_1937151":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1937151","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1937151","score":null,"sort":[1548788255000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-approves-plan-to-clean-up-central-valleys-toxic-air","title":"California Approves Plan to Clean Up Central Valley's Toxic Air","publishDate":1548788255,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Approves Plan to Clean Up Central Valley’s Toxic Air | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board on Thursday \u003ca href=\"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/CARB/bulletins/22a833b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced \u003c/a>it’s moving forward with a plan to clean up the toxic air that plagues the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region, which stretches from roughly Stockton to Bakersfield through the middle of the state, suffers some of the\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/may/13/california-san-joaquin-valley-porterville-pollution-poverty\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> most dangerous air quality\u003c/a> in the country. \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40894933_Outdoor_air_pollution_and_uncontrolled_asthma_in_the_San_Joaquin_Valley_California\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asthma\u003c/a> and asthma-related hospitalization rates in the San Joaquin Valley are among the highest in the state, particularly in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major culprit is fine particulate pollution, known as PM2.5, made up of tiny particles like soot, dust or sulfates floating through the air. These particles are \u003cem>2.5 \u003c/em>or fewer micrometers in diameter and are typically produced by the burning of carbon-based fuel. Not only does the San Joaquin Valley have the \u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2018/sota-2018-statewide-press-english.pdf\">wors\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2018/sota-2018-statewide-press-english.pdf\">t \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2018/sota-2018-statewide-press-english.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">particle pollution\u003c/a> in California, it’s also the among the worst nationally, failing to meet four federal standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']“The San Joaquin Valley has had a longstanding challenge in meeting the federal air quality standards for fine particulate,” says Michael Benjamin, chief of CARB’s Air Quality Planning and Science Division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region is still struggling to meet PM2.5 standards established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1997 and since revised. Due to it’s history of noncompliance, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.valleyair.org/Home.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District\u003c/a> is required to draft a plan to meet the requirements and submit it to CARB, the state’s clean air agency, which must approve it before passing it on to the EPA for federal approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin says the combination of agricultural emissions as well as those from the high volume of trucks moving through the region makes it a hot spot for these pollutants. In addition, the valley’s hot, dry summers followed by cool winters trap pollutants in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly half of the fine particulate pollution in the region is the product of burning fuels like gasoline and diesel. The other half is primarily from wood smoke and dust, \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/planning/sip/sjvpm25/2018plan/2018pm25staffreport.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to CARB\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the American Lung Association, the\u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/ALAC_SJV-fact-sheet_042216.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> health risks\u003c/a> associated with particle pollution include asthma attacks, heart attacks, stroke, cancer and harm to developmental and reproductive systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s new plan, which the district drafted with input from CARB and environmental advocacy groups, combines both regulations and financial incentives, with the goal of meeting federal clean air standards by 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan lays outs tighter restrictions on heavy-duty truck emissions, wood-burning stoves, oil refineries and commercial charbroiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin says the plan will also rely heavily on the use of incentives to encourage owners of trucks and tractors to move to new, “cleaner equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re telling people, ‘Okay you need to replace your tractor maybe 10 years sooner than you would otherwise. But if you do that, we will provide 50 percent or more funding to offset the cost of that new piece of equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to turn over 12,000 tractors and 33,000 trucks in the process. But it’s still unclear where the funding will come from to pay for the incentives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district’s plan calls for the allocation of $5 billion spread across the next five years to get the San Joaquin Valley up to code by 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concern of a lot of people is that it relies on the governor and the Legislature allocating funds for this every year,” Benjamin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Magavern, policy director for the Coalition for Clean Air, an advocacy group, says his organization is “skeptical” of the financial feasibility of the state’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re relying on levels of incentive money that have not been available in the past, and are unlikely to be available in the future,” Magavern says. “If that money doesn’t materialize, then there’s going to be a gap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the Coalition for Clean Air advised CARB to reject a previous plan by the district to meet federal standards for particulate pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought what was presented in 2016 was really just a ‘business as usual’ plan,” Magavern says. “We thought that was unacceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new version goes a lot further, Magavern says the coalition pushed for even tighter standards in order “to have more certainty in bringing down the emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magavern says the San Joaquin Valley’s oil and gas industry should be more heavily regulated for their contributions to the region’s pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a long effort to try to get the pollution under control and there’s been some progress,” Magavern says, “But we’re definitely not where we need to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CARB signed off on the district’s plan on Thursday, the EPA approval process could take at least several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CARB’s Benjamin says the state won’t wait for the federal government to weigh in before starting to implement the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to hit our target,” he says, “We’re going to need to just move forward in real-world terms—taking these actions, passing these regulations, passing out money, finding money, turning over equipment and doing all of this regardless of the bureaucratic process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin says the region has made significant progress in recent years. Many of the regulatory measures put forth in the plan have already been adopted by CARB, and others could be put into effect as early as late 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ninety percent of the emissions reductions that are going to be needed to achieve clean air has already been adopted by CARB’s board,” Benjamin says. “So what was acted on Thursday was the final 10 percent of emission reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new plan approved by California air quality officials to clean up the air pollution plaguing the San Joaquin Valley moves on to the EPA for approval.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848874,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1007},"headData":{"title":"California Approves Plan to Clean Up Central Valley's Toxic Air | KQED","description":"A new plan approved by California air quality officials to clean up the air pollution plaguing the San Joaquin Valley moves on to the EPA for approval.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1937151/california-approves-plan-to-clean-up-central-valleys-toxic-air","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board on Thursday \u003ca href=\"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/CARB/bulletins/22a833b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced \u003c/a>it’s moving forward with a plan to clean up the toxic air that plagues the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region, which stretches from roughly Stockton to Bakersfield through the middle of the state, suffers some of the\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/may/13/california-san-joaquin-valley-porterville-pollution-poverty\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> most dangerous air quality\u003c/a> in the country. \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40894933_Outdoor_air_pollution_and_uncontrolled_asthma_in_the_San_Joaquin_Valley_California\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asthma\u003c/a> and asthma-related hospitalization rates in the San Joaquin Valley are among the highest in the state, particularly in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major culprit is fine particulate pollution, known as PM2.5, made up of tiny particles like soot, dust or sulfates floating through the air. These particles are \u003cem>2.5 \u003c/em>or fewer micrometers in diameter and are typically produced by the burning of carbon-based fuel. Not only does the San Joaquin Valley have the \u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2018/sota-2018-statewide-press-english.pdf\">wors\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2018/sota-2018-statewide-press-english.pdf\">t \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2018/sota-2018-statewide-press-english.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">particle pollution\u003c/a> in California, it’s also the among the worst nationally, failing to meet four federal standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"science","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The San Joaquin Valley has had a longstanding challenge in meeting the federal air quality standards for fine particulate,” says Michael Benjamin, chief of CARB’s Air Quality Planning and Science Division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region is still struggling to meet PM2.5 standards established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1997 and since revised. Due to it’s history of noncompliance, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.valleyair.org/Home.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District\u003c/a> is required to draft a plan to meet the requirements and submit it to CARB, the state’s clean air agency, which must approve it before passing it on to the EPA for federal approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin says the combination of agricultural emissions as well as those from the high volume of trucks moving through the region makes it a hot spot for these pollutants. In addition, the valley’s hot, dry summers followed by cool winters trap pollutants in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly half of the fine particulate pollution in the region is the product of burning fuels like gasoline and diesel. The other half is primarily from wood smoke and dust, \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/planning/sip/sjvpm25/2018plan/2018pm25staffreport.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to CARB\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the American Lung Association, the\u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/ALAC_SJV-fact-sheet_042216.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> health risks\u003c/a> associated with particle pollution include asthma attacks, heart attacks, stroke, cancer and harm to developmental and reproductive systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s new plan, which the district drafted with input from CARB and environmental advocacy groups, combines both regulations and financial incentives, with the goal of meeting federal clean air standards by 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan lays outs tighter restrictions on heavy-duty truck emissions, wood-burning stoves, oil refineries and commercial charbroiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin says the plan will also rely heavily on the use of incentives to encourage owners of trucks and tractors to move to new, “cleaner equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re telling people, ‘Okay you need to replace your tractor maybe 10 years sooner than you would otherwise. But if you do that, we will provide 50 percent or more funding to offset the cost of that new piece of equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to turn over 12,000 tractors and 33,000 trucks in the process. But it’s still unclear where the funding will come from to pay for the incentives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district’s plan calls for the allocation of $5 billion spread across the next five years to get the San Joaquin Valley up to code by 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concern of a lot of people is that it relies on the governor and the Legislature allocating funds for this every year,” Benjamin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Magavern, policy director for the Coalition for Clean Air, an advocacy group, says his organization is “skeptical” of the financial feasibility of the state’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re relying on levels of incentive money that have not been available in the past, and are unlikely to be available in the future,” Magavern says. “If that money doesn’t materialize, then there’s going to be a gap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the Coalition for Clean Air advised CARB to reject a previous plan by the district to meet federal standards for particulate pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought what was presented in 2016 was really just a ‘business as usual’ plan,” Magavern says. “We thought that was unacceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new version goes a lot further, Magavern says the coalition pushed for even tighter standards in order “to have more certainty in bringing down the emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magavern says the San Joaquin Valley’s oil and gas industry should be more heavily regulated for their contributions to the region’s pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a long effort to try to get the pollution under control and there’s been some progress,” Magavern says, “But we’re definitely not where we need to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CARB signed off on the district’s plan on Thursday, the EPA approval process could take at least several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CARB’s Benjamin says the state won’t wait for the federal government to weigh in before starting to implement the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to hit our target,” he says, “We’re going to need to just move forward in real-world terms—taking these actions, passing these regulations, passing out money, finding money, turning over equipment and doing all of this regardless of the bureaucratic process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin says the region has made significant progress in recent years. Many of the regulatory measures put forth in the plan have already been adopted by CARB, and others could be put into effect as early as late 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ninety percent of the emissions reductions that are going to be needed to achieve clean air has already been adopted by CARB’s board,” Benjamin says. “So what was acted on Thursday was the final 10 percent of emission reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1937151/california-approves-plan-to-clean-up-central-valleys-toxic-air","authors":["11368"],"categories":["science_33","science_35","science_39","science_40"],"tags":["science_392","science_505","science_524","science_5178","science_686","science_2080","science_3370","science_1487"],"featImg":"science_1937352","label":"science"},"science_1929784":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1929784","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1929784","score":null,"sort":[1534352405000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"breathing-fire-californias-central-valley-bears-the-brunt-of-harmful-wildfire-smoke","title":"Breathing Fire: California's Central Valley Bears the Brunt of Harmful Wildfire Smoke","publishDate":1534352405,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Breathing Fire: California’s Central Valley Bears the Brunt of Harmful Wildfire Smoke | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ci>Worsening wildfires linked to the weather, climate change and forest management policies are causing unprecedented smoke pollution across the West and beyond, creating public health risks and undermining decades of air quality gains. \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>fter 30 minutes of gardening, Donna Fisher’s eyes are burning. One is swollen shut. Since retiring to the forested foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range 20 years ago, the 74-year-old has cultivated a garden large enough to feed her and her husband well into the winter. For the past two years, smoke from wildfires has reduced the time she can spend tending to her vegetables before her asthma and bronchitis are triggered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like somebody choking you, or putting a band around your chest and pulling it tight,” she said. Wildfire seasons in the Western U.S. are \u003ca href=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/westernwildfires2016v2.pdf\">105 days longer\u003c/a> than they were five decades ago, billowing smoke that contains tiny chemical particles that threaten public health. “It used to be a few days, maybe a week at worse. Now it’s longer than it’s ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929787 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired nurse Donna Fisher wears a hat and sunglasses to protect from the sun while she picks squash from her garden. Fisher says smoke that has settled in near her home in the Sierra Nevada foothills has affected her health. \u003ccite>(Alex Hall/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smoke from wildfires is undermining decades of gains made in reducing air pollution from exhaust pipes and power plants. The number of days each year that wildfires foul the air is increasing in parts of the West, with worse expected as temperatures continue to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You might not automatically have a heart attack or get asthma, but health effects can last for a year or more.’\u003ccite>Loretta Mickley, Harvard chemist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770\">Wildfires are projected to continue increasing in size and frequency,\u003c/a> leading to more ‘smoke waves’ — days-long bouts of dangerous pollution. For asthmatics like Fisher, that means more days of lung-pinching pain and confinement indoors. For those who aren’t retired, it can mean missed work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone exposed to smoke for a few weeks can feel health impacts long afterward, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~mickley/\">Loretta Mickley\u003c/a>, an atmospheric chemist at Harvard University who studies the relationship between smoke particles and health. In the longer term, exposure to the pollution is associated with earlier deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You might not automatically have a heart attack or get asthma,” Mickley said. “But health effects can last for a year or more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”HWK9Tdsapvxh9XUBThIRFS0pCQet5a2x”]Fisher’s home is surrounded by forests that are naturally prone to burn, putting her at the front lines of smoke waves. Forty miles downhill, smoke from fires burning around California funnels into the Central Valley — a farming region where \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/jtf/JTF_CentralValleyJTF.pdf\">6.5 million residents\u003c/a>, many of them poor and working outdoors, endure some of the country’s most polluted air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2010, residents of the San Joaquin Valley, one of the two valleys that comprise the Central Valley, experienced at least \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-air-pollution-progress-still-undermined-by-western-wildfires-21911\">40 days each year\u003c/a> when air quality was dangerous according to EPA standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1929810\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences.jpg\" alt=\"Graph: AQ exceedances in the San Joaquin Valley\" width=\"1200\" height=\"847\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-1180x833.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-520x367.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>“We have the biggest challenge that any air district has in the nation,” said Jon Klassen, a program manager at the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2014/08/20/air-quality-in-san-joaquin-valley/\">advances in reducing pollution\u003c/a> from farms and the trucks that haul away their produce, longer and larger wildfires burning throughout California are ushering more smoke waves into this hard-hit region. Rising temperatures, a build-up of fuel on forest floors and the growth of neighborhoods in fire-prone areas are amplifying hazards. With these wildfires, comes more smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents of the Central Valley endure \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CDCB/CDPH%20Document%20Library/BurdenReport04-04-13_ADA.pdf\">greater risks\u003c/a> than others in the U.S. of developing asthma, suffering heart attacks and strokes, and experiencing related mental health problems. Health care costs follow. The smoke affects day-to-day activities, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/10/21/558754511/california-wildfires-have-disrupted-school-for-a-quarter-of-a-million-students\">putting classes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/sports/high-school/joe-davidson/article216243435.html\">sports practices on hold\u003c/a> and keeping the sick and elderly indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929819\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929819\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: detailer Danny Espinoza at work in Fresno\" width=\"1200\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detailer Danny Espinoza wipes the windows of a client’s car in Fresno. Espinoza, who works outside, says the smoke and sun bother him, but his job requires it and he’s gotten used to it. \u003ccite>(Alex Hall/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://faculty.washington.edu/djaffe/\">Dan Jaffe\u003c/a>, a chemistry professor at the University of Washington, Bothell who studies air quality, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/07/10/1804353115.short?rss=1\">analyzed data\u003c/a> from air monitors. He found that since 1970, air quality on the most polluted days each year improved on average across much of the continental U.S. But it worsened across swaths of the West, including the northern half of California and other areas affected by smoke waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really has been a statistically robust increase in wildfires in the Western U.S., and that’s directly impacting air pollution,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breathing Fire \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regina Sorondo was born and raised in Fresno, a San Joaquin Valley city home to \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/fresnocitycalifornia,fresnocountycalifornia,sanluisobispocountycalifornia,US/PST045217\">500,000 \u003c/a>people. Now, she’s raising her daughter and son here. Like one in four children living in Fresno County, both have been diagnosed with asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last season to this season has been really bad,” said Sorondo, a call center employee, of the smoke from record-breaking fire seasons. “It’s really dangerous — it’s really scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny particles in the smoke, released when fire burns through fuel, is what Sorondo worries about most. Small enough to sneak through defense systems in the eyes, nose and mouth, the particulate matter, called PM2.5, can pierce through the lungs and travel through the bloodstream to organs including the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Particulate matter does affect how our central nervous system works,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/meet-epa-lab-director-wayne-cascio-md\">Wayne Cascio\u003c/a>, a cardiologist and lab director at the federal EPA who studies the topic. “It also has an effect on inflammation, which we now know is an important role in driving cardiovascular outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staying indoors for prolonged periods, which is one of the few ways of guarding against particulate matter, can affect mental health. The Oregon Health Authority is working to help people in the southern half of the state, where wildfire smoke from California has led to sustained exposure, find psychologists and therapists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veil of pollution clouding much of the West this summer comes with fatal consequences. A \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2018GH000144\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003ci>GeoHealth\u003c/i> this summer concluded that early deaths related to wildfire smoke could double this century, even as deaths from breathing fossil fuel pollution decline amid a transition to cleaner energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see more patients coming in with typical symptoms of shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic cough,“ said \u003ca href=\"http://www.familyallergyasthmaclinic.com/dr-buddiga/\">Praveen Buddiga\u003c/a>, an asthma doctor who has been treating patients in Fresno for 13 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These particles don’t just affect people living close to burning wildfires. In the weeks after the Carr Fire broke out nearly 350 miles north of Fresno, Buddiga said there was an uptick in patients visiting his clinic — particularly children. Smoke from Western wildfires in early August reached far as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sonomatech.com/projects/2421\">Louisiana\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSSanDiego/status/1027192594294628352\">New York\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s been dramatic is how the smoke is traveling eastward,” said the EPA’s Cascio. “It’s not just a local phenomena, it’s a national one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1929815\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map.jpg\" alt=\"Map: national progress toward clean air goals\" width=\"1200\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-1020x612.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-1180x708.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-960x576.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-520x312.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>Reversing Decades of Air Quality Gains\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1990s, when monitors began \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\">tracking PM2.5\u003c/a> and the EPA began fining states for breaching its standards, air quality nationwide has been improving. The number of people exposed to particulate matter has halved, and related deaths have fallen by about a third, according to \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/EHP507.alt_.pdf\">a study\u003c/a> by the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With wildfires increasing in size and intensity, those gains are being undermined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-air-pollution-progress-still-undermined-by-western-wildfires-21911\">researchers examined the number of days each year\u003c/a> when PM2.5 levels exceeded federal standards. In both of the valleys that comprise California’s Central Valley, the number of these days decreased overall since 2000, but the proportion of those days occurring during the wildfire season increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Fire responds exponentially to warming. For every degree of warming there is in the Western U.S., the impact is a lot more.’\u003ccite>Park Williams, Columbia Univ.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Health risks depend on age, health conditions and wealth. Poorer residents may not be able to miss work, and may live in drafty homes that allow smoke to permeate indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://csu-cvmbs.colostate.edu/academics/erhs/Pages/sheryl-magzamen.aspx\">Sheryl Magzamen\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at Colorado State University, has been tracking asthma-related hospital admissions in Western counties. At the beginning of August, as the Mendocino Complex Fire burned in northern California, she said she found that the likelihood of being hospitalized with asthma-related issues more than doubled along counties on the Oregon-California border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We breathe every minute of every day multiple times and it’s not something that we can stop doing,” said Magzamen. “That’s why this is concerning — this impacts everyone, it’s widespread and we’re seeing real impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Role of Humans\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, the whims of the weather and a century of firefighting practices have all been contributing to the destructiveness of the West’s recent wildfire seasons. Even as scientists and California firefighters point to the role of warming temperatures in fueling blazes, the Trump administration has been downplaying or falsely denying the links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/7596/california-temperatures-on-the-rise\">Rising temperatures in California\u003c/a> caused in part by the heat-trapping effects of fossil fuel pollution are sucking moisture from Western landscapes and hastening the annual melting of snowpacks, drying fuel for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fire responds exponentially to warming,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams,\u003c/a> a bioclimatologist at Columbia University. “For every degree of warming there is in the Western U.S., the impact is a lot more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/03/06/1718850115.short\">new residents continue to move into areas\u003c/a> that are prone to burn, increasing risks to themselves, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/humans-blamed-for-most-wildfires-us-21197\">accidentally or deliberately starting fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://foresthistory.org/research-explore/us-forest-service-history/policy-and-law/fire-u-s-forest-service/u-s-forest-service-fire-suppression/\">A century of aggressive firefighting\u003c/a> to protect residents and property has also contributed to the devastation, leaving fuel on forest floors that would once have burned naturally during low-level fires kindled by lightning strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since a series of forest fires burned three million acres of Montana, Idaho and Washington in 1910, strategies for managing fires have generally favored extinguishing them as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We shouldn’t suppress all fires, they are part of our ecosystem and are necessary,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado-Boulder who is investigating how controlled burns and wildfires affect public health. “The challenge is having that perspective but also caring about the health of populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, the federal government has been working with local and state agencies to boost prescribed burns, where officials set and manage low-level fires that consume shrubs, small trees and leaf litter. The efforts have been be limited by funding shortfalls. And nearby residents and local agencies sometimes oppose prescribed burns, worried about smoke pollution and risks that the fires will get out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Trump administration eliminates climate protections and falsely denies climate change’s role in wildfires, it has proposed reduced spending to agencies researching and managing wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re spending $2.5 billion fighting forest fires, there’s not a lot left in the budget to do forest management,” Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929627/interior-secretary-ryan-zinke-says-california-fires-have-nothing-to-do-with-climate-change-hes-wrong\">said in a radio interview Sunday\u003c/a> with KCRA 3 in Sacramento. (During the interview, he incorrectly said this year’s wildfires have “nothing to do with climate change.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As federal government leaders reject basic science and \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/as-wildfires-rage-trump-administration-plans-to-slash-fire-science-funding/\">move to shrink programs\u003c/a> that could reduce risks, the air district that regulates air pollution in the San Joaquin Valley is becoming more flexible in allowing for prescribed burns — even when the air is already dirty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929790\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image of smoke from the Ranch Fire, August 11, 2018. Smoke from fires across Northern California tends to get drawn into the Central Valley. \u003ccite>(Planet Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had to go further than any region has before,” said Klassen, of the San Joaquin Valley’s air district. It has implemented hundreds of rules in an effort to reduce pollution, including allowing more prescribed burns in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, AJ Rassamni, who manages a car wash in Fresno, wants to see more comprehensive forest management. With fewer people leaving their homes amid recent smoke waves, fewer customers have been coming through his car wash. He provides masks to protect staff, but they can make breathing difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried about effects from climate change, Rassamni bought an electric car and had solar panels installed at home to reduce his climate pollution. Without aggressive steps from governments to systematically reduce pollution and boost prescribed burns, though, his efforts alone will do little to protect Central Valley residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it good for us?” he said. “No. But you have a life, and you’re going to live with the weather you have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story was produced and published in partnership with \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003ci>Climate Central\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, a non-advocacy group that researches and reports on the changing climate.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Worsening wildfires linked to climate change and forest management policies are causing unprecedented smoke pollution across the West and beyond, creating public health risks and undermining decades of air quality gains. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927561,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":50,"wordCount":2195},"headData":{"title":"Breathing Fire: California's Central Valley Bears the Brunt of Harmful Wildfire Smoke | KQED","description":"Worsening wildfires linked to climate change and forest management policies are causing unprecedented smoke pollution across the West and beyond, creating public health risks and undermining decades of air quality gains. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Wildfires","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2018/08/HallAirQuality.mp3","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Maya Miller, Climate Central \u003cbr /> and Alex Hall, KQED","audioTrackLength":290,"path":"/science/1929784/breathing-fire-californias-central-valley-bears-the-brunt-of-harmful-wildfire-smoke","audioDuration":292000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ci>Worsening wildfires linked to the weather, climate change and forest management policies are causing unprecedented smoke pollution across the West and beyond, creating public health risks and undermining decades of air quality gains. \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>fter 30 minutes of gardening, Donna Fisher’s eyes are burning. One is swollen shut. Since retiring to the forested foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range 20 years ago, the 74-year-old has cultivated a garden large enough to feed her and her husband well into the winter. For the past two years, smoke from wildfires has reduced the time she can spend tending to her vegetables before her asthma and bronchitis are triggered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like somebody choking you, or putting a band around your chest and pulling it tight,” she said. Wildfire seasons in the Western U.S. are \u003ca href=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/westernwildfires2016v2.pdf\">105 days longer\u003c/a> than they were five decades ago, billowing smoke that contains tiny chemical particles that threaten public health. “It used to be a few days, maybe a week at worse. Now it’s longer than it’s ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929787 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired nurse Donna Fisher wears a hat and sunglasses to protect from the sun while she picks squash from her garden. Fisher says smoke that has settled in near her home in the Sierra Nevada foothills has affected her health. \u003ccite>(Alex Hall/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smoke from wildfires is undermining decades of gains made in reducing air pollution from exhaust pipes and power plants. The number of days each year that wildfires foul the air is increasing in parts of the West, with worse expected as temperatures continue to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You might not automatically have a heart attack or get asthma, but health effects can last for a year or more.’\u003ccite>Loretta Mickley, Harvard chemist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770\">Wildfires are projected to continue increasing in size and frequency,\u003c/a> leading to more ‘smoke waves’ — days-long bouts of dangerous pollution. For asthmatics like Fisher, that means more days of lung-pinching pain and confinement indoors. For those who aren’t retired, it can mean missed work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone exposed to smoke for a few weeks can feel health impacts long afterward, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~mickley/\">Loretta Mickley\u003c/a>, an atmospheric chemist at Harvard University who studies the relationship between smoke particles and health. In the longer term, exposure to the pollution is associated with earlier deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You might not automatically have a heart attack or get asthma,” Mickley said. “But health effects can last for a year or more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Fisher’s home is surrounded by forests that are naturally prone to burn, putting her at the front lines of smoke waves. Forty miles downhill, smoke from fires burning around California funnels into the Central Valley — a farming region where \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/jtf/JTF_CentralValleyJTF.pdf\">6.5 million residents\u003c/a>, many of them poor and working outdoors, endure some of the country’s most polluted air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2010, residents of the San Joaquin Valley, one of the two valleys that comprise the Central Valley, experienced at least \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-air-pollution-progress-still-undermined-by-western-wildfires-21911\">40 days each year\u003c/a> when air quality was dangerous according to EPA standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1929810\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences.jpg\" alt=\"Graph: AQ exceedances in the San Joaquin Valley\" width=\"1200\" height=\"847\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-1180x833.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-520x367.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>“We have the biggest challenge that any air district has in the nation,” said Jon Klassen, a program manager at the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2014/08/20/air-quality-in-san-joaquin-valley/\">advances in reducing pollution\u003c/a> from farms and the trucks that haul away their produce, longer and larger wildfires burning throughout California are ushering more smoke waves into this hard-hit region. Rising temperatures, a build-up of fuel on forest floors and the growth of neighborhoods in fire-prone areas are amplifying hazards. With these wildfires, comes more smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents of the Central Valley endure \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CDCB/CDPH%20Document%20Library/BurdenReport04-04-13_ADA.pdf\">greater risks\u003c/a> than others in the U.S. of developing asthma, suffering heart attacks and strokes, and experiencing related mental health problems. Health care costs follow. The smoke affects day-to-day activities, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/10/21/558754511/california-wildfires-have-disrupted-school-for-a-quarter-of-a-million-students\">putting classes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/sports/high-school/joe-davidson/article216243435.html\">sports practices on hold\u003c/a> and keeping the sick and elderly indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929819\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929819\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: detailer Danny Espinoza at work in Fresno\" width=\"1200\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detailer Danny Espinoza wipes the windows of a client’s car in Fresno. Espinoza, who works outside, says the smoke and sun bother him, but his job requires it and he’s gotten used to it. \u003ccite>(Alex Hall/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://faculty.washington.edu/djaffe/\">Dan Jaffe\u003c/a>, a chemistry professor at the University of Washington, Bothell who studies air quality, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/07/10/1804353115.short?rss=1\">analyzed data\u003c/a> from air monitors. He found that since 1970, air quality on the most polluted days each year improved on average across much of the continental U.S. But it worsened across swaths of the West, including the northern half of California and other areas affected by smoke waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really has been a statistically robust increase in wildfires in the Western U.S., and that’s directly impacting air pollution,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breathing Fire \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regina Sorondo was born and raised in Fresno, a San Joaquin Valley city home to \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/fresnocitycalifornia,fresnocountycalifornia,sanluisobispocountycalifornia,US/PST045217\">500,000 \u003c/a>people. Now, she’s raising her daughter and son here. Like one in four children living in Fresno County, both have been diagnosed with asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last season to this season has been really bad,” said Sorondo, a call center employee, of the smoke from record-breaking fire seasons. “It’s really dangerous — it’s really scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny particles in the smoke, released when fire burns through fuel, is what Sorondo worries about most. Small enough to sneak through defense systems in the eyes, nose and mouth, the particulate matter, called PM2.5, can pierce through the lungs and travel through the bloodstream to organs including the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Particulate matter does affect how our central nervous system works,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/meet-epa-lab-director-wayne-cascio-md\">Wayne Cascio\u003c/a>, a cardiologist and lab director at the federal EPA who studies the topic. “It also has an effect on inflammation, which we now know is an important role in driving cardiovascular outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staying indoors for prolonged periods, which is one of the few ways of guarding against particulate matter, can affect mental health. The Oregon Health Authority is working to help people in the southern half of the state, where wildfire smoke from California has led to sustained exposure, find psychologists and therapists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veil of pollution clouding much of the West this summer comes with fatal consequences. A \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2018GH000144\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003ci>GeoHealth\u003c/i> this summer concluded that early deaths related to wildfire smoke could double this century, even as deaths from breathing fossil fuel pollution decline amid a transition to cleaner energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see more patients coming in with typical symptoms of shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic cough,“ said \u003ca href=\"http://www.familyallergyasthmaclinic.com/dr-buddiga/\">Praveen Buddiga\u003c/a>, an asthma doctor who has been treating patients in Fresno for 13 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These particles don’t just affect people living close to burning wildfires. In the weeks after the Carr Fire broke out nearly 350 miles north of Fresno, Buddiga said there was an uptick in patients visiting his clinic — particularly children. Smoke from Western wildfires in early August reached far as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sonomatech.com/projects/2421\">Louisiana\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSSanDiego/status/1027192594294628352\">New York\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s been dramatic is how the smoke is traveling eastward,” said the EPA’s Cascio. “It’s not just a local phenomena, it’s a national one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1929815\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map.jpg\" alt=\"Map: national progress toward clean air goals\" width=\"1200\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-1020x612.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-1180x708.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-960x576.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-520x312.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>Reversing Decades of Air Quality Gains\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1990s, when monitors began \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\">tracking PM2.5\u003c/a> and the EPA began fining states for breaching its standards, air quality nationwide has been improving. The number of people exposed to particulate matter has halved, and related deaths have fallen by about a third, according to \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/EHP507.alt_.pdf\">a study\u003c/a> by the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With wildfires increasing in size and intensity, those gains are being undermined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-air-pollution-progress-still-undermined-by-western-wildfires-21911\">researchers examined the number of days each year\u003c/a> when PM2.5 levels exceeded federal standards. In both of the valleys that comprise California’s Central Valley, the number of these days decreased overall since 2000, but the proportion of those days occurring during the wildfire season increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Fire responds exponentially to warming. For every degree of warming there is in the Western U.S., the impact is a lot more.’\u003ccite>Park Williams, Columbia Univ.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Health risks depend on age, health conditions and wealth. Poorer residents may not be able to miss work, and may live in drafty homes that allow smoke to permeate indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://csu-cvmbs.colostate.edu/academics/erhs/Pages/sheryl-magzamen.aspx\">Sheryl Magzamen\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at Colorado State University, has been tracking asthma-related hospital admissions in Western counties. At the beginning of August, as the Mendocino Complex Fire burned in northern California, she said she found that the likelihood of being hospitalized with asthma-related issues more than doubled along counties on the Oregon-California border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We breathe every minute of every day multiple times and it’s not something that we can stop doing,” said Magzamen. “That’s why this is concerning — this impacts everyone, it’s widespread and we’re seeing real impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Role of Humans\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, the whims of the weather and a century of firefighting practices have all been contributing to the destructiveness of the West’s recent wildfire seasons. Even as scientists and California firefighters point to the role of warming temperatures in fueling blazes, the Trump administration has been downplaying or falsely denying the links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/7596/california-temperatures-on-the-rise\">Rising temperatures in California\u003c/a> caused in part by the heat-trapping effects of fossil fuel pollution are sucking moisture from Western landscapes and hastening the annual melting of snowpacks, drying fuel for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fire responds exponentially to warming,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams,\u003c/a> a bioclimatologist at Columbia University. “For every degree of warming there is in the Western U.S., the impact is a lot more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/03/06/1718850115.short\">new residents continue to move into areas\u003c/a> that are prone to burn, increasing risks to themselves, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/humans-blamed-for-most-wildfires-us-21197\">accidentally or deliberately starting fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://foresthistory.org/research-explore/us-forest-service-history/policy-and-law/fire-u-s-forest-service/u-s-forest-service-fire-suppression/\">A century of aggressive firefighting\u003c/a> to protect residents and property has also contributed to the devastation, leaving fuel on forest floors that would once have burned naturally during low-level fires kindled by lightning strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since a series of forest fires burned three million acres of Montana, Idaho and Washington in 1910, strategies for managing fires have generally favored extinguishing them as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We shouldn’t suppress all fires, they are part of our ecosystem and are necessary,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado-Boulder who is investigating how controlled burns and wildfires affect public health. “The challenge is having that perspective but also caring about the health of populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, the federal government has been working with local and state agencies to boost prescribed burns, where officials set and manage low-level fires that consume shrubs, small trees and leaf litter. The efforts have been be limited by funding shortfalls. And nearby residents and local agencies sometimes oppose prescribed burns, worried about smoke pollution and risks that the fires will get out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Trump administration eliminates climate protections and falsely denies climate change’s role in wildfires, it has proposed reduced spending to agencies researching and managing wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re spending $2.5 billion fighting forest fires, there’s not a lot left in the budget to do forest management,” Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929627/interior-secretary-ryan-zinke-says-california-fires-have-nothing-to-do-with-climate-change-hes-wrong\">said in a radio interview Sunday\u003c/a> with KCRA 3 in Sacramento. (During the interview, he incorrectly said this year’s wildfires have “nothing to do with climate change.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As federal government leaders reject basic science and \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/as-wildfires-rage-trump-administration-plans-to-slash-fire-science-funding/\">move to shrink programs\u003c/a> that could reduce risks, the air district that regulates air pollution in the San Joaquin Valley is becoming more flexible in allowing for prescribed burns — even when the air is already dirty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929790\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image of smoke from the Ranch Fire, August 11, 2018. Smoke from fires across Northern California tends to get drawn into the Central Valley. \u003ccite>(Planet Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had to go further than any region has before,” said Klassen, of the San Joaquin Valley’s air district. It has implemented hundreds of rules in an effort to reduce pollution, including allowing more prescribed burns in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, AJ Rassamni, who manages a car wash in Fresno, wants to see more comprehensive forest management. With fewer people leaving their homes amid recent smoke waves, fewer customers have been coming through his car wash. He provides masks to protect staff, but they can make breathing difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried about effects from climate change, Rassamni bought an electric car and had solar panels installed at home to reduce his climate pollution. Without aggressive steps from governments to systematically reduce pollution and boost prescribed burns, though, his efforts alone will do little to protect Central Valley residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it good for us?” he said. “No. But you have a life, and you’re going to live with the weather you have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story was produced and published in partnership with \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003ci>Climate Central\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, a non-advocacy group that researches and reports on the changing climate.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1929784/breathing-fire-californias-central-valley-bears-the-brunt-of-harmful-wildfire-smoke","authors":["byline_science_1929784"],"categories":["science_39","science_40","science_3423","science_3730"],"tags":["science_505","science_3203","science_1596","science_1487","science_3693"],"featImg":"science_1929799","label":"source_science_1929784"},"science_1925227":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1925227","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1925227","score":null,"sort":[1528210965000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"another-danger-from-overpumping-groundwater-arsenic","title":"Another Danger from Overpumping Groundwater: Arsenic","publishDate":1528210965,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Another Danger from Overpumping Groundwater: Arsenic | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Sinking land caused by intensive groundwater pumping in the San Joaquin Valley is releasing trapped arsenic — a known carcinogen — into aquifers that supply irrigation and drinking water for a million people, according to a new study published Tuesday in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/ncomms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>. [contextly_sidebar id=”e2HtgwYSiGvYqi4LXO5efN9lFOy4H4pN”]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arsenic, a naturally occurring chemical in the Earth’s crust, is undetectable by the human senses and has been linked to a host of diseases including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Researchers at Stanford University say residents should be concerned about arsenic levels in their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Arsenic is associated with the clay layers in the groundwater system from which they pump their water,” says study co-author Rosemary J. Knight, a professor of geophysics at Stanford. “Overpumping is going to release that arsenic, and there has been significant overpumping during the recent droughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwlandsubside.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">link\u003c/a> between subsidence (or sinking land) and pumping of fresh water from underground is well-established, according to the US Geological Survey. A previous study led by Knight found that one way of \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6810\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reducing the negative impact\u003c/a> of extracting water from the clay layers is for farmers to pull water from more shallow sand and gravel layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight added that residents who obtain their water from a private domestic well in an area that has experienced subsidence are wise to get the water checked for arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers examined arsenic levels in hundreds of wells in San Joaquin Valley’s Tulare basin during two drought periods. They found that in areas where land sank more than 3 inches per year, the risk of finding dangerous levels of arsenic in groundwater tripled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tulare basin aquifers consist of sand and gravel zones separated by thin layers of clay. The clay, which acts as a sponge, absorbs both water and arsenic, which starts off as a solid. Overpumping draws water from the sand and gravel zones, causing the aquifer to compress as land sinks. As those layers press down on the clay regions, arsenic-rich water gets released into the aquifer. [contextly_sidebar id=”1JyrHvzuqfuwV7K3cTgbnnqO96YJSe5q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says overpumping in other regions could result in the same effect if they have three characteristics: alternating layers of clay and sand; a source of arsenic; and relatively low oxygen content, which is common for thick clay zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors say that satellite surveillance can be a powerful tool in protecting communities from contaminated groundwater. Remote sensors that track the measurements of land as it collapses over time can be used to predict arsenic concentrations in groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data could serve as an early warning system for contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remote sensing data give us an incredible view of what is happening in our groundwater systems,” says Knight. “My hope is that we are entering a new era in California, of sustainable groundwater management, and that data such as these can support and inform wise groundwater management decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study notes that aquifers contaminated as a result of overpumping can recover if withdrawals stop; areas that showed slower sinking also had lower arsenic levels.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Squeezing too much water from aquifers is releasing toxins from buried layers of clay -- but satellite data may provide an early warning system.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927849,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":533},"headData":{"title":"Another Danger from Overpumping Groundwater: Arsenic | KQED","description":"Squeezing too much water from aquifers is releasing toxins from buried layers of clay -- but satellite data may provide an early warning system.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2018/06/VentonArsenicWater.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1925227/another-danger-from-overpumping-groundwater-arsenic","audioDuration":96000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sinking land caused by intensive groundwater pumping in the San Joaquin Valley is releasing trapped arsenic — a known carcinogen — into aquifers that supply irrigation and drinking water for a million people, according to a new study published Tuesday in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/ncomms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arsenic, a naturally occurring chemical in the Earth’s crust, is undetectable by the human senses and has been linked to a host of diseases including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Researchers at Stanford University say residents should be concerned about arsenic levels in their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Arsenic is associated with the clay layers in the groundwater system from which they pump their water,” says study co-author Rosemary J. Knight, a professor of geophysics at Stanford. “Overpumping is going to release that arsenic, and there has been significant overpumping during the recent droughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwlandsubside.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">link\u003c/a> between subsidence (or sinking land) and pumping of fresh water from underground is well-established, according to the US Geological Survey. A previous study led by Knight found that one way of \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6810\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reducing the negative impact\u003c/a> of extracting water from the clay layers is for farmers to pull water from more shallow sand and gravel layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight added that residents who obtain their water from a private domestic well in an area that has experienced subsidence are wise to get the water checked for arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers examined arsenic levels in hundreds of wells in San Joaquin Valley’s Tulare basin during two drought periods. They found that in areas where land sank more than 3 inches per year, the risk of finding dangerous levels of arsenic in groundwater tripled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tulare basin aquifers consist of sand and gravel zones separated by thin layers of clay. The clay, which acts as a sponge, absorbs both water and arsenic, which starts off as a solid. Overpumping draws water from the sand and gravel zones, causing the aquifer to compress as land sinks. As those layers press down on the clay regions, arsenic-rich water gets released into the aquifer. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says overpumping in other regions could result in the same effect if they have three characteristics: alternating layers of clay and sand; a source of arsenic; and relatively low oxygen content, which is common for thick clay zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors say that satellite surveillance can be a powerful tool in protecting communities from contaminated groundwater. Remote sensors that track the measurements of land as it collapses over time can be used to predict arsenic concentrations in groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data could serve as an early warning system for contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remote sensing data give us an incredible view of what is happening in our groundwater systems,” says Knight. “My hope is that we are entering a new era in California, of sustainable groundwater management, and that data such as these can support and inform wise groundwater management decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study notes that aquifers contaminated as a result of overpumping can recover if withdrawals stop; areas that showed slower sinking also had lower arsenic levels.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1925227/another-danger-from-overpumping-groundwater-arsenic","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_31","science_89","science_35","science_39","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_568","science_1622","science_192","science_3370","science_490","science_5181","science_1487","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1925230","label":"source_science_1925227"},"science_1925162":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1925162","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1925162","score":null,"sort":[1528146020000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"recycled-wastewater-now-flowing-to-san-joaquin-valley-farms-wildlife","title":"Recycled Wastewater Now Flowing to San Joaquin Valley Farms, Wildlife","publishDate":1528146020,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Recycled Wastewater Now Flowing to San Joaquin Valley Farms, Wildlife | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Wastewater recycling doesn’t have to be a fancy affair. Sometimes it can be as simple as building a pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is more or less the full description of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nvr-recycledwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Valley Regional Recycled Water Project\u003c/a>. Only a year after starting construction, at a cost of around $90 million, the project is already delivering recycled urban wastewater to farms and wildlife refuges in California’s San Joaquin Valley, providing a reliable new water supply to a drought-plagued region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything seems to be working great,” said Anthea Hansen, general manager of Del Puerto Water District, the farm irrigation agency that receives most of the recycled water. “We knew the benefits would be incredible, and we’re seeing it already.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project, which began delivering water in December, provides farmers in Hansen’s district with about 10,000 acre-feet of water. That’s roughly a 25 percent increase over what they were allocated this year by the federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/mp/cvp/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>(CVP).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since the source is a steady stream of urban wastewater, it’s an irrigation supply that won’t change much from year to year. In comparison, allocations of federal CVPwater, managed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, vary enormously depending on drought conditions, environmental issues and other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because it’s not subject to pumping restrictions or measurements of snowpack or water in storage, the supply should be very constant,” Hansen said. “So it’s very meaningful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water comes from the city of Modesto, population 213,000. The city was under regulatory pressure to upgrade its wastewater treatment to a so-called “tertiary” level, because its discharges to the San Joaquin River posed a threat to water quality and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen’s agency piggybacked on this need by offering to buy some of the newly refined wastewater for the district’s 200 or so farmers, who irrigate almonds, walnuts, peaches, pistachios and other crops. This offer helped Modesto finance the treatment plant upgrades. All Del Puerto had to do was build a pipeline 7 miles from Modesto’s treatment plant to the Delta-Mendota Canal, the federal ditch from which Del Puerto already diverts its federal irrigation water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building the pipeline didn’t take long, but the deal didn’t happen overnight. Del Puerto signed an initial agreement with Modesto in 2010 to cooperate on the project. Then there were regulatory hoops to jump through. Construction started on the pipeline in summer 2016 and took only a year to build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modesto’s initial recycled water deliveries to the project are expected to be about 15,000 acre-feet annually. Del Puerto farmers get about two-thirds of this water, which satisfies California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/water_recycling_policy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Title 22\u003c/a>, the state law that ensures treated wastewater is fit for landscaping and crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the recycled wastewater is also going to state, federal and private wildlife refuges in the valley, thanks to a federal law known as the Central Valley Project Improvement Act. The law, passed in 1992, requires the United States Bureau of Reclamation to buy additional water supplies to benefit wildlife impacted by operation of the CVP irrigation system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reclamation has \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/05/23/despite-a-wet-year-some-california-wildlife-areas-miss-out-on-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fallen far behind\u003c/a> its obligations under the law, partly because of inadequate funding and scarce water supplies available for purchase. The availability of Modesto’s recycled water was a unique opportunity to acquire a firm new water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is substantial,” said Ric Ortega, general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://gwdwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grassland Water District\u003c/a>, which delivers CVP water to a number of public and private wildlife refuges in the northern San Joaquin Valley. “This is a large quantity of water at a fraction of the cost of water on the open market. I would say less than half the cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortega said he expects to get about 5,000 acre-feet of recycled water this year. This will benefit the private landowners in his district, including a number of duck club owners. It will also go to government wetland areas in the San Joaquin Valley such as the state-managed \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Lands/Places-to-Visit/North-Grasslands-WA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grasslands Wildlife Area\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/refuge/kern/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kern National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>, which have suffered water shortages for decades due to the diversions caused by the Central Valley Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180601003135/NValleyRecycling1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"958\" height=\"627\">Dan Madden, left, who helps oversee the city of Turlock’s sewage treatment plant, conducts visitors on a tour in July 2014. They stand atop a filter tower that helps the city carry out tertiary treatment of its sewage. That treated water is now set to become a supplemental supply for farmers in the Del Puerto Water District and six state and federal wildlife refuges in the San Joaquin Valley. (John Holland, Modesto Bee)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“We’re not meeting the dietary demands of shorebirds in the Central Valley in the spring,” Ortega said. “This will make huge strides as it relates to shorebirds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bureau of Reclamation invested about $25 million in the project. The partners also received a $27 million grant from Proposition 1, a 2014 bond measure approved by California voters for water projects. These two sources covered about half the cost to build the pipeline and pump station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there is more water to come. The city of Turlock, population 73,000, also plans to deliver recycled water to the new pipeline by linking to the system with a pipeline of its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the two cities grow in the decades to come, their output of recycled water is sure to increase. The project’s current output could eventually more than triple to 48,000 acre-feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The share secured for refuges – an estimated 13,000 acre-feet when the project reaches full scale – will be the largest water supply dedicated to wildlife in the San Joaquin Valley in more than 25 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the pieces in this particular puzzle just seemed to fall into place,” said Hansen. “But I do think other agencies could definitely use it as a model. With creativity and thinking outside the box, it can be done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/06/04/recycled-wastewater-now-flowing-to-san-joaquin-valley-farms-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Wastewater from the city of Modesto, California, was once dumped into a river. Now, thanks to a new pipeline, it’s helping farmers survive drought and flooding new wetlands for migratory birds.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927854,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1065},"headData":{"title":"Recycled Wastewater Now Flowing to San Joaquin Valley Farms, Wildlife | KQED","description":"Wastewater from the city of Modesto, California, was once dumped into a river. Now, thanks to a new pipeline, it’s helping farmers survive drought and flooding new wetlands for migratory birds.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply","path":"/science/1925162/recycled-wastewater-now-flowing-to-san-joaquin-valley-farms-wildlife","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wastewater recycling doesn’t have to be a fancy affair. Sometimes it can be as simple as building a pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is more or less the full description of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nvr-recycledwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Valley Regional Recycled Water Project\u003c/a>. Only a year after starting construction, at a cost of around $90 million, the project is already delivering recycled urban wastewater to farms and wildlife refuges in California’s San Joaquin Valley, providing a reliable new water supply to a drought-plagued region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything seems to be working great,” said Anthea Hansen, general manager of Del Puerto Water District, the farm irrigation agency that receives most of the recycled water. “We knew the benefits would be incredible, and we’re seeing it already.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project, which began delivering water in December, provides farmers in Hansen’s district with about 10,000 acre-feet of water. That’s roughly a 25 percent increase over what they were allocated this year by the federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/mp/cvp/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>(CVP).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since the source is a steady stream of urban wastewater, it’s an irrigation supply that won’t change much from year to year. In comparison, allocations of federal CVPwater, managed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, vary enormously depending on drought conditions, environmental issues and other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because it’s not subject to pumping restrictions or measurements of snowpack or water in storage, the supply should be very constant,” Hansen said. “So it’s very meaningful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water comes from the city of Modesto, population 213,000. The city was under regulatory pressure to upgrade its wastewater treatment to a so-called “tertiary” level, because its discharges to the San Joaquin River posed a threat to water quality and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen’s agency piggybacked on this need by offering to buy some of the newly refined wastewater for the district’s 200 or so farmers, who irrigate almonds, walnuts, peaches, pistachios and other crops. This offer helped Modesto finance the treatment plant upgrades. All Del Puerto had to do was build a pipeline 7 miles from Modesto’s treatment plant to the Delta-Mendota Canal, the federal ditch from which Del Puerto already diverts its federal irrigation water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building the pipeline didn’t take long, but the deal didn’t happen overnight. Del Puerto signed an initial agreement with Modesto in 2010 to cooperate on the project. Then there were regulatory hoops to jump through. Construction started on the pipeline in summer 2016 and took only a year to build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modesto’s initial recycled water deliveries to the project are expected to be about 15,000 acre-feet annually. Del Puerto farmers get about two-thirds of this water, which satisfies California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/water_recycling_policy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Title 22\u003c/a>, the state law that ensures treated wastewater is fit for landscaping and crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the recycled wastewater is also going to state, federal and private wildlife refuges in the valley, thanks to a federal law known as the Central Valley Project Improvement Act. The law, passed in 1992, requires the United States Bureau of Reclamation to buy additional water supplies to benefit wildlife impacted by operation of the CVP irrigation system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reclamation has \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/05/23/despite-a-wet-year-some-california-wildlife-areas-miss-out-on-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fallen far behind\u003c/a> its obligations under the law, partly because of inadequate funding and scarce water supplies available for purchase. The availability of Modesto’s recycled water was a unique opportunity to acquire a firm new water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is substantial,” said Ric Ortega, general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://gwdwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grassland Water District\u003c/a>, which delivers CVP water to a number of public and private wildlife refuges in the northern San Joaquin Valley. “This is a large quantity of water at a fraction of the cost of water on the open market. I would say less than half the cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortega said he expects to get about 5,000 acre-feet of recycled water this year. This will benefit the private landowners in his district, including a number of duck club owners. It will also go to government wetland areas in the San Joaquin Valley such as the state-managed \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Lands/Places-to-Visit/North-Grasslands-WA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grasslands Wildlife Area\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/refuge/kern/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kern National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>, which have suffered water shortages for decades due to the diversions caused by the Central Valley Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180601003135/NValleyRecycling1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"958\" height=\"627\">Dan Madden, left, who helps oversee the city of Turlock’s sewage treatment plant, conducts visitors on a tour in July 2014. They stand atop a filter tower that helps the city carry out tertiary treatment of its sewage. That treated water is now set to become a supplemental supply for farmers in the Del Puerto Water District and six state and federal wildlife refuges in the San Joaquin Valley. (John Holland, Modesto Bee)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“We’re not meeting the dietary demands of shorebirds in the Central Valley in the spring,” Ortega said. “This will make huge strides as it relates to shorebirds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bureau of Reclamation invested about $25 million in the project. The partners also received a $27 million grant from Proposition 1, a 2014 bond measure approved by California voters for water projects. These two sources covered about half the cost to build the pipeline and pump station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there is more water to come. The city of Turlock, population 73,000, also plans to deliver recycled water to the new pipeline by linking to the system with a pipeline of its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the two cities grow in the decades to come, their output of recycled water is sure to increase. The project’s current output could eventually more than triple to 48,000 acre-feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The share secured for refuges – an estimated 13,000 acre-feet when the project reaches full scale – will be the largest water supply dedicated to wildlife in the San Joaquin Valley in more than 25 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the pieces in this particular puzzle just seemed to fall into place,” said Hansen. “But I do think other agencies could definitely use it as a model. With creativity and thinking outside the box, it can be done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/06/04/recycled-wastewater-now-flowing-to-san-joaquin-valley-farms-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1925162/recycled-wastewater-now-flowing-to-san-joaquin-valley-farms-wildlife","authors":["byline_science_1925162"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_192","science_269","science_1487","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1923463","label":"source_science_1925162"},"science_1171992":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1171992","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1171992","score":null,"sort":[1479515438000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trumps-pledge-to-open-up-the-water-for-valley-farms-easier-said-than-done","title":"Trump’s Pledge to ‘Open Up the Water’ for Valley Farms: Easier Said Than Done","publishDate":1479515438,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Trump’s Pledge to ‘Open Up the Water’ for Valley Farms: Easier Said Than Done | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump might have trouble living up to one of his more sweeping campaign promises in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the stump in Fresno last May, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7wVjKgfd18\">made headlines\u003c/a> for declaring, “There is no drought” here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a bit unclear from his remarks whether he was voicing an opinion or simply reporting what some farmers told him at a pre-rally gathering. Either way, he was badly mistaken.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re gonna solve your water problem.’\u003ccite>Donald Trump\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Though conditions have improved over much of the state since then, about 73 percent of California remains in some level drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, and nearly 43 percent is still classified in “extreme” or “exceptional” drought, including much of the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Don’t Even Think About It’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trump also made a pledge to the assembled crowd in Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna solve your water problem,” he told the audience. “We’re gonna get it done and we’re gonna get it done quick. That one’s an easy one. Don’t even think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how much the candidate had thought about it as his comments displayed a blend of confidence and confusion. He expressed bewilderment at the current water allocation policies, which require that a certain volume of water remain in the rivers to protect the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a water problem that is so insane. And it’s so ridiculous, where they’re taking the water and shoving it out to sea,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I’m asking everybody, why, why, why, and nobody can explain why they do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, a lot of people could’ve explained that. About a thousand of them were gathered in Sacramento this week for the \u003ca href=\"http://scienceconf2016.deltacouncil.ca.gov/\">Bay-Delta Science Conference\u003c/a>, where scientists and policy makers meet every other year to review the latest research supporting the environmentally fragile Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was more sloganeering than fact, in the middle of the drought,” observed Jeff Mount, a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California. He says a certain amount of California’s river water must flow to the sea, to keep salt water from creeping in and contaminating both drinking water and farm land — especially during droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The share that went to the environment during the worst of the drought—2014 and 2015—was vanishingly small,” he recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Uphill Battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how high California’s water issues will actually rank on the Trump administration’s agenda, though anxiety rose in conservation circles last week when Trump gave a spot on his transition team to Devin Nunes, a San Joaquin Valley Republican congressman and vocal proponent of pumping more Delta water to farms. (Nunes \u003ca href=\"http://nunes.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=238316\">floated a “Turn on the Pumps” bill\u003c/a> in 2009 that failed in congress.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will be uphill for [Trump] to make big changes here,” suggests Jay Lund, who heads the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. Like Mount, he’s a grizzled veteran of California water debates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of state law, state regulations that would have to be overcome,” says Lund. “I think pretty much anything that anyone wants to do is gonna get petty thoroughly vetted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says an executive order from the White House to suddenly crank up the pumps would violate both state and federal law, beginning with the federal Endangered Species Act, which relies on formal studies known as “biological opinions” to set protections for sensitive habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He could write it, but it would be illegal,” wrote Mount in an email to KQED. “It would be inconsistent with the biological opinions, and the President cannot unilaterally alter the BOs. The project operators would run the risk of civil (and in a different world) criminal penalties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says such an order would also run afoul of the Clean Water Act and California law, though in times of drought, even more fundamental laws apply to the distribution of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campaign promises are one thing, says Mount, but, “Now they have to govern, and the laws of physics apply to everyone equally.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"'I'm gonna fix your water problem,' then-candidate Trump told farmers in the San Joaquin Valley. But can he?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929394,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":743},"headData":{"title":"Trump’s Pledge to ‘Open Up the Water’ for Valley Farms: Easier Said Than Done | KQED","description":"'I'm gonna fix your water problem,' then-candidate Trump told farmers in the San Joaquin Valley. But can he?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1171992/trumps-pledge-to-open-up-the-water-for-valley-farms-easier-said-than-done","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump might have trouble living up to one of his more sweeping campaign promises in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the stump in Fresno last May, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7wVjKgfd18\">made headlines\u003c/a> for declaring, “There is no drought” here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a bit unclear from his remarks whether he was voicing an opinion or simply reporting what some farmers told him at a pre-rally gathering. Either way, he was badly mistaken.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re gonna solve your water problem.’\u003ccite>Donald Trump\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Though conditions have improved over much of the state since then, about 73 percent of California remains in some level drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, and nearly 43 percent is still classified in “extreme” or “exceptional” drought, including much of the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Don’t Even Think About It’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trump also made a pledge to the assembled crowd in Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna solve your water problem,” he told the audience. “We’re gonna get it done and we’re gonna get it done quick. That one’s an easy one. Don’t even think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how much the candidate had thought about it as his comments displayed a blend of confidence and confusion. He expressed bewilderment at the current water allocation policies, which require that a certain volume of water remain in the rivers to protect the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a water problem that is so insane. And it’s so ridiculous, where they’re taking the water and shoving it out to sea,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I’m asking everybody, why, why, why, and nobody can explain why they do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, a lot of people could’ve explained that. About a thousand of them were gathered in Sacramento this week for the \u003ca href=\"http://scienceconf2016.deltacouncil.ca.gov/\">Bay-Delta Science Conference\u003c/a>, where scientists and policy makers meet every other year to review the latest research supporting the environmentally fragile Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was more sloganeering than fact, in the middle of the drought,” observed Jeff Mount, a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California. He says a certain amount of California’s river water must flow to the sea, to keep salt water from creeping in and contaminating both drinking water and farm land — especially during droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The share that went to the environment during the worst of the drought—2014 and 2015—was vanishingly small,” he recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Uphill Battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how high California’s water issues will actually rank on the Trump administration’s agenda, though anxiety rose in conservation circles last week when Trump gave a spot on his transition team to Devin Nunes, a San Joaquin Valley Republican congressman and vocal proponent of pumping more Delta water to farms. (Nunes \u003ca href=\"http://nunes.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=238316\">floated a “Turn on the Pumps” bill\u003c/a> in 2009 that failed in congress.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will be uphill for [Trump] to make big changes here,” suggests Jay Lund, who heads the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. Like Mount, he’s a grizzled veteran of California water debates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of state law, state regulations that would have to be overcome,” says Lund. “I think pretty much anything that anyone wants to do is gonna get petty thoroughly vetted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says an executive order from the White House to suddenly crank up the pumps would violate both state and federal law, beginning with the federal Endangered Species Act, which relies on formal studies known as “biological opinions” to set protections for sensitive habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He could write it, but it would be illegal,” wrote Mount in an email to KQED. “It would be inconsistent with the biological opinions, and the President cannot unilaterally alter the BOs. The project operators would run the risk of civil (and in a different world) criminal penalties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says such an order would also run afoul of the Clean Water Act and California law, though in times of drought, even more fundamental laws apply to the distribution of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campaign promises are one thing, says Mount, but, “Now they have to govern, and the laws of physics apply to everyone equally.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1171992/trumps-pledge-to-open-up-the-water-for-valley-farms-easier-said-than-done","authors":["221"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_392","science_3221","science_1487"],"featImg":"science_1172522","label":"science_1151"},"science_29477":{"type":"posts","id":"science_29477","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"29477","score":null,"sort":[1429714741000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"when-city-codes-clash-with-state-water-rules-confusion-reigns","title":"When City Codes Clash With State Water Rules, Confusion Reigns","publishDate":1429714741,"format":"aside","headTitle":"When City Codes Clash With State Water Rules, Confusion Reigns | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14889_photo-5.JPG-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14889_photo-5.JPG-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Atkinson is tearing up his lawn in Hanford, which will save water but violate local landscape codes. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Atkinson is tearing up his lawn in Hanford, which will save water but violate local landscape codes. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In some California cities, brown is not quite the new green. In fact, it’s downright illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the Kings County city of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.hanford.ca.us/\">Hanford\u003c/a>, where we found Tim Atkinson taking a pickaxe to his lawn, sweating and huffing as he hacked away at a stubborn root. He was pulling out some grass and putting in a rock planter to help save water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inside, we’re going to put blue rock,” says Atkinson, a retired paint store owner. “It’ll be decorative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that in Hanford, it’s against the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current code requires that you plant your front yard in primarily living materials, which include turf, shrubbery and trees,” explains Darlene Mata, Hanford’s community development director. She oversees code enforcement for this city of about 56,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mata and city manager Darrel Pyle drive me through town and stop in front of a house where the homeowners have clearly decided to turn off the sprinklers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way the ordinance is currently written,” says Pyle, “this lawn would be deemed to be unmaintained, but he’s not using any water to irrigate, so right now, we’re looking at what is the lesser of two evils?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predicament for Cities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mata points to a neighboring house with a rock garden like the one Tim Atkinson wants to put in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ghbGXbuN5D5jKbPuvSIB2L2AZnIJWUQ7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem we have now, people are requesting to put concrete, rock fronts with minimal shrubbery or put artificial turf. All of those are non-living materials,” he says. “Currently we can’t approve that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who do put in fake grass or rock gardens run the risk of having to pull them out if the city catches them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current ordinance requires that we tell people no, but we realize some of the things [homeowners] are asking us to do would be beneficial to the community and to the state as a whole,” says Mata.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So when our code is no longer logical, that’s the predicament we’re in,” adds Pyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s stopped sending warning letters to homeowners violating the “living landscape” ordinance and is no longer issuing $500 a day citations either. Instead, local officials are working on changing their ordinance. Hanford’s anticipating a \u003ca href=\"//www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/draft_usage_tiers.pdfor\">state mandate\u003c/a> to cut water use by 32 percent or face penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Atkinson’s hoping city officials look the other way when it comes to his rock garden. From a water conservation perspective, he and his wife Edna are model citizens. They collect water while they’re waiting for the kitchen sink and shower to heat up and use it to hand-water their plants. According to his calculations, they’ve reduced their personal water consumption nearly 40 percent over the last two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atkinson remembers how lush California seemed when he arrived as a child in the 1940s. He recalls going to an older brother’s house and marveling at his lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water was running, and sprinklers and this and that,” he recalls. He also remembers his brother’s response. “He said, ‘No problem, $2 a month, use all you want,'” says Atkinson, who retains his Oklahoma twang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Back when water was $2 a month, use all you want, ordinances of grass and no rock probably made sense for beauty. Doesn’t make any sense today, does it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29489\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1889px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14888_photo-4.JPG-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29489\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14888_photo-4.JPG-qut.jpg\" alt='In cities that require \"living landscapes,\" rockscapes like this one in Hanford violate local ordinances. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)' width=\"1889\" height=\"1231\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In cities that require “living landscapes,” rockscapes like this one in Hanford violate local ordinances. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Change in the Wind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear just how many California cities will have to change their local ordinances under the governor’s new drought mandate. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/docs/ab_1881_bill.pdf\">bill\u003c/a> (mostly aimed at new developments) passed nearly a decade ago requiring cities and counties to adopt water-efficient landscape rules by 2010. But when \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/docs/DirectorLetterAdoption.pdf\">asked to send their plans\u003c/a> to the state Department of Water Resources, more than 150 cities \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/docs/LandscapOrdinanceReport_to_Leg-4-22-2011.pdf\">didn’t even respond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just down the road from Hanford, in the town of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofcorcoran.com/\">Corcoran\u003c/a>, people come to pay their water bill at city hall. Many of them are farmworkers who pay in cash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the lobby, framed yellowed newspapers on the walls tell the history of this cotton town, built on top of what was once the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1997-02-13/news/mn-28291_1_tulare-lake\">largest freshwater lake\u003c/a> in the West. One headline reads: “Farmers Fear Floods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re used to having water come in abundance, and sometimes having too much water,” says Kindon Meik, city manager just down the road in Corcoran. “In fact, much of the western portion of the city is set up in the 100-year flood plain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a long time, Corcoran residents have pretty much been able to water whenever they wanted. City parks and schools are still exempt from all watering restrictions, but as of this month, residents are \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofcorcoran.com/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=128&TargetID=1\">limited to three days a week\u003c/a>. The city can’t cut back watering days any further, under city code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very archaic,” says Meik of the code. “It’s set up on the idea that there’s going to be abundant water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Corcoran — which is entirely reliant on groundwater — is drilling a new, deeper well to serve its 26,000 residents, half of whom are inmates at the state prison located there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state water board says Corcoran will likely need to cut water use by 36 percent — so Meik and the city council are scrambling to change the code before state-imposed drought rules kick in this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he’s got to find money to help with local enforcement. Right now, four people staff the water department. They’re mostly focused on water treatment and delivery, not knocking on doors to catch water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Esthetics and water conservation clash as California cities find their own laws at odds with the governor's water reduction mandates.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931950,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1045},"headData":{"title":"When City Codes Clash With State Water Rules, Confusion Reigns | KQED","description":"Esthetics and water conservation clash as California cities find their own laws at odds with the governor's water reduction mandates.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/29477/when-city-codes-clash-with-state-water-rules-confusion-reigns","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14889_photo-5.JPG-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14889_photo-5.JPG-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Atkinson is tearing up his lawn in Hanford, which will save water but violate local landscape codes. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Atkinson is tearing up his lawn in Hanford, which will save water but violate local landscape codes. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In some California cities, brown is not quite the new green. In fact, it’s downright illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the Kings County city of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.hanford.ca.us/\">Hanford\u003c/a>, where we found Tim Atkinson taking a pickaxe to his lawn, sweating and huffing as he hacked away at a stubborn root. He was pulling out some grass and putting in a rock planter to help save water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inside, we’re going to put blue rock,” says Atkinson, a retired paint store owner. “It’ll be decorative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that in Hanford, it’s against the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current code requires that you plant your front yard in primarily living materials, which include turf, shrubbery and trees,” explains Darlene Mata, Hanford’s community development director. She oversees code enforcement for this city of about 56,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mata and city manager Darrel Pyle drive me through town and stop in front of a house where the homeowners have clearly decided to turn off the sprinklers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way the ordinance is currently written,” says Pyle, “this lawn would be deemed to be unmaintained, but he’s not using any water to irrigate, so right now, we’re looking at what is the lesser of two evils?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predicament for Cities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mata points to a neighboring house with a rock garden like the one Tim Atkinson wants to put in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem we have now, people are requesting to put concrete, rock fronts with minimal shrubbery or put artificial turf. All of those are non-living materials,” he says. “Currently we can’t approve that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who do put in fake grass or rock gardens run the risk of having to pull them out if the city catches them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current ordinance requires that we tell people no, but we realize some of the things [homeowners] are asking us to do would be beneficial to the community and to the state as a whole,” says Mata.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So when our code is no longer logical, that’s the predicament we’re in,” adds Pyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s stopped sending warning letters to homeowners violating the “living landscape” ordinance and is no longer issuing $500 a day citations either. Instead, local officials are working on changing their ordinance. Hanford’s anticipating a \u003ca href=\"//www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/draft_usage_tiers.pdfor\">state mandate\u003c/a> to cut water use by 32 percent or face penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Atkinson’s hoping city officials look the other way when it comes to his rock garden. From a water conservation perspective, he and his wife Edna are model citizens. They collect water while they’re waiting for the kitchen sink and shower to heat up and use it to hand-water their plants. According to his calculations, they’ve reduced their personal water consumption nearly 40 percent over the last two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atkinson remembers how lush California seemed when he arrived as a child in the 1940s. He recalls going to an older brother’s house and marveling at his lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water was running, and sprinklers and this and that,” he recalls. He also remembers his brother’s response. “He said, ‘No problem, $2 a month, use all you want,'” says Atkinson, who retains his Oklahoma twang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Back when water was $2 a month, use all you want, ordinances of grass and no rock probably made sense for beauty. Doesn’t make any sense today, does it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29489\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1889px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14888_photo-4.JPG-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29489\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14888_photo-4.JPG-qut.jpg\" alt='In cities that require \"living landscapes,\" rockscapes like this one in Hanford violate local ordinances. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)' width=\"1889\" height=\"1231\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In cities that require “living landscapes,” rockscapes like this one in Hanford violate local ordinances. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Change in the Wind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear just how many California cities will have to change their local ordinances under the governor’s new drought mandate. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/docs/ab_1881_bill.pdf\">bill\u003c/a> (mostly aimed at new developments) passed nearly a decade ago requiring cities and counties to adopt water-efficient landscape rules by 2010. But when \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/docs/DirectorLetterAdoption.pdf\">asked to send their plans\u003c/a> to the state Department of Water Resources, more than 150 cities \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/docs/LandscapOrdinanceReport_to_Leg-4-22-2011.pdf\">didn’t even respond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just down the road from Hanford, in the town of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofcorcoran.com/\">Corcoran\u003c/a>, people come to pay their water bill at city hall. Many of them are farmworkers who pay in cash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the lobby, framed yellowed newspapers on the walls tell the history of this cotton town, built on top of what was once the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1997-02-13/news/mn-28291_1_tulare-lake\">largest freshwater lake\u003c/a> in the West. One headline reads: “Farmers Fear Floods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re used to having water come in abundance, and sometimes having too much water,” says Kindon Meik, city manager just down the road in Corcoran. “In fact, much of the western portion of the city is set up in the 100-year flood plain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a long time, Corcoran residents have pretty much been able to water whenever they wanted. City parks and schools are still exempt from all watering restrictions, but as of this month, residents are \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofcorcoran.com/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=128&TargetID=1\">limited to three days a week\u003c/a>. The city can’t cut back watering days any further, under city code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very archaic,” says Meik of the code. “It’s set up on the idea that there’s going to be abundant water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Corcoran — which is entirely reliant on groundwater — is drilling a new, deeper well to serve its 26,000 residents, half of whom are inmates at the state prison located there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state water board says Corcoran will likely need to cut water use by 36 percent — so Meik and the city council are scrambling to change the code before state-imposed drought rules kick in this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he’s got to find money to help with local enforcement. Right now, four people staff the water department. They’re mostly focused on water treatment and delivery, not knocking on doors to catch water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/29477/when-city-codes-clash-with-state-water-rules-confusion-reigns","authors":["254"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_1622","science_1487"],"featImg":"science_29487","label":"science_1151"},"science_17873":{"type":"posts","id":"science_17873","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"17873","score":null,"sort":[1401714011000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california","title":"Drought Drives Drilling Frenzy for Groundwater in California","publishDate":1401714011,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Drought Drives Drilling Frenzy for Groundwater in California | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Rig_DeLaCruz_SK.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17878\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-17878 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Rig_DeLaCruz_SK.jpg\" alt=\"Rig_DeLaCruz_SK\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juan de La Cruz operates a drilling rig probing for groundwater 2,500 feet beneath Fresno County. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Steve Arthur practically lives out of his truck these days. But he’s not homeless. He runs one of Fresno’s busiest \u003ca href=\"http://www.arthurandorum.com/\">well drilling companies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s officially getting crazy. We go and we go but it just seems like we can’t go fast enough,” he says, sitting behind the steering wheel as he hustles up and down Highway 99 to check on drilling rigs that run 24 hours a day, probing for water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some days, Arthur doesn’t even have time to stop for gas; he’s got an extra tank hooked up to the flatbed of his pickup. He says he’s lucky if he gets three hours of sleep a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Toward the end of the week, I start to get run down pretty good,” he sighs. “On a Friday afternoon, you might see me parked on the side of the road taking a cat nap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties in the farm-rich Central Valley are issuing record numbers of permits for new water wells. Arthur says his company’s got an eight-month waiting list. Some of his competitors are backlogged more than a year. Drillers like Arthur say they’re even busier than they were\u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/watertransfers/docs/9_drought-1976-77.pdf\"> during the drought of 1977, \u003c/a>when Californians drilled \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/well_info_and_other/california_well_standards/b74-81chap1a.html\">28 thousand new wells. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s officially getting crazy. We go and we go but it just seems like we can’t go fast enough.’\u003ccite>— Steve Arthur, Owner, Arthur & Orum Well Drilling\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This is off the scales, here,” says Arthur, shaking his head. “It’s just amazing, the amount of people that call and want wells. A customer called this morning and I’m supposed to do two for him, and he said, ‘Add 14 to the list.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>You have to literally grab these guys and drag ‘em to your property and say ‘Please, please drill me a well!,’” laments citrus farmer Matt Fisher, who’s been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/08/cold-then-dry-dealing-california-citrus-farmers-a-double-punch/\">scrambling to keep his trees alive\u003c/a> after learning that he won’t get any water from federal reservoirs this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have even heard of drilling companies that won’t tell growers who’s in front of them, because guys are trying to buy the other guy’s spot in line,” says Fisher. “Its crazy, some of the things that are going on, but if you’re in our shoes, and you have to pay a guy $10,000 for his spot in line, that’s cheap compared to what you’re going to lose if you lose your whole orchard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not always about \u003cem>losing\u003c/em> trees, though. Right where a brand new almond orchard will be planted in rural Fresno County, a 70-foot high drilling rig bores a hole in the earth 2,500 feet deep. This well will cost the farmer about a million dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juan de La Cruz works on this rig 12 hours a day, seven days a week, carefully guiding the drill bit. He’s standing in a little hut next to the drill hole that they call ‘the doghouse.’ It’s where workers keep a log of the layers of sand and clay they find, collecting samples every ten feet as the drill probes deeper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DrillingSamples_SK.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17880\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DrillingSamples_SK.jpg\" alt=\"Drillers collect samples from the bore hole for every 10 feet of depth. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drillers collect samples from the bore hole for every 10 feet of depth — but the records of what they find are considered confidential and not available to the public. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s also home to two other essential pieces of gear: a microwave and a fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>This is basically where we live while we’re working,” says De La Cruz in Spanish. “We’ve got some \u003cem>nopales\u003c/em> (cacti) and zucchinis in here to cook up. The farmers bring us cantaloupes, tomatoes, whatever we want. They are so grateful because when we’re done with this well, these fields will have water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Zimmerer’s company,\u003ca href=\"http://www.zimwells.com/\"> Zim Industries,\u003c/a> owns this rig and a dozen others. He knows there’s a silver lining to the drought for well drillers this year. But he knows it can’t last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t keep sustaining this amount of overdraft, we all know that,” says Zimmerer, standing on the platform next to the drill. “At this point in time, we don’t want to keep going on at this pace. It’s more of a temporary fix.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a sobering admission from a well driller.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Groundwater is like a bank account. You can’t take out more than you put in on an ongoing basis.’\u003ccite>— Jerry Cadagan, water activist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California’s aquifers supply 40 percent of the state’s water in normal years but in this drought year, it could be closer to 65 percent. That makes it our biggest water reserve –- bigger than the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are already sounding alarm bells about pumping too much groundwater. State water managers estimate that water tables in some parts of the Valley have dropped 100 feet \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/uploads/1397858208-SUBSIDENCEFULLREPORT_FINAL.pdf\">below historical lows\u003c/a>. As water levels sink, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-flooding-fields-could-alleviate-water-supply-stress/\">the land can sink, too\u003c/a> — in some places by about a foot per year. Groundwater pumping could also put \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v509/n7501/nature13275/metrics/news?message-global=remove\">more stress on the San Andreas Fault.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not the only seismic consequence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are a one-way trajectory towards depletion. Toward running out of groundwater in the Central Valley,” warns Jay Famiglietti, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ess.uci.edu/~hydrogroup/\">a hydrologist at UC Irvine\u003c/a>. He points out that California is the only western state that doesn’t really monitor or regulate how much groundwater farmers and residents are using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you own property, you can dig a well and you can pump as much groundwater as you a want,” says Famiglietti, “even if that means you are drawing water in from beneath your neighbor’s property into your well. So it’s not unlike having several straws in a glass, and everyone drinking at the same time, and no one really watching the level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17881\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/FullRig_SK.jpg\" alt=\"Drillers are bringing in large rigs like this one from all over the west, to drill deeper wells in the quest for water. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drillers are bringing in large rigs like this one from all over the west, to drill deeper wells in the quest for water. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That could change. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/22/california-edging-closer-to-regulating-groundwater-for-the-first-time/\">A bill\u003c/a> making its way through the state legislature could, for the first time ever, require local agencies to track, and in some cases, even restrict groundwater pumping. Some farmers oppose it, saying it’s a violation of their property rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But retired attorney and water activist Jerry Cadagan says counties should be thinking hard right now about the permits they’re giving to farmers to drill thousands of new wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got to put reasonable restrictions so people are only pumping out a reasonable amount of water that underlies their land,” says Cadagan, who lives in Stanislaus County, and is \u003ca href=\"http://www.modbee.com/2014/04/28/3314605/jump-in-well-permits-in-stanislaus.html\">suing farmers there\u003c/a> for drilling wells without considering the environmental impact. “Groundwater is like a bank account. You can’t take out more than you put in on an ongoing basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers too, are starting to worry. In Merced County, farm leaders are trying to stop two private landowners from \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/05/19/3934223/landowners-try-to-sell-groundwater.html\">selling as much as 7 billion gallons\u003c/a> of well water to farmers in another county. They call it “groundwater mining.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The unrestrained race to drill new wells could put California's biggest water source in jeopardy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933560,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1292},"headData":{"title":"Drought Drives Drilling Frenzy for Groundwater in California | KQED","description":"The unrestrained race to drill new wells could put California's biggest water source in jeopardy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/05/20140602science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/17873/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Rig_DeLaCruz_SK.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17878\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-17878 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Rig_DeLaCruz_SK.jpg\" alt=\"Rig_DeLaCruz_SK\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juan de La Cruz operates a drilling rig probing for groundwater 2,500 feet beneath Fresno County. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Steve Arthur practically lives out of his truck these days. But he’s not homeless. He runs one of Fresno’s busiest \u003ca href=\"http://www.arthurandorum.com/\">well drilling companies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s officially getting crazy. We go and we go but it just seems like we can’t go fast enough,” he says, sitting behind the steering wheel as he hustles up and down Highway 99 to check on drilling rigs that run 24 hours a day, probing for water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some days, Arthur doesn’t even have time to stop for gas; he’s got an extra tank hooked up to the flatbed of his pickup. He says he’s lucky if he gets three hours of sleep a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Toward the end of the week, I start to get run down pretty good,” he sighs. “On a Friday afternoon, you might see me parked on the side of the road taking a cat nap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties in the farm-rich Central Valley are issuing record numbers of permits for new water wells. Arthur says his company’s got an eight-month waiting list. Some of his competitors are backlogged more than a year. Drillers like Arthur say they’re even busier than they were\u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/watertransfers/docs/9_drought-1976-77.pdf\"> during the drought of 1977, \u003c/a>when Californians drilled \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/well_info_and_other/california_well_standards/b74-81chap1a.html\">28 thousand new wells. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s officially getting crazy. We go and we go but it just seems like we can’t go fast enough.’\u003ccite>— Steve Arthur, Owner, Arthur & Orum Well Drilling\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This is off the scales, here,” says Arthur, shaking his head. “It’s just amazing, the amount of people that call and want wells. A customer called this morning and I’m supposed to do two for him, and he said, ‘Add 14 to the list.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>You have to literally grab these guys and drag ‘em to your property and say ‘Please, please drill me a well!,’” laments citrus farmer Matt Fisher, who’s been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/08/cold-then-dry-dealing-california-citrus-farmers-a-double-punch/\">scrambling to keep his trees alive\u003c/a> after learning that he won’t get any water from federal reservoirs this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have even heard of drilling companies that won’t tell growers who’s in front of them, because guys are trying to buy the other guy’s spot in line,” says Fisher. “Its crazy, some of the things that are going on, but if you’re in our shoes, and you have to pay a guy $10,000 for his spot in line, that’s cheap compared to what you’re going to lose if you lose your whole orchard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not always about \u003cem>losing\u003c/em> trees, though. Right where a brand new almond orchard will be planted in rural Fresno County, a 70-foot high drilling rig bores a hole in the earth 2,500 feet deep. This well will cost the farmer about a million dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juan de La Cruz works on this rig 12 hours a day, seven days a week, carefully guiding the drill bit. He’s standing in a little hut next to the drill hole that they call ‘the doghouse.’ It’s where workers keep a log of the layers of sand and clay they find, collecting samples every ten feet as the drill probes deeper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DrillingSamples_SK.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17880\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DrillingSamples_SK.jpg\" alt=\"Drillers collect samples from the bore hole for every 10 feet of depth. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drillers collect samples from the bore hole for every 10 feet of depth — but the records of what they find are considered confidential and not available to the public. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s also home to two other essential pieces of gear: a microwave and a fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>This is basically where we live while we’re working,” says De La Cruz in Spanish. “We’ve got some \u003cem>nopales\u003c/em> (cacti) and zucchinis in here to cook up. The farmers bring us cantaloupes, tomatoes, whatever we want. They are so grateful because when we’re done with this well, these fields will have water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Zimmerer’s company,\u003ca href=\"http://www.zimwells.com/\"> Zim Industries,\u003c/a> owns this rig and a dozen others. He knows there’s a silver lining to the drought for well drillers this year. But he knows it can’t last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t keep sustaining this amount of overdraft, we all know that,” says Zimmerer, standing on the platform next to the drill. “At this point in time, we don’t want to keep going on at this pace. It’s more of a temporary fix.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a sobering admission from a well driller.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Groundwater is like a bank account. You can’t take out more than you put in on an ongoing basis.’\u003ccite>— Jerry Cadagan, water activist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California’s aquifers supply 40 percent of the state’s water in normal years but in this drought year, it could be closer to 65 percent. That makes it our biggest water reserve –- bigger than the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are already sounding alarm bells about pumping too much groundwater. State water managers estimate that water tables in some parts of the Valley have dropped 100 feet \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/uploads/1397858208-SUBSIDENCEFULLREPORT_FINAL.pdf\">below historical lows\u003c/a>. As water levels sink, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-flooding-fields-could-alleviate-water-supply-stress/\">the land can sink, too\u003c/a> — in some places by about a foot per year. Groundwater pumping could also put \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v509/n7501/nature13275/metrics/news?message-global=remove\">more stress on the San Andreas Fault.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not the only seismic consequence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are a one-way trajectory towards depletion. Toward running out of groundwater in the Central Valley,” warns Jay Famiglietti, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ess.uci.edu/~hydrogroup/\">a hydrologist at UC Irvine\u003c/a>. He points out that California is the only western state that doesn’t really monitor or regulate how much groundwater farmers and residents are using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you own property, you can dig a well and you can pump as much groundwater as you a want,” says Famiglietti, “even if that means you are drawing water in from beneath your neighbor’s property into your well. So it’s not unlike having several straws in a glass, and everyone drinking at the same time, and no one really watching the level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17881\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/FullRig_SK.jpg\" alt=\"Drillers are bringing in large rigs like this one from all over the west, to drill deeper wells in the quest for water. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drillers are bringing in large rigs like this one from all over the west, to drill deeper wells in the quest for water. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That could change. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/22/california-edging-closer-to-regulating-groundwater-for-the-first-time/\">A bill\u003c/a> making its way through the state legislature could, for the first time ever, require local agencies to track, and in some cases, even restrict groundwater pumping. Some farmers oppose it, saying it’s a violation of their property rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But retired attorney and water activist Jerry Cadagan says counties should be thinking hard right now about the permits they’re giving to farmers to drill thousands of new wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got to put reasonable restrictions so people are only pumping out a reasonable amount of water that underlies their land,” says Cadagan, who lives in Stanislaus County, and is \u003ca href=\"http://www.modbee.com/2014/04/28/3314605/jump-in-well-permits-in-stanislaus.html\">suing farmers there\u003c/a> for drilling wells without considering the environmental impact. “Groundwater is like a bank account. You can’t take out more than you put in on an ongoing basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers too, are starting to worry. In Merced County, farm leaders are trying to stop two private landowners from \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/05/19/3934223/landowners-try-to-sell-groundwater.html\">selling as much as 7 billion gallons\u003c/a> of well water to farmers in another county. They call it “groundwater mining.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/17873/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california","authors":["254"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_392","science_568","science_1622","science_64","science_490","science_1487","science_201"],"featImg":"science_17878","label":"science_1151"},"science_17312":{"type":"posts","id":"science_17312","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"17312","score":null,"sort":[1399639809000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drought-tech-how-solar-desalination-could-help-parched-farms","title":"Drought Tech: How Solar Desalination Could Help Parched Farms","publishDate":1399639809,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Drought Tech: How Solar Desalination Could Help Parched Farms | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers on the western side of the San Joaquin Valley can count on two things: sunshine and water that’s polluted and salty where minerals have built up in the soil. Now a Northern California entrepreneur is using one to clean up the other in the Panoche Water and Drainage District near the little town of Firebaugh, about 50 miles northwest of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17370\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17370\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/10308scr_a381d905d6002f3.jpg\" alt=\"This solar desalination plant uses curved mirrors to capture the sun's energy and separate the salt from the water. (Alice Daniel/KQED) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This solar desalination plant uses curved mirrors to capture the sun’s energy and separate the salt from the water. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s called a “drainage district” because farms around here have to get rid of excess salty irrigation water, explains ranch manager Wayne Western (yes, that’s his name). An elaborate system of underground drains and pumps collects the runoff. The district then recycles that water on 6,000 acres of more salt-tolerant crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are pistachios right here, they’re 13 years old,” he says, walking through an orchard that’s getting some of the reclaimed water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The district is doing this for its growers because if they didn’t, at some point you’d have to retain your own runoff water,” says Western. “If you’ve got nowhere to go with it, after awhile, you’re not going to be growing anything in that ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Not in our wildest dreams did we ever think we could have revenue generated from this wastewater.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The residual water is laden with salts and other contaminants such as \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/selenium.cfm\">selenium\u003c/a>, which is toxic in high concentrations. The district reuses this water not only on pistachios, he says, but also on another salt-tolerant crop, Jose tall wheatgrass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our whole goal here was to get rid of the wastewater,” says Dennis Falaschi, who runs the district. “Not in our wildest dreams did we ever think we could have revenue generated from this wastewater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The revenue comes from selling the wheatgrass, which is used for cattle feed, and the pistachios. As it turns out, cattle need a certain amount of selenium. But there’s still the problem of the brackish runoff from these salt-tolerant crops. By 2016, environmental regulations will put a stop to dumping it into the San Joaquin River. Falaschi says finding another solution is paramount, if tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”fb6ef5164fe5845c1c64a80b774e275b”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the course of the last 15 years, we must have tried out 20-to-25 different treatment processes and you know, you end up spending a lot of time and a lot of hours on something that just doesn’t work,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now there’s one idea that’s starting to look a little brighter. Falaschi points to a row of curved mirrors that stretch out near a field of wheatgrass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The equipment that we’re looking at here — with the exception of the solar panels — is pretty much shelf-item stuff,” he says. “I mean, you know, you’re looking at a boiler, and then you have a plumbing system that actually runs through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If we can treat this water, we’ve managed our drainage problem, but we’ve also created supplemental water.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s an experimental solar desalination plant, funded by the district with a million-dollar state grant. The project looks a bit like a spaceship on this vast expanse of land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can treat this water, we’ve managed our drainage problem, but we’ve also created supplemental water,” says Falaschi. “That’s why we’re excited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s actually a lot like back when you were a kid and you would play with a magnifying glass on the sidewalk to burn things,” explains Aaron Mandell, the founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterfx.co\">WaterFX\u003c/a>, which designed the solar plant. “We don’t actually burn things but it’s the same concept; you concentrate solar energy and you can generate very high temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An absorption pump that Mandell and his team designed reduces by half the energy it takes to evaporate water. The project also uses a reflective mirror-like film to focus the sun on long tubes containing mineral oil. The heat from the oil is piped into evaporators to generate steam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the heat that we generate from the sun basically separates water and salt,” he says. The process produces potable water which the company can then sell, along with some of the minerals distilled out, like selenium and even boron. The project is timely with California three years into a drought, but Mandell says, that wasn’t his motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Even if the drought were to end right now, we would still need desalination as a more reliable source of water going forward.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Even if the drought were to end right now, we would still need desalination as a more reliable source of water going forward,” he says. “Because the real problem is that the water supply in California and many of the Western states is actually no longer reliable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WaterFX will soon build a much larger plant, this one funded by investors. It’s slated to treat about 2 million gallons a day. Mandell says it will cost about $450 to produce an acre-foot of water. That’s more than farmers here pay for surface water but about half the total operating costs of a conventional desalination plant that uses \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/reverse-osmosis.htm\">reverse osmosis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dennis Falaschi says his water district will provide the 75-acre site and probably be the main customer. Farmers this year received no water from the federal Central Valley Project, so the onus, he says, is on Water FX.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You showed us the baby steps you can perform. Now go out and do the big steps,” says Falaschi. “And if you perform? That’s why the world goes around. I get water, you get money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/148721571&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Alice Daniel reports out of \u003c/em>The California Report’s \u003cem>Central Valley bureau. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While coastal communities debate the merits of desalting seawater as a drought solution, a new approach to desalination could be a boon to farmers far inland.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933698,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1044},"headData":{"title":"Drought Tech: How Solar Desalination Could Help Parched Farms | KQED","description":"While coastal communities debate the merits of desalting seawater as a drought solution, a new approach to desalination could be a boon to farmers far inland.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/17312/drought-tech-how-solar-desalination-could-help-parched-farms","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers on the western side of the San Joaquin Valley can count on two things: sunshine and water that’s polluted and salty where minerals have built up in the soil. Now a Northern California entrepreneur is using one to clean up the other in the Panoche Water and Drainage District near the little town of Firebaugh, about 50 miles northwest of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17370\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17370\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/10308scr_a381d905d6002f3.jpg\" alt=\"This solar desalination plant uses curved mirrors to capture the sun's energy and separate the salt from the water. (Alice Daniel/KQED) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This solar desalination plant uses curved mirrors to capture the sun’s energy and separate the salt from the water. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s called a “drainage district” because farms around here have to get rid of excess salty irrigation water, explains ranch manager Wayne Western (yes, that’s his name). An elaborate system of underground drains and pumps collects the runoff. The district then recycles that water on 6,000 acres of more salt-tolerant crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are pistachios right here, they’re 13 years old,” he says, walking through an orchard that’s getting some of the reclaimed water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The district is doing this for its growers because if they didn’t, at some point you’d have to retain your own runoff water,” says Western. “If you’ve got nowhere to go with it, after awhile, you’re not going to be growing anything in that ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Not in our wildest dreams did we ever think we could have revenue generated from this wastewater.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The residual water is laden with salts and other contaminants such as \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/selenium.cfm\">selenium\u003c/a>, which is toxic in high concentrations. The district reuses this water not only on pistachios, he says, but also on another salt-tolerant crop, Jose tall wheatgrass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our whole goal here was to get rid of the wastewater,” says Dennis Falaschi, who runs the district. “Not in our wildest dreams did we ever think we could have revenue generated from this wastewater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The revenue comes from selling the wheatgrass, which is used for cattle feed, and the pistachios. As it turns out, cattle need a certain amount of selenium. But there’s still the problem of the brackish runoff from these salt-tolerant crops. By 2016, environmental regulations will put a stop to dumping it into the San Joaquin River. Falaschi says finding another solution is paramount, if tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the course of the last 15 years, we must have tried out 20-to-25 different treatment processes and you know, you end up spending a lot of time and a lot of hours on something that just doesn’t work,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now there’s one idea that’s starting to look a little brighter. Falaschi points to a row of curved mirrors that stretch out near a field of wheatgrass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The equipment that we’re looking at here — with the exception of the solar panels — is pretty much shelf-item stuff,” he says. “I mean, you know, you’re looking at a boiler, and then you have a plumbing system that actually runs through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If we can treat this water, we’ve managed our drainage problem, but we’ve also created supplemental water.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s an experimental solar desalination plant, funded by the district with a million-dollar state grant. The project looks a bit like a spaceship on this vast expanse of land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can treat this water, we’ve managed our drainage problem, but we’ve also created supplemental water,” says Falaschi. “That’s why we’re excited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s actually a lot like back when you were a kid and you would play with a magnifying glass on the sidewalk to burn things,” explains Aaron Mandell, the founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterfx.co\">WaterFX\u003c/a>, which designed the solar plant. “We don’t actually burn things but it’s the same concept; you concentrate solar energy and you can generate very high temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An absorption pump that Mandell and his team designed reduces by half the energy it takes to evaporate water. The project also uses a reflective mirror-like film to focus the sun on long tubes containing mineral oil. The heat from the oil is piped into evaporators to generate steam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the heat that we generate from the sun basically separates water and salt,” he says. The process produces potable water which the company can then sell, along with some of the minerals distilled out, like selenium and even boron. The project is timely with California three years into a drought, but Mandell says, that wasn’t his motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Even if the drought were to end right now, we would still need desalination as a more reliable source of water going forward.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Even if the drought were to end right now, we would still need desalination as a more reliable source of water going forward,” he says. “Because the real problem is that the water supply in California and many of the Western states is actually no longer reliable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WaterFX will soon build a much larger plant, this one funded by investors. It’s slated to treat about 2 million gallons a day. Mandell says it will cost about $450 to produce an acre-foot of water. That’s more than farmers here pay for surface water but about half the total operating costs of a conventional desalination plant that uses \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/reverse-osmosis.htm\">reverse osmosis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dennis Falaschi says his water district will provide the 75-acre site and probably be the main customer. Farmers this year received no water from the federal Central Valley Project, so the onus, he says, is on Water FX.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You showed us the baby steps you can perform. Now go out and do the big steps,” says Falaschi. “And if you perform? That’s why the world goes around. I get water, you get money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/148721571&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Alice Daniel reports out of \u003c/em>The California Report’s \u003cem>Central Valley bureau. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/17312/drought-tech-how-solar-desalination-could-help-parched-farms","authors":["6387"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_29","science_89","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_392","science_1193","science_1487","science_1066"],"featImg":"science_17370","label":"science_1151"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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