How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past
Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet
Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016
New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth's Oceans
Where's Philae? Space Agency Narrows Search Area for Lost Comet Lander
Now That Philae Has Landed, a Wealth of Data is Forthcoming
A Historic First: Rosetta Spacecraft Plans to Land Its Probe on a Comet
ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft Makes a First-Ever Comet Rendezvous
Europe's Rosetta Spacecraft Will Soon Ride a Comet
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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_826631":{"type":"posts","id":"science_826631","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"826631","score":null,"sort":[1467982858000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-a-passing-comet-can-unlock-secrets-from-earths-past","title":"How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past","publishDate":1467982858,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for almost two years, will conclude its mission in September when it collides with the comet, gathering as much data as it can along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency craft arrived at its target in August 2014, and launched a landing probe, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30100-comet-landing-discoveries-rosetta-philae-lander.html\">Philae\u003c/a>, to the comet’s surface that November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair made headlines since Rosetta is the first spacecraft to orbit a comet and Philae is the first probe to land on a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, sort of. Philae bounced a couple of times before coming to rest in a shady spot where its solar panels could not generate enough electricity to keep it going — but it did send back some valuable pictures and data before its batteries died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-826738\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Philae’s hiccup, the overall mission has been a remarkable success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s given us a detailed look into a comet, which is essentially a celestial time capsule frozen in ice. Comets preserve information about the early conditions of our solar system and the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta observed chemicals that may even give us a clearer understanding of the origin of life on Earth. In addition to finding hydrocarbon compounds and molecular oxygen (the stuff we breath), Rosetta \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_comet_contains_ingredients_for_life\">detected the amino acid glycine,\u003c/a> as well as phosphorus, an element critical to the structure of DNA molecules in life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prevailing theory about life and our oceans is that both may have been supplied with materials delivered by comets and asteroids. We have learned that not only do comets contain large amounts of water ice, but individuals like 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko tell us that there are organic compounds — the chemical building-blocks of life — to be found in the leftover debris of the solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young Earth was at one time a hot ball of molten lava, but at some point as it cooled it acquired oceans of liquid water, and maybe soon after this, its first life forms. Questions for a long time have been, where did the oceans’ waters come from, and how did life arise? Did water and organic compounds form directly from the cooling materials on Earth, or were those materials added by the impacts of comets and asteroids? Or both?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826844\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 615px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-826844 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \" width=\"615\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The water in some comets is a nearly perfect chemical match for the water in our oceans today — a very clear “smoking gun” that comets and asteroids may have served as a sort of “bucket brigade” to deliver those waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s water is not a match to Earth’s, so comets of its type would have contributed less to Earth’s oceans than others. But 67P’s organic compounds, like glycine, support the idea of the cosmic origins of life’s raw materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.euronews.com/2016/07/05/spacecraft-rosetta-prepares-to-crash-land-on-comet-67p/\">Rosetta’s planned collision\u003c/a> with the comet? Do its controllers back on Earth just want to see a big crash? Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deliberate collisions of spacecraft with natural celestial bodies are done for more than one reason. The fiery burn-up of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft in Jupiter’s atmosphere was done simply to prevent a soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft and its radiogenic fuel from flying around uncontrolled. In this case it was done to eliminate the possibility of a future collision with the moon Europa, on which Galileo discovered an ocean of liquid water — a potential home for life. The same fate awaits the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft which will crash into Saturn in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Rosetta’s case, the spacecraft would’ve died a natural death anyway, when the comet moves too far from the sun for Rosetta’s solar panels to maintain power. A final flight straight to the comet’s surface will let scientists collect data on the comet’s surface and coma (the shroud of gas and dust surrounding the nucleus), hopefully right up to the point of contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta won’t be plummeting into the comet in a fiery explosion, but easing in slowly. After this, Rosetta, along with Philae, will become permanent fixtures on the comet, a sort of monument and time capsule for the mission.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Rosetta spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko will conclude its mission in September when it collides into the comet.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929956,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":782},"headData":{"title":"How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past | KQED","description":"The Rosetta spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko will conclude its mission in September when it collides into the comet.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past","datePublished":"2016-07-08T13:00:58.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:39:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/826631/how-a-passing-comet-can-unlock-secrets-from-earths-past","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for almost two years, will conclude its mission in September when it collides with the comet, gathering as much data as it can along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency craft arrived at its target in August 2014, and launched a landing probe, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30100-comet-landing-discoveries-rosetta-philae-lander.html\">Philae\u003c/a>, to the comet’s surface that November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair made headlines since Rosetta is the first spacecraft to orbit a comet and Philae is the first probe to land on a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, sort of. Philae bounced a couple of times before coming to rest in a shady spot where its solar panels could not generate enough electricity to keep it going — but it did send back some valuable pictures and data before its batteries died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-826738\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Philae’s hiccup, the overall mission has been a remarkable success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s given us a detailed look into a comet, which is essentially a celestial time capsule frozen in ice. Comets preserve information about the early conditions of our solar system and the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta observed chemicals that may even give us a clearer understanding of the origin of life on Earth. In addition to finding hydrocarbon compounds and molecular oxygen (the stuff we breath), Rosetta \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_comet_contains_ingredients_for_life\">detected the amino acid glycine,\u003c/a> as well as phosphorus, an element critical to the structure of DNA molecules in life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prevailing theory about life and our oceans is that both may have been supplied with materials delivered by comets and asteroids. We have learned that not only do comets contain large amounts of water ice, but individuals like 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko tell us that there are organic compounds — the chemical building-blocks of life — to be found in the leftover debris of the solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young Earth was at one time a hot ball of molten lava, but at some point as it cooled it acquired oceans of liquid water, and maybe soon after this, its first life forms. Questions for a long time have been, where did the oceans’ waters come from, and how did life arise? Did water and organic compounds form directly from the cooling materials on Earth, or were those materials added by the impacts of comets and asteroids? Or both?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826844\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 615px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-826844 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \" width=\"615\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The water in some comets is a nearly perfect chemical match for the water in our oceans today — a very clear “smoking gun” that comets and asteroids may have served as a sort of “bucket brigade” to deliver those waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s water is not a match to Earth’s, so comets of its type would have contributed less to Earth’s oceans than others. But 67P’s organic compounds, like glycine, support the idea of the cosmic origins of life’s raw materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.euronews.com/2016/07/05/spacecraft-rosetta-prepares-to-crash-land-on-comet-67p/\">Rosetta’s planned collision\u003c/a> with the comet? Do its controllers back on Earth just want to see a big crash? Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deliberate collisions of spacecraft with natural celestial bodies are done for more than one reason. The fiery burn-up of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft in Jupiter’s atmosphere was done simply to prevent a soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft and its radiogenic fuel from flying around uncontrolled. In this case it was done to eliminate the possibility of a future collision with the moon Europa, on which Galileo discovered an ocean of liquid water — a potential home for life. The same fate awaits the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft which will crash into Saturn in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Rosetta’s case, the spacecraft would’ve died a natural death anyway, when the comet moves too far from the sun for Rosetta’s solar panels to maintain power. A final flight straight to the comet’s surface will let scientists collect data on the comet’s surface and coma (the shroud of gas and dust surrounding the nucleus), hopefully right up to the point of contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta won’t be plummeting into the comet in a fiery explosion, but easing in slowly. After this, Rosetta, along with Philae, will become permanent fixtures on the comet, a sort of monument and time capsule for the mission.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/826631/how-a-passing-comet-can-unlock-secrets-from-earths-past","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1216","science_1220","science_843","science_1821","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_826737","label":"science"},"science_199897":{"type":"posts","id":"science_199897","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"199897","score":null,"sort":[1440165637000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"flying-past-the-sun-rosetta-spacecraft-hitches-a-ride-on-a-comet","title":"Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet","publishDate":1440165637,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>On Aug. 13, 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko achieved perihelion–its closest approach to the sun–accompanied by Europe’s Rosetta spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta arrived at the comet a year ago, and last Fall launched the Philae lander, which detected 16 different nitrogen- and carbon-rich organic compounds, four of which had never been found on a comet before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The composition of comets, in particular their mix of organic compounds, is an intriguing subject of investigation, since one of the theories for the emergence of life on Earth involves the contribution of organic compounds by comets, asteroids, and protoplanets early in the formation of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199900\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199900\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg\" alt=\"Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation.\" width=\"400\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg 735w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/Philae/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Rosetta launched Philae in November 2014, the small spacecraft became the first ever to \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Touchdown!_Rosetta_s_Philae_probe_lands_on_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">land on a comet\u003c/a>. And though that landing did not go as planned–systems designed to pin down and hold fast to the comet failed–Philae was able to collect and transmit a useful load of data from near and on the comet’s surface before its batteries wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that encounter, and up to and beyond perihelion on August 13, Rosetta’s mission has been to observe the effects of increasing solar radiation on comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C-G) over a year that brought it three times closer to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago when Rosetta arrived, the comet was quietly exuding water vapor under the relatively gentle rays of the more distant sun. Picture a cube of ice that you just took out of the freezer and set on the counter: a light breath of vapor rolls gently from the cube’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, toss that ice cube onto a hot griddle. It sizzles energetically, spewing out jets of steam as the ice vaporizes under the heat.\u003cbr>\nIt’s something like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of first encounter, well outside of Mars’ orbit, comet C-G gassed off a couple of drinking glass’ worth of water each second, a wisp of moisture supplied by its couple dozen square miles of surface area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199905\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg\" alt=\"Series of images captured by ESA's Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun.\" width=\"400\" height=\"134\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Series of images captured by ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_big_day_in_the_Sun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">At perihelion\u003c/a>, activity had increased a thousand-fold. The comet was blasting off over 130 pounds of water and almost 500 pounds of dust per second into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta captured many images of water and dust jets issuing from the comet over the months. One image in particular, taken only an hour before perihelion, shows a prominent plume bursting out energetically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this activity, as ices vaporize and blow away into space carrying dust with it, is what builds up the comet’s atmosphere—or coma. In some comets–usually those that get closer to the sun than C-G ever does—this coma is blown by the solar wind into the long, iconic tail we generally associate with the image of a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that the drained batteries of the Philae lander might recharge as sunlight levels increased—and this has in fact occurred. Philae has sent a few spurious signals to be relayed to Earth by the orbiting Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199901\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, though, intermittent pings are all that have come from the comet’s surface. Mission operators are still hopeful that Philae may yet deliver more data, but since the comet and its two tag-along spacecraft are moving farther from the sun each day, the chances will diminish with the sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Science_on_the_surface_of_a_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Philae obtained very useful data\u003c/a> from its instruments upon landing and, as it turned out, during a couple of slow-speed “hops” it made after inadvertently bouncing off of its initial landing spot. Philae lighted upon two other locations before finally coming to rest at a site named Abydos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will continue observing comet C-G’s activity in the aftermath of its solar close encounter, studying the effects of post-perihelion retreat as the comet cools and heads back to the other end of its orbit, aphelion—just beyond the orbit of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On August 13th 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko made its closest approach to the sun (perihelion), carrying Europe's Rosetta spacecraft along for the ride.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931414,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":738},"headData":{"title":"Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet | KQED","description":"On August 13th 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko made its closest approach to the sun (perihelion), carrying Europe's Rosetta spacecraft along for the ride.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet","datePublished":"2015-08-21T14:00:37.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:03:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/199897/flying-past-the-sun-rosetta-spacecraft-hitches-a-ride-on-a-comet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Aug. 13, 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko achieved perihelion–its closest approach to the sun–accompanied by Europe’s Rosetta spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta arrived at the comet a year ago, and last Fall launched the Philae lander, which detected 16 different nitrogen- and carbon-rich organic compounds, four of which had never been found on a comet before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The composition of comets, in particular their mix of organic compounds, is an intriguing subject of investigation, since one of the theories for the emergence of life on Earth involves the contribution of organic compounds by comets, asteroids, and protoplanets early in the formation of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199900\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199900\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg\" alt=\"Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation.\" width=\"400\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg 735w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/Philae/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Rosetta launched Philae in November 2014, the small spacecraft became the first ever to \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Touchdown!_Rosetta_s_Philae_probe_lands_on_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">land on a comet\u003c/a>. And though that landing did not go as planned–systems designed to pin down and hold fast to the comet failed–Philae was able to collect and transmit a useful load of data from near and on the comet’s surface before its batteries wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that encounter, and up to and beyond perihelion on August 13, Rosetta’s mission has been to observe the effects of increasing solar radiation on comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C-G) over a year that brought it three times closer to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago when Rosetta arrived, the comet was quietly exuding water vapor under the relatively gentle rays of the more distant sun. Picture a cube of ice that you just took out of the freezer and set on the counter: a light breath of vapor rolls gently from the cube’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, toss that ice cube onto a hot griddle. It sizzles energetically, spewing out jets of steam as the ice vaporizes under the heat.\u003cbr>\nIt’s something like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of first encounter, well outside of Mars’ orbit, comet C-G gassed off a couple of drinking glass’ worth of water each second, a wisp of moisture supplied by its couple dozen square miles of surface area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199905\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg\" alt=\"Series of images captured by ESA's Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun.\" width=\"400\" height=\"134\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Series of images captured by ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_big_day_in_the_Sun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">At perihelion\u003c/a>, activity had increased a thousand-fold. The comet was blasting off over 130 pounds of water and almost 500 pounds of dust per second into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta captured many images of water and dust jets issuing from the comet over the months. One image in particular, taken only an hour before perihelion, shows a prominent plume bursting out energetically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this activity, as ices vaporize and blow away into space carrying dust with it, is what builds up the comet’s atmosphere—or coma. In some comets–usually those that get closer to the sun than C-G ever does—this coma is blown by the solar wind into the long, iconic tail we generally associate with the image of a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that the drained batteries of the Philae lander might recharge as sunlight levels increased—and this has in fact occurred. Philae has sent a few spurious signals to be relayed to Earth by the orbiting Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199901\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, though, intermittent pings are all that have come from the comet’s surface. Mission operators are still hopeful that Philae may yet deliver more data, but since the comet and its two tag-along spacecraft are moving farther from the sun each day, the chances will diminish with the sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Science_on_the_surface_of_a_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Philae obtained very useful data\u003c/a> from its instruments upon landing and, as it turned out, during a couple of slow-speed “hops” it made after inadvertently bouncing off of its initial landing spot. Philae lighted upon two other locations before finally coming to rest at a site named Abydos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will continue observing comet C-G’s activity in the aftermath of its solar close encounter, studying the effects of post-perihelion retreat as the comet cools and heads back to the other end of its orbit, aphelion—just beyond the orbit of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/199897/flying-past-the-sun-rosetta-spacecraft-hitches-a-ride-on-a-comet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1220","science_541","science_1821","science_1215","science_542"],"featImg":"science_199898","label":"science"},"science_73371":{"type":"posts","id":"science_73371","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"73371","score":null,"sort":[1435327240000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"europes-rosetta-mission-extended-philae-lander-re-energizing","title":"Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016","publishDate":1435327240,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016 | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>In June, the European Space Agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta mission\u003c/a> operators received a welcome surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s landing probe Philae has been silent since November when it set down awkwardly on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this month, Philae sent signals to its mothership Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta and Philae were launched in 2004 on a ten-year journey to reach and explore 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73375\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-73375 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces-400x266.jpg\" alt=\"Philae's awkward bouncy landing on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces.jpg 615w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Philae’s awkward bouncy landing on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Philae is the first spacecraft ever to have contacted a comet, and the fact that it functioned after landing and sent back observations from the surface qualify the landing as successful, even if things did not go as planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key systems on Philae that were designed to “make it stick” to the comet upon landing failed to go off as designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A thruster that was supposed to push the robot firmly onto the surface and prevent it from bouncing off did not function, and a harpoon system, intended to anchor it permanently to the comet, failed to deploy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Philae bounced in the comet’s extremely low gravity environment—bounced more than once, in fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it finally came to rest, mission controllers did not know exactly where it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make matters worse, Philae settled down in the shadow of a cliff, with its solar panels turned to an unfavorable angle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-seven hours after its final landing, Philae’s battery power was depleted, and it went silent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-73378 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Surface close-up of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surface close-up of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that, as comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko got closer to the sun, and perhaps Philae’s solar panels achieved a more productive face-off with the sun’s light, its batteries might recharge to the point where it could come out of its accidental hibernation—\u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/philae-comet-lander-back-in-touch-with-mothership-150622.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">which has now happened\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae’s first “pings” came on June 13 and 14, and, following a brief relapse into silence, June 19. Mission operators are assessing Philae’s state, but are hopeful that its historic mission is not over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, mothership Rosetta has been tagging along with the comet since it arrived there in August 2014, making observations and measurements of the comet’s nucleus and the shroud of gas and dust it has developed as it heats up in the increasingly intense sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comet will reach perihelion, its closest approach to the sun, on August 13th, and afterward will move away from the sun again, toward the more distant end of its six-and-a-half year elliptical orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_75772\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 5333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-75772 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg\" alt=\"Map of different terrain types of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"5333\" height=\"3333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg 5333w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-1180x737.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5333px) 100vw, 5333px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of different terrain types of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the time since its arrival, Rosetta has shown us \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Getting_to_know_Rosetta_s_comet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the nature of the comet\u003c/a> in unprecedented detail. Some of the highlights of its discoveries are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The comet’s surface has been mapped into 19 different regions with distinct boundaries comprising five diverse types of terrain: dust-coated areas; rugged terrain filled with pits and other depressions; smoother patches; and different exposed rocky zones, including localities of exposed water ice.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The comet’s average density is 470 kilograms per cubic meter—which tells scientists that if, as it is believed, the comet’s overall composition is mostly water ice, then the comet is highly porous, with as much as 70 to 80 percent of its volume dominated by small empty chambers.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Jets of gas and dust erupting from within the warming comet emerge largely from the “neck” region between Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s distinctive two-lobed shape.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>All of the data and discoveries acquired from this comet provide insight into the conditions under which it formed over 4.5 billion years ago, when our solar system was young and the planets still in their infancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been said that primordial objects like comets are like time capsules of information about the early formation of the solar system, and missions like Rosetta hold the key to unlocking them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s continued study of Churyumov-Gerasimenko will only increase our understanding of our planet’s origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is more good news than Philae’s hopeful resuscitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever Philae is able to achieve in the days or months ahead, the Rosetta mission itself \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_mission_extended\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been extended \u003c/a>nine months beyond the nominal December 2015 end time, giving scientists the opportunity to observe the comet’s behavior over a longer stretch of its orbital cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta has observed the comet since it was relatively far from the sun, and has been monitoring the effects of rising solar radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how the comet behaves as it moves back toward the colder environment farther from the sun will give us a more comprehensive view of its evolution.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In June, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta mission operators received a welcome surprise. The landing probe Philae, which set down awkwardly on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko last November and soon after was lost from contact, transmitted signals to its orbiting mothership, Rosetta.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931648,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":820},"headData":{"title":"Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016 | KQED","description":"In June, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta mission operators received a welcome surprise. The landing probe Philae, which set down awkwardly on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko last November and soon after was lost from contact, transmitted signals to its orbiting mothership, Rosetta.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016","datePublished":"2015-06-26T14:00:40.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:07:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/73371/europes-rosetta-mission-extended-philae-lander-re-energizing","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In June, the European Space Agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta mission\u003c/a> operators received a welcome surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s landing probe Philae has been silent since November when it set down awkwardly on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this month, Philae sent signals to its mothership Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta and Philae were launched in 2004 on a ten-year journey to reach and explore 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73375\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-73375 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces-400x266.jpg\" alt=\"Philae's awkward bouncy landing on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces.jpg 615w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Philae’s awkward bouncy landing on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Philae is the first spacecraft ever to have contacted a comet, and the fact that it functioned after landing and sent back observations from the surface qualify the landing as successful, even if things did not go as planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key systems on Philae that were designed to “make it stick” to the comet upon landing failed to go off as designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A thruster that was supposed to push the robot firmly onto the surface and prevent it from bouncing off did not function, and a harpoon system, intended to anchor it permanently to the comet, failed to deploy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Philae bounced in the comet’s extremely low gravity environment—bounced more than once, in fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it finally came to rest, mission controllers did not know exactly where it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make matters worse, Philae settled down in the shadow of a cliff, with its solar panels turned to an unfavorable angle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-seven hours after its final landing, Philae’s battery power was depleted, and it went silent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-73378 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Surface close-up of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surface close-up of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that, as comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko got closer to the sun, and perhaps Philae’s solar panels achieved a more productive face-off with the sun’s light, its batteries might recharge to the point where it could come out of its accidental hibernation—\u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/philae-comet-lander-back-in-touch-with-mothership-150622.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">which has now happened\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae’s first “pings” came on June 13 and 14, and, following a brief relapse into silence, June 19. Mission operators are assessing Philae’s state, but are hopeful that its historic mission is not over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, mothership Rosetta has been tagging along with the comet since it arrived there in August 2014, making observations and measurements of the comet’s nucleus and the shroud of gas and dust it has developed as it heats up in the increasingly intense sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comet will reach perihelion, its closest approach to the sun, on August 13th, and afterward will move away from the sun again, toward the more distant end of its six-and-a-half year elliptical orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_75772\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 5333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-75772 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg\" alt=\"Map of different terrain types of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"5333\" height=\"3333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg 5333w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-1180x737.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5333px) 100vw, 5333px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of different terrain types of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the time since its arrival, Rosetta has shown us \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Getting_to_know_Rosetta_s_comet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the nature of the comet\u003c/a> in unprecedented detail. Some of the highlights of its discoveries are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The comet’s surface has been mapped into 19 different regions with distinct boundaries comprising five diverse types of terrain: dust-coated areas; rugged terrain filled with pits and other depressions; smoother patches; and different exposed rocky zones, including localities of exposed water ice.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The comet’s average density is 470 kilograms per cubic meter—which tells scientists that if, as it is believed, the comet’s overall composition is mostly water ice, then the comet is highly porous, with as much as 70 to 80 percent of its volume dominated by small empty chambers.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Jets of gas and dust erupting from within the warming comet emerge largely from the “neck” region between Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s distinctive two-lobed shape.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>All of the data and discoveries acquired from this comet provide insight into the conditions under which it formed over 4.5 billion years ago, when our solar system was young and the planets still in their infancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been said that primordial objects like comets are like time capsules of information about the early formation of the solar system, and missions like Rosetta hold the key to unlocking them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s continued study of Churyumov-Gerasimenko will only increase our understanding of our planet’s origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is more good news than Philae’s hopeful resuscitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever Philae is able to achieve in the days or months ahead, the Rosetta mission itself \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_mission_extended\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been extended \u003c/a>nine months beyond the nominal December 2015 end time, giving scientists the opportunity to observe the comet’s behavior over a longer stretch of its orbital cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta has observed the comet since it was relatively far from the sun, and has been monitoring the effects of rising solar radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how the comet behaves as it moves back toward the colder environment farther from the sun will give us a more comprehensive view of its evolution.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/73371/europes-rosetta-mission-extended-philae-lander-re-energizing","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1216","science_1220","science_1821","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_73373","label":"science"},"science_25586":{"type":"posts","id":"science_25586","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"25586","score":null,"sort":[1419458457000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-data-from-rosetta-spacecraft-sheds-light-on-origins-of-earths-oceans","title":"New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth's Oceans","publishDate":1419458457,"format":"aside","headTitle":"New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth’s Oceans | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25591\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rosettas-selfie-with-comet.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25591\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rosettas-selfie-with-comet.jpg\" alt=\"ESA's Rosetta spacecraft snapped this selfie with comet 67P/C-G. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft snapped this selfie with comet 67P/C-G. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After several months of analysis of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft has yielded some intriguing, and maybe unexpected, results. This data is refueling a long-running debate in the scientific community about a matter closer to home: the origin of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has long been debated exactly how Earth acquired its oceans. Were the waters of our oceans part of the Earth’s original stock of materials, or was it added later? Was it a combination of these? It is thought that any water present in the original formation of the Earth should have boiled away due to Earth’s hot, molten-rock temperatures–in which case some, if not most, of the ocean’s waters must have arrived after Earth cooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four and a half billion years, how could we possibly tell where the water came from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is in chemistry—particularly the chemistry of the hydrogen contained in water molecules. Hydrogen comes in different forms, or isotopes, the simplest of which contains a single proton in its nucleus. The hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium each contain a proton, plus one and two neutrons, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proportion of water molecules containing deuterium atoms compared to “normal” water molecules possessing only hydrogen is a key ratio that can be used to match one sample to another—for example, matching the hydrogen-deuterium ratio in Earth’s ocean water to that sampled from a particular comet, sort of like matching the DNA found at a crime scene to an individual suspect. In this case, the “crime” being investigated is the appearance of Earth’s oceans—so we can probably be lenient on any suspects we match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hydrogen-deuterium ratio in a sample of water is an indicator of the conditions that prevailed when the water formed, and so varies depending on where it originated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">After sampling the water chemistry of 11 comets, only one is a match to Earth’s oceans\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After sampling the water chemistry of 11 different comets, including the most recent measurements by Rosetta, some unexpected results have surfaced. Of the sampled comets, only one of them matched the chemistry of Earth’s ocean water: the \u003ca title=\"Comet Hartley 2\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20033-comet-hartley-2.html\">comet 103P/Hartley 2\u003c/a>, a \u003ca title=\"Jupiter-family Comet\" href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/J/Jupiter-family+comets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jupiter-family comet\u003c/a>. A Jupiter-family comet is found within the orbit of Jupiter, circling the sun in less than 20 years, a class of comet once believed to have originated in the Kuiper Belt, beyond the orbit of Neptune. So, Hartley 2’s contribution to the debate, on its surface, suggested that Earth’s ocean water, at least in part, came from Kuiper Belt comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta, however, has \u003ca title=\"Rosetta Results\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_fuels_debate_on_origin_of_Earth_s_oceans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measured the hydrogen-deuterium ratio\u003c/a> of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, also a Jupiter-family comet, as not only three times higher than that of Hartley 2 and Earth’s water, but higher also than samples obtained from comets that originated in the Oort Cloud, the vast shell of distant comets far beyond the Kuiper Belt. This suggests that Jupiter-family comets may have more diverse origins than originally thought, composed of members that came from different regions of the solar system. Yet, if the waters of Earth were delivered by a mixture of comets of different lineage, its chemistry should reflect that fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new data from Rosetta has not only put into question the extent to which comet collisions may have contributed to our oceans, it has strengthened an idea that some, if not much, of Earth’s ocean water came not from comets, but from a source much closer to home. Measurements of the water hydrogen-deuterium ratio in samples of meteorites that originated in the Main Asteroid Belt have also shown a positive match to Earth water chemistry, fingering asteroid impacts as a potential major culprit in the watering of our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the comet and spacecraft glide closer to the Sun in the months ahead, reaching a closest and warmest approach to the sun next August, Rosetta will continue to gather data as the comet heats up, spewing materials into space that have been frozen in it since the earliest times of our solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After several months of analysis of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft has yielded some intriguing, and maybe, unexpected results. The data is refueling a long-running debate in the scientific community about a matter closer to home: the origin of Earth's oceans.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932474,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":734},"headData":{"title":"New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth's Oceans | KQED","description":"After several months of analysis of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft has yielded some intriguing, and maybe, unexpected results. The data is refueling a long-running debate in the scientific community about a matter closer to home: the origin of Earth's oceans.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth's Oceans","datePublished":"2014-12-24T22:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:21:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/25586/new-data-from-rosetta-spacecraft-sheds-light-on-origins-of-earths-oceans","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25591\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rosettas-selfie-with-comet.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25591\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rosettas-selfie-with-comet.jpg\" alt=\"ESA's Rosetta spacecraft snapped this selfie with comet 67P/C-G. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft snapped this selfie with comet 67P/C-G. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After several months of analysis of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft has yielded some intriguing, and maybe unexpected, results. This data is refueling a long-running debate in the scientific community about a matter closer to home: the origin of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has long been debated exactly how Earth acquired its oceans. Were the waters of our oceans part of the Earth’s original stock of materials, or was it added later? Was it a combination of these? It is thought that any water present in the original formation of the Earth should have boiled away due to Earth’s hot, molten-rock temperatures–in which case some, if not most, of the ocean’s waters must have arrived after Earth cooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four and a half billion years, how could we possibly tell where the water came from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is in chemistry—particularly the chemistry of the hydrogen contained in water molecules. Hydrogen comes in different forms, or isotopes, the simplest of which contains a single proton in its nucleus. The hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium each contain a proton, plus one and two neutrons, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proportion of water molecules containing deuterium atoms compared to “normal” water molecules possessing only hydrogen is a key ratio that can be used to match one sample to another—for example, matching the hydrogen-deuterium ratio in Earth’s ocean water to that sampled from a particular comet, sort of like matching the DNA found at a crime scene to an individual suspect. In this case, the “crime” being investigated is the appearance of Earth’s oceans—so we can probably be lenient on any suspects we match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hydrogen-deuterium ratio in a sample of water is an indicator of the conditions that prevailed when the water formed, and so varies depending on where it originated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">After sampling the water chemistry of 11 comets, only one is a match to Earth’s oceans\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After sampling the water chemistry of 11 different comets, including the most recent measurements by Rosetta, some unexpected results have surfaced. Of the sampled comets, only one of them matched the chemistry of Earth’s ocean water: the \u003ca title=\"Comet Hartley 2\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20033-comet-hartley-2.html\">comet 103P/Hartley 2\u003c/a>, a \u003ca title=\"Jupiter-family Comet\" href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/J/Jupiter-family+comets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jupiter-family comet\u003c/a>. A Jupiter-family comet is found within the orbit of Jupiter, circling the sun in less than 20 years, a class of comet once believed to have originated in the Kuiper Belt, beyond the orbit of Neptune. So, Hartley 2’s contribution to the debate, on its surface, suggested that Earth’s ocean water, at least in part, came from Kuiper Belt comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta, however, has \u003ca title=\"Rosetta Results\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_fuels_debate_on_origin_of_Earth_s_oceans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measured the hydrogen-deuterium ratio\u003c/a> of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, also a Jupiter-family comet, as not only three times higher than that of Hartley 2 and Earth’s water, but higher also than samples obtained from comets that originated in the Oort Cloud, the vast shell of distant comets far beyond the Kuiper Belt. This suggests that Jupiter-family comets may have more diverse origins than originally thought, composed of members that came from different regions of the solar system. Yet, if the waters of Earth were delivered by a mixture of comets of different lineage, its chemistry should reflect that fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new data from Rosetta has not only put into question the extent to which comet collisions may have contributed to our oceans, it has strengthened an idea that some, if not much, of Earth’s ocean water came not from comets, but from a source much closer to home. Measurements of the water hydrogen-deuterium ratio in samples of meteorites that originated in the Main Asteroid Belt have also shown a positive match to Earth water chemistry, fingering asteroid impacts as a potential major culprit in the watering of our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the comet and spacecraft glide closer to the Sun in the months ahead, reaching a closest and warmest approach to the sun next August, Rosetta will continue to gather data as the comet heats up, spewing materials into space that have been frozen in it since the earliest times of our solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/25586/new-data-from-rosetta-spacecraft-sheds-light-on-origins-of-earths-oceans","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_144","science_145","science_74","science_1216","science_64","science_575","science_843","science_1215","science_576"],"featImg":"science_25591","label":"science"},"news_10348139":{"type":"posts","id":"news_10348139","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"10348139","score":null,"sort":[1416619333000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"comet-landing-a-success-european-craft-makes-fairly-gentle-touch-down","title":"Where's Philae? Space Agency Narrows Search Area for Lost Comet Lander","publishDate":1416619333,"format":"standard","headTitle":"News Fix | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":6944,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 5:20 p.m. Friday, Nov. 21\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a week since the European Space Agency's Philae Lander powered down after completing a series of experiments in an unexpected, and as of yet unknown, location on the surface of Comet 67P.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lander bounced twice and floated more than a kilometer from its intended landing site into a shadier position that hasn't yet allowed enough sunlight for a solar recharge of Philae's batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ESA released a very short audio clip of the lander's initial touchdown Thursday, adding a second track to Philae's astronomical playlist. The first track \u003ca href=\"#audio\">features oscillations\u003c/a> in 67P's magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/177804960\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2014/11/21/homing-in-on-philaes-final-landing-site/\">ESA reports\u003c/a> it has narrowed down the search area for the lander using radio wave transmissions between Philae and its mothership, the comet orbiter Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The radio wave system on both the orbiter and lander is called the Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission, or CONSERT. It was designed to demystify the comet's interior, but it's also proving useful in pinpointing Philae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10351657\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/CONSERT_landingsiteestimate.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10351657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/CONSERT_landingsiteestimate-800x563.jpeg\" alt=\"Philae's final landing site, estimated by CONSERT. (ESA/Rosetta/Philae/CONSERT)\" width=\"800\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/CONSERT_landingsiteestimate-800x563.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/CONSERT_landingsiteestimate-400x281.jpeg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/CONSERT_landingsiteestimate.jpeg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Philae's final landing site, estimated by CONSERT. (ESA/Rosetta/Philae/CONSERT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Astronomer Gerald McKeegan with the Chabot Space and Science Center has been watching developments of the comet landing this week. He said he's most excited about 67P's interior, which could hold clues about the origin of our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial results from CONSERT suggest the comet's exterior is covered in a layer of dust, then very hard ice. But the core seems to be less dense, something McKeegan says was a bit of a surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don’t know exactly what goes on inside a comet,\" he said. \"Comets are samples of the very early solar system, at a time when the solar system was first forming. We’re very interested to know -- what was the composition of that cloud of gas? We’re interested in seeing what all was there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKeegan said a prevailing theory is that comets and asteroids delivered water to the Earth early in our planet's life. Philae and Rosetta's analysis of the molecular makeup of the comet's ice could solidify that theory, or turn it upside down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10351720\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/NAVCAM_141117_mosaic.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10351720\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/NAVCAM_141117_mosaic-800x650.jpg\" alt=\"Rosetta delivered this four-image NAVCAM mosaic comprising images of Comet 67P/C-G on Nov. 17. (ESA/Rosetta/NAVCAM)\" width=\"800\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/NAVCAM_141117_mosaic-800x650.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/NAVCAM_141117_mosaic-400x325.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/NAVCAM_141117_mosaic.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosetta delivered this four-image NAVCAM mosaic comprising images of Comet 67P/C-G on Nov. 17. (ESA/Rosetta/NAVCAM)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Philae also \"sniffed\" molecules containing carbon as it landed on 67P.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The gases that are blowing off of the comet include some organic compounds, which is not unexpected,\" McKeegan said, \"and they’re still waiting for the results of the drilling operations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lander's drill system was the last experiment to deploy before Philae went dark. ESA scientists know the drill went down and came up again, but they don't yet know if it was able to deliver any stuff of which comets are made into the lander's body for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a possibility that the lander will power-up when the comet gets closer to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody’s got their fingers crossed that eventually we’ll get enough sunlight to recharge its batteries, and they’ll do some more experimenting,\" McKeegan said. \"There’s some data they don’t have and they’d like to get that. This is still pretty extraordinary. The fact they were able to get it on the comet from 316 million miles away, that’s pretty extraordinary.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 5:20 p.m. Friday, Nov. 14\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae, we hardly knew ye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little comet lander with a lot of luck is completing a lightning round of science experiments on the surface of Comet 67P before it powers down, exhausted and unable to recharge its batteries with solar energy because it ended up in a shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that sounds not so lucky, consider that Philae bounced twice after hitting the comet initially. A harpoon system intended to blast into the comet's surface and anchor the lander failed to fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Three_touchdowns_for_Rosetta_s_lander\" target=\"_blank\">European Space Agency reports\u003c/a> the lander lifted from the surface for almost two hours and traveled a full kilometer across the comet's surface before touching down again. A shorter, seven-minute lift carried Philae to its final landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae re-established communication with Rosetta at about 2:30 p.m. PST on Friday and quickly confirmed it had drilled into the comet's surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Philae2014/status/533389606302261248\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it appears to have successfully lifted and righted itself. (Pictures the lander had previously sent back to Earth showed one of its three legs in the air, leading ESA scientists to believe it may have landed on its side.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Philae2014/status/533392948252409856\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the toils began to take their toll. Philae's battery charge started to plummet after 3:37 p.m. PST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Philae2014/status/533403430489178112\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the lander managed to take another round of images -- that have not yet made it here -- and to measure the core of the comet with its on-board radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 4:09 p.m. PST, Philae began communicating between the Rosetta mothership and its radar instrument, Concert:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Philae2014/status/533411331937165312\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at 4:28 p.m. PST, ESA Operations confirmed Philae had switched to stand-by mode. All its instruments powered down, but it continued to transmit information. The Rosetta Mission acknowledged Philae's hard work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/ESA_Rosetta/status/533419819581063168\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But take heart; know Philae could rise again, if only briefly. ESA crews are hoping for a window later this year when the comet comes close enough to the sun that Philae will be able to charge up, but still too far away to melt the little lander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ESA Operations confirmed it had lost communication with Philae at 4:46 p.m. PST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 3:55 p.m. Thursday, Nov. 13\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft and the little lander Philae are delivering information from the surface of Comet 67P, despite the inability of ESA crews to locate exactly where the probe settled after bouncing, twice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists do know the solar-charged Philae may soon run out of power because it appears to be resting in a shadow, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30034060\" target=\"_blank\">according to BBC News\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ESA may attempt to move Philae, but in its current position, it's estimated to power down sometime Friday or Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Welcome-to-a-comet.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10348438 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Welcome-to-a-comet-800x467.jpg\" alt=\"One of Philae's feet can be seen in this photo from the lander's final landing location. (ESA/Rosetta/Philae/CIVA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Welcome-to-a-comet-800x467.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Welcome-to-a-comet-400x233.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Welcome-to-a-comet-1440x841.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Welcome-to-a-comet.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Philae's feet can be seen in this photo from the lander's final landing location. (ESA/Rosetta/Philae/CIVA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chabot Space & Science Center astronomer Ben Burress, a \u003cem>KQED Science\u003c/em> contributor, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/11/13/now-that-philae-has-landed-a-wealth-of-data-is-forthcoming/\" target=\"_blank\">detailed the lander's ups and downs today\u003c/a> after about 12 incommunicado hours from Philae:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>When communication was reestablished, and data from Philae’s ROMAP instrument was analyzed, it was learned that the probe had experienced not one, but three distinct landings. The first landing reported by the data coincided with the initial landing confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, almost two hours later, a second landing event was indicated. The harpoon system, designed to fire an anchor into the comet to tether Philae down, had not functioned, and Philae had bounced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven minutes after the second landing, a third was reported by the data, the lander apparently having bounced a second time. This time, however, it appeared that Philae had come to rest somewhere on the surface. ESA scientists are attempting to triangulate its exact position with instruments on Philae and Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first pictures came in they showed what looks like a jagged, dusty, even gravely cliff face, and no framing horizon. Philae was not level with the ground, but resting at a tilted angle. Later, additional images sent back were assembled into the first panoramic view from the comet.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca name=\"audio\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nDespite the excursions from a perfect landing scenario, Philae has landed, and we are there, thanks to the telepresence the washing-machine-sized robot has given us.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Philae is delivering more than just photos in what could be its very short life. Listen below to 67P's soundscape:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176387011\" params=\"auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=false&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chirping is thought to be generated by oscillations in the comet's magnetic field. The sound wave is below the frequency that can be heard by a human ear, but ESA boosted the frequency in the track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 6:35 p.m. Wednesday, Nov. 12\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae's landing on Comet 67P might have been a little bumpier than first reported. The lander may have bounced off the comet after initial contact, according to European Space Agency officials, and a harpoon system designed to blast an anchor into the surface appears to have failed to fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a video from ESA showing how Philae's landing was supposed to go down:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.esa.int/spaceinvideos/content/view/embedjw/439242\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite those small mishaps, the lander has settled for now and is likely doing science experiments while it waits for its mother ship Rosetta to appear on the horizon and re-establish contact with Earth. Learn more about its systems, technology and mission from this graphic:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click to enlarge.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Rosetta1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10348308\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Rosetta1-800x662.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"800\" height=\"662\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Rosetta1-800x662.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Rosetta1-400x331.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Rosetta1-1440x1192.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 10:35 a.m. Wednesday, Nov. 12\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/ESA_Rosetta/status/532593595283689472\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/europeanspaceagency\" target=\"_blank\">previous photos\u003c/a> from the European Space Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Wednesday, Nov. 12\u003c/strong>:\u003cbr>\nBill Chappell\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/12/363492519/comet-landing-european-craft-due-to-make-contact-today\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of millions of miles from Earth, a man-made object was flung at a comet Wednesday — and now it's sticking to the rock as it hurtles through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are on the comet,\" Stephan Ulamec, Philae Lander Manager, announced Wednesday, marking a historic achievement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news came after the European Space Agency endured tense hours of uncertainty following the lander's separation from the Rosetta spacecraft, as scientists awaited a message from the lander that would tell them whether it landed safely -- or suffered a calamity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Ulamec said that the lander was secured to the comet's surface by ice screws that had been shot by the craft's harpoons — and that it was now doing its job and communicating with Earth — he sparked an uproar of applause from workers and spectators at the European Space Operations Center in Darmstadt, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the European agency says the lander is in \"great shape,\" it also says that additional analysis suggests that Philae's harpoons did not fire, and that the agency is looking at trying again. (see update below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took 10 years for the Philae Lander to reach a point where it could be sent toward Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The ESA said this morning that it had received a signal from the lander as it headed toward its rendezvous with the comet, indicating that if all went well, the lander would be able to communicate and send photos from the comet's surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll update this post with developments from space. You can also follow the news at the ESA's \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta page\u003c/a>, and at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/nasatv\" target=\"_blank\">NASA TV, starting at 9 a.m. ET.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update at 11:50 a.m. ET: 'Harpoons Did Not Fire'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After analyzing telemetry data from the Philae lander, ESA says it seems that the craft's harpoons didn't fire as first thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding that the lander is in \"great shape,\" the agency says its engineers are looking into options for retrying the harpoon operation, which is meant to secure the craft to the comet's surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a tweet, the agency says the lander \"made a fairly gentle touch down on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/67P?src=hash\">#67P\u003c/a> based on amount of landing gear damping.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update at 11:05 a.m. ET: Philae Has Landed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a first, the Philae lander is on the comet's surface. We've updated the top of this post to reflect the news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update at 10:15 a.m. ET: New Images, And 'A Boot'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everything looks really, really good,\" says Stephan Ulamec, Philae program manager at DLR, in a progress report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ESA has released new images from the area around the comet, including one shot of Philae breaking away from the Rosetta craft and heading toward 67P.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another image shows the lander from the view of its parent spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two scientists who discovered the comet 45 years ago — Klim Ivanovych Churyumov and Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko — are in the unique position today of watching humanity's attempt to land on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Churyumov and Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko took part in an event hosted by the ESA that was equal parts news conference and viewing party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Gerasimenko was asked the tongue-in-cheek question of how she likes the comet that she and her colleague spotted decades ago, she responded by saying, \"I like the form very much — it reminds me of a boot.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's comet operation was also being monitored by other space veterans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Our original post continues:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comet 67P has several surprising qualities. First of all, it smells really bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It stinks,\" researcher Kathrin Altwegg \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/10/24/358364942/european-scientists-conclude-that-distant-comet-smells-terrible\">told NPR's Geoff Brumfiel\u003c/a> last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because of a mixture of ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, formaldehyde and methanol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comet also emits \"a mysterious song,\" according to the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2014/11/11/the-singing-comet/\">ESA blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The comet seems to be emitting a 'song' in the form of oscillations in the magnetic field in the comet's environment,\" the ESA says. \"It is being sung at 40-50 millihertz, far below human hearing, which typically picks up sound between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. To make the music audible to the human ear, the frequencies have been increased by a factor of about 10,000.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what that sounds like — close your eyes and you might be able to pick out \"Flight of the Bumblebee\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Geoff reports, scientists here on Earth see Philae, which is about the size of a refrigerator, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/11/363028703/researchers-to-attempt-robotic-landing-on-comets-surface\">\"our remote hands.\"\u003c/a> The lander will take many readings from the comet's surface, in addition to drilling into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before any tests can occur, Geoff notes, the comet's rocky and uneven surface could make the landing very tricky — and that's why the lander has harpoons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Moments after its feet touch down, the harpoons will fire,\" Geoff says, \"along with some thrusters to keep the lander grounded. Then screws in the feet will try to get a grip.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Philae made a thud, bounced, and hasn't been seen since by the Rosetta mother ship.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1416688134,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":83,"wordCount":2430},"headData":{"title":"Where's Philae? Space Agency Narrows Search Area for Lost Comet Lander | KQED","description":"Philae made a thud, bounced, and hasn't been seen since by the Rosetta mother ship.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Where's Philae? Space Agency Narrows Search Area for Lost Comet Lander","datePublished":"2014-11-22T01:22:13.000Z","dateModified":"2014-11-22T20:28:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"10348139 http://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=10348139","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/21/comet-landing-a-success-european-craft-makes-fairly-gentle-touch-down/","disqusTitle":"Where's Philae? Space Agency Narrows Search Area for Lost Comet Lander","customPermalink":"2014/11/12/comet-landing-a-success-european-craft-makes-fairly-gentle-touch-down/","nprStoryId":"363492519","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=363492519&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/12/363492519/comet-landing-european-craft-due-to-make-contact-today?ft=3&f=363492519","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 12 Nov 2014 11:58:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 12 Nov 2014 08:25:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 12 Nov 2014 11:58:41 -0500","path":"/news/10348139/comet-landing-a-success-european-craft-makes-fairly-gentle-touch-down","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 5:20 p.m. Friday, Nov. 21\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a week since the European Space Agency's Philae Lander powered down after completing a series of experiments in an unexpected, and as of yet unknown, location on the surface of Comet 67P.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lander bounced twice and floated more than a kilometer from its intended landing site into a shadier position that hasn't yet allowed enough sunlight for a solar recharge of Philae's batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ESA released a very short audio clip of the lander's initial touchdown Thursday, adding a second track to Philae's astronomical playlist. The first track \u003ca href=\"#audio\">features oscillations\u003c/a> in 67P's magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/177804960&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/177804960'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2014/11/21/homing-in-on-philaes-final-landing-site/\">ESA reports\u003c/a> it has narrowed down the search area for the lander using radio wave transmissions between Philae and its mothership, the comet orbiter Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The radio wave system on both the orbiter and lander is called the Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission, or CONSERT. It was designed to demystify the comet's interior, but it's also proving useful in pinpointing Philae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10351657\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/CONSERT_landingsiteestimate.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10351657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/CONSERT_landingsiteestimate-800x563.jpeg\" alt=\"Philae's final landing site, estimated by CONSERT. (ESA/Rosetta/Philae/CONSERT)\" width=\"800\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/CONSERT_landingsiteestimate-800x563.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/CONSERT_landingsiteestimate-400x281.jpeg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/CONSERT_landingsiteestimate.jpeg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Philae's final landing site, estimated by CONSERT. (ESA/Rosetta/Philae/CONSERT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Astronomer Gerald McKeegan with the Chabot Space and Science Center has been watching developments of the comet landing this week. He said he's most excited about 67P's interior, which could hold clues about the origin of our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial results from CONSERT suggest the comet's exterior is covered in a layer of dust, then very hard ice. But the core seems to be less dense, something McKeegan says was a bit of a surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don’t know exactly what goes on inside a comet,\" he said. \"Comets are samples of the very early solar system, at a time when the solar system was first forming. We’re very interested to know -- what was the composition of that cloud of gas? We’re interested in seeing what all was there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKeegan said a prevailing theory is that comets and asteroids delivered water to the Earth early in our planet's life. Philae and Rosetta's analysis of the molecular makeup of the comet's ice could solidify that theory, or turn it upside down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10351720\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/NAVCAM_141117_mosaic.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10351720\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/NAVCAM_141117_mosaic-800x650.jpg\" alt=\"Rosetta delivered this four-image NAVCAM mosaic comprising images of Comet 67P/C-G on Nov. 17. (ESA/Rosetta/NAVCAM)\" width=\"800\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/NAVCAM_141117_mosaic-800x650.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/NAVCAM_141117_mosaic-400x325.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/NAVCAM_141117_mosaic.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosetta delivered this four-image NAVCAM mosaic comprising images of Comet 67P/C-G on Nov. 17. (ESA/Rosetta/NAVCAM)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Philae also \"sniffed\" molecules containing carbon as it landed on 67P.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The gases that are blowing off of the comet include some organic compounds, which is not unexpected,\" McKeegan said, \"and they’re still waiting for the results of the drilling operations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lander's drill system was the last experiment to deploy before Philae went dark. ESA scientists know the drill went down and came up again, but they don't yet know if it was able to deliver any stuff of which comets are made into the lander's body for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a possibility that the lander will power-up when the comet gets closer to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody’s got their fingers crossed that eventually we’ll get enough sunlight to recharge its batteries, and they’ll do some more experimenting,\" McKeegan said. \"There’s some data they don’t have and they’d like to get that. This is still pretty extraordinary. The fact they were able to get it on the comet from 316 million miles away, that’s pretty extraordinary.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 5:20 p.m. Friday, Nov. 14\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae, we hardly knew ye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little comet lander with a lot of luck is completing a lightning round of science experiments on the surface of Comet 67P before it powers down, exhausted and unable to recharge its batteries with solar energy because it ended up in a shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that sounds not so lucky, consider that Philae bounced twice after hitting the comet initially. A harpoon system intended to blast into the comet's surface and anchor the lander failed to fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Three_touchdowns_for_Rosetta_s_lander\" target=\"_blank\">European Space Agency reports\u003c/a> the lander lifted from the surface for almost two hours and traveled a full kilometer across the comet's surface before touching down again. A shorter, seven-minute lift carried Philae to its final landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae re-established communication with Rosetta at about 2:30 p.m. PST on Friday and quickly confirmed it had drilled into the comet's surface.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"533389606302261248"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Then it appears to have successfully lifted and righted itself. (Pictures the lander had previously sent back to Earth showed one of its three legs in the air, leading ESA scientists to believe it may have landed on its side.)\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"533392948252409856"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>But the toils began to take their toll. Philae's battery charge started to plummet after 3:37 p.m. PST.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"533403430489178112"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Still, the lander managed to take another round of images -- that have not yet made it here -- and to measure the core of the comet with its on-board radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 4:09 p.m. PST, Philae began communicating between the Rosetta mothership and its radar instrument, Concert:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"533411331937165312"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>And at 4:28 p.m. PST, ESA Operations confirmed Philae had switched to stand-by mode. All its instruments powered down, but it continued to transmit information. The Rosetta Mission acknowledged Philae's hard work.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"533419819581063168"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>But take heart; know Philae could rise again, if only briefly. ESA crews are hoping for a window later this year when the comet comes close enough to the sun that Philae will be able to charge up, but still too far away to melt the little lander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ESA Operations confirmed it had lost communication with Philae at 4:46 p.m. PST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 3:55 p.m. Thursday, Nov. 13\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft and the little lander Philae are delivering information from the surface of Comet 67P, despite the inability of ESA crews to locate exactly where the probe settled after bouncing, twice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists do know the solar-charged Philae may soon run out of power because it appears to be resting in a shadow, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30034060\" target=\"_blank\">according to BBC News\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ESA may attempt to move Philae, but in its current position, it's estimated to power down sometime Friday or Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Welcome-to-a-comet.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10348438 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Welcome-to-a-comet-800x467.jpg\" alt=\"One of Philae's feet can be seen in this photo from the lander's final landing location. (ESA/Rosetta/Philae/CIVA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Welcome-to-a-comet-800x467.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Welcome-to-a-comet-400x233.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Welcome-to-a-comet-1440x841.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Welcome-to-a-comet.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Philae's feet can be seen in this photo from the lander's final landing location. (ESA/Rosetta/Philae/CIVA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chabot Space & Science Center astronomer Ben Burress, a \u003cem>KQED Science\u003c/em> contributor, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/11/13/now-that-philae-has-landed-a-wealth-of-data-is-forthcoming/\" target=\"_blank\">detailed the lander's ups and downs today\u003c/a> after about 12 incommunicado hours from Philae:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>When communication was reestablished, and data from Philae’s ROMAP instrument was analyzed, it was learned that the probe had experienced not one, but three distinct landings. The first landing reported by the data coincided with the initial landing confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, almost two hours later, a second landing event was indicated. The harpoon system, designed to fire an anchor into the comet to tether Philae down, had not functioned, and Philae had bounced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven minutes after the second landing, a third was reported by the data, the lander apparently having bounced a second time. This time, however, it appeared that Philae had come to rest somewhere on the surface. ESA scientists are attempting to triangulate its exact position with instruments on Philae and Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first pictures came in they showed what looks like a jagged, dusty, even gravely cliff face, and no framing horizon. Philae was not level with the ground, but resting at a tilted angle. Later, additional images sent back were assembled into the first panoramic view from the comet.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca name=\"audio\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nDespite the excursions from a perfect landing scenario, Philae has landed, and we are there, thanks to the telepresence the washing-machine-sized robot has given us.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Philae is delivering more than just photos in what could be its very short life. Listen below to 67P's soundscape:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='450'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176387011&visual=true&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=false&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176387011'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chirping is thought to be generated by oscillations in the comet's magnetic field. The sound wave is below the frequency that can be heard by a human ear, but ESA boosted the frequency in the track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 6:35 p.m. Wednesday, Nov. 12\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae's landing on Comet 67P might have been a little bumpier than first reported. The lander may have bounced off the comet after initial contact, according to European Space Agency officials, and a harpoon system designed to blast an anchor into the surface appears to have failed to fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a video from ESA showing how Philae's landing was supposed to go down:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.esa.int/spaceinvideos/content/view/embedjw/439242\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite those small mishaps, the lander has settled for now and is likely doing science experiments while it waits for its mother ship Rosetta to appear on the horizon and re-establish contact with Earth. Learn more about its systems, technology and mission from this graphic:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click to enlarge.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Rosetta1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10348308\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Rosetta1-800x662.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"800\" height=\"662\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Rosetta1-800x662.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Rosetta1-400x331.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Rosetta1-1440x1192.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 10:35 a.m. Wednesday, Nov. 12\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"532593595283689472"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Here are \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/europeanspaceagency\" target=\"_blank\">previous photos\u003c/a> from the European Space Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Wednesday, Nov. 12\u003c/strong>:\u003cbr>\nBill Chappell\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/12/363492519/comet-landing-european-craft-due-to-make-contact-today\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of millions of miles from Earth, a man-made object was flung at a comet Wednesday — and now it's sticking to the rock as it hurtles through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are on the comet,\" Stephan Ulamec, Philae Lander Manager, announced Wednesday, marking a historic achievement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news came after the European Space Agency endured tense hours of uncertainty following the lander's separation from the Rosetta spacecraft, as scientists awaited a message from the lander that would tell them whether it landed safely -- or suffered a calamity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Ulamec said that the lander was secured to the comet's surface by ice screws that had been shot by the craft's harpoons — and that it was now doing its job and communicating with Earth — he sparked an uproar of applause from workers and spectators at the European Space Operations Center in Darmstadt, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the European agency says the lander is in \"great shape,\" it also says that additional analysis suggests that Philae's harpoons did not fire, and that the agency is looking at trying again. (see update below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took 10 years for the Philae Lander to reach a point where it could be sent toward Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The ESA said this morning that it had received a signal from the lander as it headed toward its rendezvous with the comet, indicating that if all went well, the lander would be able to communicate and send photos from the comet's surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll update this post with developments from space. You can also follow the news at the ESA's \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta page\u003c/a>, and at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/nasatv\" target=\"_blank\">NASA TV, starting at 9 a.m. ET.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update at 11:50 a.m. ET: 'Harpoons Did Not Fire'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After analyzing telemetry data from the Philae lander, ESA says it seems that the craft's harpoons didn't fire as first thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding that the lander is in \"great shape,\" the agency says its engineers are looking into options for retrying the harpoon operation, which is meant to secure the craft to the comet's surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a tweet, the agency says the lander \"made a fairly gentle touch down on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/67P?src=hash\">#67P\u003c/a> based on amount of landing gear damping.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update at 11:05 a.m. ET: Philae Has Landed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a first, the Philae lander is on the comet's surface. We've updated the top of this post to reflect the news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update at 10:15 a.m. ET: New Images, And 'A Boot'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everything looks really, really good,\" says Stephan Ulamec, Philae program manager at DLR, in a progress report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ESA has released new images from the area around the comet, including one shot of Philae breaking away from the Rosetta craft and heading toward 67P.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another image shows the lander from the view of its parent spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two scientists who discovered the comet 45 years ago — Klim Ivanovych Churyumov and Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko — are in the unique position today of watching humanity's attempt to land on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Churyumov and Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko took part in an event hosted by the ESA that was equal parts news conference and viewing party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Gerasimenko was asked the tongue-in-cheek question of how she likes the comet that she and her colleague spotted decades ago, she responded by saying, \"I like the form very much — it reminds me of a boot.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's comet operation was also being monitored by other space veterans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Our original post continues:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comet 67P has several surprising qualities. First of all, it smells really bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It stinks,\" researcher Kathrin Altwegg \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/10/24/358364942/european-scientists-conclude-that-distant-comet-smells-terrible\">told NPR's Geoff Brumfiel\u003c/a> last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because of a mixture of ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, formaldehyde and methanol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comet also emits \"a mysterious song,\" according to the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2014/11/11/the-singing-comet/\">ESA blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The comet seems to be emitting a 'song' in the form of oscillations in the magnetic field in the comet's environment,\" the ESA says. \"It is being sung at 40-50 millihertz, far below human hearing, which typically picks up sound between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. To make the music audible to the human ear, the frequencies have been increased by a factor of about 10,000.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what that sounds like — close your eyes and you might be able to pick out \"Flight of the Bumblebee\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Geoff reports, scientists here on Earth see Philae, which is about the size of a refrigerator, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/11/363028703/researchers-to-attempt-robotic-landing-on-comets-surface\">\"our remote hands.\"\u003c/a> The lander will take many readings from the comet's surface, in addition to drilling into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before any tests can occur, Geoff notes, the comet's rocky and uneven surface could make the landing very tricky — and that's why the lander has harpoons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Moments after its feet touch down, the harpoons will fire,\" Geoff says, \"along with some thrusters to keep the lander grounded. Then screws in the feet will try to get a grip.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/10348139/comet-landing-a-success-european-craft-makes-fairly-gentle-touch-down","authors":["237"],"programs":["news_6944"],"categories":["news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_1770"],"featImg":"news_10348689","label":"news_6944"},"science_23712":{"type":"posts","id":"science_23712","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"23712","score":null,"sort":[1415911895000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"now-that-philae-has-landed-a-wealth-of-data-is-forthcoming","title":"Now That Philae Has Landed, a Wealth of Data is Forthcoming","publishDate":1415911895,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Now That Philae Has Landed, a Wealth of Data is Forthcoming | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23716\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/philaehaslanded.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23716\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/philaehaslanded.jpg\" alt=\"Montage of first image from Philae (left), first panorama (center), and location of the initial landing location. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Montage of first image from Philae (left), first panorama (center), and location of the initial landing location. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wednesday, November 12, 2014, 8:03 AM PST, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft successfully launched the landing probe, Philae, to a landing on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a historic first. Cheers, Rosetta and Philae!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the Rosetta spacecraft, in orbit around the comet, relayed from Philae the first-ever image from the surface of a comet—an extreme close-up of ancient terrain that goes back four and a half billion years, to the earliest times in our solar system. That picture, to me, is worth the entire 20 year effort to deliver Philae to the spot it now rests—and a wealth of data from other instruments on Philae is yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This was a moment more than 20 years in the making; the last ten years were spent just traveling to the comet.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Exactly where the lander sits is not presently known. There were unexpected challenges during the landing operation, starting before Philae was even launched from its mothership, Rosetta, when it was discovered that a thruster on top the lander had failed. The thruster’s function was to help prevent the probe from bouncing off the comet’s surface upon landing. In the low gravity environment of the comet, a bounce speed of only three feet per second could send it floating back into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ESA operators decided to proceed with the landing despite the lost thruster, relying on other systems designed to make the lander stick to the comet: a harpoon anchor, shock absorbers and fastening augers in its landing gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”wmjSZm2FfVWcOCJFNeSF2HcgUjYvpv5D”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after midnight on Wednesday, Philae separated from Rosetta and spent the next seven hours coasting at about two miles per hour to its target landing spot on the comet, landing site J. All that ESA operators could do was watch telemetry come in and wait, hoping for a textbook landing—although, this being a first-ever event, it’s not in any textbooks, yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 8:03 AM PST, ESA received confirmation that Philae had landed on schedule, setting off a cathartic explosion of cheers around the ESOC control room in Darmstadt, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground images from Philae did not come in immediately, for the Rosetta spacecraft, Philae’s relay station with Earth, soon set below the horizon of the comet, and would not emerge for another twelve hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When communication was reestablished, and data from Philae’s ROMAP instrument was analyzed, it was learned that the probe had experienced not one, but three distinct landings. The first landing reported by the data coincided with the initial landing confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, almost two hours later, a second landing event was indicated. The harpoon system, designed to fire an anchor into the comet to tether Philae down, had not functioned, and Philae had bounced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven minutes after the second landing, a third was reported by the data, the lander apparently having bounced a second time. This time, however, it appeared that Philae had come to rest somewhere on the surface. ESA scientists are attempting to triangulate its exact position with instruments on Philae and Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first pictures came in they showed what looks like a jagged, dusty, even gravely cliff face, and no framing horizon. Philae was not level with the ground, but resting at a tilted angle. Later, additional images sent back were assembled into the \u003ca title=\"First panoramic view from Philae\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Highlights/Panoramic_postcard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first panoramic view\u003c/a> from the comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the excursions from a perfect landing scenario, Philae has landed, and we are there, thanks to the telepresence the washing-machine-sized robot has given us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was a moment more than 20 years in the making; the last ten years were spent just traveling to the comet. And though a great deal of careful design, planning, and testing took place to help ensure success, in remote space exploration there is always the specter of a critical failure that can make the entire expedition come to naught–particularly with robotic spacecraft operating hundreds of millions of miles from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is still an adventure in progress, and Philae may not be completely out of the woods just yet. Its tilted landing orientation could mean that it is perched on the edge of a cliff, or in a pit. It may also present problems when the lander’s initial 60-hour battery life runs out and it needs to switch to its solar-charged battery system. If the tilt of Philae’s solar panels does not provide adequate energy, it could run out of power sooner than planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, both Philae and the orbiter Rosetta are bound to the comet’s sun-approaching trajectory, which will carry them to a closest point to the sun next August. As the drama of Philae’s uncertain life ahead unfolds, so will that of the comet as it heats up and becomes more active–and we have a front row seat.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Yesterday morning, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft successfully launched the landing probe, Philae, to a landing on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a historic first. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932625,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":857},"headData":{"title":"Now That Philae Has Landed, a Wealth of Data is Forthcoming | KQED","description":"Yesterday morning, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft successfully launched the landing probe, Philae, to a landing on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a historic first. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Now That Philae Has Landed, a Wealth of Data is Forthcoming","datePublished":"2014-11-13T20:51:35.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:23:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/23712/now-that-philae-has-landed-a-wealth-of-data-is-forthcoming","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23716\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/philaehaslanded.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23716\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/philaehaslanded.jpg\" alt=\"Montage of first image from Philae (left), first panorama (center), and location of the initial landing location. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Montage of first image from Philae (left), first panorama (center), and location of the initial landing location. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wednesday, November 12, 2014, 8:03 AM PST, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft successfully launched the landing probe, Philae, to a landing on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a historic first. Cheers, Rosetta and Philae!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the Rosetta spacecraft, in orbit around the comet, relayed from Philae the first-ever image from the surface of a comet—an extreme close-up of ancient terrain that goes back four and a half billion years, to the earliest times in our solar system. That picture, to me, is worth the entire 20 year effort to deliver Philae to the spot it now rests—and a wealth of data from other instruments on Philae is yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This was a moment more than 20 years in the making; the last ten years were spent just traveling to the comet.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Exactly where the lander sits is not presently known. There were unexpected challenges during the landing operation, starting before Philae was even launched from its mothership, Rosetta, when it was discovered that a thruster on top the lander had failed. The thruster’s function was to help prevent the probe from bouncing off the comet’s surface upon landing. In the low gravity environment of the comet, a bounce speed of only three feet per second could send it floating back into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ESA operators decided to proceed with the landing despite the lost thruster, relying on other systems designed to make the lander stick to the comet: a harpoon anchor, shock absorbers and fastening augers in its landing gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after midnight on Wednesday, Philae separated from Rosetta and spent the next seven hours coasting at about two miles per hour to its target landing spot on the comet, landing site J. All that ESA operators could do was watch telemetry come in and wait, hoping for a textbook landing—although, this being a first-ever event, it’s not in any textbooks, yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 8:03 AM PST, ESA received confirmation that Philae had landed on schedule, setting off a cathartic explosion of cheers around the ESOC control room in Darmstadt, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground images from Philae did not come in immediately, for the Rosetta spacecraft, Philae’s relay station with Earth, soon set below the horizon of the comet, and would not emerge for another twelve hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When communication was reestablished, and data from Philae’s ROMAP instrument was analyzed, it was learned that the probe had experienced not one, but three distinct landings. The first landing reported by the data coincided with the initial landing confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, almost two hours later, a second landing event was indicated. The harpoon system, designed to fire an anchor into the comet to tether Philae down, had not functioned, and Philae had bounced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven minutes after the second landing, a third was reported by the data, the lander apparently having bounced a second time. This time, however, it appeared that Philae had come to rest somewhere on the surface. ESA scientists are attempting to triangulate its exact position with instruments on Philae and Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first pictures came in they showed what looks like a jagged, dusty, even gravely cliff face, and no framing horizon. Philae was not level with the ground, but resting at a tilted angle. Later, additional images sent back were assembled into the \u003ca title=\"First panoramic view from Philae\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Highlights/Panoramic_postcard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first panoramic view\u003c/a> from the comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the excursions from a perfect landing scenario, Philae has landed, and we are there, thanks to the telepresence the washing-machine-sized robot has given us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was a moment more than 20 years in the making; the last ten years were spent just traveling to the comet. And though a great deal of careful design, planning, and testing took place to help ensure success, in remote space exploration there is always the specter of a critical failure that can make the entire expedition come to naught–particularly with robotic spacecraft operating hundreds of millions of miles from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is still an adventure in progress, and Philae may not be completely out of the woods just yet. Its tilted landing orientation could mean that it is perched on the edge of a cliff, or in a pit. It may also present problems when the lander’s initial 60-hour battery life runs out and it needs to switch to its solar-charged battery system. If the tilt of Philae’s solar panels does not provide adequate energy, it could run out of power sooner than planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, both Philae and the orbiter Rosetta are bound to the comet’s sun-approaching trajectory, which will carry them to a closest point to the sun next August. As the drama of Philae’s uncertain life ahead unfolds, so will that of the comet as it heats up and becomes more active–and we have a front row seat.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/23712/now-that-philae-has-landed-a-wealth-of-data-is-forthcoming","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1216","science_1220","science_1821","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_23716","label":"science"},"science_23114":{"type":"posts","id":"science_23114","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"23114","score":null,"sort":[1414764058000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-historic-first-rosetta-spacecraft-plans-to-land-its-probe-on-a-comet","title":"A Historic First: Rosetta Spacecraft Plans to Land Its Probe on a Comet","publishDate":1414764058,"format":"aside","headTitle":"A Historic First: Rosetta Spacecraft Plans to Land Its Probe on a Comet | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/philae_after_landing1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23117\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/philae_after_landing1.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After 10 years of travel and three months orbiting the comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) \u003ca title=\"ESA, Rosetta\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft is poised to deliver its landing probe, Philae, to the comet’s surface — a first in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can witness this historic event in the making through a \u003ca title=\"ESA Live Stream\" href=\"http://www.livestream.com/eurospaceagency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">live stream\u003c/a> of the event from ESA. Tune in to ESA’s webcast, or come up to \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space & Science Center Comet Landing Event\" href=\"https://14884.blackbaudhosting.com/14884/page.aspx?pid=196&tab=2&txobjid=61e6e728-f26d-4311-a589-61d880fa56d3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> to share the experience on the planetarium dome. Philae’s expected landing time is around 8:00 AM PST on Wednesday, November 12. Chabot’s doors will open at 6:00 AM.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Almost there…\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About seven hours before landing, Philae will be released by its mothership, Rosetta, and then coast the 14 miles to the comet at a leisurely 2 miles per hour. If you are an insomniac, you can watch the live stream at home from midnight to 8:00 AM, though the most exciting moments will likely be around launch and landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the moment from Star Wars when the rebel pilot drones, “Almost there…” as he prepares to fire torpedoes into the Death Star—and though the nearly three-mile-long comet would be a death star of a sort if it collided with Earth, in this case its orbit never carries it close enough to us to be that kind of a concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon contact with the comet’s surface, Philae will fire two harpoons to bind itself to the comet. Its landing legs will also absorb the impact of touchdown to prevent the small probe from bouncing back into space. The comet’s surface gravity is so weak that the velocity needed to escape its pull is only 3 feet per second—about the same speed Philae will have upon landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae packs a number of \u003ca title=\"Philae's instrumentation\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/rosetta/31445-instruments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scientific instruments\u003c/a> into its three-foot-wide body, including an X-ray spectrometer, a combination gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, infrared and visual imagers, a radiowave sounding system, an electrical sounder, an acoustic monitor, a magnetic and plasma monitor, and a drill for taking soil samples. The suite of instrumentation is geared to tell us as much about this comet specimen and in as much detail as possible, fueling a major leap forward in our understanding of one of these time capsules of the solar system. [contextly_sidebar id=”dBesX3aV09j8Niz16u6I1368H0RcJk3o”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rosetta mission’s goal is to investigate evidence locked up in cold sleep in the comet’s ices and soil for billions of years, from the formation of the solar system, and decode the ancient secrets. Being bits of material left over from the earliest times of our solar system, \u003ca title=\"Comets, Space.com\" href=\"http://www.space.com/53-comets-formation-discovery-and-exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">comets \u003c/a>enable us to see deep into the past and learn about the conditions in which the planets, including Earth, formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Rosetta was named for the Rosetta Stone, the Egyptian stele bearing a text written in three ancient languages that enabled archaeologists to decode ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, thereby giving us a better understanding of that ancient civilization. The smaller landing probe, Philae, is named after the island in the Nile River on which the Rosetta Stone was found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta was launched in March of 2004, and has spent the past decade maneuvering into an orbit that matches its target. It spent a number of months in hibernation, when its trajectory carried it too far from the sun for its solar panels to supply much electricity. After a successful wakeup call last January, Rosetta has spent the months since making observations of 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it made its final approach. Then in August it maneuvered itself into a tenuous orbit around the comet, surveying the surface in search of a landing site for Philae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, landing….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After 10 years of travel and three months orbiting the comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft is poised to deliver its landing probe, Philae, to the comet's surface -- a first in history.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932689,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":658},"headData":{"title":"A Historic First: Rosetta Spacecraft Plans to Land Its Probe on a Comet | KQED","description":"After 10 years of travel and three months orbiting the comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft is poised to deliver its landing probe, Philae, to the comet's surface -- a first in history.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Historic First: Rosetta Spacecraft Plans to Land Its Probe on a Comet","datePublished":"2014-10-31T14:00:58.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:24:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/23114/a-historic-first-rosetta-spacecraft-plans-to-land-its-probe-on-a-comet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/philae_after_landing1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23117\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/philae_after_landing1.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After 10 years of travel and three months orbiting the comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) \u003ca title=\"ESA, Rosetta\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft is poised to deliver its landing probe, Philae, to the comet’s surface — a first in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can witness this historic event in the making through a \u003ca title=\"ESA Live Stream\" href=\"http://www.livestream.com/eurospaceagency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">live stream\u003c/a> of the event from ESA. Tune in to ESA’s webcast, or come up to \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space & Science Center Comet Landing Event\" href=\"https://14884.blackbaudhosting.com/14884/page.aspx?pid=196&tab=2&txobjid=61e6e728-f26d-4311-a589-61d880fa56d3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> to share the experience on the planetarium dome. Philae’s expected landing time is around 8:00 AM PST on Wednesday, November 12. Chabot’s doors will open at 6:00 AM.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Almost there…\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About seven hours before landing, Philae will be released by its mothership, Rosetta, and then coast the 14 miles to the comet at a leisurely 2 miles per hour. If you are an insomniac, you can watch the live stream at home from midnight to 8:00 AM, though the most exciting moments will likely be around launch and landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the moment from Star Wars when the rebel pilot drones, “Almost there…” as he prepares to fire torpedoes into the Death Star—and though the nearly three-mile-long comet would be a death star of a sort if it collided with Earth, in this case its orbit never carries it close enough to us to be that kind of a concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon contact with the comet’s surface, Philae will fire two harpoons to bind itself to the comet. Its landing legs will also absorb the impact of touchdown to prevent the small probe from bouncing back into space. The comet’s surface gravity is so weak that the velocity needed to escape its pull is only 3 feet per second—about the same speed Philae will have upon landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae packs a number of \u003ca title=\"Philae's instrumentation\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/rosetta/31445-instruments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scientific instruments\u003c/a> into its three-foot-wide body, including an X-ray spectrometer, a combination gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, infrared and visual imagers, a radiowave sounding system, an electrical sounder, an acoustic monitor, a magnetic and plasma monitor, and a drill for taking soil samples. The suite of instrumentation is geared to tell us as much about this comet specimen and in as much detail as possible, fueling a major leap forward in our understanding of one of these time capsules of the solar system. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rosetta mission’s goal is to investigate evidence locked up in cold sleep in the comet’s ices and soil for billions of years, from the formation of the solar system, and decode the ancient secrets. Being bits of material left over from the earliest times of our solar system, \u003ca title=\"Comets, Space.com\" href=\"http://www.space.com/53-comets-formation-discovery-and-exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">comets \u003c/a>enable us to see deep into the past and learn about the conditions in which the planets, including Earth, formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Rosetta was named for the Rosetta Stone, the Egyptian stele bearing a text written in three ancient languages that enabled archaeologists to decode ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, thereby giving us a better understanding of that ancient civilization. The smaller landing probe, Philae, is named after the island in the Nile River on which the Rosetta Stone was found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta was launched in March of 2004, and has spent the past decade maneuvering into an orbit that matches its target. It spent a number of months in hibernation, when its trajectory carried it too far from the sun for its solar panels to supply much electricity. After a successful wakeup call last January, Rosetta has spent the months since making observations of 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it made its final approach. Then in August it maneuvered itself into a tenuous orbit around the comet, surveying the surface in search of a landing site for Philae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, landing….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/23114/a-historic-first-rosetta-spacecraft-plans-to-land-its-probe-on-a-comet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1216","science_1220","science_1821","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_23117","label":"science"},"science_20740":{"type":"posts","id":"science_20740","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"20740","score":null,"sort":[1408716049000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"esas-rosetta-spacecraft-makes-a-first-ever-comet-rendezvous","title":"ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft Makes a First-Ever Comet Rendezvous","publishDate":1408716049,"format":"aside","headTitle":"ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft Makes a First-Ever Comet Rendezvous | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20743\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/comet-churyumov-gerasimenko.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20743\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/comet-churyumov-gerasimenko.jpg\" alt=\"Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency’s (ESA) \u003ca title=\"ESA - Rosetta\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_arrives_at_comet_destination\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta has reached its target\u003c/a> — the Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko — becoming the first spacecraft in history to rendezvous with a comet. And in November, it will accomplish another first when it drops a small probe, Philae, to a soft landing on the comet’s surface!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Churyumov-Gerasimenko, along with its new tagalong companion Rosetta, is presently moving toward the inner solar system and will reach perihelion (closest approach to the sun) in August 2015. Rosetta’s mission is to make a detailed study of the comet’s structure, composition and the effects of increasing solar heating as it warms up. A comprehensive campaign of observation with its array of instruments will offer us unprecedented insights into the conditions in which the comet formed in the earliest annals of the young solar system, as well as the evolutionary path it has taken since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”5LrNwVyccbKOfzp9GMHuCH8LIdgDWN3i”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as Rosetta made its gradual approach to the comet during the summer, it began to detect some unusual — and in some cases unexpected — characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, \u003ca title=\"Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/08150814-finding-my-way-around-cg.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the comet’s shape\u003c/a>; generic preconceptions for the comet’s structure and surface appearance were “typical”: a roughly round, mountain-sized blob of ice with some bumps, a jagged edge here and there and maybe some surface cratering. We haven’t seen many comets up close, so expectations must be based on a handful of examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Churyumov-Gerasimenko, like its name, has a double-lobed structure, looking a lot like two comets that have been fused together and connected by a bridge-like neck (perhaps each lobe can be named for one of the co-discoverers.) Whether this comet is a “contact binary” (two comets that joined together) or was a single comet whose shape has been sculpted by the vaporizing chisel of sunlight over eons is yet to be determined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comet is also warmer than expected: a balmy negative 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Sounds pretty cold, but calculations based on the comet’s distance from the sun and the reflectivity of water ice predicted that it would be colder. A likely explanation is that the comet’s surface is coated with dust, making it darker and more able to absorb the heat in sunlight — not unlike how a dark t-shirt warms you up more than a light-colored one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average density of this comet is only one-tenth that of water ice, so a sample of its material would be light, airy and as feather-weight as powder snow. In other words, an ice cube tray amount of material from the comet would weigh as much as a single solid ice cube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempting this first-of-its-kind mission to orbit a comet required a first-of-its-kind maneuvering tactic. Only about two miles across and weighing a mere three billion tons, the comet’s gravity is incredibly feeble. If you were standing on its surface, it would take little more than a light hop to break free of the comet’s gravity and propel yourself into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the ESA operators of Rosetta have been maneuvering the spacecraft through a series of thrust impulses designed to drive it around and ever closer to the comet in calculated bursts. This “powered orbit” maneuver — a lurching, rocket-driven zig-zag in the space surrounding the comet — reminds me of the one (and only) time I went bungee jumping. After I had stopped bouncing at the end of the bungee, they sent a powerboat out to grab me with a long, hand-operated hook. As I swung about over the river, the boat driver had to gun the engine, turn the boat in bursts and fight with the river’s current while trying to get close enough to hook me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Rosetta circles and closes in on the comet, it is also mapping the entire surface from every direction looking for the best landing site for its drop-probe: Philae. The preferred landing sites are flat areas that offer the best chance for Philae to land upright, but investigators also want to send it to the most scientifically interesting place — for instance, at the site where one of the comet’s gas plumes might emerge from as it heats up and becomes more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Rosetta will move to within about twenty miles — and possibly closer — where the comet’s gravity is strong enough (or more accurately, not too feeble) to tether it into a true orbit. Even then the spacecraft’s orbital velocity will be only a few inches per second — literally an insect’s crawl. Any faster than that, Rosetta would fly off into space again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past comet encounters by spacecraft — \u003ca title=\"NASA Deep Impact\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/main/#.U_T658VdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Impact\u003c/a>/EPOXI, Giotto, \u003ca title=\"NASA - Stardust\" href=\"http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stardust\u003c/a> and a handful of others — have been fly-bys with only brief hours in which to examine their targets before flying off into space again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will fly along with Churyumov-Gerasimenko for the next year, studying the effects of solar heating as it swings through its closest approach to the sun, between the orbits of Earth and Mars and the aftermath as the comet cruises back toward Jupiter’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned. Rosetta only just arrived at its destination, and after the 10-year journey it took to get it there, only now does the adventure really begin.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Rosetta has reached its target -- the Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko -- becoming the first spacecraft in history to rendezvous with a comet. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933106,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":948},"headData":{"title":"ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft Makes a First-Ever Comet Rendezvous | KQED","description":"The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Rosetta has reached its target -- the Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko -- becoming the first spacecraft in history to rendezvous with a comet. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft Makes a First-Ever Comet Rendezvous","datePublished":"2014-08-22T14:00:49.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:31:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/20740/esas-rosetta-spacecraft-makes-a-first-ever-comet-rendezvous","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20743\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/comet-churyumov-gerasimenko.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20743\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/comet-churyumov-gerasimenko.jpg\" alt=\"Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency’s (ESA) \u003ca title=\"ESA - Rosetta\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_arrives_at_comet_destination\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta has reached its target\u003c/a> — the Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko — becoming the first spacecraft in history to rendezvous with a comet. And in November, it will accomplish another first when it drops a small probe, Philae, to a soft landing on the comet’s surface!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Churyumov-Gerasimenko, along with its new tagalong companion Rosetta, is presently moving toward the inner solar system and will reach perihelion (closest approach to the sun) in August 2015. Rosetta’s mission is to make a detailed study of the comet’s structure, composition and the effects of increasing solar heating as it warms up. A comprehensive campaign of observation with its array of instruments will offer us unprecedented insights into the conditions in which the comet formed in the earliest annals of the young solar system, as well as the evolutionary path it has taken since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as Rosetta made its gradual approach to the comet during the summer, it began to detect some unusual — and in some cases unexpected — characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, \u003ca title=\"Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/08150814-finding-my-way-around-cg.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the comet’s shape\u003c/a>; generic preconceptions for the comet’s structure and surface appearance were “typical”: a roughly round, mountain-sized blob of ice with some bumps, a jagged edge here and there and maybe some surface cratering. We haven’t seen many comets up close, so expectations must be based on a handful of examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Churyumov-Gerasimenko, like its name, has a double-lobed structure, looking a lot like two comets that have been fused together and connected by a bridge-like neck (perhaps each lobe can be named for one of the co-discoverers.) Whether this comet is a “contact binary” (two comets that joined together) or was a single comet whose shape has been sculpted by the vaporizing chisel of sunlight over eons is yet to be determined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comet is also warmer than expected: a balmy negative 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Sounds pretty cold, but calculations based on the comet’s distance from the sun and the reflectivity of water ice predicted that it would be colder. A likely explanation is that the comet’s surface is coated with dust, making it darker and more able to absorb the heat in sunlight — not unlike how a dark t-shirt warms you up more than a light-colored one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average density of this comet is only one-tenth that of water ice, so a sample of its material would be light, airy and as feather-weight as powder snow. In other words, an ice cube tray amount of material from the comet would weigh as much as a single solid ice cube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempting this first-of-its-kind mission to orbit a comet required a first-of-its-kind maneuvering tactic. Only about two miles across and weighing a mere three billion tons, the comet’s gravity is incredibly feeble. If you were standing on its surface, it would take little more than a light hop to break free of the comet’s gravity and propel yourself into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the ESA operators of Rosetta have been maneuvering the spacecraft through a series of thrust impulses designed to drive it around and ever closer to the comet in calculated bursts. This “powered orbit” maneuver — a lurching, rocket-driven zig-zag in the space surrounding the comet — reminds me of the one (and only) time I went bungee jumping. After I had stopped bouncing at the end of the bungee, they sent a powerboat out to grab me with a long, hand-operated hook. As I swung about over the river, the boat driver had to gun the engine, turn the boat in bursts and fight with the river’s current while trying to get close enough to hook me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Rosetta circles and closes in on the comet, it is also mapping the entire surface from every direction looking for the best landing site for its drop-probe: Philae. The preferred landing sites are flat areas that offer the best chance for Philae to land upright, but investigators also want to send it to the most scientifically interesting place — for instance, at the site where one of the comet’s gas plumes might emerge from as it heats up and becomes more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Rosetta will move to within about twenty miles — and possibly closer — where the comet’s gravity is strong enough (or more accurately, not too feeble) to tether it into a true orbit. Even then the spacecraft’s orbital velocity will be only a few inches per second — literally an insect’s crawl. Any faster than that, Rosetta would fly off into space again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past comet encounters by spacecraft — \u003ca title=\"NASA Deep Impact\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/main/#.U_T658VdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Impact\u003c/a>/EPOXI, Giotto, \u003ca title=\"NASA - Stardust\" href=\"http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stardust\u003c/a> and a handful of others — have been fly-bys with only brief hours in which to examine their targets before flying off into space again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will fly along with Churyumov-Gerasimenko for the next year, studying the effects of solar heating as it swings through its closest approach to the sun, between the orbits of Earth and Mars and the aftermath as the comet cruises back toward Jupiter’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned. Rosetta only just arrived at its destination, and after the 10-year journey it took to get it there, only now does the adventure really begin.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/20740/esas-rosetta-spacecraft-makes-a-first-ever-comet-rendezvous","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1216","science_1220","science_1821","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_20743","label":"science"},"science_19581":{"type":"posts","id":"science_19581","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"19581","score":null,"sort":[1406296835000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"europes-rosetta-spacecraft-will-soon-ride-a-comet","title":"Europe's Rosetta Spacecraft Will Soon Ride a Comet","publishDate":1406296835,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Europe’s Rosetta Spacecraft Will Soon Ride a Comet | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19593\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/rosetta-and-comet.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19593\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/rosetta-and-comet.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of ESA's Rosetta encounter with comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (ESA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of ESA’s Rosetta encounter with comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the rarest and most exciting events in space exploration is when we land on another celestial body and achieve a boots-on-the-ground view of an alien world. Europe’s \u003ca title=\"ESA's Rosetta Mission\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta mission\u003c/a> is now poised to add another extraterrestrial landfall to that very short list, and top a new list as it becomes the first mission to land a probe on a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we began traveling space in 1957 we’ve only landed on a handful of celestial bodies: Earth’s Moon, Mars and Venus, Saturn’s moon Titan, and the asteroid Eros (which was less a true landing than a low-speed crash while taking pictures on the way down).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”UxrdPWQGqQ80iq87O6yvBgMwwNu8COD2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft, launched in 2004, is now on a final approach to the comet \u003ca title=\"Comet 67p Churyumov-Gerasimenko\" href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jul/20/comet-67p-rosetta-probe-close-encounter-origins-of-life-churyumov-gerasimenko\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko\u003c/a> for an \u003ca title=\"Rosetta's August 6th Rendezvous\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Call_for_Media_Rosetta_s_comet_rendezvous\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">August 6th rendezvous\u003c/a>, and already the preliminary pictures it has taken are revealing that this comet may be a greater treasure trove of information than expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pictures show what appears to be a double-lobed nucleus, a possible “contact binary,” a configuration we’ve seen in a few other comets and some asteroids. The events that shape this style of comet nucleus are not known—because we’ve never seen it happen, and so far have not examined such an object up close and in detail…something that may be about to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility for the origin of a contact binary is a low-velocity impact between two different comets at some time in the past, such as when the solar system was young and full of comets, asteroids and \u003ca title=\"Planetesimals\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">planetesimals\u003c/a>. The formation of the planets is believed to have occurred in a process of \u003ca title=\"Accretion of solar system bodies\" href=\"http://m.teachastronomy.com/astropedia/article/Accretion-and-Solar-System-Bodies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accretion\u003c/a>, where small pieces of material join gravitationally with others and gradually “snowball” into larger and larger objects—comets and asteroids into planetesimals, planetesimals into planets. Since comets represent “leftovers” from the accretion of the planets, it stands to reason that we might find some in a state of partial assembly that did not snowball any further, and so should expect to find objects composed of two or more smaller building blocks: contact binaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, things will get truly exciting when Rosetta launches a landing probe, Philae, to a historic, first-ever-of-its-kind landing on the surface of a comet. That should be as exciting as when we received the first pictures from the surface of the Moon, or Mars, or Titan. (I can’t wait!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But obtaining landscape pictures of alien locales isn’t the main reason for going sending a probe to land on a comet. Everything we know about our solar system’s past and how the Earth, planets, and other bodies originated we have learned from remaining physical evidence. Just like forensic investigators piecing together the sequence of events, suspects, and actions at a crime scene from only trace evidence left behind, the physical state of planets, moons, asteroids, and comets and the details of their shape, composition, surface markings, locations and trajectories are all the information we have to reconstruct events and environments that took place millions or even billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On planets like the Earth, whose surface has been shaped, erased, and reshaped untold times by weathering, sea level rise and decline, continental drift, tectonic action and volcanic activity, reconstructing the past becomes increasingly difficult the farther back in time we peer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But objects not subject to these forces, such as comets, asteroids and some of the airless planets and moons of the solar system, preserve physical evidence untampered-with by the mayhem of change. By studying not only the composition of a comet, but also its detailed physical structure, shape, and surface markings, we consider all of the trace evidence present, just as a good forensic scientist does not overlook even the smallest strand of hair, trace of chemical residue, or speck of exotic dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someday events like landings on comets and asteroids, dwarf planets and moons, may become commonplace and humdrum — but not today! Feast your eyes on the first pictures from a comet while they’re fresh!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Europe's Rosetta mission is poised to add another extraterrestrial landfall to a very short list, and top a new list as it becomes the first mission to land a probe on a comet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933237,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":729},"headData":{"title":"Europe's Rosetta Spacecraft Will Soon Ride a Comet | KQED","description":"Europe's Rosetta mission is poised to add another extraterrestrial landfall to a very short list, and top a new list as it becomes the first mission to land a probe on a comet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Europe's Rosetta Spacecraft Will Soon Ride a Comet","datePublished":"2014-07-25T14:00:35.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:33:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/19581/europes-rosetta-spacecraft-will-soon-ride-a-comet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19593\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/rosetta-and-comet.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19593\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/rosetta-and-comet.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of ESA's Rosetta encounter with comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (ESA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of ESA’s Rosetta encounter with comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the rarest and most exciting events in space exploration is when we land on another celestial body and achieve a boots-on-the-ground view of an alien world. Europe’s \u003ca title=\"ESA's Rosetta Mission\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta mission\u003c/a> is now poised to add another extraterrestrial landfall to that very short list, and top a new list as it becomes the first mission to land a probe on a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we began traveling space in 1957 we’ve only landed on a handful of celestial bodies: Earth’s Moon, Mars and Venus, Saturn’s moon Titan, and the asteroid Eros (which was less a true landing than a low-speed crash while taking pictures on the way down).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft, launched in 2004, is now on a final approach to the comet \u003ca title=\"Comet 67p Churyumov-Gerasimenko\" href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jul/20/comet-67p-rosetta-probe-close-encounter-origins-of-life-churyumov-gerasimenko\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko\u003c/a> for an \u003ca title=\"Rosetta's August 6th Rendezvous\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Call_for_Media_Rosetta_s_comet_rendezvous\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">August 6th rendezvous\u003c/a>, and already the preliminary pictures it has taken are revealing that this comet may be a greater treasure trove of information than expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pictures show what appears to be a double-lobed nucleus, a possible “contact binary,” a configuration we’ve seen in a few other comets and some asteroids. The events that shape this style of comet nucleus are not known—because we’ve never seen it happen, and so far have not examined such an object up close and in detail…something that may be about to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility for the origin of a contact binary is a low-velocity impact between two different comets at some time in the past, such as when the solar system was young and full of comets, asteroids and \u003ca title=\"Planetesimals\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">planetesimals\u003c/a>. The formation of the planets is believed to have occurred in a process of \u003ca title=\"Accretion of solar system bodies\" href=\"http://m.teachastronomy.com/astropedia/article/Accretion-and-Solar-System-Bodies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accretion\u003c/a>, where small pieces of material join gravitationally with others and gradually “snowball” into larger and larger objects—comets and asteroids into planetesimals, planetesimals into planets. Since comets represent “leftovers” from the accretion of the planets, it stands to reason that we might find some in a state of partial assembly that did not snowball any further, and so should expect to find objects composed of two or more smaller building blocks: contact binaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, things will get truly exciting when Rosetta launches a landing probe, Philae, to a historic, first-ever-of-its-kind landing on the surface of a comet. That should be as exciting as when we received the first pictures from the surface of the Moon, or Mars, or Titan. (I can’t wait!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But obtaining landscape pictures of alien locales isn’t the main reason for going sending a probe to land on a comet. Everything we know about our solar system’s past and how the Earth, planets, and other bodies originated we have learned from remaining physical evidence. Just like forensic investigators piecing together the sequence of events, suspects, and actions at a crime scene from only trace evidence left behind, the physical state of planets, moons, asteroids, and comets and the details of their shape, composition, surface markings, locations and trajectories are all the information we have to reconstruct events and environments that took place millions or even billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On planets like the Earth, whose surface has been shaped, erased, and reshaped untold times by weathering, sea level rise and decline, continental drift, tectonic action and volcanic activity, reconstructing the past becomes increasingly difficult the farther back in time we peer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But objects not subject to these forces, such as comets, asteroids and some of the airless planets and moons of the solar system, preserve physical evidence untampered-with by the mayhem of change. By studying not only the composition of a comet, but also its detailed physical structure, shape, and surface markings, we consider all of the trace evidence present, just as a good forensic scientist does not overlook even the smallest strand of hair, trace of chemical residue, or speck of exotic dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someday events like landings on comets and asteroids, dwarf planets and moons, may become commonplace and humdrum — but not today! Feast your eyes on the first pictures from a comet while they’re fresh!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/19581/europes-rosetta-spacecraft-will-soon-ride-a-comet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_145","science_1216","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_19593","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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