State Water Project Eases Water Cutbacks After March Rains
California Reservoirs Are Dumping Water in a Drought, But Science Could Change That
Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra's Origins
During Long, Dry Summer of Drought, Nobody Wins
Why Distant Dust Storms Matter to California Rainfall
Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts
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A geologist by training, she worked in the mining and geothermal energy industries before attending the Science Communication program at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Her work has appeared on Valley Public Radio, the San Jose Mercury News, the Salinas Californian and Slate, on topics ranging from drought and agriculture to space and roadkill. You can follow her on Twitter @einekleinekerry.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b9e5d93e72b009b963ce5f1b5f68ecbd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"Kerry Klein | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b9e5d93e72b009b963ce5f1b5f68ecbd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b9e5d93e72b009b963ce5f1b5f68ecbd?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/kklein"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal 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FM","link":"/"}},"science_1413406":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1413406","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1413406","score":null,"sort":[1487385910000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"another-california-dam-grapples-with-flood-danger","title":"Another California Dam Grapples With Flood Danger","publishDate":1487385910,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Another California Dam Grapples With Flood Danger | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>With yet another major rainstorm pelting California, water agencies around the state are preparing for flooding, as the state’s infrastructure strains under the onslaught of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are still working to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/07/engineers-assess-spillway-problem-at-oroville-dam/\">lower the water level\u003c/a> behind \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/12/photos-oroville-dam-spillway-trouble-and-evacuation/\">Oroville Dam\u003c/a>, where last Sunday rising waters threatened to cause a catastrophic failure of the auxiliary spillway — but another reservoir is expected to use its auxiliary spillway for the first time in 20 years, potentially causing flooding downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tid.org/water/projects/don-pedro-reservoir\">Don Pedro Reservoir\u003c/a>, which supplies water to nearly 6,000 farms in the San Joaquin Valley, has filled quickly in the last month, rising above levels recommended by flood control engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We would expect some localized flooding at certain points on the Tuolumne River.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Herb Smart, Turlock Irrigation District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Operators are \u003ca href=\"http://www.spk-wc.usace.army.mil/fcgi-bin/getplot.py?plot=dnpr&wy=2017&interval=d&length=wy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">releasing as much water as possible\u003c/a> to make room for anticipated storm runoff. The lake level is hovering around 826 feet in elevation, close to the 830-foot maximum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with almost five inches of rain expected on Monday and Tuesday, officials say if the forecast pans out, they might need to open their “controlled spillway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time the spillway was used in 1997, parts of Modesto were flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That storm came on fast,” says Herb Smart, spokesman for the Turlock Irrigation District, which co-manages Don Pedro. “This time, we are looking at flows, — if the forecast holds — that are nowhere near the flows in 1997.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Smart says they’re working with the Stanislaus County Office of Emergency Services to identify which areas are now at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s tough to tell at this point, but we would expect some localized flooding at certain points on the Tuolumne River that are more low-lying areas,” says Smart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water flow to the spillway is controlled by three 45-foot gates that lead into a rock channel that was carved out when the spillway was last used in 1997. From there, it rejoins the Tuolumne River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1413740\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1413740 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway.jpg\" alt=\"The controlled auxiliary spillway on Don Pedro Dam.\" width=\"2590\" height=\"1598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway.jpg 2590w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-800x494.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-768x474.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-1020x629.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-1920x1185.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-1180x728.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-960x592.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-520x321.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2590px) 100vw, 2590px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The controlled auxiliary spillway on Don Pedro Dam. \u003ccite>(Turlock Irrigation District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dam also has an unlined emergency spillway, much like Oroville Dam’s earthen slope, over which water would flow if the reservoir fills completely. While Oroville’s earthen spillway was designed to handle cascades of more than 200,000 cubic feet per second, engineers at the state Department of Water Resources were stunned by how quickly the bank melted away under just a small fraction of that force last weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Operators at Don Pedro got clearance from the Army Corps of Engineers to increase their releases recently, but they say the limiting factor is the narrow river channel downstream, which can’t handle extremely high flows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were trying to push out as much water as we could,” says Smart. “The channel capacity has been hard. Oroville is able to push tens of thousands of cfs, but we just don’t have that luxury.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reservoir managers in California \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/29/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">try to walk a tightrope\u003c/a> – staying as full as possible in the winter to boost their summer supplies, while also leaving enough room to capture winter storm runoff. The maximum levels during the wet season are set by the federal government, and require congressional action to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smart says another constraint at Don Pedro is water that enters the Tuolumne River from Dry Creek, which further strains the river channel’s capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s water we have to account for in how we release water from Don Pedro because it’s not controlled,” said Smart. “That was a really tricky balance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flood information \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanemergency.org/naturaldisasters/2017Flood.shtm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can be found at the Stanislaus County Office of Emergency Services\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Areas around Modesto could see flooding next week, if Don Pedro Reservoir opens a spillway for the first time in 20 years.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929068,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":631},"headData":{"title":"Another California Dam Grapples With Flood Danger | KQED","description":"Areas around Modesto could see flooding next week, if Don Pedro Reservoir opens a spillway for the first time in 20 years.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Another California Dam Grapples With Flood Danger","datePublished":"2017-02-18T02:45:10.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:24:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1413406/another-california-dam-grapples-with-flood-danger","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With yet another major rainstorm pelting California, water agencies around the state are preparing for flooding, as the state’s infrastructure strains under the onslaught of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are still working to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/07/engineers-assess-spillway-problem-at-oroville-dam/\">lower the water level\u003c/a> behind \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/12/photos-oroville-dam-spillway-trouble-and-evacuation/\">Oroville Dam\u003c/a>, where last Sunday rising waters threatened to cause a catastrophic failure of the auxiliary spillway — but another reservoir is expected to use its auxiliary spillway for the first time in 20 years, potentially causing flooding downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tid.org/water/projects/don-pedro-reservoir\">Don Pedro Reservoir\u003c/a>, which supplies water to nearly 6,000 farms in the San Joaquin Valley, has filled quickly in the last month, rising above levels recommended by flood control engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We would expect some localized flooding at certain points on the Tuolumne River.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Herb Smart, Turlock Irrigation District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Operators are \u003ca href=\"http://www.spk-wc.usace.army.mil/fcgi-bin/getplot.py?plot=dnpr&wy=2017&interval=d&length=wy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">releasing as much water as possible\u003c/a> to make room for anticipated storm runoff. The lake level is hovering around 826 feet in elevation, close to the 830-foot maximum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with almost five inches of rain expected on Monday and Tuesday, officials say if the forecast pans out, they might need to open their “controlled spillway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time the spillway was used in 1997, parts of Modesto were flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That storm came on fast,” says Herb Smart, spokesman for the Turlock Irrigation District, which co-manages Don Pedro. “This time, we are looking at flows, — if the forecast holds — that are nowhere near the flows in 1997.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Smart says they’re working with the Stanislaus County Office of Emergency Services to identify which areas are now at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s tough to tell at this point, but we would expect some localized flooding at certain points on the Tuolumne River that are more low-lying areas,” says Smart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water flow to the spillway is controlled by three 45-foot gates that lead into a rock channel that was carved out when the spillway was last used in 1997. From there, it rejoins the Tuolumne River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1413740\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1413740 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway.jpg\" alt=\"The controlled auxiliary spillway on Don Pedro Dam.\" width=\"2590\" height=\"1598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway.jpg 2590w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-800x494.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-768x474.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-1020x629.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-1920x1185.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-1180x728.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-960x592.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/TID-spillway-520x321.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2590px) 100vw, 2590px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The controlled auxiliary spillway on Don Pedro Dam. \u003ccite>(Turlock Irrigation District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dam also has an unlined emergency spillway, much like Oroville Dam’s earthen slope, over which water would flow if the reservoir fills completely. While Oroville’s earthen spillway was designed to handle cascades of more than 200,000 cubic feet per second, engineers at the state Department of Water Resources were stunned by how quickly the bank melted away under just a small fraction of that force last weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Operators at Don Pedro got clearance from the Army Corps of Engineers to increase their releases recently, but they say the limiting factor is the narrow river channel downstream, which can’t handle extremely high flows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were trying to push out as much water as we could,” says Smart. “The channel capacity has been hard. Oroville is able to push tens of thousands of cfs, but we just don’t have that luxury.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reservoir managers in California \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/29/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">try to walk a tightrope\u003c/a> – staying as full as possible in the winter to boost their summer supplies, while also leaving enough room to capture winter storm runoff. The maximum levels during the wet season are set by the federal government, and require congressional action to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smart says another constraint at Don Pedro is water that enters the Tuolumne River from Dry Creek, which further strains the river channel’s capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s water we have to account for in how we release water from Don Pedro because it’s not controlled,” said Smart. “That was a really tricky balance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flood information \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanemergency.org/naturaldisasters/2017Flood.shtm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can be found at the Stanislaus County Office of Emergency Services\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1413406/another-california-dam-grapples-with-flood-danger","authors":["239"],"series":["science_87","science_1151"],"categories":["science_89","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_1195","science_1196","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1413409","label":"science_1151"},"science_585457":{"type":"posts","id":"science_585457","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"585457","score":null,"sort":[1458332651000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-eases-water-cutbacks-after-march-rains","title":"State Water Project Eases Water Cutbacks After March Rains","publishDate":1458332651,"format":"image","headTitle":"State Water Project Eases Water Cutbacks After March Rains | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>California further \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2016/031716.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eased some water cutbacks Thursday\u003c/a> as a rainy March lessens the state’s five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources announced it would be able to give its client water agencies 45 percent of their water allocations this year. That’s up from as low as 5 percent in 2014, in the middle of California’s driest four-year stretch on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January and again in March, winter storms have been bringing vital snowpack to the Sierra Nevada and rain to Northern and Central California reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third such increase in recent months. The easing of cutbacks could affect up to two-thirds of California’s nearly 40 million people, and just under a million acres of irrigated farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_585462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2321px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels.jpg\" alt=\"California reservoir levels on March 18, 2016 12:45 p.m. PST.\" width=\"2321\" height=\"2620\" class=\"size-full wp-image-585462\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels.jpg 2321w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-400x452.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-800x903.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-768x867.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1440x1626.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1920x2167.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1180x1332.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-960x1084.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2321px) 100vw, 2321px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California reservoir levels on March 18, 2016 12:45 p.m. PST. \u003ccite>(California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Thursday’s easing, the state’s cities and towns will remain under a mandatory conservation order of 20 percent and up, for now, state water officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor said Thursday that almost all of California—99.5 percent—remains in some level of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a rainy March for the northern half and center of the state, the weekly drought monitor found 74 percent of the state was in severe drought or worse, down from 83 percent a week earlier.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The state will increase water allocations for the third time this year following recent rains, however the drought isn't over.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930461,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":240},"headData":{"title":"State Water Project Eases Water Cutbacks After March Rains | KQED","description":"The state will increase water allocations for the third time this year following recent rains, however the drought isn't over.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"State Water Project Eases Water Cutbacks After March Rains","datePublished":"2016-03-18T20:24:11.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:47:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003cb>Associated Press\u003c/b>","path":"/science/585457/california-eases-water-cutbacks-after-march-rains","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California further \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2016/031716.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eased some water cutbacks Thursday\u003c/a> as a rainy March lessens the state’s five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources announced it would be able to give its client water agencies 45 percent of their water allocations this year. That’s up from as low as 5 percent in 2014, in the middle of California’s driest four-year stretch on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January and again in March, winter storms have been bringing vital snowpack to the Sierra Nevada and rain to Northern and Central California reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third such increase in recent months. The easing of cutbacks could affect up to two-thirds of California’s nearly 40 million people, and just under a million acres of irrigated farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_585462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2321px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels.jpg\" alt=\"California reservoir levels on March 18, 2016 12:45 p.m. PST.\" width=\"2321\" height=\"2620\" class=\"size-full wp-image-585462\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels.jpg 2321w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-400x452.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-800x903.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-768x867.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1440x1626.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1920x2167.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1180x1332.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-960x1084.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2321px) 100vw, 2321px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California reservoir levels on March 18, 2016 12:45 p.m. PST. \u003ccite>(California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Thursday’s easing, the state’s cities and towns will remain under a mandatory conservation order of 20 percent and up, for now, state water officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor said Thursday that almost all of California—99.5 percent—remains in some level of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a rainy March for the northern half and center of the state, the weekly drought monitor found 74 percent of the state was in severe drought or worse, down from 83 percent a week earlier.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/585457/california-eases-water-cutbacks-after-march-rains","authors":["byline_science_585457"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_2397","science_572","science_1196"],"featImg":"science_585544","label":"science"},"science_549358":{"type":"posts","id":"science_549358","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"549358","score":null,"sort":[1456758034000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that","title":"California Reservoirs Are Dumping Water in a Drought, But Science Could Change That","publishDate":1456758034,"format":"audio","headTitle":"California Reservoirs Are Dumping Water in a Drought, But Science Could Change That | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>There’s a rule in California that may seem bizarre in a drought-stricken state: in the winter, reservoirs aren’t allowed to fill up completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, even as this post goes up, a handful of reservoirs are releasing water to maintain empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice, which has long inflamed combatants in California’s water wars, is due to a decades-old rule designed to protect public safety. If a major winter storm comes in, reservoirs need space to catch the runoff and prevent floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with advances in weather forecasting, some say this preemptive strategy is outdated. A new, “smart” flood control system could save water in years when Californians need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hitting the ‘Magic’ Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one of the state’s major reservoirs — Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento — the volume of water spilling from the dam has swollen eight-fold in the past few weeks, sending billions of gallons downstream, much of it into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in February the reservoir reached a key threshold: 60 percent full, which is the highest water level allowed during the winter months, according to rules from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, most of the reservoir was a dry, dusty lakebed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What reservoir was left was confined to the old river channels before we built the dam,” says Drew Lessard of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the federal agency that manages the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just an average-size winter storm can send huge volumes of water down the American River \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Water-starved-Folsom-Lake-is-finally-starting-to-6738359.php\">into Folsom Reservoir\u003c/a>, boosting the lake by 10 percent or more. A major storm can produce dramatically more than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The watershed is pretty flashy and it responds pretty quickly to storm events,” says Lessard. “That’s why we need to reserve a space during those winter months in case that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting 40 percent empty allows the reservoir to act as a buffer against floods, gulping the runoff without overflowing. In years where the upstream reservoirs are fuller, Folsom Reservoir is required to remain 60 percent empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-549363 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg\" alt=\"Reservoir_V08_160225-web\" width=\"1191\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg 1191w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-400x363.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-800x725.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-768x696.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-1180x1070.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-960x871.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1191px) 100vw, 1191px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing water downstream does produce benefits, supporting wildlife and endangered fish. It also prevents salt water from San Francisco Bay from backing up into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, which is a drinking water supply for many in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But preemptively releasing water has its own risks, especially if it doesn’t rain again, as happened in 1997. The reservoir was lowered and, “it was dry the rest of the year and we never really rebounded,” recalls Lessard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century.’\u003ccite>Marty Ralph, UCSD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As California enters a fifth year of drought, seeing operators deliberately dumping water can be disconcerting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, Shauna Lorance of the San Juan Water District near Sacramento went to state regulators with a message: when water is disappearing downriver, it’s hard for water consumers to take the conservation message seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything they conserve right now is not held,” said Lorance. “For me to explain to customers, after everything they’ve done, that they need to continue to conserve so it can be spilled is going to be a nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Smart’ Reservoirs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century,” says Marty Ralph, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/2014/02/10/marty-ralph-atmospheric-rivers-drought-and-the-new-center-for-western-weather-and-water-extremes/\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a> at UC San Diego. “And yet here we live in the 21st century with its special and new needs: greater population and a changing climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph is piloting a more dynamic method of flood management at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5143750-181/lake-mendocino-nears-winter-capacity?artslide=0\">Lake Mendocino\u003c/a> with the Sonoma County Water Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a maintaining firm limits on reservoir levels dictated by the calendar, managers would use cutting-edge weather forecasts to gauge how much flood space they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Weather predictions have been improving over the last decades, “ said Ralph. “Particularly on the West Coast, we’ve learned about the phenomenon that produces most flood-producing storms. We call them \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/questions/\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of emptying out a reservoir preemptively, managers would allow the reservoir to stay fuller, keeping an eye on the weather forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a big storm appears, “they’d have three, four, five days lead time, enough to release that extra water and get it out of the way safely,” said Ralph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If storms don’t appear, the water would be saved for later in the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says “forecast-informed” operations are becoming possible thanks to major advances in weather research. New weather satellites and more precise forecast models are making predictions more accurate. Researchers are even \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/flying-into-the-heart-of-the-wests-biggest-storms/\">flying planes into atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> to gather information about how they behave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says even with the improvements, there’s more fine tuning to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get down to three days’ lead time and we’re down to plus or minus 300 kilometers (186 mi.) in terms of the location of the storm’s landfall,” he explains. “That’s the difference between San Francisco and the Oregon border. That’s a big difference if you’re operating a reservoir on a much smaller scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says potential is clear in a drought-prone state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine we have the option to keep, say, ten percent extra water behind each dam in the winter,” he muses. At Folsom Reservoir alone, that amount would supply 200,000 households for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see potential,” agrees Greg Kukas of the Army Corps of Engineers, the federal agency that sets flood rules for reservoirs. “What we’re not clear on is what the risks associated with that potential might be. What are the trade offs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps is considering using the new weather-based operations at Folsom as part of a major update to the reservoir operations plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is whether weather forecasts are precise enough — not just as to when a storm is coming, but how big it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to forecasting the size of events that we’re most concerned about, they are about 20 percent off,” says Kukas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting it wrong is not an option. If the dam overflows, it could flood Sacramento and hundreds of thousands of people downstream, and potentially put the dam itself at risk of failing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences, you don’t even want to imagine them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with reservoir operators around the state, the Corps says it currently takes weather forecasts into consideration in making water release decisions, though in a minimal way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t make our reservoir releases in a vacuum,” says Christy Jones, also with the Corps of Engineers. “We always are looking at the balance. We know water supply is incredibly important but we also know public safety is incredibly important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps plans to decide whether to manage Folsom Reservoir using weather forecasts next year. Changing current flood rules for how much the reservoir can hold in the winter would require an act of Congress. But if it works at Folsom, Jones agrees that it would be a model for reservoirs across the Western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This could have a huge impact on the West.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Advanced weather models could remove some of the guesswork and leave more water behind dams.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930560,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":44,"wordCount":1275},"headData":{"title":"California Reservoirs Are Dumping Water in a Drought, But Science Could Change That | KQED","description":"Advanced weather models could remove some of the guesswork and leave more water behind dams.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Reservoirs Are Dumping Water in a Drought, But Science Could Change That","datePublished":"2016-02-29T15:00:34.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:49:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/02/WebReservoirs.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/549358/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a rule in California that may seem bizarre in a drought-stricken state: in the winter, reservoirs aren’t allowed to fill up completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, even as this post goes up, a handful of reservoirs are releasing water to maintain empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice, which has long inflamed combatants in California’s water wars, is due to a decades-old rule designed to protect public safety. If a major winter storm comes in, reservoirs need space to catch the runoff and prevent floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with advances in weather forecasting, some say this preemptive strategy is outdated. A new, “smart” flood control system could save water in years when Californians need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hitting the ‘Magic’ Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one of the state’s major reservoirs — Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento — the volume of water spilling from the dam has swollen eight-fold in the past few weeks, sending billions of gallons downstream, much of it into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in February the reservoir reached a key threshold: 60 percent full, which is the highest water level allowed during the winter months, according to rules from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, most of the reservoir was a dry, dusty lakebed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What reservoir was left was confined to the old river channels before we built the dam,” says Drew Lessard of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the federal agency that manages the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just an average-size winter storm can send huge volumes of water down the American River \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Water-starved-Folsom-Lake-is-finally-starting-to-6738359.php\">into Folsom Reservoir\u003c/a>, boosting the lake by 10 percent or more. A major storm can produce dramatically more than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The watershed is pretty flashy and it responds pretty quickly to storm events,” says Lessard. “That’s why we need to reserve a space during those winter months in case that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting 40 percent empty allows the reservoir to act as a buffer against floods, gulping the runoff without overflowing. In years where the upstream reservoirs are fuller, Folsom Reservoir is required to remain 60 percent empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-549363 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg\" alt=\"Reservoir_V08_160225-web\" width=\"1191\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg 1191w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-400x363.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-800x725.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-768x696.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-1180x1070.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-960x871.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1191px) 100vw, 1191px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing water downstream does produce benefits, supporting wildlife and endangered fish. It also prevents salt water from San Francisco Bay from backing up into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, which is a drinking water supply for many in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But preemptively releasing water has its own risks, especially if it doesn’t rain again, as happened in 1997. The reservoir was lowered and, “it was dry the rest of the year and we never really rebounded,” recalls Lessard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century.’\u003ccite>Marty Ralph, UCSD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As California enters a fifth year of drought, seeing operators deliberately dumping water can be disconcerting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, Shauna Lorance of the San Juan Water District near Sacramento went to state regulators with a message: when water is disappearing downriver, it’s hard for water consumers to take the conservation message seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything they conserve right now is not held,” said Lorance. “For me to explain to customers, after everything they’ve done, that they need to continue to conserve so it can be spilled is going to be a nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Smart’ Reservoirs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century,” says Marty Ralph, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/2014/02/10/marty-ralph-atmospheric-rivers-drought-and-the-new-center-for-western-weather-and-water-extremes/\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a> at UC San Diego. “And yet here we live in the 21st century with its special and new needs: greater population and a changing climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph is piloting a more dynamic method of flood management at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5143750-181/lake-mendocino-nears-winter-capacity?artslide=0\">Lake Mendocino\u003c/a> with the Sonoma County Water Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a maintaining firm limits on reservoir levels dictated by the calendar, managers would use cutting-edge weather forecasts to gauge how much flood space they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Weather predictions have been improving over the last decades, “ said Ralph. “Particularly on the West Coast, we’ve learned about the phenomenon that produces most flood-producing storms. We call them \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/questions/\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of emptying out a reservoir preemptively, managers would allow the reservoir to stay fuller, keeping an eye on the weather forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a big storm appears, “they’d have three, four, five days lead time, enough to release that extra water and get it out of the way safely,” said Ralph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If storms don’t appear, the water would be saved for later in the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says “forecast-informed” operations are becoming possible thanks to major advances in weather research. New weather satellites and more precise forecast models are making predictions more accurate. Researchers are even \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/flying-into-the-heart-of-the-wests-biggest-storms/\">flying planes into atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> to gather information about how they behave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says even with the improvements, there’s more fine tuning to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get down to three days’ lead time and we’re down to plus or minus 300 kilometers (186 mi.) in terms of the location of the storm’s landfall,” he explains. “That’s the difference between San Francisco and the Oregon border. That’s a big difference if you’re operating a reservoir on a much smaller scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says potential is clear in a drought-prone state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine we have the option to keep, say, ten percent extra water behind each dam in the winter,” he muses. At Folsom Reservoir alone, that amount would supply 200,000 households for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see potential,” agrees Greg Kukas of the Army Corps of Engineers, the federal agency that sets flood rules for reservoirs. “What we’re not clear on is what the risks associated with that potential might be. What are the trade offs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps is considering using the new weather-based operations at Folsom as part of a major update to the reservoir operations plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is whether weather forecasts are precise enough — not just as to when a storm is coming, but how big it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to forecasting the size of events that we’re most concerned about, they are about 20 percent off,” says Kukas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting it wrong is not an option. If the dam overflows, it could flood Sacramento and hundreds of thousands of people downstream, and potentially put the dam itself at risk of failing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences, you don’t even want to imagine them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with reservoir operators around the state, the Corps says it currently takes weather forecasts into consideration in making water release decisions, though in a minimal way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t make our reservoir releases in a vacuum,” says Christy Jones, also with the Corps of Engineers. “We always are looking at the balance. We know water supply is incredibly important but we also know public safety is incredibly important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps plans to decide whether to manage Folsom Reservoir using weather forecasts next year. Changing current flood rules for how much the reservoir can hold in the winter would require an act of Congress. But if it works at Folsom, Jones agrees that it would be a model for reservoirs across the Western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This could have a huge impact on the West.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/549358/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_46","science_31","science_89","science_35","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_2227","science_572","science_1548","science_2828","science_1196","science_201","science_365"],"featImg":"science_549360","label":"science_1151"},"science_419763":{"type":"posts","id":"science_419763","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"419763","score":null,"sort":[1450706404000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drought-could-help-reveal-secrets-of-sierras-origins","title":"Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra's Origins","publishDate":1450706404,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra’s Origins | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>A few miles northeast of Fresno, Chris Pluhar walks through a field pockmarked with little holes. It’s dry, scrubby and surrounded by rolling brown hills. You’d never know that in a normal year, where he’s standing would be under 20 feet of water. It’s usually a part of Millerton Lake, a major but rapidly shrinking reservoir in the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than being in a lake, which is how it’s shown on the map, we’re standing in the middle of a grassland,” says Pluhar, who teaches geology at Fresno State University. “We were here about three weeks ago and since then, a few new islands have popped up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range, and yet us scientists can’t agree on some of the most basic things—like did it uplift recently or not?’\u003ccite>Chris Pluhar, Fresno State University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right now, Millerton’s filled to about a third of its total capacity. The high water line scars the hillside far above Pluhar’s head, and some boat ramps lead to nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most people overlooking Millerton would see only a shriveled reservoir, Pluhar saw an opportunity: he could study rocks revealed for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is kind of virgin territory for mapping,” he says. “If you look at the U.S., it’s mapped all across the country except for places like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluhar studies tectonics—the process by which geologic plates pull apart and jam together to form ridges and mountains—and he’s interested in what these rocks can tell him about the Sierra Nevada. So he brought along a student to help figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wynter Erickson is mapping this area for her senior thesis—a process that involves tracking the boundaries between rock layers and measuring how much they’ve tilted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You kind of just get in your own little world while everyone’s on their speedboats,” she says. “It’s awesome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These geologists are piecing together pre-history. Some of the rocks here formed more than 100 million years ago, long before the Sierra began to rise. Pluhar hopes Erickson’s measurements will help answer an important question: when did the mountains grow to their current size? And how quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419846\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-419846 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fresno State student Wynter Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range,” says Pluhar, “and yet us scientists \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2015/05/mountain-mystery-the-stop-and-go-growth-of-the-sierra-nevada/3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can’t agree on some of the most basic things\u003c/a>—like did it uplift recently or not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra is a jumble of sediments transported from the deep ocean and piled up on top of the continent, with scars of granite and lava from defunct volcanoes. Its history is complex, and it’s not easy to figure out what happened when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no telling if this one little part of the foothills will resolve a big, longstanding scientific debate. But one thing is certain: now is the time to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably, overall statewide, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/05/14/california-drought-pictures-reservoirs-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about half of what we would normally see in reservoir storage\u003c/a>” for this time of year, says Jay Lund, director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. “Some of the reservoirs are the lowest that they’ve ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As worrisome as that is, Lund says it does present some rare opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get to see what used to be in the reservoir before they filled it,” he says, like relics and building foundations from towns submerged long ago. “And there are sometimes\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/21/lake-county-cracks-down-on-looting-of-native-american-artifacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> old Indian artifacts around the state.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund also says drought years are the best time to perform maintenance and repairs on dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419847\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 408px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-419847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-419847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers.\" width=\"408\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-400x326.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-768x626.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1440x1175.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1920x1566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1180x962.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-960x783.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s hopeful that an El Niño winter will top up the state’s thirsty reservoirs. But he’s quick to point out that high water levels wouldn’t mean all of the state’s water worries are over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For long droughts, it’s groundwater which is really by far the largest reservoir for California,” he says—like the over-pumped aquifer underlying the Central Valley. “It’ll take a very very long time, if ever, for those groundwater levels to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find an upside when farms are going fallow and thousands of people are out of drinking water. But back in the parched basin of Millerton Lake, Wynter Erickson is excited that she’s in the right place at the right time to make something good of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s so cool because if we do get our El Niño year, it’s not going to be available to map anymore,” she says. “So I think it’s pretty incredible that we get to do this research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time she and Pluhar finish their maps, their field site will once again be at the bottom of a lake—at least, one can hope.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The low water in Millerton Lake, northeast of Fresno, reveals ancient geology that may help scientists solve mysteries of the Sierra.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930903,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":920},"headData":{"title":"Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra's Origins | KQED","description":"The low water in Millerton Lake, northeast of Fresno, reveals ancient geology that may help scientists solve mysteries of the Sierra.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra's Origins","datePublished":"2015-12-21T14:00:04.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:55:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/12/WEBDroughtGeologyKlein151221.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/419763/drought-could-help-reveal-secrets-of-sierras-origins","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few miles northeast of Fresno, Chris Pluhar walks through a field pockmarked with little holes. It’s dry, scrubby and surrounded by rolling brown hills. You’d never know that in a normal year, where he’s standing would be under 20 feet of water. It’s usually a part of Millerton Lake, a major but rapidly shrinking reservoir in the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than being in a lake, which is how it’s shown on the map, we’re standing in the middle of a grassland,” says Pluhar, who teaches geology at Fresno State University. “We were here about three weeks ago and since then, a few new islands have popped up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range, and yet us scientists can’t agree on some of the most basic things—like did it uplift recently or not?’\u003ccite>Chris Pluhar, Fresno State University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right now, Millerton’s filled to about a third of its total capacity. The high water line scars the hillside far above Pluhar’s head, and some boat ramps lead to nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most people overlooking Millerton would see only a shriveled reservoir, Pluhar saw an opportunity: he could study rocks revealed for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is kind of virgin territory for mapping,” he says. “If you look at the U.S., it’s mapped all across the country except for places like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluhar studies tectonics—the process by which geologic plates pull apart and jam together to form ridges and mountains—and he’s interested in what these rocks can tell him about the Sierra Nevada. So he brought along a student to help figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wynter Erickson is mapping this area for her senior thesis—a process that involves tracking the boundaries between rock layers and measuring how much they’ve tilted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You kind of just get in your own little world while everyone’s on their speedboats,” she says. “It’s awesome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These geologists are piecing together pre-history. Some of the rocks here formed more than 100 million years ago, long before the Sierra began to rise. Pluhar hopes Erickson’s measurements will help answer an important question: when did the mountains grow to their current size? And how quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419846\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-419846 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fresno State student Wynter Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range,” says Pluhar, “and yet us scientists \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2015/05/mountain-mystery-the-stop-and-go-growth-of-the-sierra-nevada/3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can’t agree on some of the most basic things\u003c/a>—like did it uplift recently or not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra is a jumble of sediments transported from the deep ocean and piled up on top of the continent, with scars of granite and lava from defunct volcanoes. Its history is complex, and it’s not easy to figure out what happened when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no telling if this one little part of the foothills will resolve a big, longstanding scientific debate. But one thing is certain: now is the time to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably, overall statewide, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/05/14/california-drought-pictures-reservoirs-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about half of what we would normally see in reservoir storage\u003c/a>” for this time of year, says Jay Lund, director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. “Some of the reservoirs are the lowest that they’ve ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As worrisome as that is, Lund says it does present some rare opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get to see what used to be in the reservoir before they filled it,” he says, like relics and building foundations from towns submerged long ago. “And there are sometimes\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/21/lake-county-cracks-down-on-looting-of-native-american-artifacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> old Indian artifacts around the state.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund also says drought years are the best time to perform maintenance and repairs on dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419847\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 408px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-419847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-419847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers.\" width=\"408\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-400x326.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-768x626.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1440x1175.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1920x1566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1180x962.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-960x783.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s hopeful that an El Niño winter will top up the state’s thirsty reservoirs. But he’s quick to point out that high water levels wouldn’t mean all of the state’s water worries are over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For long droughts, it’s groundwater which is really by far the largest reservoir for California,” he says—like the over-pumped aquifer underlying the Central Valley. “It’ll take a very very long time, if ever, for those groundwater levels to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find an upside when farms are going fallow and thousands of people are out of drinking water. But back in the parched basin of Millerton Lake, Wynter Erickson is excited that she’s in the right place at the right time to make something good of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s so cool because if we do get our El Niño year, it’s not going to be available to map anymore,” she says. “So I think it’s pretty incredible that we get to do this research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time she and Pluhar finish their maps, their field site will once again be at the bottom of a lake—at least, one can hope.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/419763/drought-could-help-reveal-secrets-of-sierras-origins","authors":["11092"],"categories":["science_46","science_31","science_35","science_38","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_572","science_218","science_1196","science_109"],"featImg":"science_419844","label":"science"},"science_16357":{"type":"posts","id":"science_16357","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"16357","score":null,"sort":[1397093430000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"during-long-dry-summer-of-drought-nobody-wins","title":"During Long, Dry Summer of Drought, Nobody Wins","publishDate":1397093430,"format":"aside","headTitle":"During Long, Dry Summer of Drought, Nobody Wins | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16371\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Healdsburg_4493.jpg\" alt=\"A woman and her dog sit by a shrunken stretch of the Russian River in Healdsburg, Sonoma County. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16371\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman and her dog sit by a shrunken stretch of the Russian River in Healdsburg, Sonoma County. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoirs and snowpack \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/18/into-the-drought-californias-shrinking-reservoirs/\">still far below normal\u003c/a>, state officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.ca.gov/drought/top-story-4.html\">released a plan\u003c/a> on Wednesday that outlines how they’ll manage meager water supplies during the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think anybody has enjoyed the recent storm events more than I have,” said Mark Cowin, who heads the Department of Water Resources. “But it’s pretty clear that our dry and warm weather has returned and I expect that the reality of drought will become much more apparent to us all moving forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a diplomatic way of saying that water managers are walking a tightrope this year, balancing three competing needs: how much water to deliver to people and agriculture, how much to provide for wildlife and how much to save for next year, in case it’s just as dry. Here’s how they propose to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for People\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts around the state have already been warned to expect \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/21/federal-water-project-announces-deep-drought-cuts/\">no water deliveries\u003c/a> from the two main projects in California, the State Water Project and the federally operated Central Valley Project. While drinking water needs would be met, agricultural water would be cut, leading many farmers to fallow some of their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent storms have lifted conditions out of the worst-cast scenario for which the state was planning. So far, that extra water is earmarked for two purposes. Some is going to water districts that were already owed water from last year, because at the time, they opted to carry the supply over to this year instead of using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water is going to holders of “senior” water rights. Under California’s complex system of rights, they’re first in line to have their needs met. That includes rights holders on the Feather River, north of Sacramento, and San Joaquin River exchange contractors in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to how much districts with “junior” rights will get, state officials left the door open on what their final water deliveries would be, saying they’re still analyzing the effects of recent storms on the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/01/sierra-snowpack-better-but-far-from-whats-needed-for-drought/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, and that a reassessment may come later this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is also suspending some rules designed to protect endangered salmon and fish in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. The standards specify the amount of freshwater in the ecosystem, as well as the quality and temperature – all factors that help chinook salmon, steelhead and Delta smelt survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This proposal falls far short of being a balanced plan,” says Kate Poole of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “It calls for the Central Valley Project and State Water Project to violate upstream water temperature requirements, waive water quality standards and violate pumping restrictions in the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”912fb154015396400e782621b5625d64″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re doing is finding maximum flexibility under existing law and trying to balance multiple needs in a third dry year,” said Chuck Bonham of California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toll on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/12/drought-leads-to-tough-tradeoffs-for-california-salmon/\">endangered winter-run chinook salmon\u003c/a> could be substantial. Adult salmon lay their eggs in the Sacramento River during the summer. To survive, the eggs and young salmon rely on cold water, which is released from Shasta Dam. Under the worst-case scenario, water in the river would be too warm for salmon by the end of the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a serious situation for that species,” says Maria Rea of NOAA Fisheries. The plan includes increased monitoring of salmon. Rea says they’re also looking at producing more young hatchery salmon and potentially rescuing salmon in the river and relocating them to new habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife refuges and wetlands, a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">crucial stopover for migratory birds\u003c/a>, will receive 15-to-30 percent of their water supply. “We’re looking at very wet conditions in the Midwest and Canada,” said Bonham. “We anticipate a whole heck of a lot of birds coming to California and they’ll be looking down at some of the driest habitat they’ve seen in decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for Next Year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state faces a growing chorus of demands for water this year, officials are also planning to bank water, in case 2015 is an equally dry year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we consider any increase in allocations, one of our priorities will be to ensure we have enough water to meet those 2015 needs,” said Cowin. Demand for drinking water from state and federal projects could be even higher next year, as water districts lean heavily on local supplies to meet needs this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan calls for 1 million acre-feet of water to be reserved in Lake Oroville this year. (One acre-foot is about 325,000 gallons, about what two California household use in a year.) Federal reservoirs will hold 1.4-to-1.9 million acre-feet of water to carry over into next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current plan doesn’t factor in a possible El Niño, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25208082/california-drought-rare-good-news-storms-move-and\">some early indications\u003c/a> show could create wet conditions this winter. “Clearly, we’d love an El Niño or any other weather condition that improves the drought situation but we’re not going to bet on that,” says Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials stressed that the plan is a framework for water operations this summer, but could change as demands and priorities shift.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Water managers are walking a tightrope this year, balancing three competing needs: how much water to deliver to people and agriculture, how much to provide for wildlife and how much to save for next year, in case it’s just as dry.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933860,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":947},"headData":{"title":"During Long, Dry Summer of Drought, Nobody Wins | KQED","description":"Water managers are walking a tightrope this year, balancing three competing needs: how much water to deliver to people and agriculture, how much to provide for wildlife and how much to save for next year, in case it’s just as dry.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"During Long, Dry Summer of Drought, Nobody Wins","datePublished":"2014-04-10T01:30:30.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:44:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/16357/during-long-dry-summer-of-drought-nobody-wins","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16371\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Healdsburg_4493.jpg\" alt=\"A woman and her dog sit by a shrunken stretch of the Russian River in Healdsburg, Sonoma County. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16371\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman and her dog sit by a shrunken stretch of the Russian River in Healdsburg, Sonoma County. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoirs and snowpack \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/18/into-the-drought-californias-shrinking-reservoirs/\">still far below normal\u003c/a>, state officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.ca.gov/drought/top-story-4.html\">released a plan\u003c/a> on Wednesday that outlines how they’ll manage meager water supplies during the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think anybody has enjoyed the recent storm events more than I have,” said Mark Cowin, who heads the Department of Water Resources. “But it’s pretty clear that our dry and warm weather has returned and I expect that the reality of drought will become much more apparent to us all moving forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a diplomatic way of saying that water managers are walking a tightrope this year, balancing three competing needs: how much water to deliver to people and agriculture, how much to provide for wildlife and how much to save for next year, in case it’s just as dry. Here’s how they propose to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for People\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts around the state have already been warned to expect \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/21/federal-water-project-announces-deep-drought-cuts/\">no water deliveries\u003c/a> from the two main projects in California, the State Water Project and the federally operated Central Valley Project. While drinking water needs would be met, agricultural water would be cut, leading many farmers to fallow some of their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent storms have lifted conditions out of the worst-cast scenario for which the state was planning. So far, that extra water is earmarked for two purposes. Some is going to water districts that were already owed water from last year, because at the time, they opted to carry the supply over to this year instead of using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water is going to holders of “senior” water rights. Under California’s complex system of rights, they’re first in line to have their needs met. That includes rights holders on the Feather River, north of Sacramento, and San Joaquin River exchange contractors in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to how much districts with “junior” rights will get, state officials left the door open on what their final water deliveries would be, saying they’re still analyzing the effects of recent storms on the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/01/sierra-snowpack-better-but-far-from-whats-needed-for-drought/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, and that a reassessment may come later this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is also suspending some rules designed to protect endangered salmon and fish in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. The standards specify the amount of freshwater in the ecosystem, as well as the quality and temperature – all factors that help chinook salmon, steelhead and Delta smelt survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This proposal falls far short of being a balanced plan,” says Kate Poole of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “It calls for the Central Valley Project and State Water Project to violate upstream water temperature requirements, waive water quality standards and violate pumping restrictions in the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re doing is finding maximum flexibility under existing law and trying to balance multiple needs in a third dry year,” said Chuck Bonham of California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toll on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/12/drought-leads-to-tough-tradeoffs-for-california-salmon/\">endangered winter-run chinook salmon\u003c/a> could be substantial. Adult salmon lay their eggs in the Sacramento River during the summer. To survive, the eggs and young salmon rely on cold water, which is released from Shasta Dam. Under the worst-case scenario, water in the river would be too warm for salmon by the end of the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a serious situation for that species,” says Maria Rea of NOAA Fisheries. The plan includes increased monitoring of salmon. Rea says they’re also looking at producing more young hatchery salmon and potentially rescuing salmon in the river and relocating them to new habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife refuges and wetlands, a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">crucial stopover for migratory birds\u003c/a>, will receive 15-to-30 percent of their water supply. “We’re looking at very wet conditions in the Midwest and Canada,” said Bonham. “We anticipate a whole heck of a lot of birds coming to California and they’ll be looking down at some of the driest habitat they’ve seen in decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for Next Year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state faces a growing chorus of demands for water this year, officials are also planning to bank water, in case 2015 is an equally dry year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we consider any increase in allocations, one of our priorities will be to ensure we have enough water to meet those 2015 needs,” said Cowin. Demand for drinking water from state and federal projects could be even higher next year, as water districts lean heavily on local supplies to meet needs this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan calls for 1 million acre-feet of water to be reserved in Lake Oroville this year. (One acre-foot is about 325,000 gallons, about what two California household use in a year.) Federal reservoirs will hold 1.4-to-1.9 million acre-feet of water to carry over into next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current plan doesn’t factor in a possible El Niño, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25208082/california-drought-rare-good-news-storms-move-and\">some early indications\u003c/a> show could create wet conditions this winter. “Clearly, we’d love an El Niño or any other weather condition that improves the drought situation but we’re not going to bet on that,” says Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials stressed that the plan is a framework for water operations this summer, but could change as demands and priorities shift.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/16357/during-long-dry-summer-of-drought-nobody-wins","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_392","science_572","science_1491","science_261","science_1196","science_247","science_201","science_804"],"featImg":"science_16371","label":"science_1151"},"science_15123":{"type":"posts","id":"science_15123","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"15123","score":null,"sort":[1394458221000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drought-distant-dust-storms-matter-to-california-rainfall","title":"Why Distant Dust Storms Matter to California Rainfall","publishDate":1394458221,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Why Distant Dust Storms Matter to California Rainfall | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140310science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Worldview-Terra_0226-0228Storm_TrueColor-AOT0224.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Worldview-Terra_0226-0228Storm_TrueColor-AOT0224.jpg\" alt=\"A storm approaching California on February 24th had what researchers say is a large amount of dust at the center, as shown by the orange areas. (NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A storm approaching California on February 24 had large amounts of dust at the center, as shown by the highlighted orange areas. (NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s recent rainstorms, as welcome as they were, haven’t been enough to save the state from a serious drought this year. The rainy season typically winds down by late March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are trying to understand why some storms unload lots of rain and snow in California and others don’t. They’re finding it could be linked to dust storms thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeds of a Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a windy bluff overlooking the Pacific Ocean, Kim Prather, an atmospheric chemist at the University of California, San Diego, eyes a bank of dark clouds in the distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s coming in,” she says. “I think it’s the front.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain is what Prather and her team have been waiting for. They’ve set up a large truck trailer full of scientific equipment at the Bodega Marine Laboratory, about an hour north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds are made up of water vapor, but that’s not the only ingredient needed for rain. Tiny particles like pollution, sea spray, dust and smoke, are the seeds of a rainstorm. The water inside a cloud condenses on these aerosols, growing larger and larger until it becomes a raindrop or snowflake that’s heavy enough to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large pumps on the trailer next to us are pulling in millions of these particles, so Prather and her team can examine them one by one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t expect there to be much dust here, but in fact, there are parcels of dust continuously coming across the Pacific right now,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dust has made its way from the deserts of Asia and Africa. Dust storms send particles miles into the air, then they drift to California in 7 to 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15133\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Prather.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Prather.jpg\" alt=\"Kim Prather watches are air particles are tested, inside a research trailer in Bodega Bay. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kim Prather watches as her mobile lab tests air particles inside a research trailer in Bodega Bay. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prather has studied dust like this before, when she \u003ca href=\"http://atofms.ucsd.edu/content/calwater-2009-2011\">flew through Sierra Nevada snowstorms\u003c/a> in a small research plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So days with dust, we found, were days where you had the most snow on the ground consistently,” she says. “And it’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that comes in and seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one study, Prather found that the right kind of dust storm \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/feature/intercontinental_rainmakers\">could boost snowfall\u003c/a> in the Sierra Nevada by 40 percent. It happens because dust helps ice crystals grow. Ice formation appears to be the magic recipe for producing lots of precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ice is a very picky process,” Prather says. “Ice only likes to form on certain surfaces. Dust seems to be very good. Bacteria—biological particles seem to be very good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep—bacteria. “Dust will come out of the ground with microbes on it and so there are microbes that are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/01/29/170459317/bird-plane-bacteria-microbes-thrive-in-storm-clouds\">still alive in those clouds\u003c/a>,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”e2d0ec59e2858dd0f66f678a2f5178d7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other particles appear to have the opposite effect. Urban air pollution, both from California and coming over from Asia, seems to reduce precipitation in the Sierra. The particles are small, creating a lot of water droplets that aren’t quite heavy enough to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says there’s still a lot to understand about the effects that particles have on the weather, but the information could help improve weather forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are we getting more precipitation?” she says. “Are we getting less precipitation? The ultimate goal is to be able to feed this into weather forecast models and improve those models, where they actually take into account the seeds. Right now, they don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updating Weather Models\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an operational perspective, we are giving that very serious consideration,” says Bill Lapenta, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/\">weather forecasting division\u003c/a> of the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daily weather forecasts come from giant simulations that run on supercomputers. Adding more dynamics, like the behavior of dust storms, increases costs for the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It adds an additional amount of complexity which then requires more computational resources,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dust and Particles Transported Around the Globe://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQyxFpQCs7U\n\nWeather models are updated generally only once a year, because changes can have far-reaching consequences. “The models have to be run on time, every time,” Lapenta says. The information is key for preparing the public for extreme weather and floods.\n\nStill, Lapenta says he’s hoping to start including dust storms and other sources of particles in the next five years. “I do believe that in the end, including the effects of dust particles in these complex models will help improve the precipitation forecast,” he says.\n\n\u003cstrong>Storing More Water for Drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An improved forecast could help California manage its water supplies better, leading to fuller reservoirs that help buffer California against drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storms that provide the beneficial water that we really need badly this year?” says Marty Ralph, director of the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. “It often comes in just a few events each winter, and that’s really the make or break thing for the season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">network of reservoirs\u003c/a> stores that runoff. But reservoirs are required to release a lot of stored water in the fall and early winter, in order to make room for runoff from extreme storms and protect against floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the future, it may be possible if we can predict these storms accurately enough ahead of time, we could maybe keep a little extra water in there, knowing that if we had three days lead time we could release that water in a safe and appropriate way,” Ralph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, if the storms turn out to be small, reservoirs wouldn’t be releasing water that California needs later in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dynamically managing reservoirs this way would require a major change in the operating rules. A \u003ca href=\"http://huffman.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/huffman-introduces-bill-to-modernize-army-corps-of-engineers-reservoir\">bill recently introduced\u003c/a> in the U.S. House by Sonoma County Democrat Jared Huffman would provide some of that flexibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the improvements in weather forecasting science and California’s propensity for drought, many say it’s a change whose time has come.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are finding that dust storms in Asia and Africa influence how much snow falls in the Sierra Nevada. The research could help make weather forecasting more accurate and improve how California manages its water supply.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934045,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1112},"headData":{"title":"Why Distant Dust Storms Matter to California Rainfall | KQED","description":"Scientists are finding that dust storms in Asia and Africa influence how much snow falls in the Sierra Nevada. The research could help make weather forecasting more accurate and improve how California manages its water supply.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why Distant Dust Storms Matter to California Rainfall","datePublished":"2014-03-10T13:30:21.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:47:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140310science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/15123/drought-distant-dust-storms-matter-to-california-rainfall","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140310science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Worldview-Terra_0226-0228Storm_TrueColor-AOT0224.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Worldview-Terra_0226-0228Storm_TrueColor-AOT0224.jpg\" alt=\"A storm approaching California on February 24th had what researchers say is a large amount of dust at the center, as shown by the orange areas. (NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A storm approaching California on February 24 had large amounts of dust at the center, as shown by the highlighted orange areas. (NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s recent rainstorms, as welcome as they were, haven’t been enough to save the state from a serious drought this year. The rainy season typically winds down by late March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are trying to understand why some storms unload lots of rain and snow in California and others don’t. They’re finding it could be linked to dust storms thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeds of a Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a windy bluff overlooking the Pacific Ocean, Kim Prather, an atmospheric chemist at the University of California, San Diego, eyes a bank of dark clouds in the distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s coming in,” she says. “I think it’s the front.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain is what Prather and her team have been waiting for. They’ve set up a large truck trailer full of scientific equipment at the Bodega Marine Laboratory, about an hour north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds are made up of water vapor, but that’s not the only ingredient needed for rain. Tiny particles like pollution, sea spray, dust and smoke, are the seeds of a rainstorm. The water inside a cloud condenses on these aerosols, growing larger and larger until it becomes a raindrop or snowflake that’s heavy enough to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large pumps on the trailer next to us are pulling in millions of these particles, so Prather and her team can examine them one by one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t expect there to be much dust here, but in fact, there are parcels of dust continuously coming across the Pacific right now,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dust has made its way from the deserts of Asia and Africa. Dust storms send particles miles into the air, then they drift to California in 7 to 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15133\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Prather.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Prather.jpg\" alt=\"Kim Prather watches are air particles are tested, inside a research trailer in Bodega Bay. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kim Prather watches as her mobile lab tests air particles inside a research trailer in Bodega Bay. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prather has studied dust like this before, when she \u003ca href=\"http://atofms.ucsd.edu/content/calwater-2009-2011\">flew through Sierra Nevada snowstorms\u003c/a> in a small research plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So days with dust, we found, were days where you had the most snow on the ground consistently,” she says. “And it’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that comes in and seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one study, Prather found that the right kind of dust storm \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/feature/intercontinental_rainmakers\">could boost snowfall\u003c/a> in the Sierra Nevada by 40 percent. It happens because dust helps ice crystals grow. Ice formation appears to be the magic recipe for producing lots of precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ice is a very picky process,” Prather says. “Ice only likes to form on certain surfaces. Dust seems to be very good. Bacteria—biological particles seem to be very good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep—bacteria. “Dust will come out of the ground with microbes on it and so there are microbes that are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/01/29/170459317/bird-plane-bacteria-microbes-thrive-in-storm-clouds\">still alive in those clouds\u003c/a>,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other particles appear to have the opposite effect. Urban air pollution, both from California and coming over from Asia, seems to reduce precipitation in the Sierra. The particles are small, creating a lot of water droplets that aren’t quite heavy enough to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says there’s still a lot to understand about the effects that particles have on the weather, but the information could help improve weather forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are we getting more precipitation?” she says. “Are we getting less precipitation? The ultimate goal is to be able to feed this into weather forecast models and improve those models, where they actually take into account the seeds. Right now, they don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updating Weather Models\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an operational perspective, we are giving that very serious consideration,” says Bill Lapenta, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/\">weather forecasting division\u003c/a> of the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daily weather forecasts come from giant simulations that run on supercomputers. Adding more dynamics, like the behavior of dust storms, increases costs for the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It adds an additional amount of complexity which then requires more computational resources,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dust and Particles Transported Around the Globe://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQyxFpQCs7U\n\nWeather models are updated generally only once a year, because changes can have far-reaching consequences. “The models have to be run on time, every time,” Lapenta says. The information is key for preparing the public for extreme weather and floods.\n\nStill, Lapenta says he’s hoping to start including dust storms and other sources of particles in the next five years. “I do believe that in the end, including the effects of dust particles in these complex models will help improve the precipitation forecast,” he says.\n\n\u003cstrong>Storing More Water for Drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An improved forecast could help California manage its water supplies better, leading to fuller reservoirs that help buffer California against drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storms that provide the beneficial water that we really need badly this year?” says Marty Ralph, director of the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. “It often comes in just a few events each winter, and that’s really the make or break thing for the season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">network of reservoirs\u003c/a> stores that runoff. But reservoirs are required to release a lot of stored water in the fall and early winter, in order to make room for runoff from extreme storms and protect against floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the future, it may be possible if we can predict these storms accurately enough ahead of time, we could maybe keep a little extra water in there, knowing that if we had three days lead time we could release that water in a safe and appropriate way,” Ralph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, if the storms turn out to be small, reservoirs wouldn’t be releasing water that California needs later in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dynamically managing reservoirs this way would require a major change in the operating rules. A \u003ca href=\"http://huffman.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/huffman-introduces-bill-to-modernize-army-corps-of-engineers-reservoir\">bill recently introduced\u003c/a> in the U.S. House by Sonoma County Democrat Jared Huffman would provide some of that flexibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the improvements in weather forecasting science and California’s propensity for drought, many say it’s a change whose time has come.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/15123/drought-distant-dust-storms-matter-to-california-rainfall","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_46","science_29","science_35","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_572","science_64","science_1213","science_1196","science_109","science_110","science_365"],"featImg":"science_15129","label":"science_1151"},"science_13105":{"type":"posts","id":"science_13105","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"13105","score":null,"sort":[1389903167000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"icebergs-and-green-paint-lessons-from-californias-big-droughts","title":"Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts","publishDate":1389903167,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13166\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13166\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\" alt=\"A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California's most severe drought hit the area. (Photo: Marin Municipal Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California’s most severe drought hit the area. (Marin Municipal Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While it wasn’t a surprise, Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">made California’s drought official\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climatologists affirmed that 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record, with about one-third the normal amount of precipitation. Currently the Sierra Nevada snowpack is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">just 15 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But drought is nothing new around here. The 1987-92 drought lasted six years, when statewide reservoir storage hovered around 60 percent. The record for worst drought is still held by 1976-77, when low rainfall sent the state scrambling. Runoff was just 20 percent of normal in 1977. Officials now say we’re on track to beat that low-water mark.[contextly_sidebar id=”ca4540d9da0c388ed37c28be532d2206″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, it really looks grim,” says Maurice Roos, a hydrologist with the Department of Water Resources, who has been with the agency for more than 50 years. “It’s even worse than even some of the other bad years, like 1977.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry times have inspired some creative thinking in California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In 1976, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Drought-spotlights-region-s-patchwork-water-supply-3292001.php#photo-2439740\">emergency 24-inch water pipe\u003c/a> was laid across the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge next to the traffic lanes. Water reserves at the Marin Municipal Water District were critically low and the pipeline supplied the area with half of what it needed during the drought. Residents were ordered to cut their water use by 57 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>City officials in Ventura \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-06/local/me-455_1_city-council-meetings\">considered using a tugboat to haul an iceberg\u003c/a> from the polar seas and park it offshore to supply freshwater. The strategy was part of a $175,000 study approved by the city council in 1990, as the drought dragged on.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>During several past droughts, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/15/local/me-water15\">Los Angeles banned serving water\u003c/a> in restaurants unless customers specifically asked for it.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The city of Santa Barbara instituted a 14-month ban on watering lawns during the late 1980s drought. Landscape companies began offering to \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-07/news/mn-92_1_santa-barbara\">paint dead lawns green\u003c/a>. Billionaire Harold Simmons kept watering his 23-acre estate despite the restrictions and racked up more than $25,000 in city fines (\u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.com/news/2013/dec/30/harold-simmons-dies/?on\">a fact that led his obituary\u003c/a> when he passed away in December).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Strides in Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s “green” reputation is the product of sheer necessity, in many cases. The state’s water conservation policies trace their roots back to the 1976-77 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\" alt=\"Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"254\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Calif. DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That was the beginning of the modern era of drought response,” says Peter Gleick of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, an Oakland-based water policy think tank. “At the time, we didn’t have water conservation departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When dry weather returned a decade later, water agencies began offering rebates for low-flow toilets and fixtures. New standards were developed for washing machines and other appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to the 1970s, almost all of the fixtures in our home are completely different now,” says Lester Snow of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/\">California Water Foundation\u003c/a> and a long-time head of DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-flow fixtures and landscaping helped put a lid on water consumption after droughts ended, along with other policies. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=890\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, communities on the Southern California coast used almost 450,000 less acre-feet of water in 2005 than they did a decade earlier, despite growing by two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s much more that we can do on conservation,” says Snow. “I don’t think we’ve pushed as hard as we can.” New conservation programs go beyond \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/newsroom/video/drought.cfm\">classic public service announcements\u003c/a> and are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/14/want-to-save-water-try-some-neighborly-competition/\">using behavioral science\u003c/a> to inspire water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for New Supplies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water shortages invariably lead to \u003ca href=\"http://valadao.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=364665\">calls for more dams and reservoirs\u003c/a>, like \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/apr/15/news/mn-51340\">Diamond Valley Lake\u003c/a> in Southern California, which broke ground in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This year, it really looks grim.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There was additional storage built, because California’s climate has wet and dry periods, so you have to be prepared for something that’s erratic,” says DWR’s Maurice Roos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, the focus on water storage is likely to continue. More of California’s precipitation is expected to fall as rain instead of snow, reducing the Sierra Nevada snowpack, often called the state’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, Senator Dianne Feinstein \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/op-eds?ID=df2ad233-bcc0-4476-a248-b8ef5b09d9f0\">called for expanding four state reservoirs\u003c/a>, saying “if we don’t take significant and rapid action, I fear California is at risk of becoming a desert state.” Proponents are hoping a revised water bond, \u003ca title=\"TCR - story\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201008100850/b\">postponed from 2010\u003c/a>, will make the November ballot. The original draft had $3 billion slated for water storage projects (see our \u003ca title=\"CW - water bond map\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=109113054396355581272.000477e93a1c507e4d467&ll=35.924645,-120.102539&spn=7.115112,10.722656&z=6&source=embed\">interactive map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there are any good places to build new surface water storage,” says Gleick. “But there are other storage options. There are places where groundwater has been drawn down where it can be recharged and used in later years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Expensive Technology Looks Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from desalination plants, where seawater is turned into drinking water, is generally two-to-five times more expensive than other sources of water. But when dry weather hits and districts are faced with pricey water purchases and transfers, desalination starts looking more attractive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe dam in 1988 when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe dam in 1988, when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city of Santa Barbara built a $34 million desalination plant in 1991, after facing drastic water shortages. Once the drought ended and water prices went down, the plant couldn’t compete and was decommissioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recycling plants, like those \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">in Orange County and Silicon Valley\u003c/a>, are also costly to build, but offer a way to reuse wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of wastewater that we spend a lot of money collecting and treating to a pretty high standard,” says Gleick. “We ought to \u003ca title=\"CW - post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">put it to use\u003c/a>. It’s a new source of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Things Haven’t Changed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re over-pumping groundwater all the time, in wet years and in dry years,” says Gleick. “But in dry years, that goes way up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, groundwater makes up about 25-to-40 percent of the state’s water supply. During the drought in 1977, groundwater made up 76 percent of water used in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2013/01/30/californias-groundwater-problems-and-prospects/\">Groundwater levels are still dropping\u003c/a> at alarming rates in many parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of sorry that in past droughts we haven’t taken the opportunity to implement serious statewide groundwater monitoring and legislation,” Gleick says. “We’re one of the only states in the nation without comprehensive groundwater law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts often create flurries of new bills in the state legislature. “With this drought pressure, I think you’ll see a lot more legislative attention on: what should we be investing in to make sure that the next time there’s a drought, we’re better prepared than we are today,” says Snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hardest part may be keeping public attention on California’s water problems once a drought ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Quite often, we end a drought with a flood,” says Roos. The 1987-92 drought went out with a roar. In December of 1992, rainfall was double the long-term average, creating severe flooding in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Roll mouse over the graph, below, to see data for individual years.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-0114.jsp\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Importing an Arctic iceberg for freshwater? Painting brown lawns green? California has had some creative ideas for droughts in the past.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934375,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1311},"headData":{"title":"Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts | KQED","description":"Importing an Arctic iceberg for freshwater? Painting brown lawns green? California has had some creative ideas for droughts in the past.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts","datePublished":"2014-01-16T20:12:47.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:52:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/13105/icebergs-and-green-paint-lessons-from-californias-big-droughts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13166\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13166\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\" alt=\"A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California's most severe drought hit the area. (Photo: Marin Municipal Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California’s most severe drought hit the area. (Marin Municipal Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While it wasn’t a surprise, Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">made California’s drought official\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climatologists affirmed that 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record, with about one-third the normal amount of precipitation. Currently the Sierra Nevada snowpack is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">just 15 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But drought is nothing new around here. The 1987-92 drought lasted six years, when statewide reservoir storage hovered around 60 percent. The record for worst drought is still held by 1976-77, when low rainfall sent the state scrambling. Runoff was just 20 percent of normal in 1977. Officials now say we’re on track to beat that low-water mark.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, it really looks grim,” says Maurice Roos, a hydrologist with the Department of Water Resources, who has been with the agency for more than 50 years. “It’s even worse than even some of the other bad years, like 1977.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry times have inspired some creative thinking in California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In 1976, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Drought-spotlights-region-s-patchwork-water-supply-3292001.php#photo-2439740\">emergency 24-inch water pipe\u003c/a> was laid across the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge next to the traffic lanes. Water reserves at the Marin Municipal Water District were critically low and the pipeline supplied the area with half of what it needed during the drought. Residents were ordered to cut their water use by 57 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>City officials in Ventura \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-06/local/me-455_1_city-council-meetings\">considered using a tugboat to haul an iceberg\u003c/a> from the polar seas and park it offshore to supply freshwater. The strategy was part of a $175,000 study approved by the city council in 1990, as the drought dragged on.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>During several past droughts, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/15/local/me-water15\">Los Angeles banned serving water\u003c/a> in restaurants unless customers specifically asked for it.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The city of Santa Barbara instituted a 14-month ban on watering lawns during the late 1980s drought. Landscape companies began offering to \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-07/news/mn-92_1_santa-barbara\">paint dead lawns green\u003c/a>. Billionaire Harold Simmons kept watering his 23-acre estate despite the restrictions and racked up more than $25,000 in city fines (\u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.com/news/2013/dec/30/harold-simmons-dies/?on\">a fact that led his obituary\u003c/a> when he passed away in December).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Strides in Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s “green” reputation is the product of sheer necessity, in many cases. The state’s water conservation policies trace their roots back to the 1976-77 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\" alt=\"Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"254\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Calif. DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That was the beginning of the modern era of drought response,” says Peter Gleick of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, an Oakland-based water policy think tank. “At the time, we didn’t have water conservation departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When dry weather returned a decade later, water agencies began offering rebates for low-flow toilets and fixtures. New standards were developed for washing machines and other appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to the 1970s, almost all of the fixtures in our home are completely different now,” says Lester Snow of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/\">California Water Foundation\u003c/a> and a long-time head of DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-flow fixtures and landscaping helped put a lid on water consumption after droughts ended, along with other policies. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=890\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, communities on the Southern California coast used almost 450,000 less acre-feet of water in 2005 than they did a decade earlier, despite growing by two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s much more that we can do on conservation,” says Snow. “I don’t think we’ve pushed as hard as we can.” New conservation programs go beyond \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/newsroom/video/drought.cfm\">classic public service announcements\u003c/a> and are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/14/want-to-save-water-try-some-neighborly-competition/\">using behavioral science\u003c/a> to inspire water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for New Supplies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water shortages invariably lead to \u003ca href=\"http://valadao.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=364665\">calls for more dams and reservoirs\u003c/a>, like \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/apr/15/news/mn-51340\">Diamond Valley Lake\u003c/a> in Southern California, which broke ground in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This year, it really looks grim.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There was additional storage built, because California’s climate has wet and dry periods, so you have to be prepared for something that’s erratic,” says DWR’s Maurice Roos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, the focus on water storage is likely to continue. More of California’s precipitation is expected to fall as rain instead of snow, reducing the Sierra Nevada snowpack, often called the state’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, Senator Dianne Feinstein \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/op-eds?ID=df2ad233-bcc0-4476-a248-b8ef5b09d9f0\">called for expanding four state reservoirs\u003c/a>, saying “if we don’t take significant and rapid action, I fear California is at risk of becoming a desert state.” Proponents are hoping a revised water bond, \u003ca title=\"TCR - story\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201008100850/b\">postponed from 2010\u003c/a>, will make the November ballot. The original draft had $3 billion slated for water storage projects (see our \u003ca title=\"CW - water bond map\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=109113054396355581272.000477e93a1c507e4d467&ll=35.924645,-120.102539&spn=7.115112,10.722656&z=6&source=embed\">interactive map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there are any good places to build new surface water storage,” says Gleick. “But there are other storage options. There are places where groundwater has been drawn down where it can be recharged and used in later years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Expensive Technology Looks Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from desalination plants, where seawater is turned into drinking water, is generally two-to-five times more expensive than other sources of water. But when dry weather hits and districts are faced with pricey water purchases and transfers, desalination starts looking more attractive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe dam in 1988 when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe dam in 1988, when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city of Santa Barbara built a $34 million desalination plant in 1991, after facing drastic water shortages. Once the drought ended and water prices went down, the plant couldn’t compete and was decommissioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recycling plants, like those \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">in Orange County and Silicon Valley\u003c/a>, are also costly to build, but offer a way to reuse wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of wastewater that we spend a lot of money collecting and treating to a pretty high standard,” says Gleick. “We ought to \u003ca title=\"CW - post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">put it to use\u003c/a>. It’s a new source of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Things Haven’t Changed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re over-pumping groundwater all the time, in wet years and in dry years,” says Gleick. “But in dry years, that goes way up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, groundwater makes up about 25-to-40 percent of the state’s water supply. During the drought in 1977, groundwater made up 76 percent of water used in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2013/01/30/californias-groundwater-problems-and-prospects/\">Groundwater levels are still dropping\u003c/a> at alarming rates in many parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of sorry that in past droughts we haven’t taken the opportunity to implement serious statewide groundwater monitoring and legislation,” Gleick says. “We’re one of the only states in the nation without comprehensive groundwater law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts often create flurries of new bills in the state legislature. “With this drought pressure, I think you’ll see a lot more legislative attention on: what should we be investing in to make sure that the next time there’s a drought, we’re better prepared than we are today,” says Snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hardest part may be keeping public attention on California’s water problems once a drought ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Quite often, we end a drought with a flood,” says Roos. The 1987-92 drought went out with a roar. In December of 1992, rainfall was double the long-term average, creating severe flooding in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Roll mouse over the graph, below, to see data for individual years.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-0114.jsp\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/13105/icebergs-and-green-paint-lessons-from-californias-big-droughts","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_205","science_1195","science_1193","science_572","science_64","science_1196","science_1127","science_201","science_1194"],"featImg":"science_13166","label":"science_1151"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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