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She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"joshua-cassidy":{"type":"authors","id":"6219","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6219","found":true},"name":"Josh Cassidy","firstName":"Josh","lastName":"Cassidy","slug":"joshua-cassidy","email":"jcassidy@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Digital Video Producer","bio":"Josh is a Senior Video Producer for KQED Science, and the Lead Producer and Cinematographer for Deep Look. After receiving his BS in Wildlife Biology from Ohio University, he went on to participate in marine mammal research for NOAA, USGS and the Intersea Foundation. He also served as the president of The Pacific Cetacean Group, a nonprofit organization dedicated to teaching students K-6 about whales. Josh studied science and natural history filmmaking at San Francisco State University and Montana State University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["author","edit_others_posts"]}],"headData":{"title":"Josh Cassidy | KQED","description":"Digital Video Producer","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/joshua-cassidy"},"dannastaaf":{"type":"authors","id":"6324","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6324","found":true},"name":"Danna Staaf","firstName":"Danna","lastName":"Staaf","slug":"dannastaaf","email":"dannajoy@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Danna Staaf is a marine biologist, science writer, novelist, artist, and educator. She holds a PhD in Squid Babies from Stanford and a BA in Biology from the College of Creative Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She helped found the outreach program \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/outreach.html\">Squids4Kids\u003c/a>, illustrated \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegamecrafter.com/games/the-game-of-science\">The Game of Science\u003c/a>, and blogs at \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/squid_day\">Science 2.0\u003c/a>. She lives in San Jose with her husband, daughter, and cats.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62085c2562a0b91949bfd6ff7548082e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Danna Staaf | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62085c2562a0b91949bfd6ff7548082e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62085c2562a0b91949bfd6ff7548082e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dannastaaf"},"mpickett":{"type":"authors","id":"6616","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6616","found":true},"name":"Mallory Pickett","firstName":"Mallory","lastName":"Pickett","slug":"mpickett","email":"mallorypickett@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Mallory Pickett is an intern with KQED Science, where she mostly contributes to Deep Look. Before coming to KQED Mallory was a chemist, studying climate change and ocean acidification in her graduate studies at UC San Diego and Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Now she works as a freelance science and environmental reporter in Berkeley, California, and is also a student at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/76041fb6f98596f1792b3673c61c09be?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"Mallory Pickett | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/76041fb6f98596f1792b3673c61c09be?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/76041fb6f98596f1792b3673c61c09be?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/mpickett"},"jbrady":{"type":"authors","id":"8677","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"8677","found":true},"name":"Jennifer Brady","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Brady","slug":"jbrady","email":"jbrady@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":null,"avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/198de5446ee0cdc4ba690e374b76c295?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"about","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"pressroom","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Brady | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/198de5446ee0cdc4ba690e374b76c295?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/198de5446ee0cdc4ba690e374b76c295?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jbrady"},"ekennerson":{"type":"authors","id":"11090","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11090","found":true},"name":"Elliott Kennerson","firstName":"Elliott","lastName":"Kennerson","slug":"ekennerson","email":"ekennerson@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Elliott Kennerson joined KQED Science as a Digital Media Producer in 2015. Before joining KQED, he produced the Kickstarter-funded series “Animal R&R” for KPBS in San Diego. Elliott received his M.F.A. training in wildlife documentary at Montana State in Bozeman and holds a B.A. from Yale in archaeology. In his former life as an actor, he was an associate artist with LightBox Theater Company in New York. Elliott is the recipient of a 2017 Regional Emmy for his work as a producer on “Deep Look.\"","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/90ebfa58055409e54c8f8a4c120ecf91?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"edorank","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Elliott Kennerson | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/90ebfa58055409e54c8f8a4c120ecf91?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/90ebfa58055409e54c8f8a4c120ecf91?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ekennerson"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1914752":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1914752","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1914752","score":null,"sort":[1503004463000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"preview-novas-eclipse-over-america","title":"Preview: NOVA's Eclipse Over America","publishDate":1503004463,"format":"image","headTitle":"Preview: NOVA’s Eclipse Over America | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":3390,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>On August 21, 2017, millions of Americans will witness the first total solar eclipse to cross the continental United States in 99 years. As in all total solar eclipses, the moon will block the sun, revealing its ethereal outer atmosphere—its corona—in a wondrous celestial spectacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While hordes of citizens prepare to flock to the eclipse’s path of totality, scientists, too, are staking out spots for a very different reason: to investigate the secrets of the sun’s elusive atmosphere. During the eclipse’s precious seconds of darkness, they will shed light on how our sun works, how it can produce deadly solar storms, and why its atmosphere is so hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1HWoP6SO98\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOVA investigates the storied history of solar eclipse science and joins both seasoned and citizen-scientists alike as they don their eclipse glasses and tune their telescopes for the eclipse over America. Watch NOVA’s \u003cem>Eclipse Over America\u003c/em>, Monday, August 21 at 9PM on KQED 9 and streaming online. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NOVA investigates the storied history of solar eclipse science and joins both seasoned and citizen-scientists alike as they don their eclipse glasses and tune their telescopes for the eclipse over America.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928428,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":177},"headData":{"title":"Preview: NOVA's Eclipse Over America | KQED","description":"NOVA investigates the storied history of solar eclipse science and joins both seasoned and citizen-scientists alike as they don their eclipse glasses and tune their telescopes for the eclipse over America.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1914752/preview-novas-eclipse-over-america","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On August 21, 2017, millions of Americans will witness the first total solar eclipse to cross the continental United States in 99 years. As in all total solar eclipses, the moon will block the sun, revealing its ethereal outer atmosphere—its corona—in a wondrous celestial spectacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While hordes of citizens prepare to flock to the eclipse’s path of totality, scientists, too, are staking out spots for a very different reason: to investigate the secrets of the sun’s elusive atmosphere. During the eclipse’s precious seconds of darkness, they will shed light on how our sun works, how it can produce deadly solar storms, and why its atmosphere is so hot.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/q1HWoP6SO98'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/q1HWoP6SO98'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>NOVA investigates the storied history of solar eclipse science and joins both seasoned and citizen-scientists alike as they don their eclipse glasses and tune their telescopes for the eclipse over America. Watch NOVA’s \u003cem>Eclipse Over America\u003c/em>, Monday, August 21 at 9PM on KQED 9 and streaming online. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1914752/preview-novas-eclipse-over-america","authors":["8677"],"series":["science_3390"],"categories":["science_28","science_44"],"tags":["science_1928","science_325","science_1975","science_577","science_2933"],"featImg":"science_1914754","label":"science_3390"},"science_468582":{"type":"posts","id":"science_468582","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"468582","score":null,"sort":[1455026457000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-once-in-a-lifetime-ladybug-love-in","title":"The Once-In-A-Lifetime Ladybug Love-In","publishDate":1455026457,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Once-In-A-Lifetime Ladybug Love-In | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With their charming spots and bright red bodies, ladybugs are pretty hard to miss. We’re used to seeing them alone, picking off sap-sucking aphids in the garden. But at certain times of year, ladybugs head for the hills to assemble in huge groups, called aggregations, clumping together in layers several bodies thick.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468682\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-468682\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-468682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Ladybugs find safety in numbers, broadcasting their warning red color to predators.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs find safety in numbers, broadcasting their warning red color to predators. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This arresting, almost uncanny sight—roiling masses of tiny red bodies jostling for position on rocks, logs, and branches—is typical of the “convergent” ladybug whose range covers a great deal of North America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the Bay Area, one of the best places to view ladybug aggregations is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\">Redwood Regional Park in Oakland\u003c/a>. Between November and February, numerous points along the park’s main artery, the Stream Trail, are swarming with the insects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468680\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-468680 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_pileup_720.gif\" alt=\"DL_ladybugs_pileup_720\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Movement is chaotic in a ladybug aggregation. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“People love ladybugs, ” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities/naturalists/contact/crabcove#mcharnofsky\">Michael Charnofsky\u003c/a>, a naturalist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\">East Bay Regional Park District \u003c/a>who leads ladybug walking tours. “And to see so many in one location is fascinating to people. Hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands…it’s outside the realm of their experience.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists believe the behavior evolved as a way for a solitary species to reproduce and to cope with a limited winter food supply. After fattening themselves up, and before bedding down for winter, these ladybugs are getting together to take care of some final business—namely, mating.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468585\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-468585\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-468585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Ladybugs normally live solitary lives.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs normally live solitary lives. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ironically, convergent ladybugs, which are actually beetles, are not named for this behavior. The word “convergent” in their name refers to the characteristic white lines behind their heads.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In California, ladybugs spend most of the year on crops in the Central Valley, or on domestic garden plants, feeding on aphids. When the weather starts to turn chilly, however, the aphids die off in the cold.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468673\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468673\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_aphid-munch_720.gif\" alt=\"Ladybugs eat aphids for most of the year.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs eat aphids for most of the year. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With food becoming scarce, the ladybugs take off, flying straight up. The wind picks them up and carries them on their way, toward hills in the Bay Area and coastal mountain ranges.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They are literally blown into the mountains,” said Christopher Wheeler, who studied ladybug behavior for his Ph.D. at UC Riverside. “At first, they’re spread out. They use a combination of visual cues and smell to start to find each other.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468684\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468684\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_takeoff_720.gif\" alt=\"Departing ladybugs fly straight up in the air.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Departing ladybugs fly straight up in the air. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pheromones left behind in the mountains from previous aggregations lead these newcomers right to the best wintering spots. One type of chemical even comes from the ladybugs’ feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Wherever they walk, they leave behind a chemical trace. These sites are covered in it,” said Wheeler.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468675\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_two-on-grass_720.gif\" alt=\"Ladybugs leave pheromones behind in their footsteps. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs leave pheromones behind in their footsteps. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the ladybugs trickle in one by one, the aggregation grows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While these gatherings might seem to make the ladybugs more visible, and therefore more vulnerable to predators, the opposite is probably true, scientists say. Their higher numbers serve to magnify the warning broadcast by their red color.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Predators have evolved to avoid that kind of visual signal,” Wheeler said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And that red color is no red herring. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They truly do taste bad. In high enough concentrations, they can be toxic,” he said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Within the ladybug clumps, the movement is scrambling and unpredictable, not hierarchical like in a beehive or ant hill. Scientists think that the females—about half of the population, all of them previously unmated—may be selecting mates amid the chaos.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468588\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468588\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_closeup-pileup_720.gif\" alt=\"Aggregating ladybugs seem to jostle for position. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aggregating ladybugs seem to jostle for position. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finally, the beetles hunker down underground, entering “diapause” or deep hibernation. Chemical changes in the ladybugs’ bodies prevent them from freezing or drying out. They can stay underground safely, even covered in snow, for up to three months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The reemergence is gradual.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468679\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-468679\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-468679\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Finding mates is one reason ladybugs aggregate.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Finding mates is one reason ladybugs aggregate. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“In snowier areas, it’s more of a deep hibernation,” said Charnofksy. “It really depends on temperature more than anything. When it warms up, you start to see them becoming more active again.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When spring arrives, warmer daytime temperatures urge the dormant aggregators to venture forth and return home, where a diet of aphids awaits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468671\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468671\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_aphid-munch-MORE_720.gif\" alt=\"Black bean aphids are a ladybug favorite.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black bean aphids are a ladybug favorite. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Every winter ladybugs assemble in big groups to bed down for the year. But they'll do more than hibernate—it's their best chance to find a mate.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930662,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":759},"headData":{"title":"The Once-In-A-Lifetime Ladybug Love-In | KQED","description":"Every winter ladybugs assemble in big groups to bed down for the year. But they'll do more than hibernate—it's their best chance to find a mate.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-Z6xRexbIU","sticky":false,"path":"/science/468582/the-once-in-a-lifetime-ladybug-love-in","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With their charming spots and bright red bodies, ladybugs are pretty hard to miss. We’re used to seeing them alone, picking off sap-sucking aphids in the garden. But at certain times of year, ladybugs head for the hills to assemble in huge groups, called aggregations, clumping together in layers several bodies thick.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468682\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-468682\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-468682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Ladybugs find safety in numbers, broadcasting their warning red color to predators.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs find safety in numbers, broadcasting their warning red color to predators. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This arresting, almost uncanny sight—roiling masses of tiny red bodies jostling for position on rocks, logs, and branches—is typical of the “convergent” ladybug whose range covers a great deal of North America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the Bay Area, one of the best places to view ladybug aggregations is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\">Redwood Regional Park in Oakland\u003c/a>. Between November and February, numerous points along the park’s main artery, the Stream Trail, are swarming with the insects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468680\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-468680 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_pileup_720.gif\" alt=\"DL_ladybugs_pileup_720\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Movement is chaotic in a ladybug aggregation. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“People love ladybugs, ” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities/naturalists/contact/crabcove#mcharnofsky\">Michael Charnofsky\u003c/a>, a naturalist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\">East Bay Regional Park District \u003c/a>who leads ladybug walking tours. “And to see so many in one location is fascinating to people. Hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands…it’s outside the realm of their experience.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists believe the behavior evolved as a way for a solitary species to reproduce and to cope with a limited winter food supply. After fattening themselves up, and before bedding down for winter, these ladybugs are getting together to take care of some final business—namely, mating.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468585\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-468585\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-468585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Ladybugs normally live solitary lives.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs normally live solitary lives. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ironically, convergent ladybugs, which are actually beetles, are not named for this behavior. The word “convergent” in their name refers to the characteristic white lines behind their heads.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In California, ladybugs spend most of the year on crops in the Central Valley, or on domestic garden plants, feeding on aphids. When the weather starts to turn chilly, however, the aphids die off in the cold.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468673\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468673\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_aphid-munch_720.gif\" alt=\"Ladybugs eat aphids for most of the year.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs eat aphids for most of the year. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With food becoming scarce, the ladybugs take off, flying straight up. The wind picks them up and carries them on their way, toward hills in the Bay Area and coastal mountain ranges.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They are literally blown into the mountains,” said Christopher Wheeler, who studied ladybug behavior for his Ph.D. at UC Riverside. “At first, they’re spread out. They use a combination of visual cues and smell to start to find each other.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468684\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468684\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_takeoff_720.gif\" alt=\"Departing ladybugs fly straight up in the air.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Departing ladybugs fly straight up in the air. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pheromones left behind in the mountains from previous aggregations lead these newcomers right to the best wintering spots. One type of chemical even comes from the ladybugs’ feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Wherever they walk, they leave behind a chemical trace. These sites are covered in it,” said Wheeler.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468675\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_two-on-grass_720.gif\" alt=\"Ladybugs leave pheromones behind in their footsteps. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs leave pheromones behind in their footsteps. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the ladybugs trickle in one by one, the aggregation grows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While these gatherings might seem to make the ladybugs more visible, and therefore more vulnerable to predators, the opposite is probably true, scientists say. Their higher numbers serve to magnify the warning broadcast by their red color.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Predators have evolved to avoid that kind of visual signal,” Wheeler said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And that red color is no red herring. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They truly do taste bad. In high enough concentrations, they can be toxic,” he said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Within the ladybug clumps, the movement is scrambling and unpredictable, not hierarchical like in a beehive or ant hill. Scientists think that the females—about half of the population, all of them previously unmated—may be selecting mates amid the chaos.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468588\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468588\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_closeup-pileup_720.gif\" alt=\"Aggregating ladybugs seem to jostle for position. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aggregating ladybugs seem to jostle for position. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finally, the beetles hunker down underground, entering “diapause” or deep hibernation. Chemical changes in the ladybugs’ bodies prevent them from freezing or drying out. They can stay underground safely, even covered in snow, for up to three months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The reemergence is gradual.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468679\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-468679\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-468679\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Finding mates is one reason ladybugs aggregate.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Finding mates is one reason ladybugs aggregate. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“In snowier areas, it’s more of a deep hibernation,” said Charnofksy. “It really depends on temperature more than anything. When it warms up, you start to see them becoming more active again.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When spring arrives, warmer daytime temperatures urge the dormant aggregators to venture forth and return home, where a diet of aphids awaits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468671\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468671\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_aphid-munch-MORE_720.gif\" alt=\"Black bean aphids are a ladybug favorite.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black bean aphids are a ladybug favorite. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/468582/the-once-in-a-lifetime-ladybug-love-in","authors":["11090"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_40","science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_83","science_325","science_309"],"featImg":"science_498895","label":"science_1935"},"science_321383":{"type":"posts","id":"science_321383","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"321383","score":null,"sort":[1445972730000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"see-what-makes-owls-so-quiet-and-so-deadly","title":"See What Makes Owls So Quiet and So Deadly","publishDate":1445972730,"format":"video","headTitle":"See What Makes Owls So Quiet and So Deadly | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]With autumn upon us, you might have noticed a familiar sound in the night. It’s mating season for owls in Northern California and the sound of their hooting fills the darkness. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Owls try to breed really early,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Clark.html\">Chris Clark\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of biology at UC Riverside, “because they want their babies to be leaving the nest and practicing hunting right when there are lots of baby animals around like baby rabbits that are easy prey.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while you might hear owl mating calls, what you won’t hear is the sound of them flying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For owls, life and death relies on the ability to control noise. Owl wings and feathers have special adaptations to muffle their sound. It’s stealth, not speed that makes them deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_326325\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Owls use camouflage and the cover of darkness to ambush prey \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-326325\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owls use camouflage and the cover of darkness to ambush prey \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Owls belong to a group called raptors, which also includes hawks, eagles and falcons. Most of these birds of prey hunt during the day and rely on speed to catch their meals. But unlike most other raptors, the roughly 200 species of owl are generally nocturnal while others are crepuscular, meaning that they’re active around dawn and dusk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_326324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Owls are ambush predators, relying on stealth to catch their prey\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-326324\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As ambush hunters, most owls use powerful low-light and stealth to catch their prey \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They have extremely powerful low-light vision, and finely tuned hearing which allows them to locate the source of even the smallest sound. Owls simply hide and wait for their prey to betray its own location. As ambush hunters, owls tend to rely on surprise more often than their ability to give chase. Even for a trained biologist, owls can be hard to find. “They can be sitting very close to you and you won’t even notice them,” said Clark. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_326465\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Eurasian eagle-owl feather and wing\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-326465\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owls tend to have large wings for their body size when compared to other birds of prey \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When birds flap their wings, it creates turbulences in the air as it rushes over their wings. In general, the larger a bird is and the faster it flies, the larger the turbulence created and that means more sound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_326322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Feathers on the leading edge of an owl's wing\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-326322\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The leading edge feathers on an owl’s wing have comb-like structures that break up wind and reduce noise \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The feathers at the leading edge of an owl’s wings have an unusual serrated appearance, referred to as a comb or fringe. The tiny hooked projections stick out and break up the wind as it flows over the owl’s wings, reducing the size and sound of the turbulences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_326675\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A fine velvet texture covers the tops of owl flight feathers, seen here in cross section. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-326675\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fine velvet texture covers the tops of owl flight feathers, seen here in cross section. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Owl feathers go one step further to control sound. When viewed up-close, owl feathers appear velvety. The furry texture absorbs and dampens sound like a blanket. It also allows the feathers to quietly slide past each other in flight, reducing rustling sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “All the feathers on their wings are very fluffy. They’re soft to the touch” said Clark. “If you take one piece of paper and slide it over another there is some noise associated with that. The fluffiness of owl feathers seems to reduce this movement noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Owls have been popular for thousands of years,” he said.”They’re mysterious. They live at night and you don’t see them all that often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about owls and even see one up close in person check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.tacticalavianpredators.com/\">Tactical Avian Predators\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://westcoast-falconry.com/\">West Coast Falconry\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lindsaywildlife.org/animal-experiences/raptors/\">The Lindsay Wildlife Museum\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's stealth, not speed that makes owls such exceptional hunters. Zoom way in on their phenomenal feathers to see what makes them whisper-quiet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931123,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":622},"headData":{"title":"See What Makes Owls So Quiet and So Deadly | KQED","description":"It's stealth, not speed that makes owls such exceptional hunters. Zoom way in on their phenomenal feathers to see what makes them whisper-quiet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a68fIQzaDBY","sticky":false,"path":"/science/321383/see-what-makes-owls-so-quiet-and-so-deadly","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>With autumn upon us, you might have noticed a familiar sound in the night. It’s mating season for owls in Northern California and the sound of their hooting fills the darkness. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Owls try to breed really early,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Clark.html\">Chris Clark\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of biology at UC Riverside, “because they want their babies to be leaving the nest and practicing hunting right when there are lots of baby animals around like baby rabbits that are easy prey.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while you might hear owl mating calls, what you won’t hear is the sound of them flying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For owls, life and death relies on the ability to control noise. Owl wings and feathers have special adaptations to muffle their sound. It’s stealth, not speed that makes them deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_326325\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Owls use camouflage and the cover of darkness to ambush prey \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-326325\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-in-forest-on-rock-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owls use camouflage and the cover of darkness to ambush prey \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Owls belong to a group called raptors, which also includes hawks, eagles and falcons. Most of these birds of prey hunt during the day and rely on speed to catch their meals. But unlike most other raptors, the roughly 200 species of owl are generally nocturnal while others are crepuscular, meaning that they’re active around dawn and dusk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_326324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Owls are ambush predators, relying on stealth to catch their prey\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-326324\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-eyes-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As ambush hunters, most owls use powerful low-light and stealth to catch their prey \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They have extremely powerful low-light vision, and finely tuned hearing which allows them to locate the source of even the smallest sound. Owls simply hide and wait for their prey to betray its own location. As ambush hunters, owls tend to rely on surprise more often than their ability to give chase. Even for a trained biologist, owls can be hard to find. “They can be sitting very close to you and you won’t even notice them,” said Clark. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_326465\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Eurasian eagle-owl feather and wing\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-326465\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-and-wing-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owls tend to have large wings for their body size when compared to other birds of prey \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When birds flap their wings, it creates turbulences in the air as it rushes over their wings. In general, the larger a bird is and the faster it flies, the larger the turbulence created and that means more sound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_326322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Feathers on the leading edge of an owl's wing\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-326322\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-comb-medium-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The leading edge feathers on an owl’s wing have comb-like structures that break up wind and reduce noise \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The feathers at the leading edge of an owl’s wings have an unusual serrated appearance, referred to as a comb or fringe. The tiny hooked projections stick out and break up the wind as it flows over the owl’s wings, reducing the size and sound of the turbulences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_326675\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A fine velvet texture covers the tops of owl flight feathers, seen here in cross section. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-326675\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/owl-feather-fur-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fine velvet texture covers the tops of owl flight feathers, seen here in cross section. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Owl feathers go one step further to control sound. When viewed up-close, owl feathers appear velvety. The furry texture absorbs and dampens sound like a blanket. It also allows the feathers to quietly slide past each other in flight, reducing rustling sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “All the feathers on their wings are very fluffy. They’re soft to the touch” said Clark. “If you take one piece of paper and slide it over another there is some noise associated with that. The fluffiness of owl feathers seems to reduce this movement noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Owls have been popular for thousands of years,” he said.”They’re mysterious. They live at night and you don’t see them all that often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about owls and even see one up close in person check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.tacticalavianpredators.com/\">Tactical Avian Predators\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://westcoast-falconry.com/\">West Coast Falconry\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lindsaywildlife.org/animal-experiences/raptors/\">The Lindsay Wildlife Museum\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/321383/see-what-makes-owls-so-quiet-and-so-deadly","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_42","science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_325","science_309"],"featImg":"science_321387","label":"science_1935"},"science_233664":{"type":"posts","id":"science_233664","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"233664","score":null,"sort":[1441739103000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"youre-not-hallucinating-thats-just-squid-skin","title":"You're Not Hallucinating. That's Just Squid Skin.","publishDate":1441739103,"format":"video","headTitle":"You’re Not Hallucinating. That’s Just Squid Skin. | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]For an animal with such a humble name, market squid have a spectacularly hypnotic appearance. Streaks and waves of color flicker and radiate across their skin. Other creatures may posses the ability to change color, but squid and their relatives are without equal when it comes to controlling their appearance and new research may illuminate how they do it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_242132\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-skin.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-skin.gif\" alt=\"Market squid skin changes color and pattern \" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" class=\"size-full wp-image-242132\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Market squid skin is covered in chromatophores that expand and shrink to change the animal’s skin color or create camouflaging patterns \u003ccite>((Josh Cassidy/KQED))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Octopuses, cuttlefish and squid belong to a class of animals referred to as cephalopods. These animals, widely regarded as the most intelligent of the invertebrates, use their color change abilities for both concealment and communication. Their ability to hide is critical to their survival since, with the exception of the nautiluses, these squishy and often delicious animals live without the protection of protective external shells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_242133\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Cuttlefish and octopuses use closely packed chromatophores to match the color of their surroundings\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-242133\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cuttlefish and octopuses use closely packed chromatophores to match the color of their surroundings \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To actually control the color of their skin, cephalopods use tiny organs in their skin called chromatophores. Each tiny chromatophore is basically a sac filled with pigment. Minute muscles tug on the sac, spreading it wide and exposing the colored pigment to any light hitting the skin. When the muscles relax, the colored areas shrink back into tiny spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_242136\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Chromatophores02.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Chromatophores02.gif\" alt=\"Tiny muscles expand chromatophores making the colored spots grow.\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" class=\"size-full wp-image-242136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny muscles expand chromatophores making the colored spots grow. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because the system is based on the action of quick responding muscles, cephalopods are able to change colors almost instantly and can produce spectacularly intricate patterns to break up their outline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_242135\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Octopuses can mimic the color of stone\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-242135\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Day octopuses, like this one at California Academy of Sciences, can adjust their skin color, texture and body position to mimic a rock \u003ccite>((Josh Cassidy/KQED))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/profiles/chromatophores.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hannah Rosen\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate at \u003ca href=\"http://hopkinsmarinestation.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a> in Pacific Grove, is studying how exactly these animals control this dramatic light show. Squid are notoriously difficult to keep in captivity, so the first step toward studying them is to to head out into Monterey Bay to catch some specimens. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosen isn’t the only one fishing for squid. But while the squid aboard most of the fishing boats in the bay will end up served as calamari, the squid Rosen catches may help explain the mystery of how these creatures control their color change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_242137\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Market squid showing movement in once paralyzed chromatophores \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-242137\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After a few days, the chromatophores on this market squid’s left side began moving despite being disconnected from the brain’s signals \u003ccite>((Josh Cassidy/KQED))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her research includes snipping a nerve that connects the brain to the chromatophores on one side of the squid’s body. When Rosen does this, the chromatophores on that side immediately relax and shrink to tiny spots, while the chromatophores on the intact side continue to flash normally. After a few days, some of the chromatophores on the paralyzed side began to move again, as if they were getting a signal from somewhere other than the squid’s brain. This phenomenon, Rosen says, is what fascinates her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosen also tests how the fresh dead squid skin reacts to electric voltages when exposed to different pharmaceutical drugs in order to track down the neurological pathways involved. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_242138\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-skin-in-lab.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-skin-in-lab.gif\" alt=\"By testing how they react to specific chemicals, Rosen hopes to discover exactly how squid control their chromatophores.\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" class=\"size-full wp-image-242138\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By testing how they react to specific chemicals, Rosen hopes to discover exactly how squid control their chromatophores. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While it’s still early to say, one possibility is that the skin itself is able to see and stimulate the chromatophores locally, bypassing the brain. A recent study at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass., indicates that cuttlefish skin has light-sensing cells. Further investigation may help researchers understand how much of the color change control comes from the brain and how much is controlled by the skin itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info, you can visit:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Academy of Sciences – \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/color-of-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Color of Life Exhibit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nMonterey Bay Aquarium – \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals-and-experiences/exhibits/tentacles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tentacles Exhibit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Octopuses and cuttlefish are masters of underwater camouflage, blending in seamlessly against a rock or coral. But squid have to hide in the open ocean, mimicking the subtle interplay of light, water, and waves. How do they do it?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931331,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":658},"headData":{"title":"You're Not Hallucinating. That's Just Squid Skin. | KQED","description":"Octopuses and cuttlefish are masters of underwater camouflage, blending in seamlessly against a rock or coral. But squid have to hide in the open ocean, mimicking the subtle interplay of light, water, and waves. How do they do it?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wtLrlIKvJE","sticky":false,"path":"/science/233664/youre-not-hallucinating-thats-just-squid-skin","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For an animal with such a humble name, market squid have a spectacularly hypnotic appearance. Streaks and waves of color flicker and radiate across their skin. Other creatures may posses the ability to change color, but squid and their relatives are without equal when it comes to controlling their appearance and new research may illuminate how they do it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_242132\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-skin.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-skin.gif\" alt=\"Market squid skin changes color and pattern \" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" class=\"size-full wp-image-242132\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Market squid skin is covered in chromatophores that expand and shrink to change the animal’s skin color or create camouflaging patterns \u003ccite>((Josh Cassidy/KQED))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Octopuses, cuttlefish and squid belong to a class of animals referred to as cephalopods. These animals, widely regarded as the most intelligent of the invertebrates, use their color change abilities for both concealment and communication. Their ability to hide is critical to their survival since, with the exception of the nautiluses, these squishy and often delicious animals live without the protection of protective external shells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_242133\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Cuttlefish and octopuses use closely packed chromatophores to match the color of their surroundings\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-242133\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/cuttlefish-and-squid-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cuttlefish and octopuses use closely packed chromatophores to match the color of their surroundings \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To actually control the color of their skin, cephalopods use tiny organs in their skin called chromatophores. Each tiny chromatophore is basically a sac filled with pigment. Minute muscles tug on the sac, spreading it wide and exposing the colored pigment to any light hitting the skin. When the muscles relax, the colored areas shrink back into tiny spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_242136\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Chromatophores02.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Chromatophores02.gif\" alt=\"Tiny muscles expand chromatophores making the colored spots grow.\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" class=\"size-full wp-image-242136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny muscles expand chromatophores making the colored spots grow. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because the system is based on the action of quick responding muscles, cephalopods are able to change colors almost instantly and can produce spectacularly intricate patterns to break up their outline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_242135\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Octopuses can mimic the color of stone\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-242135\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/octopus-skin-looks-like-stone-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Day octopuses, like this one at California Academy of Sciences, can adjust their skin color, texture and body position to mimic a rock \u003ccite>((Josh Cassidy/KQED))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/profiles/chromatophores.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hannah Rosen\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate at \u003ca href=\"http://hopkinsmarinestation.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a> in Pacific Grove, is studying how exactly these animals control this dramatic light show. Squid are notoriously difficult to keep in captivity, so the first step toward studying them is to to head out into Monterey Bay to catch some specimens. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosen isn’t the only one fishing for squid. But while the squid aboard most of the fishing boats in the bay will end up served as calamari, the squid Rosen catches may help explain the mystery of how these creatures control their color change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_242137\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Market squid showing movement in once paralyzed chromatophores \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-242137\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-squirm2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After a few days, the chromatophores on this market squid’s left side began moving despite being disconnected from the brain’s signals \u003ccite>((Josh Cassidy/KQED))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her research includes snipping a nerve that connects the brain to the chromatophores on one side of the squid’s body. When Rosen does this, the chromatophores on that side immediately relax and shrink to tiny spots, while the chromatophores on the intact side continue to flash normally. After a few days, some of the chromatophores on the paralyzed side began to move again, as if they were getting a signal from somewhere other than the squid’s brain. This phenomenon, Rosen says, is what fascinates her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosen also tests how the fresh dead squid skin reacts to electric voltages when exposed to different pharmaceutical drugs in order to track down the neurological pathways involved. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_242138\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-skin-in-lab.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/squid-skin-in-lab.gif\" alt=\"By testing how they react to specific chemicals, Rosen hopes to discover exactly how squid control their chromatophores.\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" class=\"size-full wp-image-242138\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By testing how they react to specific chemicals, Rosen hopes to discover exactly how squid control their chromatophores. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While it’s still early to say, one possibility is that the skin itself is able to see and stimulate the chromatophores locally, bypassing the brain. A recent study at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass., indicates that cuttlefish skin has light-sensing cells. Further investigation may help researchers understand how much of the color change control comes from the brain and how much is controlled by the skin itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info, you can visit:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Academy of Sciences – \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/color-of-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Color of Life Exhibit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nMonterey Bay Aquarium – \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals-and-experiences/exhibits/tentacles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tentacles Exhibit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/233664/youre-not-hallucinating-thats-just-squid-skin","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_324","science_1479","science_325","science_309","science_767"],"featImg":"science_242226","label":"science_1935"},"science_28273":{"type":"posts","id":"science_28273","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"28273","score":null,"sort":[1426599015000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"newt-sex-buff-males-writhing-females-cannibalism","title":"Newt Sex: Buff Males! Writhing Females! Cannibalism!","publishDate":1426599015,"format":"video","headTitle":"Newt Sex: Buff Males! Writhing Females! Cannibalism! | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Video Produced by Gabriela Quirós\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]The Japanese Pool at the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley was built in 1941. Stones from Japan line its edges, and a small Japanese-style bridge offers visitors a place to sit and contemplate the water’s surface. It looks peaceful, but beneath the surface is a riot of writhing activity: the newts have come to town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California newts (\u003cem>Taricha torosa)\u003c/em> have marched in from the surrounding forests by the dozens (some years there are hundreds), to mate and lay eggs in the pond. Most of the time, California newts live quiet, hidden lives in the forests of California. But every winter – and newts can live for 20 years – they return to mate in the same ponds in which they were born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28291 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\" alt=\"Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond's peaceful surface\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond’s peaceful surface (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These amphibious creatures are about five to eight inches long, with rust-colored skin, except for their bright yellow eyes and belly. They began to arrive at the UC Botanical Garden around November, and will stay here for the duration of the rainy season, usually through the end of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Licht, director of the garden, has been observing the newts in the Japanese Pool for 12 years, since he became director in 2003. But his fascination began long before that, as he studied newts and newt hormones for more than 40 years as a zoologist at the University of California, Berkeley. In those days, he says, he never just sat and watched them like he does now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was usually out collecting them in the field,” he says, “or doing experiments with them in the lab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Licht enjoys simply observing them, year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a very special kind of animal,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California newts are only about six inches long, they might travel as far as three miles to return to their birthplace. That’s the equivalent for a human of walking about a marathon and a half, without any signs or road maps. Scientists aren’t sure exactly how they find their way, but they think it might be based on smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victor Twitty, a biologist at Stanford University in the 1960s, tampered with the olfactory organs of a related species, the red-bellied newt (\u003cem>Taricha rivularis\u003c/em>) and observed that they had a hard time getting home, while undamaged newts were able to get back to their ponds with astounding accuracy, even when he moved them miles away to places they had never been before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their migration takes them out of the burrows where they spend the rest of the year, eating bugs and living a terrestrial life in the forests along the California coast. It starts with the release of a hormone called prolactin, the same chemical that helps women breastfeed. In newts, it triggers an urge to head towards the water they were born in, and in males it combines with testosterone to induce a physical transformation that prepares them for the months they will spend in the water, fighting over females and engaging in an elaborate mating ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they get closer to the pond, the males’ skin transforms from pimply and rough to slimy and smooth. They bulk up, and grow pads on their feet for clamping onto females. Their tails flatten, grow wider and turn into fins that will power them through the water. When the breeding season ends, they emerge from the water, slim down, dry out, and re-adapt to a land-based lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28278\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts' transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts’ transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a rapid change in phenotype, year in and year out,” says Sean Reilly, a graduate student who studies newts in the integrative biology department at UC Berkeley.” These newts are pretty amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts generally enjoy a relatively safe existence, protected by a poison in their skin called tetrodotoxin, one of the world’s most potent neurotoxins. It’s the same poison found in Japanese puffer fish that occasionally kills adventurous sushi eaters –23 people were fatally poisoned in Japan between 2000 and 2009. The bright coloring of the California newt, and their even more toxic cousin, the rough-skinned newt (\u003cem>Taricha granulosa\u003c/em>), warns most predators that they’re a bad choice for a meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28287\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newts' bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newts’ bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s one exception, a predator that doesn’t need to heed this warning: the garter snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts and garter snakes are locked in an epic struggle that Jim McGuire, a herpetologist at UC Berkeley, calls a “co-evolutionary arms race.” Some of the snakes in the newt’s habitat have evolved immunity to tetrodotoxin, and in response, some newts have become even more toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s essentially a geographic mosaic across the West,” McGuire says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some places, newts are very toxic and can keep the snakes at bay. But in other places, “it seems like the garter snake has essentially won,” and the newts are less toxic, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt's journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt’s journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When newts begin their annual odyssey from the forest to the water, they often encounter dangers that even the strongest poison can’t protect them from. Cars driving through their territory aren’t deterred by the newts’ bright colors, and road crossings can be the most dangerous part of a newt’s journey. Excluding the dangers of cars and roads, McGuire says, “It’s hard for me to imagine that many of them would be prevented from making it to their breeding site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighbors of Tilden Park, just a few miles from the Japanese Pool, became concerned a few years ago by the newts they were finding flattened on the road. They persuaded the park to close a road in the newt’s migration path from November to March to protect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28297\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\" alt=\"South Park Drive in Berkeley's Tilden Park is closed for the newts' breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South Park Drive in Berkeley’s Tilden Park is closed for the newts’ breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But closing roads may not be the only protection they need. Licht said that during the past two years he’s seen the lowest numbers of newts and newt eggs since he started working at the garden. California newts aren’t currently endangered, but Licht is concerned by the decline that he’s seen in the Japanese Pool population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year, the whole season we only saw one egg cluster,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, he sees hundreds, dotting the pond’s muddy bottom and hidden in the vegetation. The male newts are even known to snack on a few of them for extra protein, adding cannibalism to the newts’ yearly ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28275\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28275\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were more egg clusters this year, but still many fewer than usual. Licht doesn’t know what caused the downturn. He says it might be due to California’s severe drought, now in its fourth year, but naturalist James Wilson with the East Bay Regional Park District, reports he’s seen normal numbers this year at breeding sites only a few miles away from the Japanese Pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may never know why they almost disappeared from the Japanese Pool, Licht says, but he’s glad to see a few more this season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We mostly study them when they come to breed, we don’t know what they do the rest of the year,” he says. “There’s still a lot of mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Every winter, California newts leave the safety of their forest burrows and travel as far as three miles to mate in the pond where they were born. Their mating ritual is a raucous affair that involves bulked-up males, writhing females and a little cannibalism. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932130,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1341},"headData":{"title":"Newt Sex: Buff Males! Writhing Females! Cannibalism! | KQED","description":"Every winter, California newts leave the safety of their forest burrows and travel as far as three miles to mate in the pond where they were born. Their mating ritual is a raucous affair that involves bulked-up males, writhing females and a little cannibalism. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5m37QR_4XNY","sticky":false,"path":"/science/28273/newt-sex-buff-males-writhing-females-cannibalism","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Video Produced by Gabriela Quirós\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The Japanese Pool at the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley was built in 1941. Stones from Japan line its edges, and a small Japanese-style bridge offers visitors a place to sit and contemplate the water’s surface. It looks peaceful, but beneath the surface is a riot of writhing activity: the newts have come to town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California newts (\u003cem>Taricha torosa)\u003c/em> have marched in from the surrounding forests by the dozens (some years there are hundreds), to mate and lay eggs in the pond. Most of the time, California newts live quiet, hidden lives in the forests of California. But every winter – and newts can live for 20 years – they return to mate in the same ponds in which they were born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28291 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\" alt=\"Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond's peaceful surface\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond’s peaceful surface (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These amphibious creatures are about five to eight inches long, with rust-colored skin, except for their bright yellow eyes and belly. They began to arrive at the UC Botanical Garden around November, and will stay here for the duration of the rainy season, usually through the end of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Licht, director of the garden, has been observing the newts in the Japanese Pool for 12 years, since he became director in 2003. But his fascination began long before that, as he studied newts and newt hormones for more than 40 years as a zoologist at the University of California, Berkeley. In those days, he says, he never just sat and watched them like he does now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was usually out collecting them in the field,” he says, “or doing experiments with them in the lab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Licht enjoys simply observing them, year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a very special kind of animal,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California newts are only about six inches long, they might travel as far as three miles to return to their birthplace. That’s the equivalent for a human of walking about a marathon and a half, without any signs or road maps. Scientists aren’t sure exactly how they find their way, but they think it might be based on smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victor Twitty, a biologist at Stanford University in the 1960s, tampered with the olfactory organs of a related species, the red-bellied newt (\u003cem>Taricha rivularis\u003c/em>) and observed that they had a hard time getting home, while undamaged newts were able to get back to their ponds with astounding accuracy, even when he moved them miles away to places they had never been before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their migration takes them out of the burrows where they spend the rest of the year, eating bugs and living a terrestrial life in the forests along the California coast. It starts with the release of a hormone called prolactin, the same chemical that helps women breastfeed. In newts, it triggers an urge to head towards the water they were born in, and in males it combines with testosterone to induce a physical transformation that prepares them for the months they will spend in the water, fighting over females and engaging in an elaborate mating ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they get closer to the pond, the males’ skin transforms from pimply and rough to slimy and smooth. They bulk up, and grow pads on their feet for clamping onto females. Their tails flatten, grow wider and turn into fins that will power them through the water. When the breeding season ends, they emerge from the water, slim down, dry out, and re-adapt to a land-based lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28278\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts' transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts’ transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a rapid change in phenotype, year in and year out,” says Sean Reilly, a graduate student who studies newts in the integrative biology department at UC Berkeley.” These newts are pretty amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts generally enjoy a relatively safe existence, protected by a poison in their skin called tetrodotoxin, one of the world’s most potent neurotoxins. It’s the same poison found in Japanese puffer fish that occasionally kills adventurous sushi eaters –23 people were fatally poisoned in Japan between 2000 and 2009. The bright coloring of the California newt, and their even more toxic cousin, the rough-skinned newt (\u003cem>Taricha granulosa\u003c/em>), warns most predators that they’re a bad choice for a meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28287\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newts' bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newts’ bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s one exception, a predator that doesn’t need to heed this warning: the garter snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts and garter snakes are locked in an epic struggle that Jim McGuire, a herpetologist at UC Berkeley, calls a “co-evolutionary arms race.” Some of the snakes in the newt’s habitat have evolved immunity to tetrodotoxin, and in response, some newts have become even more toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s essentially a geographic mosaic across the West,” McGuire says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some places, newts are very toxic and can keep the snakes at bay. But in other places, “it seems like the garter snake has essentially won,” and the newts are less toxic, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt's journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt’s journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When newts begin their annual odyssey from the forest to the water, they often encounter dangers that even the strongest poison can’t protect them from. Cars driving through their territory aren’t deterred by the newts’ bright colors, and road crossings can be the most dangerous part of a newt’s journey. Excluding the dangers of cars and roads, McGuire says, “It’s hard for me to imagine that many of them would be prevented from making it to their breeding site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighbors of Tilden Park, just a few miles from the Japanese Pool, became concerned a few years ago by the newts they were finding flattened on the road. They persuaded the park to close a road in the newt’s migration path from November to March to protect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28297\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\" alt=\"South Park Drive in Berkeley's Tilden Park is closed for the newts' breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South Park Drive in Berkeley’s Tilden Park is closed for the newts’ breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But closing roads may not be the only protection they need. Licht said that during the past two years he’s seen the lowest numbers of newts and newt eggs since he started working at the garden. California newts aren’t currently endangered, but Licht is concerned by the decline that he’s seen in the Japanese Pool population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year, the whole season we only saw one egg cluster,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, he sees hundreds, dotting the pond’s muddy bottom and hidden in the vegetation. The male newts are even known to snack on a few of them for extra protein, adding cannibalism to the newts’ yearly ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28275\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28275\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were more egg clusters this year, but still many fewer than usual. Licht doesn’t know what caused the downturn. He says it might be due to California’s severe drought, now in its fourth year, but naturalist James Wilson with the East Bay Regional Park District, reports he’s seen normal numbers this year at breeding sites only a few miles away from the Japanese Pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may never know why they almost disappeared from the Japanese Pool, Licht says, but he’s glad to see a few more this season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We mostly study them when they come to breed, we don’t know what they do the rest of the year,” he says. “There’s still a lot of mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/28273/newt-sex-buff-males-writhing-females-cannibalism","authors":["6616","6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1970","science_64","science_325","science_309"],"featImg":"science_28316","label":"science_1935"},"science_27647":{"type":"posts","id":"science_27647","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"27647","score":null,"sort":[1425426799000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"vivid-new-seadragon-found-hiding-in-a-museum","title":"Vivid New Seadragon Found Hiding in a Museum","publishDate":1425426799,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Vivid New Seadragon Found Hiding in a Museum | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27655\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ruby_seadragon.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27655\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ruby_seadragon.jpg\" alt=\"The ruby seadragon Phyllopteryx dewysea.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ruby seadragon Phyllopteryx dewysea. Above, the animal on deck shortly after collection; below, preserved in ethanol with distinctive features labeled. (Stiller, Wilson, and Rouse 2015, Royal Society Open Science)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’ve been swimming off the southern coast of Australia for untold millenia, and the first specimen was put in a museum almost a hundred years ago. But they only received a scientific name\u003cem>—\u003c/em>\u003cem>Phyllopteryx dewysea\u003c/em>—and a common name—“ruby seadragon”—one week ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Josefin Stiller, a graduate student at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, described her surprising discovery with two other marine biologists in the journal \u003ca title=\"A spectacular new species of seadragon\" href=\"http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/2/140458\">\u003ci>Royal Society Open Science\u003c/i>\u003c/a>. They introduce seadragons as “fish of mesmerizing beauty,” and the new species is no exception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/F3.large_-791x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/F3.large_-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"skeletons of seadragons\" width=\"250\" height=\"324\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">X-ray comparison of the three species of seadragons: (a) leafy seadragon, (b) weedy seadragon, (c) ruby seadragon. Scale bars, 1 cm. (Stiller, Wilson, and Rouse 2015, Royal Society Open Publishing)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two species previously known, the \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Leafy seadragon\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafy_seadragon\">leafy seadragon\u003c/a> and the \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - weedy seadragon\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedy_seadragon\">weedy seadragon\u003c/a>, are mostly yellow with motley splotches of color and many decorative appendages. This helps them blend in with seaweeds and seagrasses in the shallow water they call home. The ruby seadragon, by contrast, is a vivid red with no frills—suitable camouflage for its own home in deeper, darker water, where red animals appear almost colorless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their preferred depth is probably the reason ruby seadragons escaped notice for so many years, while their leafy and weedy cousins have attracted scuba divers from around the world. The ruby specimen that caught Stiller’s attention was collected in a deep-water trawl as part of a biodiversity survey in 2007. Although its color was captured by a photograph on board the research vessel, it was labeled a weedy seadragon, preserved in alcohol and archived at the Western Australian Museum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetics eventually gave it away. While studying several samples of seadragon tissue from the museum, Stiller found one that was clearly not weedy or leafy. Further analysis proved that it was indeed a new species. She and her colleagues then combed through old museum collections and found several more ruby seadragons that had been misidentified as weedy, the earliest from 1919.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sort of treasure hunt is not uncommon. \u003ca title=\"Rocha Lab\" href=\"http://www.luizrocha.com/academic/Home.html\">Luiz Rocha\u003c/a>, associate curator of ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences, is familiar with the process in coral reef fish, which tend to be extremely colorful. “The first clue for us to find a new species is when we find something with a different color,” he says. But if the difference isn’t noticed at the time of collection, it disappears. “When we put them in a jar, they lose their color. Very often we come back and we find specimens of the new species that were put in the museum a hundred years ago and were overlooked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New species from old fossils\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27650\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ujvp_a_903260_f0002_b-288x149.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ujvp_a_903260_f0002_b-288x149.jpeg\" alt=\"New Ichthyosaur\" width=\"288\" height=\"149\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fossil that proved to be a new species, Ichthyosaurus anningae. Scale bar is 10 cm. (University of Manchester)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ruby seadragon is the first new seadragon that has been discovered in 150 years. Curiously enough, the day after Stiller’s study was published, the first new ichthyosaur in 130 years was also named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paleontologist Dean R. Lomax of the University of Manchester found his hidden treasure languishing in the collections of the Doncaster Museum. The fairly complete fossil of a marine reptile had been on display for several years in the 80’s, shortly after being dug up, but was then filed away. Lomax was the first to observe that certain bones made this specimen stand apart from every other species of ichthyosaur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With professor Judy Massare from the State University of New York, Lomax used careful measurements of femur and humerus to describe the new species, which they named \u003ci>Ichthyosaurus anningae \u003c/i>in the \u003ca title=\"A new species of Ichthyosaurus from the Lower Jurassic of West Dorset, England, U.K.\" href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2014.903260#abstract\">\u003ci>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\u003c/i>\u003c/a>. As in the case of the seadragon, after recognizing the species the scientists found other archived representatives that had been misidentified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27651\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ujvp_a_903260_f0010_b-288x100.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27651\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ujvp_a_903260_f0010_b-288x100.jpeg\" alt=\"ichthyosaur fossil\" width=\"288\" height=\"100\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An old fossil that was reassigned to Ichthyosaurus anningae, after careful inspection. Scale bar is 10 cm. (NHMUK)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The coincidence of these two discoveries may seem incredible, but in fact it simply illustrates how often new species emerge from museum collections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason that so many new species lurk in rows of jars and drawers of fossils is that specimens are often collected by people who are not specialists in the field. When Rocha travels to study the coral reef fish of the Phillipines, for example, he takes the opportunity to collect many other kinds of fish for the museum. Although he does his best to identify them, “They’re not the fish that I study, so I might give it the wrong name. So in 10-20 years a specialist comes to visit the collection,” and maybe finds a new species. “We had a visitor from Singapore who spent six months here and found at least two new species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The need to name\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”sxcsqWbUlxflMSXQ17RMcGh3JHCkIRLF”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taxonomists, the scientists who specialize in recognizing and classifying species, have grown rare. “Nowadays all the students want to do cutting-edge research. It’s very hard to find a student who’s interested in taxonomy, describing species,” laments Rocha. “A lot of people think taxonomy is not even science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without taxonomists, however, multiple species are often unknowingly lumped into one, as was the case for the weedy and ruby seadragons. This hampers conservation efforts. \u003ca title=\"IUCN - Leafy Sea Dragon\" href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/17096/0\">Leafy\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"IUCN - Weedy Seadragon\" href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/17177/0\">weedy\u003c/a> seadragons have suffered from over-collection as well as pollution to their shallow water habitats. Today both are listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as Near Threatened, and protected by Australian law. Meanwhile, ruby seadragons have yet to be documented in their natural habitat, and we know nothing about their conservation status. Learning that they exist was a necessary first step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27649\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Mary_Anning_painting-744x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27649\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Mary_Anning_painting-744x1024.jpg\" alt=\"painting of Mary Anning\" width=\"250\" height=\"344\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A painting of the influential paleontologist Mary Anning in front of a hill famous for its fossils.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ichthyosaurs, of course, have been extinct for 90 million years, so it’s a little late to be concerned about conservation. But the description of a new species expands our picture of the ancient seas and our understanding of evolution. \u003ca title=\"Ichthyosaurs - National Dinosaur museum\" href=\"http://www.nationaldinosaurmuseum.com.au/Ichthyosaur.htm\">Scientists are learning\u003c/a> how these prehistoric swimming reptiles descended from ancestors who walked on land, just as modern whales and dolphins did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taxonomy deserves a comeback. Not only is naming species important, but it’s fun—diving for sunken treasure in museum depths. It’s also an opportunity to offer immortality to pioneers and benefactors. \u003ci>Ichthyosaurus anningae\u003c/i> is named after 19th-century paleontologist Mary Anning, who discovered the first complete ichthyosaur fossil. \u003cem>Phyllopteryx dewysea\u003c/em> honors Mary ‘Dewy’ Lowe, according to Stiller and colleagues, “for her love of the sea and her support of seadragon conservation and research, without which this new species would not have been discovered.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Science has just introduced the first new seadragon species in 150 years, and the first new ichthyosaur species in 130 years. The coincidence illustrates the value of museum collections.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932195,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1179},"headData":{"title":"Vivid New Seadragon Found Hiding in a Museum | KQED","description":"Science has just introduced the first new seadragon species in 150 years, and the first new ichthyosaur species in 130 years. The coincidence illustrates the value of museum collections.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/27647/vivid-new-seadragon-found-hiding-in-a-museum","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27655\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ruby_seadragon.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27655\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ruby_seadragon.jpg\" alt=\"The ruby seadragon Phyllopteryx dewysea.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ruby seadragon Phyllopteryx dewysea. Above, the animal on deck shortly after collection; below, preserved in ethanol with distinctive features labeled. (Stiller, Wilson, and Rouse 2015, Royal Society Open Science)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’ve been swimming off the southern coast of Australia for untold millenia, and the first specimen was put in a museum almost a hundred years ago. But they only received a scientific name\u003cem>—\u003c/em>\u003cem>Phyllopteryx dewysea\u003c/em>—and a common name—“ruby seadragon”—one week ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Josefin Stiller, a graduate student at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, described her surprising discovery with two other marine biologists in the journal \u003ca title=\"A spectacular new species of seadragon\" href=\"http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/2/140458\">\u003ci>Royal Society Open Science\u003c/i>\u003c/a>. They introduce seadragons as “fish of mesmerizing beauty,” and the new species is no exception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/F3.large_-791x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/F3.large_-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"skeletons of seadragons\" width=\"250\" height=\"324\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">X-ray comparison of the three species of seadragons: (a) leafy seadragon, (b) weedy seadragon, (c) ruby seadragon. Scale bars, 1 cm. (Stiller, Wilson, and Rouse 2015, Royal Society Open Publishing)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two species previously known, the \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Leafy seadragon\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafy_seadragon\">leafy seadragon\u003c/a> and the \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - weedy seadragon\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedy_seadragon\">weedy seadragon\u003c/a>, are mostly yellow with motley splotches of color and many decorative appendages. This helps them blend in with seaweeds and seagrasses in the shallow water they call home. The ruby seadragon, by contrast, is a vivid red with no frills—suitable camouflage for its own home in deeper, darker water, where red animals appear almost colorless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their preferred depth is probably the reason ruby seadragons escaped notice for so many years, while their leafy and weedy cousins have attracted scuba divers from around the world. The ruby specimen that caught Stiller’s attention was collected in a deep-water trawl as part of a biodiversity survey in 2007. Although its color was captured by a photograph on board the research vessel, it was labeled a weedy seadragon, preserved in alcohol and archived at the Western Australian Museum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetics eventually gave it away. While studying several samples of seadragon tissue from the museum, Stiller found one that was clearly not weedy or leafy. Further analysis proved that it was indeed a new species. She and her colleagues then combed through old museum collections and found several more ruby seadragons that had been misidentified as weedy, the earliest from 1919.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sort of treasure hunt is not uncommon. \u003ca title=\"Rocha Lab\" href=\"http://www.luizrocha.com/academic/Home.html\">Luiz Rocha\u003c/a>, associate curator of ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences, is familiar with the process in coral reef fish, which tend to be extremely colorful. “The first clue for us to find a new species is when we find something with a different color,” he says. But if the difference isn’t noticed at the time of collection, it disappears. “When we put them in a jar, they lose their color. Very often we come back and we find specimens of the new species that were put in the museum a hundred years ago and were overlooked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New species from old fossils\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27650\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ujvp_a_903260_f0002_b-288x149.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ujvp_a_903260_f0002_b-288x149.jpeg\" alt=\"New Ichthyosaur\" width=\"288\" height=\"149\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fossil that proved to be a new species, Ichthyosaurus anningae. Scale bar is 10 cm. (University of Manchester)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ruby seadragon is the first new seadragon that has been discovered in 150 years. Curiously enough, the day after Stiller’s study was published, the first new ichthyosaur in 130 years was also named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paleontologist Dean R. Lomax of the University of Manchester found his hidden treasure languishing in the collections of the Doncaster Museum. The fairly complete fossil of a marine reptile had been on display for several years in the 80’s, shortly after being dug up, but was then filed away. Lomax was the first to observe that certain bones made this specimen stand apart from every other species of ichthyosaur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With professor Judy Massare from the State University of New York, Lomax used careful measurements of femur and humerus to describe the new species, which they named \u003ci>Ichthyosaurus anningae \u003c/i>in the \u003ca title=\"A new species of Ichthyosaurus from the Lower Jurassic of West Dorset, England, U.K.\" href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2014.903260#abstract\">\u003ci>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\u003c/i>\u003c/a>. As in the case of the seadragon, after recognizing the species the scientists found other archived representatives that had been misidentified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27651\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ujvp_a_903260_f0010_b-288x100.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27651\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/ujvp_a_903260_f0010_b-288x100.jpeg\" alt=\"ichthyosaur fossil\" width=\"288\" height=\"100\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An old fossil that was reassigned to Ichthyosaurus anningae, after careful inspection. Scale bar is 10 cm. (NHMUK)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The coincidence of these two discoveries may seem incredible, but in fact it simply illustrates how often new species emerge from museum collections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason that so many new species lurk in rows of jars and drawers of fossils is that specimens are often collected by people who are not specialists in the field. When Rocha travels to study the coral reef fish of the Phillipines, for example, he takes the opportunity to collect many other kinds of fish for the museum. Although he does his best to identify them, “They’re not the fish that I study, so I might give it the wrong name. So in 10-20 years a specialist comes to visit the collection,” and maybe finds a new species. “We had a visitor from Singapore who spent six months here and found at least two new species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The need to name\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taxonomists, the scientists who specialize in recognizing and classifying species, have grown rare. “Nowadays all the students want to do cutting-edge research. It’s very hard to find a student who’s interested in taxonomy, describing species,” laments Rocha. “A lot of people think taxonomy is not even science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without taxonomists, however, multiple species are often unknowingly lumped into one, as was the case for the weedy and ruby seadragons. This hampers conservation efforts. \u003ca title=\"IUCN - Leafy Sea Dragon\" href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/17096/0\">Leafy\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"IUCN - Weedy Seadragon\" href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/17177/0\">weedy\u003c/a> seadragons have suffered from over-collection as well as pollution to their shallow water habitats. Today both are listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as Near Threatened, and protected by Australian law. Meanwhile, ruby seadragons have yet to be documented in their natural habitat, and we know nothing about their conservation status. Learning that they exist was a necessary first step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27649\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Mary_Anning_painting-744x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27649\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Mary_Anning_painting-744x1024.jpg\" alt=\"painting of Mary Anning\" width=\"250\" height=\"344\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A painting of the influential paleontologist Mary Anning in front of a hill famous for its fossils.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ichthyosaurs, of course, have been extinct for 90 million years, so it’s a little late to be concerned about conservation. But the description of a new species expands our picture of the ancient seas and our understanding of evolution. \u003ca title=\"Ichthyosaurs - National Dinosaur museum\" href=\"http://www.nationaldinosaurmuseum.com.au/Ichthyosaur.htm\">Scientists are learning\u003c/a> how these prehistoric swimming reptiles descended from ancestors who walked on land, just as modern whales and dolphins did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taxonomy deserves a comeback. Not only is naming species important, but it’s fun—diving for sunken treasure in museum depths. It’s also an opportunity to offer immortality to pioneers and benefactors. \u003ci>Ichthyosaurus anningae\u003c/i> is named after 19th-century paleontologist Mary Anning, who discovered the first complete ichthyosaur fossil. \u003cem>Phyllopteryx dewysea\u003c/em> honors Mary ‘Dewy’ Lowe, according to Stiller and colleagues, “for her love of the sea and her support of seadragon conservation and research, without which this new species would not have been discovered.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/27647/vivid-new-seadragon-found-hiding-in-a-museum","authors":["6324"],"categories":["science_30"],"tags":["science_324","science_325","science_309"],"featImg":"science_27655","label":"science"},"science_27808":{"type":"posts","id":"science_27808","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"27808","score":null,"sort":[1425415826000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-drifter-to-dynamo-the-story-of-plankton","title":"From Drifter to Dynamo: The Story of Plankton","publishDate":1425415826,"format":"video","headTitle":"From Drifter to Dynamo: The Story of Plankton | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Melissa DuBose casts a net out into the sea on a crisp winter morning, from a wooden pier near the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I come out here every week,” she says. She reels in her net to collect her catch, which appears to be only water, captured in a small bottle dangling from the bottom of the net. DuBose collects sea creatures so small most people never notice them, yet they are critical to all life in the oceans and on land: plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Dubose-throws-net-with-Josh1280.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Dubose-throws-net-with-Josh1280.png\" alt=\"Melissa Dubose of the Romberg Tiburon Center casts her plankton net, with producer Josh Cassidy looking on (Mallory Pickett/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Melissa DuBose of the Romberg Tiburon Center casts her plankton net, with producer Josh Cassidy looking on (Mallory Pickett/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The word plankton comes from the Greek word \u003cem>planktos\u003c/em>, which means drifter, or wanderer.\u003cbr>\nWhich is precisely what plankton are. Tiny wandering plants and animals, drifting at the mercy of ocean waves, tides and winds. The technical definition of plankton is anything that lives in water and isn’t strong enough to swim against the current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DuBose immediately brings the plankton she collects to a microscope in William Cochlan’s laboratory at the Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University’s marine lab in Marin County. Cochlan and his lab members study phytoplankton, tiny marine organisms that collect energy from the sun through photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we can’t see them without microscopes they’re kind of invisible to us,” Cochlan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But magnified, their beautiful shapes and colors are revealed. Diatoms are one of the most common types of phytoplankton, and they are known for making silica (glass) cell walls, in an amazing variety of shapes and sizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Diatom2half-800.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Diatom2half-800.png\" alt=\"Mixed diatoms arranged on a microscope slide (Wipeter/Wikimedia commons)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mixed diatoms arranged on a microscope slide (Wipeter/Wikimedia commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Diatoms aren’t just beautiful, they’re essential to life on earth. Phytoplankton produce 40 to 60 percent of the oxygen we breathe, and in the ocean they are the base of the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cochlan wants to know how these microscopic plants will be affected by changing ocean conditions, brought about by the billions of tons of carbon dioxide we emit into the atmosphere every year. The gas traps heat, slowly warming the sea surface. But it also changes the ocean’s chemistry. About a third of the carbon dioxide we emit is absorbed by the oceans, where it reacts with seawater to make it more acidic. As the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has gone up over the past century, the ocean’s acidity has increased by about 30 percent, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really have to find out if ocean acidification is going to negatively impact the phytoplankton,” Cochlan says. In his lab, researchers are growing phytoplankton in water treated with high levels of carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re specifically trying to see if ocean acidification increases their growth rate or slows it down,” he says. So far, the scientists have seen that in some cases phytoplankton grows faster in water with high amounts of carbon dioxide. But Cochlan cautions that growth rate isn’t the only indicator of health, and there could be negative impacts that they haven’t detected yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The jury’s still out,” on how increasing carbon dioxide will affect phytoplankton, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all plankton depend on carbon dioxide to grow. There is another class of drifters, that act more like animals than plants, called zooplankton. Zooplankton mostly eat phytoplankton, though they sometimes each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27820\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/plankton-copepod-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27820\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/plankton-copepod-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Acartia hudsonica, a species of marine copepod (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acartia hudsonica, a species of marine copepod (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zooplankton include all drifting sea animals, from jellyfish to crab larvae. One of the biggest and most plentiful type of zooplankton is krill. They are only about the size of a paper clip, but abundant enough that enormous animals, like blue whales, can survive on a krill-only diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons there are so many whales in the waters off the Golden Gate, Cochlan says, is that this area is home to a high density of zooplankton. The high density of zooplankton is supported by an ocean process called upwelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upwelling is caused by winds stirring up the ocean’s surface, forcing warm surface waters away from shore and bringing cold water up from the deep. Deep water is full of nutrients, because the bottom of the ocean is where everything marine goes to die and decompose, breaking down into material for new life, like a compost bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27822\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Upwelling2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Upwelling2.jpg\" alt=\"(Via wikimedia-modified by D. Reed from image by J. Wallace and S. Vogel, El Niño and Climate Prediction. Image courtesy of Sanctuary Quest 2002, NOAA/OER) Upwelling happens when offshore winds push water away from the coast, and water from the deep comes up to replace the displaced surface water.\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Via wikimedia-modified by D. Reed from image by J. Wallace and S. Vogel, El Niño and Climate Prediction. Image courtesy of Sanctuary Quest 2002, NOAA/OER). Upwelling happens when offshore winds push water away from the coast, and water from the deep comes up to replace the displaced surface water.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The infusion of nutrients sparks an explosion of life at the surface, starting with the phytoplankton. Most phytoplankton are single-celled organisms, and they reproduce by dividing into two new cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typical phytoplankton divide once, doubling per day,” Cochlan says. But after an upwelling, they rapidly accelerate their growth rate. More phytoplankton means more food for zooplankton, which are prey for small fish and big whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We usually only witness this feeding frenzy from the ocean’s surface — flocks of birds congregating, whales and dolphins diving. But the fuel driving all this energy is below the waves, and too small to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of these episodic bursts of productivity is unclear. A paper published last week in the journal Nature predicted that warmer waters and stronger winds will increase upwelling. But the paper’s authors say the separation between warm surface waters and cold deep water could also increase, so the upwelling might not bring up as many nutrients. It is still unknown, they say, how future changes in upwelling will affect marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans need plankton, but most people go through life without seeing one up close. Plankton are the unsung heroes of the ocean — the tiny, beautiful, lungs of the planet and food for the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans cannot survive without healthy oceans that support phytoplankton growth,” Cochlan says. “They’re really quite something.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Most plankton are tiny drifters, wandering in a vast ocean. But where wind and currents converge they become part of a grander story… an explosion of vitality that affects all life on Earth, including our own. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932199,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1042},"headData":{"title":"From Drifter to Dynamo: The Story of Plankton | KQED","description":"Most plankton are tiny drifters, wandering in a vast ocean. But where wind and currents converge they become part of a grander story… an explosion of vitality that affects all life on Earth, including our own. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUvJ5ANH86I","source":"Deep Look","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/deep-look/","sticky":false,"path":"/science/27808/from-drifter-to-dynamo-the-story-of-plankton","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Melissa DuBose casts a net out into the sea on a crisp winter morning, from a wooden pier near the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I come out here every week,” she says. She reels in her net to collect her catch, which appears to be only water, captured in a small bottle dangling from the bottom of the net. DuBose collects sea creatures so small most people never notice them, yet they are critical to all life in the oceans and on land: plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Dubose-throws-net-with-Josh1280.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Dubose-throws-net-with-Josh1280.png\" alt=\"Melissa Dubose of the Romberg Tiburon Center casts her plankton net, with producer Josh Cassidy looking on (Mallory Pickett/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Melissa DuBose of the Romberg Tiburon Center casts her plankton net, with producer Josh Cassidy looking on (Mallory Pickett/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The word plankton comes from the Greek word \u003cem>planktos\u003c/em>, which means drifter, or wanderer.\u003cbr>\nWhich is precisely what plankton are. Tiny wandering plants and animals, drifting at the mercy of ocean waves, tides and winds. The technical definition of plankton is anything that lives in water and isn’t strong enough to swim against the current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DuBose immediately brings the plankton she collects to a microscope in William Cochlan’s laboratory at the Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University’s marine lab in Marin County. Cochlan and his lab members study phytoplankton, tiny marine organisms that collect energy from the sun through photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we can’t see them without microscopes they’re kind of invisible to us,” Cochlan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But magnified, their beautiful shapes and colors are revealed. Diatoms are one of the most common types of phytoplankton, and they are known for making silica (glass) cell walls, in an amazing variety of shapes and sizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Diatom2half-800.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Diatom2half-800.png\" alt=\"Mixed diatoms arranged on a microscope slide (Wipeter/Wikimedia commons)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mixed diatoms arranged on a microscope slide (Wipeter/Wikimedia commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Diatoms aren’t just beautiful, they’re essential to life on earth. Phytoplankton produce 40 to 60 percent of the oxygen we breathe, and in the ocean they are the base of the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cochlan wants to know how these microscopic plants will be affected by changing ocean conditions, brought about by the billions of tons of carbon dioxide we emit into the atmosphere every year. The gas traps heat, slowly warming the sea surface. But it also changes the ocean’s chemistry. About a third of the carbon dioxide we emit is absorbed by the oceans, where it reacts with seawater to make it more acidic. As the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has gone up over the past century, the ocean’s acidity has increased by about 30 percent, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really have to find out if ocean acidification is going to negatively impact the phytoplankton,” Cochlan says. In his lab, researchers are growing phytoplankton in water treated with high levels of carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re specifically trying to see if ocean acidification increases their growth rate or slows it down,” he says. So far, the scientists have seen that in some cases phytoplankton grows faster in water with high amounts of carbon dioxide. But Cochlan cautions that growth rate isn’t the only indicator of health, and there could be negative impacts that they haven’t detected yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The jury’s still out,” on how increasing carbon dioxide will affect phytoplankton, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all plankton depend on carbon dioxide to grow. There is another class of drifters, that act more like animals than plants, called zooplankton. Zooplankton mostly eat phytoplankton, though they sometimes each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27820\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/plankton-copepod-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27820\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/plankton-copepod-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Acartia hudsonica, a species of marine copepod (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acartia hudsonica, a species of marine copepod (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zooplankton include all drifting sea animals, from jellyfish to crab larvae. One of the biggest and most plentiful type of zooplankton is krill. They are only about the size of a paper clip, but abundant enough that enormous animals, like blue whales, can survive on a krill-only diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons there are so many whales in the waters off the Golden Gate, Cochlan says, is that this area is home to a high density of zooplankton. The high density of zooplankton is supported by an ocean process called upwelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upwelling is caused by winds stirring up the ocean’s surface, forcing warm surface waters away from shore and bringing cold water up from the deep. Deep water is full of nutrients, because the bottom of the ocean is where everything marine goes to die and decompose, breaking down into material for new life, like a compost bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27822\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Upwelling2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Upwelling2.jpg\" alt=\"(Via wikimedia-modified by D. Reed from image by J. Wallace and S. Vogel, El Niño and Climate Prediction. Image courtesy of Sanctuary Quest 2002, NOAA/OER) Upwelling happens when offshore winds push water away from the coast, and water from the deep comes up to replace the displaced surface water.\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Via wikimedia-modified by D. Reed from image by J. Wallace and S. Vogel, El Niño and Climate Prediction. Image courtesy of Sanctuary Quest 2002, NOAA/OER). Upwelling happens when offshore winds push water away from the coast, and water from the deep comes up to replace the displaced surface water.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The infusion of nutrients sparks an explosion of life at the surface, starting with the phytoplankton. Most phytoplankton are single-celled organisms, and they reproduce by dividing into two new cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typical phytoplankton divide once, doubling per day,” Cochlan says. But after an upwelling, they rapidly accelerate their growth rate. More phytoplankton means more food for zooplankton, which are prey for small fish and big whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We usually only witness this feeding frenzy from the ocean’s surface — flocks of birds congregating, whales and dolphins diving. But the fuel driving all this energy is below the waves, and too small to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of these episodic bursts of productivity is unclear. A paper published last week in the journal Nature predicted that warmer waters and stronger winds will increase upwelling. But the paper’s authors say the separation between warm surface waters and cold deep water could also increase, so the upwelling might not bring up as many nutrients. It is still unknown, they say, how future changes in upwelling will affect marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans need plankton, but most people go through life without seeing one up close. Plankton are the unsung heroes of the ocean — the tiny, beautiful, lungs of the planet and food for the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans cannot survive without healthy oceans that support phytoplankton growth,” Cochlan says. “They’re really quite something.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/27808/from-drifter-to-dynamo-the-story-of-plankton","authors":["6219","6616"],"series":["science_1935","science_2625"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40","science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_64","science_324","science_325","science_309"],"featImg":"science_27814","label":"source_science_27808"},"science_27260":{"type":"posts","id":"science_27260","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"27260","score":null,"sort":[1424185221000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"banana-slugs-secret-of-the-slime","title":"Banana Slugs: Secret of the Slime","publishDate":1424185221,"format":"video","headTitle":"Banana Slugs: Secret of the Slime | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Mallory Pickett\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Below the majestic trees and prehistoric ferns that grace California’s redwood forests lives a weird and slimy creature: the banana slug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Named for their bright yellow color, banana slugs aren’t that different from the slugs you might try to keep out of your garden. They belong to the same family of animals, called gastropods, which have no spine and only one foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banana slugs are important members of the redwood forest community, even if they aren’t the most exalted. They eat animal droppings, leaves and other detritus on the forest floor, and then generate waste that fertilizes new plants. Being slugs, they don’t move very quickly, and without a shell, they need other protection to keep themselves from becoming food and then fertilizer. Their main defense: slime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-16-at-10.05.12-PM-1024x576.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27297\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-16-at-10.05.12-PM-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Banana slugs live on the floors of coastal forests from Santa Cruz, California to Alaska. This slug was found in Henry Cowell Redwood State Park after a day of rain.\" width=\"640\" height=\"5360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banana slugs live on the floors of coastal forests from Santa Cruz, California to Alaska. This\u003cbr>slug was found in Henry Cowell Redwood State Park after a day of rain.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Slime refers to mucus—the same stuff that coats your nose and lungs—found on the outside of an animal’s body. Banana slug slime contains nasty chemicals that numb the tongue of any animal that attempts to nibble it, discouraging predators like raccoons, who have to go to the trouble of removing the slime if they want to eat the slug. But this is just one of many ways slugs depend on slime, and they use it for everything from locomotion to nutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slime can absorb up to 100 times its original weight in water. So it helps slugs, which are mostly water, stay moist. It’s also both a great lubricant and a sticky glue, so they can use it to glide over a razor blade or stick to a windowpane. Engineers are fascinated by these dual lubricant/adhesive properties, and would love to learn to make slug slime in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27296\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-16-at-10.06.23-PM-1024x576.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27296\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-16-at-10.06.23-PM-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Slime can be both smooth and sticky, and slugs use it to glide over rough terrain and climb vertical surfaces.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slime can be both smooth and sticky, and slugs use it to glide over rough terrain and climb vertical surfaces.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Christopher Viney is one of these engineers. He’s a materials engineer at the University of California, Merced, and a slime expert. Viney has spent years studying its chemical and physical properties, something very few scientists had done before. He and team harvested slime from dozens of banana slugs, which he says are “a very clean, reproducible source of mucus.” They discovered that the slime, which is chemically very similar to human mucus, has special properties that set it apart from other bodily fluids. For one thing, it’s not really a liquid, at least not a conventional one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27295\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/dl-slugs-lc-gif-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27295\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/dl-slugs-lc-gif-500.gif\" alt=\"Mucus is a liquid crystal, a special physical state somewhere in between a liquid and solid.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mucus is a liquid crystal, a special physical state somewhere in between a liquid and solid.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Viney discovered that mucus is a liquid crystal, which means it’s somewhere in between the liquid and solid state, as its molecules are more organized than a typical liquid but not as rigidly ordered as a solid. It’s composed of strands of glycoproteins — molecules in which a protein backbone is decorated with carbohydrate side chains — that are semi-ordered, like braided hair, instead of being tangled together randomly like a bowl of spaghetti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viney has since moved on to studying spiders and silkworms, but many other engineers, biologists, and even medical doctors are still studying banana slugs. Engineers at MIT tried to copy the unique way slugs and snails move by building a “robo-snail,” which they hoped would be more stable and better able to traverse rough terrain than a robot that walks like a human or moves on wheels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27293\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/5_RoboII5-04.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/5_RoboII5-04.jpg\" alt=\"Anette Hosoi and Brian Chan at MIT made a robot called the “Robosnail” that mimics how gastropods like slugs and snails move, using foot pads that mimic gastropod foot muscles and synthetic slime.\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anette Hosoi and Brian Chan at MIT made a robot called the “Robosnail” that mimics\u003cbr>how gastropods like slugs and snails move, using foot pads that mimic gastropod foot muscles and synthetic slime.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The robo-snail has foot muscles and even synthetic slime. It can crawl over glass and up walls and ceilings, but it can’t quite achieve the mobility, grace and stickiness that come so effortlessly to slugs and snails. Janice Lai, a graduate student at Stanford University, used a special camera to observe every detail of a banana slug’s muscular movements and to model them, so that the next generation of robot snails and slugs can be a little bit closer to the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janet Leonard, a staff scientist, and Brooke Wagner, a former graduate student, both of the University of California-Santa Cruz, have spent a lot of time closely observing banana slugs too, during the slug’s most intimate moments. They study banana slug mating: a long, slimy and occasionally carnivorous ritual (the slugs sometimes eat each other’s penises after mating, and no one really knows why).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27291\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/7_penis.jpg\" alt=\"Banana slugs are simultaneous hermaphrodites, and can mate as male or female at any time. Banana slugs penises can be as long as the slug itself, one of the biggest penis:body size ratios in the animal kingdom. Photos: courtesy of Brooke Miller.\" width=\"640\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banana slugs are simultaneous hermaphrodites, and can mate as male or female at any time. Banana slugs penises can be as long as the slug itself, one of the biggest penis:body size ratios in the animal kingdom. Photos: courtesy of Brooke Miller.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mating rituals are different for each of the three species of banana slugs, but some species spend over four hours on the process: two hours of courtship and two hours of repeated fertilization. After all this time in one place, the couple will be left in a big puddle of slime—which they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to recycle those nutrients,” Leonard says. “That time spent mating is expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The banana slug’s mating behavior, and its slime, have evolved over millions of years. After all this time, the banana slug is very well adapted to the redwood forest environment, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ilaria Mazzoleni at the Southern California School of Architecture, and biologist Shauna Price at UCLA want to capitalize on these millennia of evolution. They say they want to learn from some of the slug’s tricks to create a building that is equally well suited to the redwood environment. With a group of architecture students they built a prototype for a greenhouse with special silicone units that capture and release water, inspired by the banana slug’s mucus secretions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/8_slug_greenhouse-1024x802.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27290\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/8_slug_greenhouse-1024x802.jpg\" alt=\"Southern California Institute of Architecture students Astri A. Bang, Maya Alam, and Janni S. Pedersen, under the guidance of Ilaria Mazzoleni and Shauna Price, created a design for a banana slug inspired greenhouse. They made silicone prototypes of bladders that would encase the building and store and release water, inspired by the slug’s mucus secretions and permeable skin.\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Southern California Institute of Architecture students Astri A. Bang, Maya Alam, and Janni S. Pedersen, under the guidance of Ilaria Mazzoleni and Shauna Price, created a design for a banana slug inspired greenhouse. They made silicone prototypes of bladders that would encase the building and store and release water, inspired by the slug’s mucus secretions and permeable skin.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazzoleni acknowledges that some people, including her own mother, find banana slugs “quite gross.” But she says architecture “is a functional art,” and the banana slug is “a great source of inspiration for that function.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Beneath the towering redwoods lives one of the most peculiar creatures in California: the banana slug. They're coated with a liquid crystal ooze that solves many problems slugs face in the forest -- and maybe some of our own.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932266,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":1143},"headData":{"title":"Banana Slugs: Secret of the Slime | KQED","description":"Beneath the towering redwoods lives one of the most peculiar creatures in California: the banana slug. They're coated with a liquid crystal ooze that solves many problems slugs face in the forest -- and maybe some of our own.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHvCQSGanJg","sticky":false,"path":"/science/27260/banana-slugs-secret-of-the-slime","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Mallory Pickett\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Below the majestic trees and prehistoric ferns that grace California’s redwood forests lives a weird and slimy creature: the banana slug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Named for their bright yellow color, banana slugs aren’t that different from the slugs you might try to keep out of your garden. They belong to the same family of animals, called gastropods, which have no spine and only one foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banana slugs are important members of the redwood forest community, even if they aren’t the most exalted. They eat animal droppings, leaves and other detritus on the forest floor, and then generate waste that fertilizes new plants. Being slugs, they don’t move very quickly, and without a shell, they need other protection to keep themselves from becoming food and then fertilizer. Their main defense: slime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-16-at-10.05.12-PM-1024x576.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27297\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-16-at-10.05.12-PM-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Banana slugs live on the floors of coastal forests from Santa Cruz, California to Alaska. This slug was found in Henry Cowell Redwood State Park after a day of rain.\" width=\"640\" height=\"5360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banana slugs live on the floors of coastal forests from Santa Cruz, California to Alaska. This\u003cbr>slug was found in Henry Cowell Redwood State Park after a day of rain.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Slime refers to mucus—the same stuff that coats your nose and lungs—found on the outside of an animal’s body. Banana slug slime contains nasty chemicals that numb the tongue of any animal that attempts to nibble it, discouraging predators like raccoons, who have to go to the trouble of removing the slime if they want to eat the slug. But this is just one of many ways slugs depend on slime, and they use it for everything from locomotion to nutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slime can absorb up to 100 times its original weight in water. So it helps slugs, which are mostly water, stay moist. It’s also both a great lubricant and a sticky glue, so they can use it to glide over a razor blade or stick to a windowpane. Engineers are fascinated by these dual lubricant/adhesive properties, and would love to learn to make slug slime in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27296\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-16-at-10.06.23-PM-1024x576.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27296\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-16-at-10.06.23-PM-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Slime can be both smooth and sticky, and slugs use it to glide over rough terrain and climb vertical surfaces.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slime can be both smooth and sticky, and slugs use it to glide over rough terrain and climb vertical surfaces.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Christopher Viney is one of these engineers. He’s a materials engineer at the University of California, Merced, and a slime expert. Viney has spent years studying its chemical and physical properties, something very few scientists had done before. He and team harvested slime from dozens of banana slugs, which he says are “a very clean, reproducible source of mucus.” They discovered that the slime, which is chemically very similar to human mucus, has special properties that set it apart from other bodily fluids. For one thing, it’s not really a liquid, at least not a conventional one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27295\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/dl-slugs-lc-gif-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27295\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/dl-slugs-lc-gif-500.gif\" alt=\"Mucus is a liquid crystal, a special physical state somewhere in between a liquid and solid.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mucus is a liquid crystal, a special physical state somewhere in between a liquid and solid.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Viney discovered that mucus is a liquid crystal, which means it’s somewhere in between the liquid and solid state, as its molecules are more organized than a typical liquid but not as rigidly ordered as a solid. It’s composed of strands of glycoproteins — molecules in which a protein backbone is decorated with carbohydrate side chains — that are semi-ordered, like braided hair, instead of being tangled together randomly like a bowl of spaghetti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viney has since moved on to studying spiders and silkworms, but many other engineers, biologists, and even medical doctors are still studying banana slugs. Engineers at MIT tried to copy the unique way slugs and snails move by building a “robo-snail,” which they hoped would be more stable and better able to traverse rough terrain than a robot that walks like a human or moves on wheels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27293\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/5_RoboII5-04.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/5_RoboII5-04.jpg\" alt=\"Anette Hosoi and Brian Chan at MIT made a robot called the “Robosnail” that mimics how gastropods like slugs and snails move, using foot pads that mimic gastropod foot muscles and synthetic slime.\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anette Hosoi and Brian Chan at MIT made a robot called the “Robosnail” that mimics\u003cbr>how gastropods like slugs and snails move, using foot pads that mimic gastropod foot muscles and synthetic slime.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The robo-snail has foot muscles and even synthetic slime. It can crawl over glass and up walls and ceilings, but it can’t quite achieve the mobility, grace and stickiness that come so effortlessly to slugs and snails. Janice Lai, a graduate student at Stanford University, used a special camera to observe every detail of a banana slug’s muscular movements and to model them, so that the next generation of robot snails and slugs can be a little bit closer to the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janet Leonard, a staff scientist, and Brooke Wagner, a former graduate student, both of the University of California-Santa Cruz, have spent a lot of time closely observing banana slugs too, during the slug’s most intimate moments. They study banana slug mating: a long, slimy and occasionally carnivorous ritual (the slugs sometimes eat each other’s penises after mating, and no one really knows why).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27291\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/7_penis.jpg\" alt=\"Banana slugs are simultaneous hermaphrodites, and can mate as male or female at any time. Banana slugs penises can be as long as the slug itself, one of the biggest penis:body size ratios in the animal kingdom. Photos: courtesy of Brooke Miller.\" width=\"640\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banana slugs are simultaneous hermaphrodites, and can mate as male or female at any time. Banana slugs penises can be as long as the slug itself, one of the biggest penis:body size ratios in the animal kingdom. Photos: courtesy of Brooke Miller.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mating rituals are different for each of the three species of banana slugs, but some species spend over four hours on the process: two hours of courtship and two hours of repeated fertilization. After all this time in one place, the couple will be left in a big puddle of slime—which they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to recycle those nutrients,” Leonard says. “That time spent mating is expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The banana slug’s mating behavior, and its slime, have evolved over millions of years. After all this time, the banana slug is very well adapted to the redwood forest environment, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ilaria Mazzoleni at the Southern California School of Architecture, and biologist Shauna Price at UCLA want to capitalize on these millennia of evolution. They say they want to learn from some of the slug’s tricks to create a building that is equally well suited to the redwood environment. With a group of architecture students they built a prototype for a greenhouse with special silicone units that capture and release water, inspired by the banana slug’s mucus secretions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/8_slug_greenhouse-1024x802.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27290\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/8_slug_greenhouse-1024x802.jpg\" alt=\"Southern California Institute of Architecture students Astri A. Bang, Maya Alam, and Janni S. Pedersen, under the guidance of Ilaria Mazzoleni and Shauna Price, created a design for a banana slug inspired greenhouse. They made silicone prototypes of bladders that would encase the building and store and release water, inspired by the slug’s mucus secretions and permeable skin.\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Southern California Institute of Architecture students Astri A. Bang, Maya Alam, and Janni S. Pedersen, under the guidance of Ilaria Mazzoleni and Shauna Price, created a design for a banana slug inspired greenhouse. They made silicone prototypes of bladders that would encase the building and store and release water, inspired by the slug’s mucus secretions and permeable skin.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazzoleni acknowledges that some people, including her own mother, find banana slugs “quite gross.” But she says architecture “is a functional art,” and the banana slug is “a great source of inspiration for that function.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/27260/banana-slugs-secret-of-the-slime","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_29","science_89","science_86"],"tags":["science_64","science_325","science_309"],"featImg":"science_27261","label":"science_1935"},"science_25908":{"type":"posts","id":"science_25908","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"25908","score":null,"sort":[1420597029000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-fantastic-fur-of-sea-otters","title":"The Fantastic Fur of Sea Otters","publishDate":1420597029,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Fantastic Fur of Sea Otters | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]California sea otters (\u003cem>Enhydra lutris\u003c/em>) — the frolicking mascots of the coast who draw visitors to aquariums in droves and who float among the kelp beds just beyond the surf line — have the densest fur of any mammal on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With up to a million hairs per inch, the super-soft coats were once such a lure for hunters that they nearly led to the otters’ demise in the early 1900s. But now, the federally protected species is free to use its luxurious fur for one key purpose: to keep warm in the often chilly Pacific Ocean, particularly during winter months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They live in cold water, and it’s too cold for them,” says Heather Liwanag, a biologist who studied otter fur as part of her Ph.D. research at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsc.edu/\">U.C. Santa Cruz\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If an otter were to use blubber to stay warm the amount of blubber it would need would be bigger than the otter.’\u003ccite>— Heather Liwanag,\u003cbr>\nAdelphi University Biologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Everywhere in the otter’s geographic range, she says, is outside their “thermal neutral zone.” This zone is the range of temperatures in which a mammal can live without expending energy to maintain its internal body temperature. So how do they do it? The same way you or I would—with a nice warm blanket. But theirs is a blanket of air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re using fur for insulation, but it’s not really the fur that’s insulating them,” says Liwanag, now an assistant professor of biology at \u003ca href=\"http://www.adelphi.edu/\">Adelphi University\u003c/a> in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The true insulating power comes from a layer of air the fur keeps trapped next to their skin. Otter fur has two special properties that make it especially good at creating an insulating layer of air: It’s dense, and it’s spiky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25925\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Sea-otter-guard-hair.jpeg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-25925\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Sea-otter-guard-hair.jpeg\" alt=\"Scanning electron microscope image of a human hair showing scaled texture (Guangwei Min/UCB)\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scanning electron microscope image of a sea otter guard hair. The barbed scales allow sea otter fur to form a nearly waterproof layer to protect the otter from the frigid ocean (Heather Liwanag/Adelphi University)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Human-Hair-SEM.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-25924\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Human-Hair-SEM.jpg\" alt=\"Scanning electron microscope image of a human hair showing scaled texture (Guangwei Min/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scanning electron microscope image of a human hair showing scaled texture (Guangwei Min/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Otters fur is about 1,000 times more dense than human hair. But it wouldn’t do them any good if it were smooth and perfectly combed. Otters want their hair as tangled as possible, so that the air bubbles they blow into their pelts can’t get out. This is where the spiky aspect comes in handy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otter pelts feel smooth and soft to us, but if you look at otter hair with a microscope you can see that it’s covered in tiny, geometric barbs. The barbs help the hair mat together so tightly that the fur near the otter’s body is almost completely dry. And keeping the animals dry is key to keeping them warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some disadvantages to the otter’s heating system. Because it relies on the trapped air, otters can’t dive too deep because high pressure forces the bubbles out. Also, the air makes them so buoyant they have to work hard to swim down. They sometimes even need to grab a rock or piece of kelp to help stay submerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/deeplook-otter-slider.html\" width=\"360px\" height=\"300px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>\u003cem>Oil disrupts the sea otter fur’s ability to trap insulating air.The oiled section\u003cbr>\nshows bright red where the otter’s body heat is exposed. (California Department\u003cbr>\nof Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/em>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their unique use of air bubbles to stay insulated and warm is what makes oil spills so dangerous to otters. Oil can mat down otter fur and keep it from holding air. Without the insulation the otter is left unprotected from the frigid ocean water. It doesn’t take long for oiled otters to succumb to hypothermia and drown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many other marine mammals, including whales and sea lions, stay warm a different way — with layers of blubber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liwanag, in her thesis research that was published in 2012, compared the insulating powers of fur and blubber under different conditions. She wanted to learn more about how different species of mammals adapted to the marine environment to stay warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going in to this thesis, I fully expected blubber to be the better insulator,” she says, “because we see it arise multiple times, across different lineages.” But that wasn’t the case, and it turned out that fur—or really, air—is warmer, at least at shallow depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an otter were to use blubber to stay warm,” Liwanag says, “the amount of blubber it would need would be bigger than the otter.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sea otters aren’t just cute -- they’re a vivid example of life on the edge. Unlike whales and other ocean mammals, sea otters have no blubber. Yet they're still able to keep warm in the frigid Pacific waters. The secret to their survival? A fur coat like no other.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932438,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/deeplook-otter-slider.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":796},"headData":{"title":"The Fantastic Fur of Sea Otters | KQED","description":"Sea otters aren’t just cute -- they’re a vivid example of life on the edge. Unlike whales and other ocean mammals, sea otters have no blubber. Yet they're still able to keep warm in the frigid Pacific waters. The secret to their survival? A fur coat like no other.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/embed/Zxqg_um1TXI","source":"DEEP LOOK","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/deep-look/","sticky":false,"path":"/science/25908/the-fantastic-fur-of-sea-otters","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>California sea otters (\u003cem>Enhydra lutris\u003c/em>) — the frolicking mascots of the coast who draw visitors to aquariums in droves and who float among the kelp beds just beyond the surf line — have the densest fur of any mammal on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With up to a million hairs per inch, the super-soft coats were once such a lure for hunters that they nearly led to the otters’ demise in the early 1900s. But now, the federally protected species is free to use its luxurious fur for one key purpose: to keep warm in the often chilly Pacific Ocean, particularly during winter months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They live in cold water, and it’s too cold for them,” says Heather Liwanag, a biologist who studied otter fur as part of her Ph.D. research at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsc.edu/\">U.C. Santa Cruz\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If an otter were to use blubber to stay warm the amount of blubber it would need would be bigger than the otter.’\u003ccite>— Heather Liwanag,\u003cbr>\nAdelphi University Biologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Everywhere in the otter’s geographic range, she says, is outside their “thermal neutral zone.” This zone is the range of temperatures in which a mammal can live without expending energy to maintain its internal body temperature. So how do they do it? The same way you or I would—with a nice warm blanket. But theirs is a blanket of air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re using fur for insulation, but it’s not really the fur that’s insulating them,” says Liwanag, now an assistant professor of biology at \u003ca href=\"http://www.adelphi.edu/\">Adelphi University\u003c/a> in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The true insulating power comes from a layer of air the fur keeps trapped next to their skin. Otter fur has two special properties that make it especially good at creating an insulating layer of air: It’s dense, and it’s spiky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25925\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Sea-otter-guard-hair.jpeg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-25925\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Sea-otter-guard-hair.jpeg\" alt=\"Scanning electron microscope image of a human hair showing scaled texture (Guangwei Min/UCB)\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scanning electron microscope image of a sea otter guard hair. The barbed scales allow sea otter fur to form a nearly waterproof layer to protect the otter from the frigid ocean (Heather Liwanag/Adelphi University)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Human-Hair-SEM.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-25924\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Human-Hair-SEM.jpg\" alt=\"Scanning electron microscope image of a human hair showing scaled texture (Guangwei Min/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scanning electron microscope image of a human hair showing scaled texture (Guangwei Min/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Otters fur is about 1,000 times more dense than human hair. But it wouldn’t do them any good if it were smooth and perfectly combed. Otters want their hair as tangled as possible, so that the air bubbles they blow into their pelts can’t get out. This is where the spiky aspect comes in handy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otter pelts feel smooth and soft to us, but if you look at otter hair with a microscope you can see that it’s covered in tiny, geometric barbs. The barbs help the hair mat together so tightly that the fur near the otter’s body is almost completely dry. And keeping the animals dry is key to keeping them warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some disadvantages to the otter’s heating system. Because it relies on the trapped air, otters can’t dive too deep because high pressure forces the bubbles out. Also, the air makes them so buoyant they have to work hard to swim down. They sometimes even need to grab a rock or piece of kelp to help stay submerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/deeplook-otter-slider.html\" width=\"360px\" height=\"300px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>\u003cem>Oil disrupts the sea otter fur’s ability to trap insulating air.The oiled section\u003cbr>\nshows bright red where the otter’s body heat is exposed. (California Department\u003cbr>\nof Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/em>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their unique use of air bubbles to stay insulated and warm is what makes oil spills so dangerous to otters. Oil can mat down otter fur and keep it from holding air. Without the insulation the otter is left unprotected from the frigid ocean water. It doesn’t take long for oiled otters to succumb to hypothermia and drown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many other marine mammals, including whales and sea lions, stay warm a different way — with layers of blubber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liwanag, in her thesis research that was published in 2012, compared the insulating powers of fur and blubber under different conditions. She wanted to learn more about how different species of mammals adapted to the marine environment to stay warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going in to this thesis, I fully expected blubber to be the better insulator,” she says, “because we see it arise multiple times, across different lineages.” But that wasn’t the case, and it turned out that fur—or really, air—is warmer, at least at shallow depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an otter were to use blubber to stay warm,” Liwanag says, “the amount of blubber it would need would be bigger than the otter.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/25908/the-fantastic-fur-of-sea-otters","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_1935","science_2625"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_86"],"tags":["science_5178","science_1970","science_64","science_2698","science_1155","science_325","science_309","science_727"],"featImg":"science_25911","label":"source_science_25908"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0018_AmericanSuburb_iTunesTile_01.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/07/commonwealthclub.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Consider-This_3000_V3-copy-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/06/forum-logo-900x900tile-1.gif","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/insideEurope.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. 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