How Oil and Gas Production Triggers Earthquakes in California
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Joyce \u003cbr />NPR The Two Way","isLoading":false},"byline_science_1814718":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_science_1814718","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_science_1814718","name":"KQED Science","isLoading":false},"byline_science_1806818":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_science_1806818","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_science_1806818","name":"Camila Domonoske\u003c/br>NPR","isLoading":false},"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"kqedscience":{"type":"authors","id":"6387","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6387","found":true},"name":"KQED Science","firstName":"KQED","lastName":"Science","slug":"kqedscience","email":"kqedscience@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond by the flagship Northern California PBS and NPR affiliate.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a295ff49cf82a8c0f30937d3f788b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"food","roles":["contributor"]}],"headData":{"title":"KQED Science | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a295ff49cf82a8c0f30937d3f788b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a295ff49cf82a8c0f30937d3f788b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/kqedscience"},"aahmed":{"type":"authors","id":"11428","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11428","found":true},"name":"Amel Ahmed","firstName":"Amel","lastName":"Ahmed","slug":"aahmed","email":"aahmed@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Amel Ahmed is a reporter for KQED. Prior to joining KQED, Amel worked at Al Jazeera America, Al Jazeera English, Democracy Now! and Punched Productions. She also helped produce \u003cem>Changing Face of Harlem\u003c/em>, a documentary that tracked gentrification in Harlem over a period of ten years. She is a 2013 graduate of Brooklyn Law School and is currently researching war on terror prosecutions for an upcoming book.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"amelscript","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amel Ahmed | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aahmed"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1933748":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1933748","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1933748","score":null,"sort":[1540848604000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization","title":"Air Pollution is 'The New Tobacco,' Warns World Health Organization","publishDate":1540848604,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Air Pollution is ‘The New Tobacco,’ Warns World Health Organization | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">The vast majority of the world’s children under the age of 15 live in environments with poor air quality, fueling a global public health crisis, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-10-2018-more-than-90-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-children-breathe-toxic-air-every-day\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released Monday by the World Health Organization (WHO).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1.8 billion children, or 93 percent of the age group, are exposed to air pollution levels that exceed WHO safety guidelines, according to the new report.[contextly_sidebar id=”hbedu4oUrO00I6sAXvfWSXYYhIgU5tIP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Polluted air is poisoning millions of children and ruining their lives,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a statement. “This is inexcusable. Every child should be able to breathe clean air so they can grow and fulfill their full potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, 98 percent of children under the age of 5 who live in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to higher levels of dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, just over half of children in the same age group who live in high-income countries are exposed to levels that exceed WHO’s safety guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The striking new report warns that children who breathe polluted air face a greater risk of developing a host of health problems that can lead to early death, including impaired brain development,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>respiratory disease, childhood cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, poor air quality \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/air-pollution-child-health/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contributed to\u003c/a> respiratory tract infections that led to the deaths of 543,000 children under the age of five, according to the same report\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report arrives one week ahead of the first global conference on air pollution and health, organized by WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the\u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> conference\u003c/a>, which opens in Geneva Oct. 29, participating nations are expected to pledge various initiatives for reducing air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution because their bodies are still developing and they breathe more rapidly than adults, causing them to absorb proportionately more pollutants, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children also tend to breathe closer to the ground, where pollutants are concentrated at greater levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The report’s authors say the damage may even begin before a child is born. Pregnant woman who breathe in dirty air are at a greater risk of giving birth to premature or underweight babies, conditions which can lead to chronic disease later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO director Ghebreyesus \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calls air pollution\u003c/a> the “new tobacco” and blasts what he calls a “smog of complacency” that pervades the international community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world has turned the corner on tobacco. Now it must do the same for the ‘new tobacco’ – the toxic air that billions breathe every day,” Ghebreyesus wrote in an opinion column for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>. “No one, rich or poor, can escape air pollution. It is a silent public health emergency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO estimates that poor air quality kills 7 million people annually, \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255336/9789241565486-eng.pdf;jsessionid=1E5E1F65EE880B020CE71674203530EF?sequence=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">more than the \u003c/a>number of people killed by tobacco smoke per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., about 77 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://gispub.epa.gov/neireport/2014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air pollution\u003c/a> comes from power plants and other industrial processes, according to the latest available information. More than 16 percent comes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire\u003c/a> smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under President Donald Trump, the Environmental Protection Agency has proposed rolling back several key standards that limit air pollution, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920482/protesters-policymakers-and-a-polar-bear-try-to-protect-clean-power-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean car rules\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931545/trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methane standards\u003c/a> for oil and gas operations.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a 'silent public health emergency.'","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927339,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":573},"headData":{"title":"Air Pollution is 'The New Tobacco,' Warns World Health Organization | KQED","description":"More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a 'silent public health emergency.'","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Health","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">The vast majority of the world’s children under the age of 15 live in environments with poor air quality, fueling a global public health crisis, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-10-2018-more-than-90-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-children-breathe-toxic-air-every-day\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released Monday by the World Health Organization (WHO).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1.8 billion children, or 93 percent of the age group, are exposed to air pollution levels that exceed WHO safety guidelines, according to the new report.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Polluted air is poisoning millions of children and ruining their lives,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a statement. “This is inexcusable. Every child should be able to breathe clean air so they can grow and fulfill their full potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, 98 percent of children under the age of 5 who live in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to higher levels of dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, just over half of children in the same age group who live in high-income countries are exposed to levels that exceed WHO’s safety guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The striking new report warns that children who breathe polluted air face a greater risk of developing a host of health problems that can lead to early death, including impaired brain development,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>respiratory disease, childhood cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, poor air quality \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/air-pollution-child-health/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contributed to\u003c/a> respiratory tract infections that led to the deaths of 543,000 children under the age of five, according to the same report\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report arrives one week ahead of the first global conference on air pollution and health, organized by WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the\u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> conference\u003c/a>, which opens in Geneva Oct. 29, participating nations are expected to pledge various initiatives for reducing air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution because their bodies are still developing and they breathe more rapidly than adults, causing them to absorb proportionately more pollutants, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children also tend to breathe closer to the ground, where pollutants are concentrated at greater levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The report’s authors say the damage may even begin before a child is born. Pregnant woman who breathe in dirty air are at a greater risk of giving birth to premature or underweight babies, conditions which can lead to chronic disease later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO director Ghebreyesus \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calls air pollution\u003c/a> the “new tobacco” and blasts what he calls a “smog of complacency” that pervades the international community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world has turned the corner on tobacco. Now it must do the same for the ‘new tobacco’ – the toxic air that billions breathe every day,” Ghebreyesus wrote in an opinion column for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>. “No one, rich or poor, can escape air pollution. It is a silent public health emergency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO estimates that poor air quality kills 7 million people annually, \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255336/9789241565486-eng.pdf;jsessionid=1E5E1F65EE880B020CE71674203530EF?sequence=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">more than the \u003c/a>number of people killed by tobacco smoke per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., about 77 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://gispub.epa.gov/neireport/2014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air pollution\u003c/a> comes from power plants and other industrial processes, according to the latest available information. More than 16 percent comes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire\u003c/a> smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under President Donald Trump, the Environmental Protection Agency has proposed rolling back several key standards that limit air pollution, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920482/protesters-policymakers-and-a-polar-bear-try-to-protect-clean-power-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean car rules\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931545/trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methane standards\u003c/a> for oil and gas operations.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_37","science_39","science_40","science_3730"],"tags":["science_505","science_194","science_664","science_192","science_2080","science_2164","science_1712","science_3514"],"featImg":"science_1933756","label":"source_science_1933748"},"science_1927220":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1927220","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1927220","score":null,"sort":[1531352492000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-cap-and-trade-is-working-for-other-states","title":"California Cap-and-Trade is Working — For Other States","publishDate":1531352492,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Cap-and-Trade is Working — For Other States | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A new report indicates California’s much-heralded carbon trading program may actually be harming the neighborhoods it was designed to protect.[contextly_sidebar id=”dZbVEycaPgbvv7CngoBKbDY4u37PHPmT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002604#abstract0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> first study examining\u003c/a> social disparities in California’s cap-and-trade program, researchers found that 52 percent of companies regulated by the program saw an increase in annual average greenhouse gas emissions — and those companies are largely situated in disadvantaged communities, historically hit hardest by environmental pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The communities that live on the fence line near these industries saw hope in the [cap-and-trade program] that emissions might be reduced,” \u003ca href=\"https://erg.berkeley.edu/people/lara-cushing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lara Cushing\u003c/a>, the study’s lead author, said in a\u003ca href=\"https://news.sfsu.edu/news-story/state-cap-and-trade-program-not-benefitting-disadvantaged-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> statement.\u003c/a> “But so far, we haven’t seen the kind of environmental equity benefits people were hoping for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study,\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002604#sec016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> published \u003c/a>in PLOS Medicine, looked at the first three years of the program, first launched in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California boasts the world’s fourth-largest carbon-trading program, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924376/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was developed to help\u003c/a> the the state meet its ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program caps the total amount of emissions in the state but companies can increase their emissions by purchasing pollution “allowances” from companies that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while the program succeeded in lowering overall emissions statewide, the study found that specific industries actually produced more emissions since the program was launched.[contextly_sidebar id=”8GJCspiuAEItIZ7do3Fzrj2xvceDy8Z0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement plants saw the highest increase in emissions, or 75 percent, followed by electricity generators, and the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increased emissions fell on neighborhoods with higher proportions of people of color and low-income residents, according the recent study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, the carbon trade program was partly intended to mitigate the disproportionate impact of air pollution in these communities. California law requires 25 percent of the program’s revenue to be invested in environmental measures that benefit vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cushing and other researchers found that most of the program’s revenue stream is actually flowing out of the state, due to the way the program is designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the program, companies can offset their emissions by purchasing credits through forestry or agriculture projects, including those in other states. Rather than investing in local green projects, the study found that 75 percent of those credits — which are part of a regulatory scheme paid for by California taxpayers — went towards projects outside of California.[contextly_sidebar id=”jn0YFwHSViZgJTxNV1CeqIhaEHkoUyDt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Good climate policy is good for environmental justice,” said Cushing. “What we’ve seen from our study is that so far, California’s cap-and-trade program hasn’t really delivered on that potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Cushing says that California should be praised for its ambitious climate goals. She points to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/grants/urban-greening/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">urban greening program\u003c/a> that funds forests and greenways in vulnerable communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional measures may be needed, according to Cushing, to ensure that California’s cap-and-trade program lives up to its potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Placing geographic restrictions on trading and limiting the amount of pollution ‘offset’ credits that companies can use to comply with the program could help incentivize local emissions reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California's carbon trading program is helping to subsidize green projects in other states even as a new report finds that 52 percent of participating companies are actually producing more, not less, emissions. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927701,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":548},"headData":{"title":"California Cap-and-Trade is Working — For Other States | KQED","description":"California's carbon trading program is helping to subsidize green projects in other states even as a new report finds that 52 percent of participating companies are actually producing more, not less, emissions. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1927220/california-cap-and-trade-is-working-for-other-states","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new report indicates California’s much-heralded carbon trading program may actually be harming the neighborhoods it was designed to protect.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002604#abstract0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> first study examining\u003c/a> social disparities in California’s cap-and-trade program, researchers found that 52 percent of companies regulated by the program saw an increase in annual average greenhouse gas emissions — and those companies are largely situated in disadvantaged communities, historically hit hardest by environmental pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The communities that live on the fence line near these industries saw hope in the [cap-and-trade program] that emissions might be reduced,” \u003ca href=\"https://erg.berkeley.edu/people/lara-cushing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lara Cushing\u003c/a>, the study’s lead author, said in a\u003ca href=\"https://news.sfsu.edu/news-story/state-cap-and-trade-program-not-benefitting-disadvantaged-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> statement.\u003c/a> “But so far, we haven’t seen the kind of environmental equity benefits people were hoping for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study,\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002604#sec016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> published \u003c/a>in PLOS Medicine, looked at the first three years of the program, first launched in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California boasts the world’s fourth-largest carbon-trading program, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924376/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was developed to help\u003c/a> the the state meet its ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program caps the total amount of emissions in the state but companies can increase their emissions by purchasing pollution “allowances” from companies that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while the program succeeded in lowering overall emissions statewide, the study found that specific industries actually produced more emissions since the program was launched.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement plants saw the highest increase in emissions, or 75 percent, followed by electricity generators, and the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increased emissions fell on neighborhoods with higher proportions of people of color and low-income residents, according the recent study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, the carbon trade program was partly intended to mitigate the disproportionate impact of air pollution in these communities. California law requires 25 percent of the program’s revenue to be invested in environmental measures that benefit vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cushing and other researchers found that most of the program’s revenue stream is actually flowing out of the state, due to the way the program is designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the program, companies can offset their emissions by purchasing credits through forestry or agriculture projects, including those in other states. Rather than investing in local green projects, the study found that 75 percent of those credits — which are part of a regulatory scheme paid for by California taxpayers — went towards projects outside of California.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Good climate policy is good for environmental justice,” said Cushing. “What we’ve seen from our study is that so far, California’s cap-and-trade program hasn’t really delivered on that potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Cushing says that California should be praised for its ambitious climate goals. She points to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/grants/urban-greening/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">urban greening program\u003c/a> that funds forests and greenways in vulnerable communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional measures may be needed, according to Cushing, to ensure that California’s cap-and-trade program lives up to its potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Placing geographic restrictions on trading and limiting the amount of pollution ‘offset’ credits that companies can use to comply with the program could help incentivize local emissions reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1927220/california-cap-and-trade-is-working-for-other-states","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_121","science_765","science_192","science_3370","science_3645","science_1712"],"featImg":"science_1927246","label":"source_science_1927220"},"science_1924801":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1924801","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1924801","score":null,"sort":[1527814567000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-moves-closer-to-banning-federal-offshore-drilling","title":"California Moves Closer to Banning Federal Offshore Drilling","publishDate":1527814567,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Moves Closer to Banning Federal Offshore Drilling | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California joins a growing number of states passing new laws intended to fend off any new offshore oil drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, California’s Senate and Assembly each passed nearly identical bills, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1775\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assembly Bill 1775\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB834\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 834.\u003c/a> The two bills effectively bans new offshore drilling by prohibiting the State Lands Commission from issuing new leases for oil-related infrastructure in the state’s coastal waters. This includes piers, pipelines and wharves needed for oil and gas development.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If you can’t build it on state waters and you can’t build it on land, you’re not going to bother to drill off the California coast.’\u003ccite>Richard Charter, The Ocean Foundation\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It will act as a strong deterrent for oil companies, who will be forced to transport oil through Mexico and Canada,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.oceanfdn.org/our-story/fellows-and-heroes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richard Charter\u003c/a>, a senior fellow at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oceanfdn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Foundation.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal also bars current leases from being renewed or modified to support new offshore drilling efforts. This could stand in the way of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-offshore-drilling-20180104-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal governments proposals\u003c/a> to expand coastal oil and gas extraction in California by offering new leases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State-level efforts to thwart federal offshore drilling are a response to the Trump administration’s proposal \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918627/trump-administration-opens-door-to-dramatic-expansion-of-offshore-energy-leases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to open up more than 90\u003c/a> percent of the outer continental shelf to oil and gas exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Jersey \u003ca href=\"https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/new-jersey/governor/2018/04/20/counter-trump-new-jersey-bans-offshore-drilling-state-waters/535303002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">passed\u003c/a> a comparable bill in April. \u003ca href=\"http://delawarepublic.org/post/bill-would-ban-offshore-drilling-along-delawares-coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Delaware\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/science/ct-states-oil-drill-bans-20180319-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maryland, New York, Rhode Island and South Carolina\u003c/a> are considering similar measures while \u003ca href=\"https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/government/2018/04/17/ban-offshore-oil-drilling-moves-closer-november-ballot-florida/525442002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Florida\u003c/a> has placed the issue on the November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts by multiple states to effectively ban offshore drilling are unprecedented, says UC Davis environmental law professor Richard Frank. The last time a major clash between states and the federal government over offshore drilling occurred was during the Reagan administration, when then-Interior Secretary James Watt also attempted to open up much of the continental shelf to offshore drilling. In response to widespread public opposition, Congress \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/us/many-on-coast-fight-oil-lease-move.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ultimately stepped in\u003c/a> and blocked the Interior Department from moving forward with its plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same philosophical issues and\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/us/many-on-coast-fight-oil-lease-move.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> heated rhetoric\u003c/a> characterized that debate, with Governor Jerry Brown, who was also governor at the time, blasting Watt as a ”zealot intent on wrecking our coastline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the Reagan Administration’s proposal, 24 cities and counties throughout California adopted local ordinances in the late 1980s banning onshore facilities from supporting offshore drilling. Oil companies sued to overturn the ordinances and eventually lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charter, who helped craft the local ordinances, says the current proposal being considered by the state legislature would compliment existing local ordinances, and even encourage new ones, by denying oil companies access to both California land and waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can’t build it on state waters and you can’t build it on land, you’re not going to bother to drill off the California coast,” says Charter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank says if Congress really wanted to get on a war-footing with defiant states, it could pass a law to override local legislation but that would likely lead to a slew of lengthy lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lands in question here are state sovereign lands. Federal and state courts have acknowledged that states have very broad authority to manage those lands as they see fit,” says Frank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current efforts to ban offshore drilling also benefit from bipartisan support, with many state republican leaders forcefully objecting to the Trump Administration’s efforts to open up lands for offshore drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has never been a partisan issue. It’s always been a no-brainer because it’s local economies you’re protecting,” says Charter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s coastal economy attracts 400,000 jobs and generates almost $20 billion annually in the fishing, recreation, and tourism sectors, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/6_86Cqx2JmsNqB5tXUnZz?domain=s.bl-1.com\">Business Alliance to Protect the Pacific Coast. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what might be an ironic twist, Charter says Trump might turn out to be one of the strongest motivators yet for coastal protection. He even credits Trump with broadening and deepening the conservation ethic nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think he may be doing us a favor by awakening a latent public interest in defending our national parks, national monuments, and coasts,” says Charter. “In a Machiavellian sort of way, I think Trump is actually helping to develop a stronger environmental ethic in America by threatening everything the public holds dear. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legislature is expected to finalize and pass the bills by August.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California joins a growing number of states that are passing laws banning state infrastructure from being used for oil and gas exploration.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927865,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":764},"headData":{"title":"California Moves Closer to Banning Federal Offshore Drilling | KQED","description":"California joins a growing number of states that are passing laws banning state infrastructure from being used for oil and gas exploration.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1924801/california-moves-closer-to-banning-federal-offshore-drilling","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California joins a growing number of states passing new laws intended to fend off any new offshore oil drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, California’s Senate and Assembly each passed nearly identical bills, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1775\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assembly Bill 1775\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB834\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 834.\u003c/a> The two bills effectively bans new offshore drilling by prohibiting the State Lands Commission from issuing new leases for oil-related infrastructure in the state’s coastal waters. This includes piers, pipelines and wharves needed for oil and gas development.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If you can’t build it on state waters and you can’t build it on land, you’re not going to bother to drill off the California coast.’\u003ccite>Richard Charter, The Ocean Foundation\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It will act as a strong deterrent for oil companies, who will be forced to transport oil through Mexico and Canada,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.oceanfdn.org/our-story/fellows-and-heroes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richard Charter\u003c/a>, a senior fellow at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oceanfdn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Foundation.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal also bars current leases from being renewed or modified to support new offshore drilling efforts. This could stand in the way of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-offshore-drilling-20180104-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal governments proposals\u003c/a> to expand coastal oil and gas extraction in California by offering new leases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State-level efforts to thwart federal offshore drilling are a response to the Trump administration’s proposal \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918627/trump-administration-opens-door-to-dramatic-expansion-of-offshore-energy-leases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to open up more than 90\u003c/a> percent of the outer continental shelf to oil and gas exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Jersey \u003ca href=\"https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/new-jersey/governor/2018/04/20/counter-trump-new-jersey-bans-offshore-drilling-state-waters/535303002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">passed\u003c/a> a comparable bill in April. \u003ca href=\"http://delawarepublic.org/post/bill-would-ban-offshore-drilling-along-delawares-coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Delaware\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/science/ct-states-oil-drill-bans-20180319-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maryland, New York, Rhode Island and South Carolina\u003c/a> are considering similar measures while \u003ca href=\"https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/government/2018/04/17/ban-offshore-oil-drilling-moves-closer-november-ballot-florida/525442002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Florida\u003c/a> has placed the issue on the November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts by multiple states to effectively ban offshore drilling are unprecedented, says UC Davis environmental law professor Richard Frank. The last time a major clash between states and the federal government over offshore drilling occurred was during the Reagan administration, when then-Interior Secretary James Watt also attempted to open up much of the continental shelf to offshore drilling. In response to widespread public opposition, Congress \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/us/many-on-coast-fight-oil-lease-move.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ultimately stepped in\u003c/a> and blocked the Interior Department from moving forward with its plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same philosophical issues and\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/us/many-on-coast-fight-oil-lease-move.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> heated rhetoric\u003c/a> characterized that debate, with Governor Jerry Brown, who was also governor at the time, blasting Watt as a ”zealot intent on wrecking our coastline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the Reagan Administration’s proposal, 24 cities and counties throughout California adopted local ordinances in the late 1980s banning onshore facilities from supporting offshore drilling. Oil companies sued to overturn the ordinances and eventually lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charter, who helped craft the local ordinances, says the current proposal being considered by the state legislature would compliment existing local ordinances, and even encourage new ones, by denying oil companies access to both California land and waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can’t build it on state waters and you can’t build it on land, you’re not going to bother to drill off the California coast,” says Charter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank says if Congress really wanted to get on a war-footing with defiant states, it could pass a law to override local legislation but that would likely lead to a slew of lengthy lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lands in question here are state sovereign lands. Federal and state courts have acknowledged that states have very broad authority to manage those lands as they see fit,” says Frank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current efforts to ban offshore drilling also benefit from bipartisan support, with many state republican leaders forcefully objecting to the Trump Administration’s efforts to open up lands for offshore drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has never been a partisan issue. It’s always been a no-brainer because it’s local economies you’re protecting,” says Charter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s coastal economy attracts 400,000 jobs and generates almost $20 billion annually in the fishing, recreation, and tourism sectors, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/6_86Cqx2JmsNqB5tXUnZz?domain=s.bl-1.com\">Business Alliance to Protect the Pacific Coast. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what might be an ironic twist, Charter says Trump might turn out to be one of the strongest motivators yet for coastal protection. He even credits Trump with broadening and deepening the conservation ethic nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think he may be doing us a favor by awakening a latent public interest in defending our national parks, national monuments, and coasts,” says Charter. “In a Machiavellian sort of way, I think Trump is actually helping to develop a stronger environmental ethic in America by threatening everything the public holds dear. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legislature is expected to finalize and pass the bills by August.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1924801/california-moves-closer-to-banning-federal-offshore-drilling","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_4450"],"tags":["science_5178","science_3370","science_1264","science_1712","science_3322"],"featImg":"science_1924845","label":"source_science_1924801"},"science_1922037":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922037","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922037","score":null,"sort":[1523368875000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-trump-administration-clash-over-sale-of-public-lands","title":"California, Trump Administration Clash Over Sale of Public Lands","publishDate":1523368875,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California, Trump Administration Clash Over Sale of Public Lands | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The Trump Administration is suing California over a legislative hurdle that effectively prevents the federal government from selling public land to large oil and gas companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department announced on April 2 plans to challenge a state law passed in 2017 that allows California the right to intervene in the sale of federal public lands.[contextly_sidebar id=”sK92V9fMLxxVMFicYKmfUA37cfBeZBmt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration is arguing the law constitutes improper state interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-lawsuit-invalidate-new-california-law-restricting-federal-land-sales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a DOJ release\u003c/a> Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the state legislation “extreme” and blasted California for causing the department to waste “valuable time and resources” in filing the suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AGBecerra/status/980897241756942336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fired back on Twitter\u003c/a> the same day with, “Our public lands should not be on the auction block to the highest bidder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.slc.ca.gov/Info/SB50.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 50\u003c/a>, allows the state the right of first refusal in the sale of federal public lands, meaning the state can match the sale price that another purchaser has offered. If it chooses to forego the option, it provides the purchaser with a compliance certificate. The certificate allows the purchaser to record the transfer at the county land records office.[contextly_sidebar id=”tDvVCJXAC02E3drmXcSZGdBrMkZbdOiK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not invalidating the sale itself, the law prevents the purchaser from recording it with the land recorder’s office unless California signs off. That can impact the purchaser’s ability to sell the land or obtain a mortgage, says Eric Biber, an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not a requirement, there are important reasons for why a landowner might want to record their deed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reasons you want to record your transfer is because you don’t want to risk losing your land to a subsequent transaction on that property,” says Biber. “In addition, no bank will ever lend you money or a mortgage if you do a transfer without that land recording.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal complaint alleges that California has already intervened in multiple land sales since SB50 was passed. Among those cited include the\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Army’s plan to convey public land in Alameda County to a developer for the purpose of constructing facilities. The Veterans Affairs Department in Los Angeles also wants to lease part of their land to create housing for veterans. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legislation & the Constitution\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Legal experts say California’s law may be difficult to defend in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Constitution’s Property Clause broadly restricts states from interfering with federal land disposal. In addition, the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution states that the federal law prevails over the state law if a conflict arises between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the essence of the whole system,” says John Cary Sims, a constitutional law professor at the McGeorge School of Law. “So if the federal government says that racial segregation is illegal, then states don’t have a choice in whether they’re going to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1047936/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> complaint\u003c/a> also points to the act that formally admitted California as a state in 1850. In return for statehood, California promised not to interfere with the disposal of public lands. Several federal laws also provide for land disposal, say legal experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?’\u003ccite>John Cary Sims, Constitutional Law Professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California does not see the issue as a conflict between federal and state law, but as California’s right to control the environment. Nearly 46 percent of land in California is federally owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the SB 50 was introduced, Senator Ben Allen \u003ca href=\"http://focus.senate.ca.gov/sites/focus.senate.ca.gov/files/preserveca/SB-50_Fact-Sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said it was aimed at\u003c/a> protecting California’s public lands from being sold off to the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]e have seen a drastic shift in Congress which has culminated in efforts to open federal public lands for more oil and gas exploration and to even give lands away outright to corporations or states,” said Allen. “There are significant questions about the Trump administration’s support, or lack of support, of public lands based on his appointments and their stated positions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting the Buyer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome legal experts say California may have a case because of \u003cem>who\u003c/em> the law targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing here, at least from the state’s perspective, is that they aren’t directly regulating the sale,” says Biber. “What they’re doing stems from this concept of land recording that has existed for centuries in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will argue that they aren’t regulating the federal government, only the purchaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental law professor Richard Frank says the phrasing of the statute is a “clever attempt” to avoid preemption by focusing on the purchaser rather than the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California may try to advance this argument but I’m not sure that’s a persuasive or powerful argument,” says Frank. “A federal judge might well conclude that the state of California can’t do indirectly what the state can’t do directly.”[contextly_sidebar id=”IYTR9q4Ma734TYhUCB9sivFVD2S9i0y6”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sims says it would all depend on the mechanics of the statute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sims says the court might look to the historical record to see whether federal policy reflects any preference for who can buy the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California cares about who ultimately buys the land but there is no manifested federal policy that prefers one purchaser over the other, than maybe what California is doing is fine,” says Sims. “Those who happen to sit in office may care but the law may not embody any federal policy about the purchaser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain federal laws on land transfers also require federal agencies to comply with state law, says Biber.[contextly_sidebar id=”lfQGINmX1ayg6vxqxlv3Jiw0nZQJ5Vl9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That goes to the state’s second argument — they would say, ‘Sure, we are regulating you, but the law says we can.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those laws are those aimed at conservation efforts such as the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which applies to large swathes of the California desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FLPMA in part prohibits transfers of public lands that contain restrictions that would violate “any law or regulation pursuant to state and local land use plans, or programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Mantle of State’s Rights\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegal experts point to a potential double standard, between the Trump Administration’s position in this case versus their position on federal monuments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the context of national monuments, the Trump administration has argued that the federal government has a duty to transfer federal lands to the state,” says Alex Camacho, professor of environmental law at the University of California, Irvine. “This issue of states rights has been levied by this administration to support states that fall within agreement with the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Frank says while ironic, the practice is nothing new and refers to it as “situational federalism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think Republicans and Democrats both invoke states’ rights when it involves their agenda. There isn’t a whole lot of ideological purity when it comes to the issue of federalism and states rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it was then-Texas’ attorney general Greg Abbott, who during the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2013/may/10/greg-abbott/greg-abbott-says-he-has-sued-obama-administration-/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> “I go into the office, I sue the federal government and I go home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pubic lands case is slated for initial hearings on August 13, 2018 in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Legal experts say California's latest battle with the Trump Administration presents a novel situation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928028,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":38,"wordCount":1325},"headData":{"title":"California, Trump Administration Clash Over Sale of Public Lands | KQED","description":"Legal experts say California's latest battle with the Trump Administration presents a novel situation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1922037/california-trump-administration-clash-over-sale-of-public-lands","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump Administration is suing California over a legislative hurdle that effectively prevents the federal government from selling public land to large oil and gas companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department announced on April 2 plans to challenge a state law passed in 2017 that allows California the right to intervene in the sale of federal public lands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration is arguing the law constitutes improper state interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-lawsuit-invalidate-new-california-law-restricting-federal-land-sales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a DOJ release\u003c/a> Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the state legislation “extreme” and blasted California for causing the department to waste “valuable time and resources” in filing the suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AGBecerra/status/980897241756942336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fired back on Twitter\u003c/a> the same day with, “Our public lands should not be on the auction block to the highest bidder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.slc.ca.gov/Info/SB50.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 50\u003c/a>, allows the state the right of first refusal in the sale of federal public lands, meaning the state can match the sale price that another purchaser has offered. If it chooses to forego the option, it provides the purchaser with a compliance certificate. The certificate allows the purchaser to record the transfer at the county land records office.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not invalidating the sale itself, the law prevents the purchaser from recording it with the land recorder’s office unless California signs off. That can impact the purchaser’s ability to sell the land or obtain a mortgage, says Eric Biber, an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not a requirement, there are important reasons for why a landowner might want to record their deed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reasons you want to record your transfer is because you don’t want to risk losing your land to a subsequent transaction on that property,” says Biber. “In addition, no bank will ever lend you money or a mortgage if you do a transfer without that land recording.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal complaint alleges that California has already intervened in multiple land sales since SB50 was passed. Among those cited include the\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Army’s plan to convey public land in Alameda County to a developer for the purpose of constructing facilities. The Veterans Affairs Department in Los Angeles also wants to lease part of their land to create housing for veterans. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legislation & the Constitution\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Legal experts say California’s law may be difficult to defend in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Constitution’s Property Clause broadly restricts states from interfering with federal land disposal. In addition, the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution states that the federal law prevails over the state law if a conflict arises between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the essence of the whole system,” says John Cary Sims, a constitutional law professor at the McGeorge School of Law. “So if the federal government says that racial segregation is illegal, then states don’t have a choice in whether they’re going to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1047936/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> complaint\u003c/a> also points to the act that formally admitted California as a state in 1850. In return for statehood, California promised not to interfere with the disposal of public lands. Several federal laws also provide for land disposal, say legal experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?’\u003ccite>John Cary Sims, Constitutional Law Professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California does not see the issue as a conflict between federal and state law, but as California’s right to control the environment. Nearly 46 percent of land in California is federally owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the SB 50 was introduced, Senator Ben Allen \u003ca href=\"http://focus.senate.ca.gov/sites/focus.senate.ca.gov/files/preserveca/SB-50_Fact-Sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said it was aimed at\u003c/a> protecting California’s public lands from being sold off to the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]e have seen a drastic shift in Congress which has culminated in efforts to open federal public lands for more oil and gas exploration and to even give lands away outright to corporations or states,” said Allen. “There are significant questions about the Trump administration’s support, or lack of support, of public lands based on his appointments and their stated positions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting the Buyer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome legal experts say California may have a case because of \u003cem>who\u003c/em> the law targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing here, at least from the state’s perspective, is that they aren’t directly regulating the sale,” says Biber. “What they’re doing stems from this concept of land recording that has existed for centuries in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will argue that they aren’t regulating the federal government, only the purchaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental law professor Richard Frank says the phrasing of the statute is a “clever attempt” to avoid preemption by focusing on the purchaser rather than the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California may try to advance this argument but I’m not sure that’s a persuasive or powerful argument,” says Frank. “A federal judge might well conclude that the state of California can’t do indirectly what the state can’t do directly.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sims says it would all depend on the mechanics of the statute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sims says the court might look to the historical record to see whether federal policy reflects any preference for who can buy the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California cares about who ultimately buys the land but there is no manifested federal policy that prefers one purchaser over the other, than maybe what California is doing is fine,” says Sims. “Those who happen to sit in office may care but the law may not embody any federal policy about the purchaser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain federal laws on land transfers also require federal agencies to comply with state law, says Biber.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That goes to the state’s second argument — they would say, ‘Sure, we are regulating you, but the law says we can.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those laws are those aimed at conservation efforts such as the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which applies to large swathes of the California desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FLPMA in part prohibits transfers of public lands that contain restrictions that would violate “any law or regulation pursuant to state and local land use plans, or programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Mantle of State’s Rights\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegal experts point to a potential double standard, between the Trump Administration’s position in this case versus their position on federal monuments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the context of national monuments, the Trump administration has argued that the federal government has a duty to transfer federal lands to the state,” says Alex Camacho, professor of environmental law at the University of California, Irvine. “This issue of states rights has been levied by this administration to support states that fall within agreement with the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Frank says while ironic, the practice is nothing new and refers to it as “situational federalism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think Republicans and Democrats both invoke states’ rights when it involves their agenda. There isn’t a whole lot of ideological purity when it comes to the issue of federalism and states rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it was then-Texas’ attorney general Greg Abbott, who during the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2013/may/10/greg-abbott/greg-abbott-says-he-has-sued-obama-administration-/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> “I go into the office, I sue the federal government and I go home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pubic lands case is slated for initial hearings on August 13, 2018 in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922037/california-trump-administration-clash-over-sale-of-public-lands","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_35","science_39","science_3424","science_40"],"tags":["science_192","science_1712","science_3514"],"featImg":"science_1922116","label":"source_science_1922037"},"science_1920118":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1920118","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1920118","score":null,"sort":[1519175056000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"oil-companies-want-to-conduct-seismic-surveys-that-threaten-marine-life","title":"Oil Companies Want to Conduct Seismic Surveys that Threaten Marine Life","publishDate":1519175056,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Oil Companies Want to Conduct Seismic Surveys that Threaten Marine Life | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Animals that live in the ocean communicate with sound — humpback whales, for example. But these voices could soon be drowned out by powerful sonic booms from vessels searching for oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/27/525959808/trump-to-sign-executive-order-on-offshore-drilling-and-marine-sanctuaries.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opening up the Atlantic Coast\u003c/a> to companies to explore for fresh reserves. And to explore, they will be making some of the loudest sounds ever heard in the ocean — sounds that, according to recent research, could harm marine animals from whales to plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five companies are currently applying for permits to use seismic air guns to survey thousands of miles of the seabed along the Atlantic Coast. If they get the permits, they could start later this year.[contextly_sidebar id=”8nVPYfKqrQKpGPzDTVsoLbKkQ4zqnKzm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air guns are devices towed behind a ship. They compress and then release air explosively, and the sound waves penetrate the seabed. When they bounce back to receivers, also towed from the ships, the sound waves paint a picture of reservoirs of oil and gas beneath the seabed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sound blasts can also damage the ears and internal organs of marine animals. Ships will have to turn them off if they see whales or other marine mammals nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s growing evidence that these sounds may seriously affect animals swimming well outside the immediate danger zone. \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/athode\">Aaron Thode\u003c/a> is an oceanographer who’s studied the subject and advises the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mmc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Commission\u003c/a>, a federal agency that regulates activities affecting marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what happens if animals are exposed constantly to sound over long periods of time in, say, a feeding area or a breeding area or what not,” Thode explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thode works at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He says whales have been observed retreating from the sound of air guns. That could cause them to abandon breeding or feeding grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thode’s own research has shown that bowhead whales start calling more often to each other when there’s air gun noise, at least for a while. “At some point, you know, just as if a jet plane passes overhead, you just give up and wait for the sound to decrease,” Thode says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the whales go silent, that not only has potential effects on their communication, but also on air gun surveyors. Federal rules require them to listen to for whale sounds and, if they hear them, to stop their air gun blasts. But if the whales aren’t making noise, their presence underwater won’t be known unless they’re sighted at the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe that air gun sounds could “mask” communication by marine animals. Surveyors will be blasting several times a minute, for months at a time. Marine biologist \u003ca href=\"http://ece.duke.edu/faculty/douglas-nowacek\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doug Nowacek\u003c/a> at Duke University worries that that kind of constant noise could cause a mother, for example, to lose track of its calf. “If they get separated by a few tens or hundreds of meters in an increasingly loud ocean,” he says, “you can consider it gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowacek says recent scientific evidence suggests that these more subtle effects of air guns could extend a long way. “The levels that could still have and do have behavioral impacts extend out tens, and hundreds of miles away from those surveys,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And effects on smaller animals are emerging as well. Research in Australia shows that nearby air guns can actually kill shrimp-like plankton and their larvae. Even scallops have been observed recoiling from air gun sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke rolled out the offshore energy plan at a press conference in January. He promised that the government will protect the environment. “We do it right,” he said, “and we’re not going to skirt protections, we’re not going to give anyone a pass. We’re going to hold corporations accountable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department completed an environmental impact study on seismic surveying in 2014 that runs several hundred pages. It says the effects on marine life will be moderate at worst. It points out that surveyors will stop their work if they see or hear whales within 500 yards and will keep away from places they’re known to frequent. “No significant impacts are expected to occur as a result of these seismic surveys,” the Interior Department stated. The department estimates that there may by 90 billion barrels of undiscovered oil and over 300 trillion cubic feet of natural gas under the outer continental shelf along the Atlantic Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more than 70 scientists have written to Trump asking him to cancel the surveys anyway. They note that the surveys cover regions populated by several kinds of whales that are close to extinction. “The magnitude of the proposed seismic activity is likely to have significant, long-lasting and widespread impacts on the reproduction and survival of fish and marine mammal populations in the region,” the letter stated. Doug Nowacek is one of the scientists who signed the letter, and he adds that there’s just not enough information to be sure the surveys are harmless. “There are numerous species off the Atlantic Coast that we don’t have any data whatsoever about their response to seismic,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have been trying to take a census of what marine life lives along the continental shelf, where much of the surveying will take place. The region is heavily populated not only with several kinds of whales but dolphins and numerous other species, many of them commercially valuable. NOAA is still far from completing the task. Given that the surveys would cover tens of thousands of miles of ocean with potentially millions of sonic booms, there’s no doubt that marine animals will be exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploration companies maintain that there’s no evidence that seismic testing has killed marine mammals. However, for several years, scientists have been working with exploration companies to develop newer air guns that are quieter. Some of these have been tested and found to work effectively at locating oil and gas reservoirs but they are not used commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department is expected to rule on the surveying permits in the next few weeks. Environmental and public interest groups are planning to legally challenge those permits if they are approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Seismic+Surveys+Planned+Off+U.S.+Coast+Pose+Risk+To+Marine+Life&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Trump administration could allow oil companies to set off sonic explosions that could harm marine life.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928190,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1092},"headData":{"title":"Oil Companies Want to Conduct Seismic Surveys that Threaten Marine Life | KQED","description":"The Trump administration could allow oil companies to set off sonic explosions that could harm marine life.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Christopher Joyce \u003cbr />NPR The Two Way","nprImageAgency":"Barcroft Media/Barcroft Media via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"586061334","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=586061334&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/19/586061334/seismic-surveys-planned-off-u-s-coast-pose-risk-to-marine-life?ft=nprml&f=586061334","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 20 Feb 2018 00:04:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 19 Feb 2018 10:00:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 19 Feb 2018 16:59:20 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/02/20180219_atc_seismic_surveys_planned_off_us_coast_pose_risk_to_marine_life.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1025&d=234&p=2&story=586061334&ft=nprml&f=586061334","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1587121735-c4f073.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1025&d=234&p=2&story=586061334&ft=nprml&f=586061334","path":"/science/1920118/oil-companies-want-to-conduct-seismic-surveys-that-threaten-marine-life","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/02/20180219_atc_seismic_surveys_planned_off_us_coast_pose_risk_to_marine_life.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1025&d=234&p=2&story=586061334&ft=nprml&f=586061334","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Animals that live in the ocean communicate with sound — humpback whales, for example. But these voices could soon be drowned out by powerful sonic booms from vessels searching for oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/27/525959808/trump-to-sign-executive-order-on-offshore-drilling-and-marine-sanctuaries.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opening up the Atlantic Coast\u003c/a> to companies to explore for fresh reserves. And to explore, they will be making some of the loudest sounds ever heard in the ocean — sounds that, according to recent research, could harm marine animals from whales to plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five companies are currently applying for permits to use seismic air guns to survey thousands of miles of the seabed along the Atlantic Coast. If they get the permits, they could start later this year.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air guns are devices towed behind a ship. They compress and then release air explosively, and the sound waves penetrate the seabed. When they bounce back to receivers, also towed from the ships, the sound waves paint a picture of reservoirs of oil and gas beneath the seabed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sound blasts can also damage the ears and internal organs of marine animals. Ships will have to turn them off if they see whales or other marine mammals nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s growing evidence that these sounds may seriously affect animals swimming well outside the immediate danger zone. \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/athode\">Aaron Thode\u003c/a> is an oceanographer who’s studied the subject and advises the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mmc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Commission\u003c/a>, a federal agency that regulates activities affecting marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what happens if animals are exposed constantly to sound over long periods of time in, say, a feeding area or a breeding area or what not,” Thode explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thode works at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He says whales have been observed retreating from the sound of air guns. That could cause them to abandon breeding or feeding grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thode’s own research has shown that bowhead whales start calling more often to each other when there’s air gun noise, at least for a while. “At some point, you know, just as if a jet plane passes overhead, you just give up and wait for the sound to decrease,” Thode says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the whales go silent, that not only has potential effects on their communication, but also on air gun surveyors. Federal rules require them to listen to for whale sounds and, if they hear them, to stop their air gun blasts. But if the whales aren’t making noise, their presence underwater won’t be known unless they’re sighted at the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe that air gun sounds could “mask” communication by marine animals. Surveyors will be blasting several times a minute, for months at a time. Marine biologist \u003ca href=\"http://ece.duke.edu/faculty/douglas-nowacek\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doug Nowacek\u003c/a> at Duke University worries that that kind of constant noise could cause a mother, for example, to lose track of its calf. “If they get separated by a few tens or hundreds of meters in an increasingly loud ocean,” he says, “you can consider it gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowacek says recent scientific evidence suggests that these more subtle effects of air guns could extend a long way. “The levels that could still have and do have behavioral impacts extend out tens, and hundreds of miles away from those surveys,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And effects on smaller animals are emerging as well. Research in Australia shows that nearby air guns can actually kill shrimp-like plankton and their larvae. Even scallops have been observed recoiling from air gun sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke rolled out the offshore energy plan at a press conference in January. He promised that the government will protect the environment. “We do it right,” he said, “and we’re not going to skirt protections, we’re not going to give anyone a pass. We’re going to hold corporations accountable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department completed an environmental impact study on seismic surveying in 2014 that runs several hundred pages. It says the effects on marine life will be moderate at worst. It points out that surveyors will stop their work if they see or hear whales within 500 yards and will keep away from places they’re known to frequent. “No significant impacts are expected to occur as a result of these seismic surveys,” the Interior Department stated. The department estimates that there may by 90 billion barrels of undiscovered oil and over 300 trillion cubic feet of natural gas under the outer continental shelf along the Atlantic Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more than 70 scientists have written to Trump asking him to cancel the surveys anyway. They note that the surveys cover regions populated by several kinds of whales that are close to extinction. “The magnitude of the proposed seismic activity is likely to have significant, long-lasting and widespread impacts on the reproduction and survival of fish and marine mammal populations in the region,” the letter stated. Doug Nowacek is one of the scientists who signed the letter, and he adds that there’s just not enough information to be sure the surveys are harmless. “There are numerous species off the Atlantic Coast that we don’t have any data whatsoever about their response to seismic,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have been trying to take a census of what marine life lives along the continental shelf, where much of the surveying will take place. The region is heavily populated not only with several kinds of whales but dolphins and numerous other species, many of them commercially valuable. NOAA is still far from completing the task. Given that the surveys would cover tens of thousands of miles of ocean with potentially millions of sonic booms, there’s no doubt that marine animals will be exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploration companies maintain that there’s no evidence that seismic testing has killed marine mammals. However, for several years, scientists have been working with exploration companies to develop newer air guns that are quieter. Some of these have been tested and found to work effectively at locating oil and gas reservoirs but they are not used commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department is expected to rule on the surveying permits in the next few weeks. Environmental and public interest groups are planning to legally challenge those permits if they are approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Seismic+Surveys+Planned+Off+U.S.+Coast+Pose+Risk+To+Marine+Life&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1920118/oil-companies-want-to-conduct-seismic-surveys-that-threaten-marine-life","authors":["byline_science_1920118"],"categories":["science_2874","science_35","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_3221","science_2688","science_1712"],"featImg":"science_1920119","label":"science"},"science_1919605":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1919605","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1919605","score":null,"sort":[1518049093000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"offshore-drilling-showdown-in-sacramento-thursday","title":"Protesters Disrupt Trump Administration's Offshore Oil Meeting in Sacramento","publishDate":1518049093,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Protesters Disrupt Trump Administration’s Offshore Oil Meeting in Sacramento | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Several hundred protesters rallied at the state Capitol on Thursday to oppose a \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/NP-Draft-Proposed-Program-2019-2024/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal plan\u003c/a> to expand drilling for oil and gas off California shores. If the plan, currently a draft proposal, is finalized, the U.S. Department of the Interior could begin selling leases to drillers as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protesters demonstrated before an event held by the Interior Department’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management; it was the federal government’s only scheduled public meeting on the issue. The event, held at Sacramento’s main library, was billed as an “open house.” There was no opportunity for public comment; instead the department set up informational displays, with kiosks available to write comments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/BOEM_DOI/status/961748560269205504?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, protesters managed to get their voices heard, chanting “Where’s the hearing?” and turning the event into something of a circus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bill Brown, the chief environmental officer with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, defended the meeting’s format, saying it was a “more effective way to communicate.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think there are plenty of legitimate environmental concerns to be addressed,” he said. “The downside of the hearing thing is that you don’t get to talk to [or] really interact with folks. And also everyone needs to sit there, and they only get their two minutes in the sun, basically.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 413px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/offshoredrilling-WC.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1919577\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/offshoredrilling-WC.png\" alt=\"BOEM CA map\" width=\"413\" height=\"538\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map from the federal Bureau of Ocean Energy Mgt. shows the “extent of geological plays” off California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the Trump administration’s plan are fearful of a catastrophic oil spill and burning more fossil fuels that drive global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re moving a lot more towards renewable energies,” said protester Chase Wood, 25, a resident of Orange County and a Greenpeace activist. “There are more jobs in the energy sector than there is in all of the coal industry. We need to start moving on to the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offshore drilling has been a hot-button issue in the state since 1969, when the blowout of an offshore well led to a catastrophic\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> oil spill\u003c/a> in the Santa Barbara Channel, fouling 35 miles of coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people really recognize that offshore drilling for oil is a dirty and dangerous business,” said Miyoko Sakashita, who directs the oceans program at the Center for Biological Diversity. “We’ve all seen the images of the oiled coasts and the oiled birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has banned new exploration in state waters within three miles of shore for decades, and the White House under Barack Obama added restrictions in federal waters. The Trump administration’s 5-year plan calls for leases to once again be offered to oil and gas companies for exploration and production in nearly all U.S. waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of offshore drilling also weighed in Thursday. Bob Poole, vice president of the Western States Petroleum Association, said the alternative to offshore drilling is importing oil from countries that lack environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919748 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An expert from the Department of Interior explains aspects of offshore operations to attendees. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We import more than a million barrels [of oil] every day, each and every day, over the ocean, from countries that a lot of whom don’t like us very much,” he said on KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2018/02/07/trumps-plan-to-expand-offshore-drilling-gets-a-california-hearing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum radio program\u003c/a>. “All of that oil is coming on on tankers, every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, “If we’re going to need oil for the foreseeable future … doesn’t it make sense to produce that oil rather than try to stop that — and produce it under the most stringent environmental regulations on the planet — instead of importing this oil in supertankers from countries like Saudi Arabia and others where they don’t have those rules?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, some state officials have begun \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/02/08/583407248/california-may-have-a-way-to-block-trumps-offshore-drilling-push\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moving to block\u003c/a> newly produced offshore oil from being piped ashore by withholding permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am resolved that not a single drop from Trump’s new oil plan ever makes landfall in California,” said Lt. Governor Gavin Newsom in a statement on behalf of the State Lands Commission, which he chairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, State Senator Hannah-Beth Jackson (D-Santa Barbara) introduced SB 834, which would ban new pipelines, piers, wharves, or other infrastructure that would go through state waters. A similar bill died in committee last year. A companion bill, AB 1775, was introduced by Assemblymember Al Muratsuchi (D-Torrance).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If passed, the legislation could potentially dissuade oil companies from buying oil leases. Without a pipeline to bring oil onshore, oil companies would have to turn to other means, like using ships for transport, which is generally seen as riskier and more expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry advocates have argued that because federal waters belong to the taxpayers, they should not be closed to drilling. Currently about 30 wells are in operation off of California, mostly in federal waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also on Thursday, the California Assembly overwhelmingly passed a resolution opposing the Trump administration’s plan. The vote was 55-8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Assembly also asked U.S. Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke to remove California from the proposed leasing plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblywoman Monique Limón, a Santa Monica Democrat who sought the resolution, cited previous offshore spills that have tarred the state’s picturesque coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans Randy Voepel of Santee and Travis Allen of Huntington Beach say oil and gas can be safely harvested. Allen, a GOP candidate for governor, says the move could help lower gasoline prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protesters in other states have already gathered to voice their displeasure at the planned reinstatement of offshore drilling. On Tuesday, more than 100 demonstrators gathered outside Oregon’s state Capitol in Salem to denounce the proposal before a planned public meeting.. Twenty-three meetings are scheduled nationwide, one in every state except Hawaii that touches the Atlantic or Pacific oceans. Comments can also be submitted \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/comment?D=BOEM-2017-0074-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online\u003c/a> through March 9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Craig Miller, Amel Ahmed, Jon Brooks, Lauren Sommer and the Associated Press contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A proposal to revive oil and gas drilling off California has struck a nerve among coastal residents.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928210,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1038},"headData":{"title":"Protesters Disrupt Trump Administration's Offshore Oil Meeting in Sacramento | KQED","description":"A proposal to revive oil and gas drilling off California has struck a nerve among coastal residents.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1919605/offshore-drilling-showdown-in-sacramento-thursday","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Several hundred protesters rallied at the state Capitol on Thursday to oppose a \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/NP-Draft-Proposed-Program-2019-2024/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal plan\u003c/a> to expand drilling for oil and gas off California shores. If the plan, currently a draft proposal, is finalized, the U.S. Department of the Interior could begin selling leases to drillers as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protesters demonstrated before an event held by the Interior Department’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management; it was the federal government’s only scheduled public meeting on the issue. The event, held at Sacramento’s main library, was billed as an “open house.” There was no opportunity for public comment; instead the department set up informational displays, with kiosks available to write comments.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"961748560269205504"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Still, protesters managed to get their voices heard, chanting “Where’s the hearing?” and turning the event into something of a circus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bill Brown, the chief environmental officer with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, defended the meeting’s format, saying it was a “more effective way to communicate.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think there are plenty of legitimate environmental concerns to be addressed,” he said. “The downside of the hearing thing is that you don’t get to talk to [or] really interact with folks. And also everyone needs to sit there, and they only get their two minutes in the sun, basically.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 413px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/offshoredrilling-WC.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1919577\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/offshoredrilling-WC.png\" alt=\"BOEM CA map\" width=\"413\" height=\"538\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map from the federal Bureau of Ocean Energy Mgt. shows the “extent of geological plays” off California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the Trump administration’s plan are fearful of a catastrophic oil spill and burning more fossil fuels that drive global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re moving a lot more towards renewable energies,” said protester Chase Wood, 25, a resident of Orange County and a Greenpeace activist. “There are more jobs in the energy sector than there is in all of the coal industry. We need to start moving on to the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offshore drilling has been a hot-button issue in the state since 1969, when the blowout of an offshore well led to a catastrophic\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> oil spill\u003c/a> in the Santa Barbara Channel, fouling 35 miles of coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people really recognize that offshore drilling for oil is a dirty and dangerous business,” said Miyoko Sakashita, who directs the oceans program at the Center for Biological Diversity. “We’ve all seen the images of the oiled coasts and the oiled birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has banned new exploration in state waters within three miles of shore for decades, and the White House under Barack Obama added restrictions in federal waters. The Trump administration’s 5-year plan calls for leases to once again be offered to oil and gas companies for exploration and production in nearly all U.S. waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of offshore drilling also weighed in Thursday. Bob Poole, vice president of the Western States Petroleum Association, said the alternative to offshore drilling is importing oil from countries that lack environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919748 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An expert from the Department of Interior explains aspects of offshore operations to attendees. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We import more than a million barrels [of oil] every day, each and every day, over the ocean, from countries that a lot of whom don’t like us very much,” he said on KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2018/02/07/trumps-plan-to-expand-offshore-drilling-gets-a-california-hearing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum radio program\u003c/a>. “All of that oil is coming on on tankers, every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, “If we’re going to need oil for the foreseeable future … doesn’t it make sense to produce that oil rather than try to stop that — and produce it under the most stringent environmental regulations on the planet — instead of importing this oil in supertankers from countries like Saudi Arabia and others where they don’t have those rules?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, some state officials have begun \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/02/08/583407248/california-may-have-a-way-to-block-trumps-offshore-drilling-push\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moving to block\u003c/a> newly produced offshore oil from being piped ashore by withholding permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am resolved that not a single drop from Trump’s new oil plan ever makes landfall in California,” said Lt. Governor Gavin Newsom in a statement on behalf of the State Lands Commission, which he chairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, State Senator Hannah-Beth Jackson (D-Santa Barbara) introduced SB 834, which would ban new pipelines, piers, wharves, or other infrastructure that would go through state waters. A similar bill died in committee last year. A companion bill, AB 1775, was introduced by Assemblymember Al Muratsuchi (D-Torrance).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If passed, the legislation could potentially dissuade oil companies from buying oil leases. Without a pipeline to bring oil onshore, oil companies would have to turn to other means, like using ships for transport, which is generally seen as riskier and more expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry advocates have argued that because federal waters belong to the taxpayers, they should not be closed to drilling. Currently about 30 wells are in operation off of California, mostly in federal waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also on Thursday, the California Assembly overwhelmingly passed a resolution opposing the Trump administration’s plan. The vote was 55-8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Assembly also asked U.S. Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke to remove California from the proposed leasing plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblywoman Monique Limón, a Santa Monica Democrat who sought the resolution, cited previous offshore spills that have tarred the state’s picturesque coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans Randy Voepel of Santee and Travis Allen of Huntington Beach say oil and gas can be safely harvested. Allen, a GOP candidate for governor, says the move could help lower gasoline prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protesters in other states have already gathered to voice their displeasure at the planned reinstatement of offshore drilling. On Tuesday, more than 100 demonstrators gathered outside Oregon’s state Capitol in Salem to denounce the proposal before a planned public meeting.. Twenty-three meetings are scheduled nationwide, one in every state except Hawaii that touches the Atlantic or Pacific oceans. Comments can also be submitted \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/comment?D=BOEM-2017-0074-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online\u003c/a> through March 9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Craig Miller, Amel Ahmed, Jon Brooks, Lauren Sommer and the Associated Press contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1919605/offshore-drilling-showdown-in-sacramento-thursday","authors":["6387"],"categories":["science_33","science_35","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_3370","science_813","science_1264","science_1712","science_3514"],"featImg":"science_1919736","label":"science"},"science_1814718":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1814718","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1814718","score":null,"sort":[1499697041000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trump-administration-considers-shrinking-federally-protected-waters","title":"Trump Administration Considers Shrinking Federally Protected Waters","publishDate":1499697041,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Trump Administration Considers Shrinking Federally Protected Waters | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Trump Administration is reviewing whether to shrink national marine sanctuaries and monuments under a recently-released plan that could expand offshore oil and gas drilling. The areas that could lose protection span from Central California to the South Pacific to New England, totalling about 425 million acres. Those acres include four national marine sanctuaries off the California coast: Monterey Bay, Cordell Bank, the Greater Farallones and the Channel Islands. A 30-day comment period on the proposal runs through July 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with \u003cspan class=\"s1\">Paul Rogers, the managing editor of KQED’s science unit and environment writer at the Mercury News, about the government’s proposal and what it could mean for California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Watt: T\u003cspan class=\"s1\">he president is considering reversing any marine sanctuary protections that happened after 2007. What were those protections?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Rogers: M\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">arine sanctuaries are kind of like underwater national parks, and essentially you’re allowed to fish in most of them but you can’t drill for oil, you can’t drill for gas, you can’t do underwater mining. No president has ever shrunk or killed a sanctuary in the 45 years that the program’s been around. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are 11 sanctuaries or national marine monuments that were expanded or created in the last 10 years, and one of the big ones is right here in our area. The Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary was expanded in 2008 by President Bush, when scientists had discovered this really cool underwater dormant volcano off the coast of Monterey, called Davidson Seamount. He basically drew a square in the ocean and added that area to the Monterey Sanctuary. So Bush added that and now Trump may take it away.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"rectangular\" size=\"medium\" ids=\"1815629,1815628,1815627,1815626,1815625,1815623,1815622\" orderby=\"rand\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Watt: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">What about California’s other national marine sanctuaries? What else could lose protections under this order from the Trump Administration?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rogers: Fu\u003cspan class=\"s1\">rther north, the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary and the Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary — which are mostly off the Marin County coast and have been there for decades — they were doubled in size by President Obama in 2015. That essentially banned new offshore oil drilling forever in those places. That is potentially on the chopping block now, and Trump may shrink those back in size as well.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Marine Sanctuaries at Risk\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In April, President Trump asked U.S. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross to evaluate whether 11 national marine sanctuaries and monuments created or expanded since 2007 would be appropriate for opening up to oil and gas exploration.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/9a5c4ac6-5124-4ae3-af33-a50254cc9e28/embed\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Watt: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">What about marine sanctuaries outside of California waters, like this new one near Hawaii?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rogers: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">There’s a whole range of sanctuaries that could be affected. Obama created one off New England to protect canyons and underwater mountains there. George Bush created one to protect the Marianas Trench; it’s actually a national marine monument, but folks may know this is the deepest ocean area in the world, more than six miles deep. There are also areas expanded or created off American Samoa, and off the Northwest Hawaiian Islands, from Kauai all the way up to Midway, with amazing coral reefs. All of these places are now under review.[contextly_sidebar id=”a5sJFDN2aV3spPf2sLNY6tyGufNSbKGP”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Watt: So, th\u003cspan class=\"s1\">e reason Trump wants to do this is that the administration is looking to expand oil drilling in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, but I would think that just reversing the sanctuary protections isn’t enough to make that happen. Does California have a say in oil drilling off its coast?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rogers: Y\u003cspan class=\"s1\">es, it does. As folks may know, we already have about 30 offshore oil platforms in California. They’re all off the southern California counties — Santa Barbara, Ventura, LA, those counties basically. There’s been drilling there since the 1950s, and after the famous \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1969 Santa Barbara oil blowout\u003c/a>, California’s really been involved in an activist way. Governor Pete Wilson, a Republican, signed a law banning all new oil drilling out to three miles in state waters, so that is locked in. But anything beyond that, which is federal waters, the federal government can push forward and try to lease these areas to oil companies. President Obama left office saying, “No leasing off California in new areas until at least 2022.” Trump is talking about undoing that as well. The Coastal Commission would fight if they try to lease new areas. There’d be lots of lawsuits, but taking sanctuaries away is the first step to new drilling. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Watt: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">What are the oil companies saying about this?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/06/26/2017-13308/review-of-national-marine-sanctuaries-and-marine-national-monuments-designated-or-expanded-since\">How to Comment\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is accepting public comments on the review of all designations and expansions of National Marine Sanctuaries and Marine National Monuments since April 28, 2007. The comment period ends July 26. \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/06/26/2017-13308/review-of-national-marine-sanctuaries-and-marine-national-monuments-designated-or-expanded-since\">Submit a formal comment\u003c/a> to the National Register.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rogers: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">Interestingly, national oil companies like the idea of taking marine sanctuaries and shrinking them. But I called the Western States Petroleum Association, which is the main industry trade group for California for oil companies, and they said none of their members are actually interested in drilling in these sanctuary areas. And they weren’t going to be submitting public comment, so apparently the oil industry in California isn’t really interested right now in drilling in these areas.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Watt: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">The public comment ends on July 26. What happens after that?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rogers: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Secretary of Commerce, Wilbur Ross — who’s in charge of NOAA (the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), the agency that oversees the sanctuaries — he will make a recommendation in October back to President Trump on which ones to kill or shrink. After that, the president’s going to make a decision. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There are about two weeks left to comment on a Trump Administration proposal to shrink California's national marine sanctuaries.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928561,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/9a5c4ac6-5124-4ae3-af33-a50254cc9e28/embed"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":1006},"headData":{"title":"Trump Administration Considers Shrinking Federally Protected Waters | KQED","description":"There are about two weeks left to comment on a Trump Administration proposal to shrink California's national marine sanctuaries.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/10/MarineNatSanc.mp3","sticky":false,"nprByline":"KQED Science","path":"/science/1814718/trump-administration-considers-shrinking-federally-protected-waters","audioDuration":282000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Trump Administration is reviewing whether to shrink national marine sanctuaries and monuments under a recently-released plan that could expand offshore oil and gas drilling. The areas that could lose protection span from Central California to the South Pacific to New England, totalling about 425 million acres. Those acres include four national marine sanctuaries off the California coast: Monterey Bay, Cordell Bank, the Greater Farallones and the Channel Islands. A 30-day comment period on the proposal runs through July 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with \u003cspan class=\"s1\">Paul Rogers, the managing editor of KQED’s science unit and environment writer at the Mercury News, about the government’s proposal and what it could mean for California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Watt: T\u003cspan class=\"s1\">he president is considering reversing any marine sanctuary protections that happened after 2007. What were those protections?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Rogers: M\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">arine sanctuaries are kind of like underwater national parks, and essentially you’re allowed to fish in most of them but you can’t drill for oil, you can’t drill for gas, you can’t do underwater mining. No president has ever shrunk or killed a sanctuary in the 45 years that the program’s been around. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are 11 sanctuaries or national marine monuments that were expanded or created in the last 10 years, and one of the big ones is right here in our area. The Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary was expanded in 2008 by President Bush, when scientists had discovered this really cool underwater dormant volcano off the coast of Monterey, called Davidson Seamount. He basically drew a square in the ocean and added that area to the Monterey Sanctuary. So Bush added that and now Trump may take it away.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"type":"rectangular","size":"medium","ids":"1815629,1815628,1815627,1815626,1815625,1815623,1815622","orderby":"rand","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Watt: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">What about California’s other national marine sanctuaries? What else could lose protections under this order from the Trump Administration?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rogers: Fu\u003cspan class=\"s1\">rther north, the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary and the Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary — which are mostly off the Marin County coast and have been there for decades — they were doubled in size by President Obama in 2015. That essentially banned new offshore oil drilling forever in those places. That is potentially on the chopping block now, and Trump may shrink those back in size as well.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Marine Sanctuaries at Risk\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In April, President Trump asked U.S. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross to evaluate whether 11 national marine sanctuaries and monuments created or expanded since 2007 would be appropriate for opening up to oil and gas exploration.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/9a5c4ac6-5124-4ae3-af33-a50254cc9e28/embed\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Watt: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">What about marine sanctuaries outside of California waters, like this new one near Hawaii?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rogers: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">There’s a whole range of sanctuaries that could be affected. Obama created one off New England to protect canyons and underwater mountains there. George Bush created one to protect the Marianas Trench; it’s actually a national marine monument, but folks may know this is the deepest ocean area in the world, more than six miles deep. There are also areas expanded or created off American Samoa, and off the Northwest Hawaiian Islands, from Kauai all the way up to Midway, with amazing coral reefs. All of these places are now under review.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Watt: So, th\u003cspan class=\"s1\">e reason Trump wants to do this is that the administration is looking to expand oil drilling in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, but I would think that just reversing the sanctuary protections isn’t enough to make that happen. Does California have a say in oil drilling off its coast?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rogers: Y\u003cspan class=\"s1\">es, it does. As folks may know, we already have about 30 offshore oil platforms in California. They’re all off the southern California counties — Santa Barbara, Ventura, LA, those counties basically. There’s been drilling there since the 1950s, and after the famous \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1969 Santa Barbara oil blowout\u003c/a>, California’s really been involved in an activist way. Governor Pete Wilson, a Republican, signed a law banning all new oil drilling out to three miles in state waters, so that is locked in. But anything beyond that, which is federal waters, the federal government can push forward and try to lease these areas to oil companies. President Obama left office saying, “No leasing off California in new areas until at least 2022.” Trump is talking about undoing that as well. The Coastal Commission would fight if they try to lease new areas. There’d be lots of lawsuits, but taking sanctuaries away is the first step to new drilling. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Watt: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">What are the oil companies saying about this?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/06/26/2017-13308/review-of-national-marine-sanctuaries-and-marine-national-monuments-designated-or-expanded-since\">How to Comment\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is accepting public comments on the review of all designations and expansions of National Marine Sanctuaries and Marine National Monuments since April 28, 2007. The comment period ends July 26. \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/06/26/2017-13308/review-of-national-marine-sanctuaries-and-marine-national-monuments-designated-or-expanded-since\">Submit a formal comment\u003c/a> to the National Register.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rogers: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">Interestingly, national oil companies like the idea of taking marine sanctuaries and shrinking them. But I called the Western States Petroleum Association, which is the main industry trade group for California for oil companies, and they said none of their members are actually interested in drilling in these sanctuary areas. And they weren’t going to be submitting public comment, so apparently the oil industry in California isn’t really interested right now in drilling in these areas.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Watt: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">The public comment ends on July 26. What happens after that?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rogers: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Secretary of Commerce, Wilbur Ross — who’s in charge of NOAA (the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), the agency that oversees the sanctuaries — he will make a recommendation in October back to President Trump on which ones to kill or shrink. After that, the president’s going to make a decision. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1814718/trump-administration-considers-shrinking-federally-protected-waters","authors":["byline_science_1814718"],"categories":["science_33","science_35","science_2873"],"tags":["science_3370","science_324","science_1712"],"featImg":"science_1815624","label":"science"},"science_1806818":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1806818","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1806818","score":null,"sort":[1499280103000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"epa-cant-keep-delaying-obama-era-methane-rules-says-appeals-court","title":"EPA Can't Keep Delaying Obama-Era Methane Rules, Says Appeals Court","publishDate":1499280103,"format":"standard","headTitle":"EPA Can’t Keep Delaying Obama-Era Methane Rules, Says Appeals Court | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>An appeals court in Washington, D.C., has blocked an attempt by the Environmental Protection Agency to delay Obama-era methane regulations, rejecting claims by the EPA that the oil and gas industry wasn’t allowed to comment on the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency could choose to rewrite the rules, but it overstepped in trying to delay them for years, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit decided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations in question are designed to prevent leaks at oil and gas facilities. Methane, which is released in natural gas leaks, is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">potent greenhouse gas\u003c/a>, contributing to global warming; other leaked substances are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/basic-information-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">harmful for human health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Obama administration, the EPA crafted new rules, and the first deadlines for reporting and compliance were set for this summer. But then the Trump administration announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/actions-and-notices-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">temporary stay\u003c/a> on the rules — first for 90 days, then for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”dIiNBwfnjN5A4JLfH72IoQl1bIGVRBjZ”]Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the EPA, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/09/519425866/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-questions-basic-facts-about-climate-change\">expressed doubt\u003c/a> over fundamental facts about climate change, like the central role that greenhouse gas emissions play in global warming. Before being confirmed, he promised to aggressively roll back regulations at the agency, and observers say he’s been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/01/us/politics/trump-epa-chief-pruitt-regulations-climate-change.html\">effective in fulfilling that promise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the judges in the D.C. Court of Appeals ruled 2-1 that this time, Pruitt’s rollback was erroneous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claimed that the stay was necessary because the oil and gas industry hadn’t been given the opportunity to have input on some elements of the rules changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several environmental nonprofits disagreed, and sued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/A86B20D79BEB893E85258152005CA1B2/%24file/17-1145-1682465.pdf\">The judges ruled\u003c/a> that oil and gas companies could have commented on the provisions in question — in fact, that they \u003cem>had \u003c/em>commented about them, in writing, at the Obama-era EPA’s request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one case, the Trump administration pointed to an option for exempting pumps from regulation. Like the other provisions the EPA challenged, it hadn’t appeared in the proposed rule but did appear in the final rule, which meant the oil and gas industry didn’t get the chance to have any input on it, Pruitt’s agency argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals court pointed out that the provision was actually suggested by the American Petroleum Institute, during the Obama administration’s comment process … which is why it didn’t show up in the first proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a brief scan of the record demonstrates the inaccuracy of EPA’s statements,” the judges wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also said that because it wasn’t a final decision on the rule — just a two-year stay while the EPA “reconsidered” the regulation — there was nothing a court could do about it. The judges weren’t persuaded, saying that such a lengthy delay is “tantamount to amending or revoking a rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another set of federal methane regulations — covering emissions on federal or tribal lands — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/10/527786637/senators-reject-effort-to-roll-back-greenhouse-gas-emissions-rule\">narrowly survived a challenge in the Senate\u003c/a> in May. An effort to roll back the regulations failed 49-51, with Republican Sens. John McCain, Lindsey Graham and Susan Collins joining Democrats to keep the methane measure in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR’s Christopher Joyce \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">reported earlier this year\u003c/a>, the concentration of methane gas in the atmosphere was relatively constant for years but has been increasing noticeably within the last decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are multiple sources: sewers, manure pits, livestock, rice fields, natural wetlands. The oil and gas industry emphasizes that the biggest sources are agricultural and natural — while environmental scientist Rob Jackson told NPR that the contributions from fossil fuel industry appear to be rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry representatives note that there are voluntary efforts to reduce leaks as well. After all, it’s not just greenhouses gas emissions or air quality that’s at stake. “Methane is a commodity,” Christopher notes, “and leaked methane is money lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Appeals+Court+Says+EPA+Can%27t+Keep+Delaying+Obama-Era+Methane+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The U.S. Court of Appeals for D.C. notes the EPA can choose to rewrite a rule designed to prevent leaks from natural gas facilities. But it can't just put it off for two years, the judges decided.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928577,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":678},"headData":{"title":"EPA Can't Keep Delaying Obama-Era Methane Rules, Says Appeals Court | KQED","description":"The U.S. Court of Appeals for D.C. notes the EPA can choose to rewrite a rule designed to prevent leaks from natural gas facilities. But it can't just put it off for two years, the judges decided.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Robyn Beck","nprByline":"Camila Domonoske\u003c/br>NPR","nprImageAgency":"AFP/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"535509920","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=535509920&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/07/04/535509920/appeals-court-says-epa-cant-keep-delaying-obama-era-methane-rules?ft=nprml&f=535509920","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 04 Jul 2017 14:55:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 04 Jul 2017 14:55:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 04 Jul 2017 14:56:00 -0400","path":"/science/1806818/epa-cant-keep-delaying-obama-era-methane-rules-says-appeals-court","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An appeals court in Washington, D.C., has blocked an attempt by the Environmental Protection Agency to delay Obama-era methane regulations, rejecting claims by the EPA that the oil and gas industry wasn’t allowed to comment on the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency could choose to rewrite the rules, but it overstepped in trying to delay them for years, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit decided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations in question are designed to prevent leaks at oil and gas facilities. Methane, which is released in natural gas leaks, is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">potent greenhouse gas\u003c/a>, contributing to global warming; other leaked substances are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/basic-information-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">harmful for human health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Obama administration, the EPA crafted new rules, and the first deadlines for reporting and compliance were set for this summer. But then the Trump administration announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/actions-and-notices-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">temporary stay\u003c/a> on the rules — first for 90 days, then for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the EPA, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/09/519425866/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-questions-basic-facts-about-climate-change\">expressed doubt\u003c/a> over fundamental facts about climate change, like the central role that greenhouse gas emissions play in global warming. Before being confirmed, he promised to aggressively roll back regulations at the agency, and observers say he’s been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/01/us/politics/trump-epa-chief-pruitt-regulations-climate-change.html\">effective in fulfilling that promise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the judges in the D.C. Court of Appeals ruled 2-1 that this time, Pruitt’s rollback was erroneous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claimed that the stay was necessary because the oil and gas industry hadn’t been given the opportunity to have input on some elements of the rules changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several environmental nonprofits disagreed, and sued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/A86B20D79BEB893E85258152005CA1B2/%24file/17-1145-1682465.pdf\">The judges ruled\u003c/a> that oil and gas companies could have commented on the provisions in question — in fact, that they \u003cem>had \u003c/em>commented about them, in writing, at the Obama-era EPA’s request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one case, the Trump administration pointed to an option for exempting pumps from regulation. Like the other provisions the EPA challenged, it hadn’t appeared in the proposed rule but did appear in the final rule, which meant the oil and gas industry didn’t get the chance to have any input on it, Pruitt’s agency argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals court pointed out that the provision was actually suggested by the American Petroleum Institute, during the Obama administration’s comment process … which is why it didn’t show up in the first proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a brief scan of the record demonstrates the inaccuracy of EPA’s statements,” the judges wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also said that because it wasn’t a final decision on the rule — just a two-year stay while the EPA “reconsidered” the regulation — there was nothing a court could do about it. The judges weren’t persuaded, saying that such a lengthy delay is “tantamount to amending or revoking a rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another set of federal methane regulations — covering emissions on federal or tribal lands — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/10/527786637/senators-reject-effort-to-roll-back-greenhouse-gas-emissions-rule\">narrowly survived a challenge in the Senate\u003c/a> in May. An effort to roll back the regulations failed 49-51, with Republican Sens. John McCain, Lindsey Graham and Susan Collins joining Democrats to keep the methane measure in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR’s Christopher Joyce \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">reported earlier this year\u003c/a>, the concentration of methane gas in the atmosphere was relatively constant for years but has been increasing noticeably within the last decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are multiple sources: sewers, manure pits, livestock, rice fields, natural wetlands. The oil and gas industry emphasizes that the biggest sources are agricultural and natural — while environmental scientist Rob Jackson told NPR that the contributions from fossil fuel industry appear to be rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry representatives note that there are voluntary efforts to reduce leaks as well. After all, it’s not just greenhouses gas emissions or air quality that’s at stake. “Methane is a commodity,” Christopher notes, “and leaked methane is money lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Appeals+Court+Says+EPA+Can%27t+Keep+Delaying+Obama-Era+Methane+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1806818/epa-cant-keep-delaying-obama-era-methane-rules-says-appeals-court","authors":["byline_science_1806818"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_505","science_194","science_2080","science_784","science_1712"],"featImg":"science_1806819","label":"science"},"science_534704":{"type":"posts","id":"science_534704","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"534704","score":null,"sort":[1455807625000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-oil-and-gas-production-triggers-earthquakes-in-california","title":"How Oil and Gas Production Triggers Earthquakes in California","publishDate":1455807625,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How Oil and Gas Production Triggers Earthquakes in California | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1022,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>California has already lost its distinction as the nation’s seismic hotspot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently Oklahoma unseated the Golden State as Earthquake Central — but it won on a technicality. Oklahoma, a place where natural quakes are rare, is plagued by artificial earthquakes caused by oilfield activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now research suggests that California, once thought to be free of this kind of “frackquake,” has been having them for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oklahoma literally has hundreds of earthquakes each year, large enough to feel, triggered by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/03/oklahoma-study-offers-better-insight-into-industrial-earthquakes/\">pumping oilfield wastewater into deep disposal wells\u003c/a>. Last week \u003ca href=\"http://www.tulsaworld.com/earthquakes/oklahoma-rattled-by-state-s-third-largest-earthquake-recorded-near/article_64a0daf2-16fc-5478-a3ca-12f2220d9736.html\">a damaging magnitude 5.1 shaker near Fairview\u003c/a> was the third-largest earthquake in Oklahoma’s history. Everyone assumes it was a triggered quake, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tulsaworld.com/earthquakes/regulators-seek-largest-reduction-yet-in-wastewater-disposal-volume-after/article_c39c7edf-445e-5e88-afc1-2acfa31ed18f.html\">state regulators have ordered disposal well operators to cut back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is a huge oil-producing state with as many deep disposal wells as Oklahoma. Why aren’t we having the same problems? UC Santa Cruz researcher \u003ca href=\"http://pmc.ucsc.edu/~tgoebel/\">Thomas Goebel\u003c/a> suggests that, in fact, we do have induced earthquakes here. \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/2015GL066948/abstract\">His latest paper\u003c/a>, in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-8007/\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a>, is a detailed study of an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/10/the-science-of-californias-seismic-pests-or-earthquake-swarms/\">earthquake swarm\u003c/a> that occurred beneath the Tejon Oil Field south of Bakersfield on September 22, 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_535179\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 7348px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-535179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final.jpg\" alt=\"Deep injection of oilfield wastewater into rock known as the Arbuckle formation has triggered multiple earthquakes in Oklahoma.\" width=\"7348\" height=\"7868\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final.jpg 7348w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-400x428.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-800x857.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-768x822.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-1440x1542.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-1920x2056.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-1180x1264.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-960x1028.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 7348px) 100vw, 7348px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep injection of oilfield wastewater into a layer known as the Arbuckle formation has triggered multiple earthquakes in Oklahoma. \u003ccite>(Steven Than/Stanford University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Disposal wells pump waste fluids — salty water from oil reservoirs, mostly — into deeply buried beds of rock that have lots of pore space. Most of these thousands of wells cause no problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of a group of people boarding a train car that’s already full of passengers — they cause a “pressure wave” that pushes people back down the aisles until everyone has a place. If there’s a pile of luggage in the way, tempers might start to flare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, the high-pressure wastewater spreading out from the well can sometimes lubricate ancient faults, allowing them to relieve some of their old pent-up stress as “induced earthquakes.” (Hence the term, “frackquake” is a bit of a misnomer, as it’s not the fracking process itself but re-injection of drilling wastewater that causes tremors.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know all this because Oklahoma is in a part of the country that historically has been pretty quiet, seismically speaking, so quake data is less likely to be muddled by natural events. Evidence from its booming oil industry, involving thousands of earthquakes and about 10,000 disposal wells, has shown scientists how induced earthquakes work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_534706\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-534706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/bakersfield-pumpjacks.jpg\" alt=\"Maricopa pumpjacks\" width=\"600\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/bakersfield-pumpjacks.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/bakersfield-pumpjacks-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pumpjacks south of Maricopa are in the Sunset Oil Field. Petroleum basins in the San Joaquin Valley and the Los Angeles region may be prone to occasional “frackquakes” from wastewater disposal wells. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In quake-rich California nobody pays much attention to an extra shock or two. But last year, when Goebel \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JB011895/abstract\">ran some statistical tests on the earthquake record here\u003c/a>, he found several earthquake clusters that coincided with high-volume wastewater pumping. The odds that these coincidences were random were less than 1 in 25.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goebel zeroed in on the so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.scsn.org/index.php/earthquakes/speqrep/20050921-m4-7-mettler/\">Mettler earthquake cluster\u003c/a> of September 2005, which produced three shocks larger than magnitude 4. The cluster was very close to the White Wolf fault, which was responsible for \u003ca href=\"http://scedc.caltech.edu/significant/kern1952.html\">one of California’s largest earthquakes on July 21, 1952\u003c/a>. Five months earlier, a big new disposal well had opened up in the Tejon Oil Field about five miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gathering more evidence from newly refined earthquake catalogs and well injection data kept by the state, Goebel traced the effect of the new well in the months before the swarm. During that time a trail of small quakes led from the well toward the White Wolf fault, along the trace of another small fault named the Tejon fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the quake activity reached the White Wolf fault, the Mettler cluster occurred, including three shocks between magnitude 4.3 and 4.6. After the swarm, Goebel saw seismic activity continue on the Tejon fault as more pumping went on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goebel’s next step was to gather the best information he could find on the rock layers in the area, then run a computer simulation of how wastewater injection would behave in them. The results were a decent match to the record: the pumping would raise the underground pressure by about 1.5 pounds per square inch, enough to push a fault to failure, and the timing was right too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was cutting-edge scientific work that relied on excellent seismic records, an area with well-known geology, and earthquakes of appreciable size. Goebel concludes that earthquakes caused by wastewater injection probably have a “marginal” effect in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“However, considering the numerous active faults in California,” he adds, “the seismogenic consequences of even a few induced cases can be devastating.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Once thought safe from Oklahoma-style triggered earthquakes, California may have them too, hidden in our seismic noise.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930620,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":819},"headData":{"title":"How Oil and Gas Production Triggers Earthquakes in California | KQED","description":"Once thought safe from Oklahoma-style triggered earthquakes, California may have them too, hidden in our seismic noise.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/534704/how-oil-and-gas-production-triggers-earthquakes-in-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has already lost its distinction as the nation’s seismic hotspot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently Oklahoma unseated the Golden State as Earthquake Central — but it won on a technicality. Oklahoma, a place where natural quakes are rare, is plagued by artificial earthquakes caused by oilfield activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now research suggests that California, once thought to be free of this kind of “frackquake,” has been having them for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oklahoma literally has hundreds of earthquakes each year, large enough to feel, triggered by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/03/oklahoma-study-offers-better-insight-into-industrial-earthquakes/\">pumping oilfield wastewater into deep disposal wells\u003c/a>. Last week \u003ca href=\"http://www.tulsaworld.com/earthquakes/oklahoma-rattled-by-state-s-third-largest-earthquake-recorded-near/article_64a0daf2-16fc-5478-a3ca-12f2220d9736.html\">a damaging magnitude 5.1 shaker near Fairview\u003c/a> was the third-largest earthquake in Oklahoma’s history. Everyone assumes it was a triggered quake, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tulsaworld.com/earthquakes/regulators-seek-largest-reduction-yet-in-wastewater-disposal-volume-after/article_c39c7edf-445e-5e88-afc1-2acfa31ed18f.html\">state regulators have ordered disposal well operators to cut back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is a huge oil-producing state with as many deep disposal wells as Oklahoma. Why aren’t we having the same problems? UC Santa Cruz researcher \u003ca href=\"http://pmc.ucsc.edu/~tgoebel/\">Thomas Goebel\u003c/a> suggests that, in fact, we do have induced earthquakes here. \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/2015GL066948/abstract\">His latest paper\u003c/a>, in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-8007/\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a>, is a detailed study of an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/10/the-science-of-californias-seismic-pests-or-earthquake-swarms/\">earthquake swarm\u003c/a> that occurred beneath the Tejon Oil Field south of Bakersfield on September 22, 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_535179\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 7348px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-535179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final.jpg\" alt=\"Deep injection of oilfield wastewater into rock known as the Arbuckle formation has triggered multiple earthquakes in Oklahoma.\" width=\"7348\" height=\"7868\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final.jpg 7348w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-400x428.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-800x857.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-768x822.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-1440x1542.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-1920x2056.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-1180x1264.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Zoback_Than_ok-eq-final-960x1028.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 7348px) 100vw, 7348px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep injection of oilfield wastewater into a layer known as the Arbuckle formation has triggered multiple earthquakes in Oklahoma. \u003ccite>(Steven Than/Stanford University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Disposal wells pump waste fluids — salty water from oil reservoirs, mostly — into deeply buried beds of rock that have lots of pore space. Most of these thousands of wells cause no problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of a group of people boarding a train car that’s already full of passengers — they cause a “pressure wave” that pushes people back down the aisles until everyone has a place. If there’s a pile of luggage in the way, tempers might start to flare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, the high-pressure wastewater spreading out from the well can sometimes lubricate ancient faults, allowing them to relieve some of their old pent-up stress as “induced earthquakes.” (Hence the term, “frackquake” is a bit of a misnomer, as it’s not the fracking process itself but re-injection of drilling wastewater that causes tremors.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know all this because Oklahoma is in a part of the country that historically has been pretty quiet, seismically speaking, so quake data is less likely to be muddled by natural events. Evidence from its booming oil industry, involving thousands of earthquakes and about 10,000 disposal wells, has shown scientists how induced earthquakes work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_534706\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-534706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/bakersfield-pumpjacks.jpg\" alt=\"Maricopa pumpjacks\" width=\"600\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/bakersfield-pumpjacks.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/bakersfield-pumpjacks-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pumpjacks south of Maricopa are in the Sunset Oil Field. Petroleum basins in the San Joaquin Valley and the Los Angeles region may be prone to occasional “frackquakes” from wastewater disposal wells. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In quake-rich California nobody pays much attention to an extra shock or two. But last year, when Goebel \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JB011895/abstract\">ran some statistical tests on the earthquake record here\u003c/a>, he found several earthquake clusters that coincided with high-volume wastewater pumping. The odds that these coincidences were random were less than 1 in 25.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goebel zeroed in on the so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.scsn.org/index.php/earthquakes/speqrep/20050921-m4-7-mettler/\">Mettler earthquake cluster\u003c/a> of September 2005, which produced three shocks larger than magnitude 4. The cluster was very close to the White Wolf fault, which was responsible for \u003ca href=\"http://scedc.caltech.edu/significant/kern1952.html\">one of California’s largest earthquakes on July 21, 1952\u003c/a>. Five months earlier, a big new disposal well had opened up in the Tejon Oil Field about five miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gathering more evidence from newly refined earthquake catalogs and well injection data kept by the state, Goebel traced the effect of the new well in the months before the swarm. During that time a trail of small quakes led from the well toward the White Wolf fault, along the trace of another small fault named the Tejon fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the quake activity reached the White Wolf fault, the Mettler cluster occurred, including three shocks between magnitude 4.3 and 4.6. After the swarm, Goebel saw seismic activity continue on the Tejon fault as more pumping went on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goebel’s next step was to gather the best information he could find on the rock layers in the area, then run a computer simulation of how wastewater injection would behave in them. The results were a decent match to the record: the pumping would raise the underground pressure by about 1.5 pounds per square inch, enough to push a fault to failure, and the timing was right too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was cutting-edge scientific work that relied on excellent seismic records, an area with well-known geology, and earthquakes of appreciable size. Goebel concludes that earthquakes caused by wastewater injection probably have a “marginal” effect in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“However, considering the numerous active faults in California,” he adds, “the seismogenic consequences of even a few induced cases can be devastating.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/534704/how-oil-and-gas-production-triggers-earthquakes-in-california","authors":["6228"],"series":["science_1022"],"categories":["science_38"],"tags":["science_1712"],"featImg":"science_534705","label":"science_1022"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. 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Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":330,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/oceans"},"science_784":{"type":"terms","id":"science_784","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"784","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"methane","slug":"methane","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"methane Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":791,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/methane"},"science_1022":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1022","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1022","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Fracking in California","slug":"fracking-california","taxonomy":"series","description":"[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"]\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\" alt=\"Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"351\" height=\"263\" />\u003c/a> Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption]\r\n\r\nHydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">Monterey Shale\u003c/a>.\r\n\r\nIn California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>What is it?\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nFracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/\">According to the oil industry\u003c/a>, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Concerns\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nEnvironmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">uses large volumes of freshwater\u003c/a>. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Where it Stands\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn November 2013, state regulators \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">released draft rules for fracking\u003c/a> that are now \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/californias-new-fracking-regulations-delayed-half-a-year/\">expected to go into effect in July 2015\u003c/a>. They followed passage of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">SB 4\u003c/a>, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover.\r\n\r\nUnder the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Fracking in California Archives | KQED Science","description":"[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.","ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1030,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/series/fracking-california"},"science_38":{"type":"terms","id":"science_38","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"38","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Geology","slug":"geology","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Geology Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":40,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/geology"}},"userAgentReducer":{"userAgent":"claudebot","isBot":true},"userPermissionsReducer":{"wpLoggedIn":false},"localStorageReducer":{},"browserHistoryReducer":[],"eventsReducer":{},"fssReducer":{},"tvDailyScheduleReducer":{},"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer":{},"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer":{},"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer":{},"userAccountReducer":{"routeTo":"","showDeleteConfirmModal":false,"user":{"userId":"","isFound":false,"firstName":"","lastName":"","phoneNumber":"","email":"","articles":[]}},"youthMediaReducer":{},"checkPleaseReducer":{"filterData":{},"restaurantData":[]},"reframeReducer":{"attendee":null},"location":{"pathname":"/science/tag/oil-and-gas-production","previousPathname":"/"}}
