The Nobel Prize in Medicine Has Been Awarded for Research on Evolution
Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel
UC Berkeley's Jennifer Doudna Shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry for CRISPR
UC Scientists Win Nobel Physics Prize for Black Hole Research
Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen
Nobel in Economics for Climate Research Includes ex-Stanford professor
Three Scientists, Including Caltech Professor, Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Nobel Prize Awarded to Three Scientists for 'Revolutionary' Laser Work
Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Electron Microscopy
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It continues Tuesday with the physics prize, with chemistry on Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The 2022 Nobel Peace Prize will be announced on Friday and the economics award on Oct. 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/04/1042993164/nobel-prize-honors-discovery-of-temperature-touch-receptors#:~:text=Nobel%20Prize%20in%20physiology%20or,two%20U.S.%20based%20scientists%20%3A%20NPR&text=Press-,Nobel%20Prize%20in%20physiology%20or%20medicine%20goes%20to%20two%20U.S.,David%20Julius%20and%20Ardem%20Patapoutian.\">Last year’s medicine recipients\u003c/a> were David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian for their discoveries into how the human body perceives temperature and touch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prizes carry a cash award of 10 million Swedish kronor (nearly $900,000) and will be handed out on Dec. 10. The money comes from a bequest left by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel, who died in 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Nobel+Prize+in+medicine+has+been+awarded+for+research+on+evolution&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This year's Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine has been awarded to Swedish scientist Svante Pääbo for his discoveries on human evolution.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846184,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":192},"headData":{"title":"The Nobel Prize in Medicine Has Been Awarded for Research on Evolution | KQED","description":"This year's Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine has been awarded to Swedish scientist Svante Pääbo for his discoveries on human evolution.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Nobel Prize in Medicine Has Been Awarded for Research on Evolution","datePublished":"2022-10-03T18:51:28.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:23:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Christian Charisius","nprByline":"The Associated Press","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"1126518643","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1126518643&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/03/1126518643/the-nobel-prize-in-medicine-has-been-awarded-for-research-on-evolution?ft=nprml&f=1126518643","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 03 Oct 2022 11:23:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 03 Oct 2022 05:48:33 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 03 Oct 2022 11:23:55 -0400","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/science/1980411/the-nobel-prize-in-medicine-has-been-awarded-for-research-on-evolution","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This year’s Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine has been awarded to Swedish scientist Svante Paabo for his discoveries on human evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Perlmann, secretary of the Nobel Committee, announced the winner Monday at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paabo has spearheaded research comparing the genome of modern humans and our closest extinct relatives, the Neanderthals and Denisovans, showing that there was mixing between the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicine prize kicked off a week of Nobel Prize announcements. It continues Tuesday with the physics prize, with chemistry on Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The 2022 Nobel Peace Prize will be announced on Friday and the economics award on Oct. 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/04/1042993164/nobel-prize-honors-discovery-of-temperature-touch-receptors#:~:text=Nobel%20Prize%20in%20physiology%20or,two%20U.S.%20based%20scientists%20%3A%20NPR&text=Press-,Nobel%20Prize%20in%20physiology%20or%20medicine%20goes%20to%20two%20U.S.,David%20Julius%20and%20Ardem%20Patapoutian.\">Last year’s medicine recipients\u003c/a> were David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian for their discoveries into how the human body perceives temperature and touch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prizes carry a cash award of 10 million Swedish kronor (nearly $900,000) and will be handed out on Dec. 10. The money comes from a bequest left by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel, who died in 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Nobel+Prize+in+medicine+has+been+awarded+for+research+on+evolution&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1980411/the-nobel-prize-in-medicine-has-been-awarded-for-research-on-evolution","authors":["byline_science_1980411"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_1943"],"featImg":"science_1980412","label":"science"},"science_1977094":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1977094","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1977094","score":null,"sort":[1633979998000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"berkeley-stanford-researchers-among-trio-to-win-economics-nobel","title":"Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel","publishDate":1633979998,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">David Card, an economist based at UC Berkeley, won the Nobel prize in economics Monday for pioneering research that transformed widely held ideas about the labor force, showing how an increase in the minimum wage doesn’t hinder hiring and immigrants do not lower pay for native-born workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was awarded half of the prize for his research on how the \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/njmin-aer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">minimum wage\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">immigration \u003c/a>and \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/school-resources-outcomes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">education\u003c/a> affect the labor market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The other half was shared by Stanford University’s Guido Imbens and Joshua Angrist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for developing ways to study these types of societal issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They developed a framework for studying issues that can’t rely on traditional scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the three “completely reshaped empirical work in the economic sciences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"relatedStory-0-2-62 Component-block-0-2-57\">\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Together, they helped rapidly expand the use of “natural experiments,” or studies based on observing real-world data. Such research made economics more applicable to everyday life, provided policymakers with actual evidence on the outcomes of policies, and in time spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics,” by Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">In a study published in 1993, Card looked at what happened to jobs at Burger King, KFC, Wendy’s and Roy Rogers when New Jersey raised its minimum wage from $4.25 to $5.05, using restaurants in bordering eastern Pennsylvania as the control — or comparison — group. Contrary to previous studies, he and his late research partner Alan Krueger found that an increase in the minimum wage had no effect on the number of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card and Krueger’s research fundamentally altered economists’ views of such policies. As noted by the Economist magazine, in 1992 a survey of the American Economic Association’s members found that 79% agreed that a minimum wage law increased unemployment among younger and lower-skilled workers. Those views were largely based on traditional economic notions of supply and demand: If you raise the price of something, you get less of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">By 2000, however, just 46% of the AEA’s members said minimum wage laws increase unemployment, largely because of Card and Krueger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Their findings sparked interest in further research into why a higher minimum wouldn’t reduce employment. One conclusion was that companies are able to pass on the cost of higher wages to customers by raising prices. In other cases, if a company is a major employer in a particular area, it may be able to keep wages particularly low, so that it could afford to pay a higher minimum, when required to do so, without cutting jobs. The higher pay would also attract more applicants, boosting labor supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“That really surprising evidence on the impact of the minimum wage has shaken up the field at a very fundamental level,” said Arindrajit Dube, an economics professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. “And so for that reason, and all the following research that their work ignited, this is a richly deserved award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger would almost certainly have shared in the award, Dube said, but the economics Nobel isn’t awarded posthumously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card also found that an influx of immigrants into a city doesn’t cost native workers jobs or lower their earnings, though earlier immigrants can be negatively affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card studied the labor market in Miami in the wake of Cuba’s sudden decision to let people emigrate in 1980, leading 125,000 people to leave in what became known as the Mariel Boatlift. It resulted in a 7% increase in the city’s workforce. By comparing the evolution of wages and employment in four other cities, Card discovered \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no negative effects\u003c/a> for Miami residents with low levels of education. Follow-up work showed that increased immigration can have a positive impact on income for people born in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist and Imbens won their half of the award for working out the methodological issues that allow economists to draw solid conclusions about cause and effect even where they cannot carry out studies according to strict scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card’s work on the minimum wage is one of the best-known natural experiments in economics. The problem with such experiments is that it can be difficult to isolate cause and effect. For example, if you want to figure out whether an extra year of education will increase a person’s income, you cannot simply compare the incomes of adults with one more year of schooling to those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">That’s because there are many other factors that might determine whether those who got an extra year of schooling are able to make more money. Perhaps they are harder workers or more diligent and would have done better than those without the extra year even if they did not stay in school. These kinds of issues cause economists and other social science researchers to say “correlation doesn’t prove causation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens and Angrist, however, figured out how to isolate the effects of things like an extra year of school. Their methods enabled researchers to draw clearer conclusions about cause and effect, even if they are unable to control who gets things like extra education, the way scientists in a lab can control their experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens, in \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w7001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one paper\u003c/a>, used a survey of lottery winners to evaluate the impact of a government-provided basic income, which has been proposed by left-leaning politicians in the U.S. and Europe. He found that a prize of $15,000 a year did not have much effect on a person’s likelihood to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card said he thought the voice message that came in at 2 a.m. from someone from Sweden was a prank until he saw the number on his phone really was from Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He said he and his co-author Kreuger faced disbelief from other economists about their findings. “At the time, the conclusions were somewhat controversial. Quite a few economists were skeptical of our results,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He paid tribute to Krueger, saying that “I am sure that if Alan were still with us he would be sharing this prize with me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I was just absolutely stunned to get a telephone call,” Imbens said. He told The Associated Press that he missed the first call from Sweden, about 2 a.m. California time, but got the second one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Speaking from his home in Brookline, Massachusetts, Angrist said, “I can hardly believe it. It’s only been a few hours and I am still trying to absorb it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist also missed the call from Nobel officials and awoke to a torrent of text messages from friends. Fortunately, he said, he knew enough other Nobel Laureates that he got a callback number from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">As a youth, Angrist dropped out of a master’s program in economics at Hebrew University in Israel, though he did meet his future wife, Mira, there. He has dual U.S. and Israeli citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I did have sort of a winding road,” he said. “I wasn’t a precocious high school student.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger, who worked with all three of the winners, died in 2019 at age 58. He taught at Princeton for three decades and was chief Labor Department economist under President Bill Clinton. He served in the Treasury Department under President Barack Obama, then as Obama’s chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The award comes with a gold medal and 10 million Swedish kronor (over $1.14 million).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Unlike \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/nobel-prizes\">the other Nobel prizes\u003c/a>, the economics award wasn’t established in the will of Alfred Nobel but by the Swedish central bank in his memory in 1968, with the first winner selected a year later. It is the last prize announced each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">\u003cem>Rugaber reported from Washington and McHugh reported from Frankfurt, Germany.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Their research made economics more applicable to everyday life and spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics.\" ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846411,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":1357},"headData":{"title":"Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel | KQED","description":"Their research made economics more applicable to everyday life and spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics." ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel","datePublished":"2021-10-11T19:19:58.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:26:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"AP","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Christopher Rugaber, David McHugh and David Keyton \u003cbr />AP\u003cbr>","path":"/science/1977094/berkeley-stanford-researchers-among-trio-to-win-economics-nobel","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">David Card, an economist based at UC Berkeley, won the Nobel prize in economics Monday for pioneering research that transformed widely held ideas about the labor force, showing how an increase in the minimum wage doesn’t hinder hiring and immigrants do not lower pay for native-born workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was awarded half of the prize for his research on how the \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/njmin-aer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">minimum wage\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">immigration \u003c/a>and \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/school-resources-outcomes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">education\u003c/a> affect the labor market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The other half was shared by Stanford University’s Guido Imbens and Joshua Angrist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for developing ways to study these types of societal issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They developed a framework for studying issues that can’t rely on traditional scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the three “completely reshaped empirical work in the economic sciences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"relatedStory-0-2-62 Component-block-0-2-57\">\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Together, they helped rapidly expand the use of “natural experiments,” or studies based on observing real-world data. Such research made economics more applicable to everyday life, provided policymakers with actual evidence on the outcomes of policies, and in time spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics,” by Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">In a study published in 1993, Card looked at what happened to jobs at Burger King, KFC, Wendy’s and Roy Rogers when New Jersey raised its minimum wage from $4.25 to $5.05, using restaurants in bordering eastern Pennsylvania as the control — or comparison — group. Contrary to previous studies, he and his late research partner Alan Krueger found that an increase in the minimum wage had no effect on the number of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card and Krueger’s research fundamentally altered economists’ views of such policies. As noted by the Economist magazine, in 1992 a survey of the American Economic Association’s members found that 79% agreed that a minimum wage law increased unemployment among younger and lower-skilled workers. Those views were largely based on traditional economic notions of supply and demand: If you raise the price of something, you get less of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">By 2000, however, just 46% of the AEA’s members said minimum wage laws increase unemployment, largely because of Card and Krueger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Their findings sparked interest in further research into why a higher minimum wouldn’t reduce employment. One conclusion was that companies are able to pass on the cost of higher wages to customers by raising prices. In other cases, if a company is a major employer in a particular area, it may be able to keep wages particularly low, so that it could afford to pay a higher minimum, when required to do so, without cutting jobs. The higher pay would also attract more applicants, boosting labor supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“That really surprising evidence on the impact of the minimum wage has shaken up the field at a very fundamental level,” said Arindrajit Dube, an economics professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. “And so for that reason, and all the following research that their work ignited, this is a richly deserved award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger would almost certainly have shared in the award, Dube said, but the economics Nobel isn’t awarded posthumously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card also found that an influx of immigrants into a city doesn’t cost native workers jobs or lower their earnings, though earlier immigrants can be negatively affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card studied the labor market in Miami in the wake of Cuba’s sudden decision to let people emigrate in 1980, leading 125,000 people to leave in what became known as the Mariel Boatlift. It resulted in a 7% increase in the city’s workforce. By comparing the evolution of wages and employment in four other cities, Card discovered \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no negative effects\u003c/a> for Miami residents with low levels of education. Follow-up work showed that increased immigration can have a positive impact on income for people born in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist and Imbens won their half of the award for working out the methodological issues that allow economists to draw solid conclusions about cause and effect even where they cannot carry out studies according to strict scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card’s work on the minimum wage is one of the best-known natural experiments in economics. The problem with such experiments is that it can be difficult to isolate cause and effect. For example, if you want to figure out whether an extra year of education will increase a person’s income, you cannot simply compare the incomes of adults with one more year of schooling to those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">That’s because there are many other factors that might determine whether those who got an extra year of schooling are able to make more money. Perhaps they are harder workers or more diligent and would have done better than those without the extra year even if they did not stay in school. These kinds of issues cause economists and other social science researchers to say “correlation doesn’t prove causation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens and Angrist, however, figured out how to isolate the effects of things like an extra year of school. Their methods enabled researchers to draw clearer conclusions about cause and effect, even if they are unable to control who gets things like extra education, the way scientists in a lab can control their experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens, in \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w7001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one paper\u003c/a>, used a survey of lottery winners to evaluate the impact of a government-provided basic income, which has been proposed by left-leaning politicians in the U.S. and Europe. He found that a prize of $15,000 a year did not have much effect on a person’s likelihood to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card said he thought the voice message that came in at 2 a.m. from someone from Sweden was a prank until he saw the number on his phone really was from Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He said he and his co-author Kreuger faced disbelief from other economists about their findings. “At the time, the conclusions were somewhat controversial. Quite a few economists were skeptical of our results,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He paid tribute to Krueger, saying that “I am sure that if Alan were still with us he would be sharing this prize with me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I was just absolutely stunned to get a telephone call,” Imbens said. He told The Associated Press that he missed the first call from Sweden, about 2 a.m. California time, but got the second one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Speaking from his home in Brookline, Massachusetts, Angrist said, “I can hardly believe it. It’s only been a few hours and I am still trying to absorb it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist also missed the call from Nobel officials and awoke to a torrent of text messages from friends. Fortunately, he said, he knew enough other Nobel Laureates that he got a callback number from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">As a youth, Angrist dropped out of a master’s program in economics at Hebrew University in Israel, though he did meet his future wife, Mira, there. He has dual U.S. and Israeli citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I did have sort of a winding road,” he said. “I wasn’t a precocious high school student.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger, who worked with all three of the winners, died in 2019 at age 58. He taught at Princeton for three decades and was chief Labor Department economist under President Bill Clinton. He served in the Treasury Department under President Barack Obama, then as Obama’s chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The award comes with a gold medal and 10 million Swedish kronor (over $1.14 million).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Unlike \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/nobel-prizes\">the other Nobel prizes\u003c/a>, the economics award wasn’t established in the will of Alfred Nobel but by the Swedish central bank in his memory in 1968, with the first winner selected a year later. It is the last prize announced each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">\u003cem>Rugaber reported from Washington and McHugh reported from Frankfurt, Germany.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1977094/berkeley-stanford-researchers-among-trio-to-win-economics-nobel","authors":["byline_science_1977094"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1665","science_3780","science_4414","science_1943","science_5187"],"featImg":"science_1977097","label":"source_science_1977094"},"science_1970166":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1970166","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1970166","score":null,"sort":[1602072420000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"pioneers-in-genetic-editing-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry","title":"UC Berkeley's Jennifer Doudna Shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry for CRISPR","publishDate":1602072420,"format":"standard","headTitle":"UC Berkeley’s Jennifer Doudna Shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry for CRISPR | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Two scientists won the Nobel Prize in chemistry on Wednesday for developing “molecular scissors” to edit genes, offering the promise of one day curing inherited diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working on opposite sides of the Atlantic, Frenchwoman Emmanuelle Charpentier and American Jennifer A. Doudna came up with a method known as CRISPR-cas9 that can be used to change the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms. It was only the fourth time that a Nobel in the sciences was awarded exclusively to women, who have long received less recognition for their work than men in the prize’s 119-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier and Doudna’s work allows for laser-sharp snips in the long strings of DNA that make up the “code of life,” enabling scientists to precisely edit specific genes to remove errors that lead to disease in humans — and is already being used for that purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is enormous power in this genetic tool, which affects us all,” said Claes Gustafsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. “It has not only revolutionized basic science, but also resulted in innovative crops and will lead to groundbreaking new medical treatments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gustafsson said that, as a result, any genome can now be edited “to fix genetic damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Francis Collins, who led the drive to map the human genome, said the technology “has changed everything” about how to approach diseases with a genetic cause, such as sickle cell disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can draw a direct line from the success of the human genome project to the power of CRISPR-cas to make changes in the instruction book,” said Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, which helped fund Doudna’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many also cautioned that the technology raises serious ethical questions and must be used carefully. Much of the world became more aware of CRISPR in 2018, when Chinese scientist He Jiankui revealed he had helped make the world’s first gene-edited babies, to try to engineer resistance to future infection with the AIDS virus. His work was denounced as unsafe human experimentation because of the risk of causing unintended changes that could pass to future generations, and he’s been sentenced to prison in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, an international panel of experts issued a report saying it’s still too soon to try to make genetically edited babies because the science isn’t advanced enough to ensure safety, but they mapped a pathway for countries that want to consider it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being able to selectively edit genes means that you are playing God in a way,” said American Chemical Society President Luis Echegoyen, a chemistry professor at the University of Texas El Paso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier, 51, spoke of the shock of winning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Strangely enough I was told a number of times (that I’d win), but when it happens you’re very surprised and you feel that it’s not real,” she told reporters by phone from Berlin after the award was announced in Stockholm by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. “But obviously it’s real, so I have to get used to it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked about the significance of two women winning, Charpentier said that while she considers herself first and foremost a scientist, “it’s reflective of the fact that science becomes more modern and involves more female leaders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do hope that it will remain and even develop more in this direction,” she said, adding that it’s “more cumbersome to be a woman in science than to be a man in science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three times a woman has won a Nobel in the sciences by herself; this is the first time an all-female team won a science prize. In 1911, Marie Curie was the sole recipient of the chemistry award, as was Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1964. In 1983, Barbara McClintock won the Nobel for medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna told The Associated Press of her own surprise — including that she learned she’d won from a reporter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I literally just found out, I’m in shock,” she said. “I was sound asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My greatest hope is that it’s used for good, to uncover new mysteries in biology and to benefit humankind,” said Doudna, who is affiliated with UC Berkeley and is paid by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which also supports AP’s Health and Science Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakthrough research done by Charpentier and Doudna was published in 2012, making the discovery very recent compared to much Nobel-wining research, which is often only honored after decades have passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to reporters from the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens in Berlin, which she leads, Charpentier said despite how recently it was developed, the method is now widely used by scientists researching diseases, developing drugs and engineering new plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most promising therapies already being developed are for eye diseases and blood disorders, such as sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia, she said. It could also have applications in the growing field of cancer immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developing hardy crops is another promising direction, said Charpentier. “I think this is very important considering the challenge we are facing of climate change,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Broad Institute at Harvard and MIT have been in a long court fight over patents on CRISPR technology, and many other scientists did important work on it, but Doudna and Charpentier have been most consistently honored with prizes for turning it into an easily usable tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prestigious award comes with a gold medal and prize money of 10 million kronor (more than $1.1 million), courtesy of a bequest left more than a century ago by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. The amount was increased recently to adjust for inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Nobel Committee awarded the prize for physiology and medicine for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus. Tuesday’s prize for physics honored breakthroughs in understanding the mysteries of cosmic black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other prizes are for outstanding work in the fields of literature, peace and economics.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier discovered a way to cut into broken genetic material, remove it and replace it. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847009,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1058},"headData":{"title":"UC Berkeley's Jennifer Doudna Shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry for CRISPR | KQED","description":"Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier discovered a way to cut into broken genetic material, remove it and replace it. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"UC Berkeley's Jennifer Doudna Shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry for CRISPR","datePublished":"2020-10-07T12:07:00.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:36:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Nobel Prize","sticky":false,"nprByline":"David Keyton, Christina Larson and Frank Jordans\u003cbr>Associated Press","path":"/science/1970166/pioneers-in-genetic-editing-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two scientists won the Nobel Prize in chemistry on Wednesday for developing “molecular scissors” to edit genes, offering the promise of one day curing inherited diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working on opposite sides of the Atlantic, Frenchwoman Emmanuelle Charpentier and American Jennifer A. Doudna came up with a method known as CRISPR-cas9 that can be used to change the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms. It was only the fourth time that a Nobel in the sciences was awarded exclusively to women, who have long received less recognition for their work than men in the prize’s 119-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier and Doudna’s work allows for laser-sharp snips in the long strings of DNA that make up the “code of life,” enabling scientists to precisely edit specific genes to remove errors that lead to disease in humans — and is already being used for that purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is enormous power in this genetic tool, which affects us all,” said Claes Gustafsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. “It has not only revolutionized basic science, but also resulted in innovative crops and will lead to groundbreaking new medical treatments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gustafsson said that, as a result, any genome can now be edited “to fix genetic damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Francis Collins, who led the drive to map the human genome, said the technology “has changed everything” about how to approach diseases with a genetic cause, such as sickle cell disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can draw a direct line from the success of the human genome project to the power of CRISPR-cas to make changes in the instruction book,” said Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, which helped fund Doudna’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many also cautioned that the technology raises serious ethical questions and must be used carefully. Much of the world became more aware of CRISPR in 2018, when Chinese scientist He Jiankui revealed he had helped make the world’s first gene-edited babies, to try to engineer resistance to future infection with the AIDS virus. His work was denounced as unsafe human experimentation because of the risk of causing unintended changes that could pass to future generations, and he’s been sentenced to prison in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, an international panel of experts issued a report saying it’s still too soon to try to make genetically edited babies because the science isn’t advanced enough to ensure safety, but they mapped a pathway for countries that want to consider it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being able to selectively edit genes means that you are playing God in a way,” said American Chemical Society President Luis Echegoyen, a chemistry professor at the University of Texas El Paso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier, 51, spoke of the shock of winning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Strangely enough I was told a number of times (that I’d win), but when it happens you’re very surprised and you feel that it’s not real,” she told reporters by phone from Berlin after the award was announced in Stockholm by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. “But obviously it’s real, so I have to get used to it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked about the significance of two women winning, Charpentier said that while she considers herself first and foremost a scientist, “it’s reflective of the fact that science becomes more modern and involves more female leaders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do hope that it will remain and even develop more in this direction,” she said, adding that it’s “more cumbersome to be a woman in science than to be a man in science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three times a woman has won a Nobel in the sciences by herself; this is the first time an all-female team won a science prize. In 1911, Marie Curie was the sole recipient of the chemistry award, as was Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1964. In 1983, Barbara McClintock won the Nobel for medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna told The Associated Press of her own surprise — including that she learned she’d won from a reporter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I literally just found out, I’m in shock,” she said. “I was sound asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My greatest hope is that it’s used for good, to uncover new mysteries in biology and to benefit humankind,” said Doudna, who is affiliated with UC Berkeley and is paid by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which also supports AP’s Health and Science Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakthrough research done by Charpentier and Doudna was published in 2012, making the discovery very recent compared to much Nobel-wining research, which is often only honored after decades have passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to reporters from the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens in Berlin, which she leads, Charpentier said despite how recently it was developed, the method is now widely used by scientists researching diseases, developing drugs and engineering new plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most promising therapies already being developed are for eye diseases and blood disorders, such as sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia, she said. It could also have applications in the growing field of cancer immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developing hardy crops is another promising direction, said Charpentier. “I think this is very important considering the challenge we are facing of climate change,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Broad Institute at Harvard and MIT have been in a long court fight over patents on CRISPR technology, and many other scientists did important work on it, but Doudna and Charpentier have been most consistently honored with prizes for turning it into an easily usable tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prestigious award comes with a gold medal and prize money of 10 million kronor (more than $1.1 million), courtesy of a bequest left more than a century ago by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. The amount was increased recently to adjust for inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Nobel Committee awarded the prize for physiology and medicine for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus. Tuesday’s prize for physics honored breakthroughs in understanding the mysteries of cosmic black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other prizes are for outstanding work in the fields of literature, peace and economics.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1970166/pioneers-in-genetic-editing-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry","authors":["byline_science_1970166"],"categories":["science_29","science_39","science_3890","science_40"],"tags":["science_1287","science_4414","science_5181","science_1943"],"featImg":"science_1970169","label":"source_science_1970166"},"science_1970147":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1970147","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1970147","score":null,"sort":[1602004865000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"uc-scientists-win-nobel-physics-prize-for-black-hole-research","title":"UC Scientists Win Nobel Physics Prize for Black Hole Research","publishDate":1602004865,"format":"standard","headTitle":"UC Scientists Win Nobel Physics Prize for Black Hole Research | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Three scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics on Tuesday for advancing our understanding of black holes, the all-consuming monsters that lurk in the darkest parts of the universe and still confound astronomers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roger Penrose of Britain, Reinhard Genzel of Germany and Andrea Ghez of the United States explained to the world these dead ends of the cosmos that devour light and even time. Staples of both science fact and fiction, black holes are still not completely understood, but are deeply connected, somehow, to the creation of galaxies, where the stars and life exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose, of the University of Oxford, received half of the prize for discovering that Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicts the formation of black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genzel, who is at both the Max Planck Institute in Germany and the UC Berkeley, and Ghez, of UCLA, received the other half of the prize for discovering a supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize celebrates what the Nobel Committee called “one of the most exotic objects in the universe” and ones that “still pose many questions that beg for answers and motivate future research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=5JFKNDVmx6k&feature=emb_logo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes are at the center of every galaxy, and smaller ones are dotted around the universe. Just their existence is mind-bending, taking what people experience every day on Earth — light and time — and warping them in such a way that seems unreal. Time slows and even stops in black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Black holes, because they are so hard to understand, is what makes them so appealing,” Ghez, 55, told The Associated Press after becoming the fourth woman ever to win the Nobel in physics. “I really think of science as a big, giant puzzle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose, 89, proved with mathematics in 1964 that the formation of black holes was possible, based heavily on Einstein’s general theory of relativity, even though Einstein himself didn’t think they existed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose, a mathematical physicist who got the call from the Nobel Committee while in the shower, was surprised at his winning because his work is more theoretical than observational, and that’s not usually what wins physics Nobels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What fascinated Penrose more than the black hole was what was at the other end of it, something called a “singularity.” It’s something science still can’t figure out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Singularity, that’s a place where the densities and curvatures go to infinity. You expect the physics go crazy,” he said from his home. “When I say singularity, that’s not really the black hole. The black hole prevents you from seeing the singularity. It’s the nasty thing in the middle. If you fall into a black hole, then you pretty well inevitably get squashed into this singularity at the end. And that’s the end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose said he was trying to figure this out using math while walking to work with a colleague 56 years ago, thinking about “what it would be like to be in this situation where all this material is collapsing around you.” He realized he had “some strange feeling of elation,” and that was when things started coming together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin Rees, the British astronomer royal, noted that Penrose triggered a “renaissance” in the study of relativity in the 1960s, and that, together with a young Stephen Hawking, he helped firm up evidence for the Big Bang and black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Penrose and Hawking are the two individuals who have done more than anyone else since Einstein to deepen our knowledge of gravity,” Rees said. “Sadly, this award was too much delayed to allow Hawking to share the credit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawking died in 2018, and Nobel Prizes are awarded only to the living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genzel, 68, and Ghez won because “they showed that black holes are not just theory — they’re real, they’re here, and there’s a monster-size black hole in the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way,” said Brian Greene, a theoretical physicist and mathematician at Columbia University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, Genzel and Ghez, leading separate groups of astronomers, trained their sights on the dust-covered center of our Milky Way galaxy, a region called Sagittarius A(asterisk), where something strange was going on. It was “an extremely heavy, invisible object that pulls on the jumble of stars, causing them to rush around at dizzying speeds,” according to the Nobel Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a black hole. Not just an ordinary black hole, but a supermassive one, 4 million times the mass of our sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first image Ghez got was in 1995, using the Keck Telescope in Hawaii that had just gone online. A year later, another image seemed to indicate that the stars near the center of the Milky Way were circling something. A third image led Ghez and Genzel to think they were really on to something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fierce competition developed between Ghez and Genzel, whose team was using an array of telescopes at the European Southern Observatory in Chile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their rivalry elevated them to greater scientific heights,” said Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike with other achievements honored with Nobels, there is no practical application for these discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is there a practical application to Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony?” Columbia’s Greene asked. “But its existence, this type of spectacular knowledge, is part of what gives life meaning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nobel comes with a gold medal and 10 million kronor (more than $1.1 million), courtesy of a bequest left 124 years ago by the prize’s creator, Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Nobel in medicine was awarded to Americans Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice and British-born scientist Michael Houghton for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prizes for chemistry, literature, peace and economics will be announced in the coming days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Reinhard Genzel of UC Berkeley and Andrea Ghez of UCLA received the prize for discovering a supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy. The UK's Roger Penrose also shared the prize for discovering that Einstein's theory of relativity predicts black hole formation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847010,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1033},"headData":{"title":"UC Scientists Win Nobel Physics Prize for Black Hole Research | KQED","description":"Reinhard Genzel of UC Berkeley and Andrea Ghez of UCLA received the prize for discovering a supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy. The UK's Roger Penrose also shared the prize for discovering that Einstein's theory of relativity predicts black hole formation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"UC Scientists Win Nobel Physics Prize for Black Hole Research","datePublished":"2020-10-06T17:21:05.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:36:50.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Nobel Prize","sticky":false,"nprByline":"DAVID KEYTON, SETH BORENSTEIN and FRANK JORDANS\u003cbr /> Associated Press","path":"/science/1970147/uc-scientists-win-nobel-physics-prize-for-black-hole-research","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics on Tuesday for advancing our understanding of black holes, the all-consuming monsters that lurk in the darkest parts of the universe and still confound astronomers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roger Penrose of Britain, Reinhard Genzel of Germany and Andrea Ghez of the United States explained to the world these dead ends of the cosmos that devour light and even time. Staples of both science fact and fiction, black holes are still not completely understood, but are deeply connected, somehow, to the creation of galaxies, where the stars and life exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose, of the University of Oxford, received half of the prize for discovering that Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicts the formation of black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genzel, who is at both the Max Planck Institute in Germany and the UC Berkeley, and Ghez, of UCLA, received the other half of the prize for discovering a supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize celebrates what the Nobel Committee called “one of the most exotic objects in the universe” and ones that “still pose many questions that beg for answers and motivate future research.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/5JFKNDVmx6k'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/5JFKNDVmx6k'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Black holes are at the center of every galaxy, and smaller ones are dotted around the universe. Just their existence is mind-bending, taking what people experience every day on Earth — light and time — and warping them in such a way that seems unreal. Time slows and even stops in black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Black holes, because they are so hard to understand, is what makes them so appealing,” Ghez, 55, told The Associated Press after becoming the fourth woman ever to win the Nobel in physics. “I really think of science as a big, giant puzzle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose, 89, proved with mathematics in 1964 that the formation of black holes was possible, based heavily on Einstein’s general theory of relativity, even though Einstein himself didn’t think they existed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose, a mathematical physicist who got the call from the Nobel Committee while in the shower, was surprised at his winning because his work is more theoretical than observational, and that’s not usually what wins physics Nobels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What fascinated Penrose more than the black hole was what was at the other end of it, something called a “singularity.” It’s something science still can’t figure out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Singularity, that’s a place where the densities and curvatures go to infinity. You expect the physics go crazy,” he said from his home. “When I say singularity, that’s not really the black hole. The black hole prevents you from seeing the singularity. It’s the nasty thing in the middle. If you fall into a black hole, then you pretty well inevitably get squashed into this singularity at the end. And that’s the end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose said he was trying to figure this out using math while walking to work with a colleague 56 years ago, thinking about “what it would be like to be in this situation where all this material is collapsing around you.” He realized he had “some strange feeling of elation,” and that was when things started coming together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin Rees, the British astronomer royal, noted that Penrose triggered a “renaissance” in the study of relativity in the 1960s, and that, together with a young Stephen Hawking, he helped firm up evidence for the Big Bang and black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Penrose and Hawking are the two individuals who have done more than anyone else since Einstein to deepen our knowledge of gravity,” Rees said. “Sadly, this award was too much delayed to allow Hawking to share the credit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawking died in 2018, and Nobel Prizes are awarded only to the living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genzel, 68, and Ghez won because “they showed that black holes are not just theory — they’re real, they’re here, and there’s a monster-size black hole in the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way,” said Brian Greene, a theoretical physicist and mathematician at Columbia University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, Genzel and Ghez, leading separate groups of astronomers, trained their sights on the dust-covered center of our Milky Way galaxy, a region called Sagittarius A(asterisk), where something strange was going on. It was “an extremely heavy, invisible object that pulls on the jumble of stars, causing them to rush around at dizzying speeds,” according to the Nobel Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a black hole. Not just an ordinary black hole, but a supermassive one, 4 million times the mass of our sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first image Ghez got was in 1995, using the Keck Telescope in Hawaii that had just gone online. A year later, another image seemed to indicate that the stars near the center of the Milky Way were circling something. A third image led Ghez and Genzel to think they were really on to something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fierce competition developed between Ghez and Genzel, whose team was using an array of telescopes at the European Southern Observatory in Chile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their rivalry elevated them to greater scientific heights,” said Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike with other achievements honored with Nobels, there is no practical application for these discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is there a practical application to Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony?” Columbia’s Greene asked. “But its existence, this type of spectacular knowledge, is part of what gives life meaning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nobel comes with a gold medal and 10 million kronor (more than $1.1 million), courtesy of a bequest left 124 years ago by the prize’s creator, Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Nobel in medicine was awarded to Americans Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice and British-born scientist Michael Houghton for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prizes for chemistry, literature, peace and economics will be announced in the coming days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1970147/uc-scientists-win-nobel-physics-prize-for-black-hole-research","authors":["byline_science_1970147"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_3142","science_4414","science_1943"],"featImg":"science_1970151","label":"source_science_1970147"},"science_1948645":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1948645","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1948645","score":null,"sort":[1570464763000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trio-wins-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-for-work-on-cells-and-oxygen","title":"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen","publishDate":1570464763,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Three scientists who made important discoveries about how cells sense and adapt to different oxygen levels have won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, in the first announcement of Nobel winners for 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfhcc.harvard.edu/insider/member-detail/member/william-g-kaelin-jr-md/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William G. Kaelin Jr.\u003c/a> of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/peter-ratcliffe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter J. Ratcliffe\u003c/a> of Oxford University and the Francis Crick Institute and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0800056/gregg-semenza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gregg L. Semenza\u003c/a> of Johns Hopkins University were jointly awarded the prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The seminal discoveries by this year’s Nobel laureates revealed the mechanism for one of life’s most essential adaptive processes,” the Nobel Assembly at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists studied hypoxia — low oxygen levels — and while many people might know about that condition because of its link to high altitude, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/peter-ratcliffe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ratcliffe has called hypoxia\u003c/a> “an important component of many human diseases including cancer, heart disease, stroke, vascular disease, and anemia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=gxAT6Ah06lc\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three physicians “found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop,” said Randall Johnson, a member of the Nobel Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cells and tissues are constantly experiencing changes in oxygen availability,” Johnson said. “As an embryo grows and develops, as muscles work, the oxygen available changes as the tissues themselves change. Cells need a way to adjust to the amount of oxygen they have, while still doing their important jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson added, “Scientists often toss around this phrase ‘textbook discovery.’ But I’d say this is really a textbook discovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The committee said the discoveries are of fundamental importance for physiology and could blaze the trail for new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and many other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We make knowledge. That’s what I do as a publicly funded scientist,” Ratcliffe said by phone \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2dV4Qwf0pQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in an interview with the Nobel Committee\u003c/a>. And he added that he could not have predicted the impact his work would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is important that scientists have the courage, and are allowed to derive knowledge for its own sake — i.e., independent of the perceived value at the point of creation. And the history of science tells us over and over again that the value of that knowledge can increase” in a number of random and unpredictable ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NobelPrize/status/1181142335465381888\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize of 9 million Swedish crowns ($913,000) will be shared equally by the three winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaelin was born in New York and received an M.D. from Duke University. He did his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore and at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ratcliffe was born in Lancashire, United Kingdom, and studied medicine at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University and did his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford. He is the director of clinical research at the Francis Crick Institute in London, the director of the Target Discovery Institute in Oxford and a member of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Semenza was born in New York. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts in biology from Harvard and his M.D./Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine. He did his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University. He is the director of the Vascular Research Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The three physicians \"found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop,\" a member of the Nobel Committee said.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848258,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":581},"headData":{"title":"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen | KQED","description":"The three physicians "found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop," a member of the Nobel Committee said.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen","datePublished":"2019-10-07T16:12:43.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:57:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Nobel Prize","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Jonathan Nackstrand","nprByline":"Scott Neuman\u003c/br>Bill Chappell\u003c/br>NPR","nprImageAgency":"AFP via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"767796791","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=767796791&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/07/767796791/trio-wins-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-for-work-on-cell-metabolism?ft=nprml&f=767796791","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 07 Oct 2019 11:17:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 07 Oct 2019 05:39:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 07 Oct 2019 11:17:26 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2019/10/20191007_me_nobel_prize_in_medicine_or_physiology_is_announced_monday.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=225&story=767796791&ft=nprml&f=767796791","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1767830597-c926b6.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=225&story=767796791&ft=nprml&f=767796791","audioTrackLength":226,"path":"/science/1948645/trio-wins-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-for-work-on-cells-and-oxygen","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2019/10/20191007_me_nobel_prize_in_medicine_or_physiology_is_announced_monday.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=225&story=767796791&ft=nprml&f=767796791","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three scientists who made important discoveries about how cells sense and adapt to different oxygen levels have won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, in the first announcement of Nobel winners for 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfhcc.harvard.edu/insider/member-detail/member/william-g-kaelin-jr-md/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William G. Kaelin Jr.\u003c/a> of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/peter-ratcliffe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter J. Ratcliffe\u003c/a> of Oxford University and the Francis Crick Institute and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0800056/gregg-semenza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gregg L. Semenza\u003c/a> of Johns Hopkins University were jointly awarded the prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The seminal discoveries by this year’s Nobel laureates revealed the mechanism for one of life’s most essential adaptive processes,” the Nobel Assembly at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists studied hypoxia — low oxygen levels — and while many people might know about that condition because of its link to high altitude, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/peter-ratcliffe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ratcliffe has called hypoxia\u003c/a> “an important component of many human diseases including cancer, heart disease, stroke, vascular disease, and anemia.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/gxAT6Ah06lc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/gxAT6Ah06lc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three physicians “found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop,” said Randall Johnson, a member of the Nobel Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cells and tissues are constantly experiencing changes in oxygen availability,” Johnson said. “As an embryo grows and develops, as muscles work, the oxygen available changes as the tissues themselves change. Cells need a way to adjust to the amount of oxygen they have, while still doing their important jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson added, “Scientists often toss around this phrase ‘textbook discovery.’ But I’d say this is really a textbook discovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The committee said the discoveries are of fundamental importance for physiology and could blaze the trail for new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and many other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We make knowledge. That’s what I do as a publicly funded scientist,” Ratcliffe said by phone \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2dV4Qwf0pQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in an interview with the Nobel Committee\u003c/a>. And he added that he could not have predicted the impact his work would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is important that scientists have the courage, and are allowed to derive knowledge for its own sake — i.e., independent of the perceived value at the point of creation. And the history of science tells us over and over again that the value of that knowledge can increase” in a number of random and unpredictable ways.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1181142335465381888"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The prize of 9 million Swedish crowns ($913,000) will be shared equally by the three winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaelin was born in New York and received an M.D. from Duke University. He did his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore and at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ratcliffe was born in Lancashire, United Kingdom, and studied medicine at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University and did his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford. He is the director of clinical research at the Francis Crick Institute in London, the director of the Target Discovery Institute in Oxford and a member of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Semenza was born in New York. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts in biology from Harvard and his M.D./Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine. He did his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University. He is the director of the Vascular Research Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1948645/trio-wins-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-for-work-on-cells-and-oxygen","authors":["byline_science_1948645"],"categories":["science_30","science_29","science_32","science_39","science_16","science_3890","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_5181","science_3838","science_2918","science_1943"],"featImg":"science_1948651","label":"source_science_1948645"},"science_1932453":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1932453","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1932453","score":null,"sort":[1539016068000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nobel-in-economics-for-climate-research-includes-ex-stanford-professor","title":"Nobel in Economics for Climate Research Includes ex-Stanford professor","publishDate":1539016068,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Nobel in Economics for Climate Research Includes ex-Stanford professor | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Two Americans won the Nobel Prize in economics on Monday for studying a pressing issue facing the global economy: how to deal with pollution and climate change and how to foster the innovation needed to tackle such problems.[contextly_sidebar id=”aFMmotvNSht1tek6ZSafnBmy5J7U2Pye”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Nordhaus of Yale University and Paul Romer of New York University were announced winners of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before moving to New York University, Romer, 62, was a professor at Stanford University as well as a senior fellow at Stanford’s Center for International Development, the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and the Hoover Institution. Previously, he taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He also founded Aplia, an educational technology company that was based in Belmont, Calif., and then San Francisco; it was bought in 2007 by Cengage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romer’s father is Roy Romer, who was governor of Colorado from 1987 to 1999 and superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2000 to 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Romer’s work “explains how ideas are different to other goods and require specific conditions to thrive in a market,” the academy said. Romer’s work found that unregulated economies will produce technological change, but insufficiently provide research and development; this can be addressed by government interventions such and R&D subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus in the 1990s became the first person to create a model that “describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate,” the academy said. Working separately from Romer, he showed that “the most efficient remedy for problems caused by greenhouse gases is a global scheme of universally imposed carbon taxes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon taxes are fees imposed on companies that burn carbon-based fuels such as coal and oil. Advocates see the taxes as encouraging companies to use less-polluting fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, for sure, a Nobel Prize about the big questions,” University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Stromberg, head of the Nobel economics prize committee, said “it’s about the long-run future of the world economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first one is how do we keep on generating the new ideas, the new innovations, the new research that’s so important to solve the problems we’re facing in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The second is how do we deal with the negative effects of economic growth, which have to do with the emission of greenhouse gases leading to a warmer climate – which not just hurts the economy, but risks the life of everyone on earth,” Stromberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize comes just a day after an international panel of scientists issued a report detailing how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus has argued that climate change should be considered a “global public good,” like public health and international trade, and regulated accordingly, but not through a command-and-control approach. Instead, by agreeing on a global price for burning carbon that reflects its whole cost, this primary cause of rising temperatures could be traded and taxed, putting market forces to work on the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many economists have since endorsed the concept of taxing carbon and using this financial lever to influence societal behavior. But adopting the regulatory frameworks on a global scale has been a complex challenge, and the world’s political leaders are failing to meet it, the head of the United Nations said last month.[contextly_sidebar id=”OaXVPC74ERrdCqrpdk9jzqTXMv0Fk432″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres bluntly told leaders in New York that unless current emission trends for greenhouse gases are reversed by 2020, it will be impossible to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit), which was a key goal of the 2015 Paris climate accords. The U.N. chief challenged governments to end fossil fuel subsidies, help shift toward renewable energy and back a price for carbon emissions that reflects their actual cost. He cited, for example, that climate-related disasters already cost the world $320 billion last year, a figure likely to grow with increased warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that dealing with protecting the environment will be so costly and so hard that they just want to ignore the problem,” Romer said by telephone to the Swedish academy. “I hope the prize today could help everyone see that humans are capable of amazing accomplishments when we set about trying to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economics prize is the last of the Nobels to be announced this year. Last year’s prize went to American Richard Thaler for studying how human irrationality affects economic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peace prize was awarded Friday to Denis Mukwege of Congo and Iraqi Nadia Murad for their work to draw attention to how sexual violence is used as a weapon of war.___Heintz reported from Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Two Americans won the Nobel Prize in economics for their work on how to deal with pollution and climate change and how to foster the innovation needed to tackle such problems.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927416,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":884},"headData":{"title":"Nobel in Economics for Climate Research Includes ex-Stanford professor | KQED","description":"Two Americans won the Nobel Prize in economics for their work on how to deal with pollution and climate change and how to foster the innovation needed to tackle such problems.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Nobel in Economics for Climate Research Includes ex-Stanford professor","datePublished":"2018-10-08T16:27:48.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:56:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Events","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Jim Heintz\u003cbr />David Keyton\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1932453/nobel-in-economics-for-climate-research-includes-ex-stanford-professor","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two Americans won the Nobel Prize in economics on Monday for studying a pressing issue facing the global economy: how to deal with pollution and climate change and how to foster the innovation needed to tackle such problems.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Nordhaus of Yale University and Paul Romer of New York University were announced winners of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before moving to New York University, Romer, 62, was a professor at Stanford University as well as a senior fellow at Stanford’s Center for International Development, the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and the Hoover Institution. Previously, he taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He also founded Aplia, an educational technology company that was based in Belmont, Calif., and then San Francisco; it was bought in 2007 by Cengage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romer’s father is Roy Romer, who was governor of Colorado from 1987 to 1999 and superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2000 to 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Romer’s work “explains how ideas are different to other goods and require specific conditions to thrive in a market,” the academy said. Romer’s work found that unregulated economies will produce technological change, but insufficiently provide research and development; this can be addressed by government interventions such and R&D subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus in the 1990s became the first person to create a model that “describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate,” the academy said. Working separately from Romer, he showed that “the most efficient remedy for problems caused by greenhouse gases is a global scheme of universally imposed carbon taxes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon taxes are fees imposed on companies that burn carbon-based fuels such as coal and oil. Advocates see the taxes as encouraging companies to use less-polluting fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, for sure, a Nobel Prize about the big questions,” University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Stromberg, head of the Nobel economics prize committee, said “it’s about the long-run future of the world economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first one is how do we keep on generating the new ideas, the new innovations, the new research that’s so important to solve the problems we’re facing in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The second is how do we deal with the negative effects of economic growth, which have to do with the emission of greenhouse gases leading to a warmer climate – which not just hurts the economy, but risks the life of everyone on earth,” Stromberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize comes just a day after an international panel of scientists issued a report detailing how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus has argued that climate change should be considered a “global public good,” like public health and international trade, and regulated accordingly, but not through a command-and-control approach. Instead, by agreeing on a global price for burning carbon that reflects its whole cost, this primary cause of rising temperatures could be traded and taxed, putting market forces to work on the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many economists have since endorsed the concept of taxing carbon and using this financial lever to influence societal behavior. But adopting the regulatory frameworks on a global scale has been a complex challenge, and the world’s political leaders are failing to meet it, the head of the United Nations said last month.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres bluntly told leaders in New York that unless current emission trends for greenhouse gases are reversed by 2020, it will be impossible to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit), which was a key goal of the 2015 Paris climate accords. The U.N. chief challenged governments to end fossil fuel subsidies, help shift toward renewable energy and back a price for carbon emissions that reflects their actual cost. He cited, for example, that climate-related disasters already cost the world $320 billion last year, a figure likely to grow with increased warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that dealing with protecting the environment will be so costly and so hard that they just want to ignore the problem,” Romer said by telephone to the Swedish academy. “I hope the prize today could help everyone see that humans are capable of amazing accomplishments when we set about trying to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economics prize is the last of the Nobels to be announced this year. Last year’s prize went to American Richard Thaler for studying how human irrationality affects economic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peace prize was awarded Friday to Denis Mukwege of Congo and Iraqi Nadia Murad for their work to draw attention to how sexual violence is used as a weapon of war.___Heintz reported from Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1932453/nobel-in-economics-for-climate-research-includes-ex-stanford-professor","authors":["byline_science_1932453"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_35","science_37","science_40"],"tags":["science_194","science_3780","science_192","science_1943","science_554"],"featImg":"science_1932456","label":"source_science_1932453"},"science_1932219":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1932219","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1932219","score":null,"sort":[1538563833000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"two-americans-including-caltech-professor-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry","title":"Three Scientists, Including Caltech Professor, Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry","publishDate":1538563833,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Three Scientists, Including Caltech Professor, Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Three researchers who “harnessed the power of evolution” to produce enzymes and antibodies that have led to a new best-selling drug and biofuels won the Nobel Prize in chemistry on Wednesday.[contextly_sidebar id=”7AwUAjsFlkcpSwxnmCZsoirAXyWvj1rJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frances Arnold of the California Institute of Technology was awarded half of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize, while the other half will be shared by George Smith of the University of Missouri and Gregory Winter of the MRC molecular biology lab in Cambridge, England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which chose the winners, said Arnold, 62, conducted the first directed evolution of enzymes, whose uses include “more environmentally friendly manufacturing of chemical substances such as pharmaceuticals and the production of renewable fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold is only the fifth woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize in chemistry since the prizes were first handed out in 1901.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Hartings, an associate professor of chemistry at American University in Washington, D.C., said “her work is incredible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartings said the proteins that Arnold designed “do these really off-the-wall chemical things in record time.” He said her directed evolution approach has greatly helped chemists make enzymes do jobs that nature never intended, such as for industrial purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, 77, developed a method to evolve new proteins and Winter used the method to evolve antibodies, which are disease-fighting proteins in the blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932229\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1020x628.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1020x628.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-800x492.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-768x472.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1200x738.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1920x1181.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1180x726.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-960x591.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-520x320.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screen displays portraits of Frances H Arnold of the United States, George P Smith of the United States and Gregory P Winter of Great Britain during the announcement of the winners of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemestry at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on October 3, 2018 in Stockholm. \u003ccite>(JONAS EKSTROMER/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first pharmaceutical based on Winter’s work was approved for use in 2002 and is employed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases, the academy said. The chemical name of the drug is adalimumab, which has several trade named including Humira, one of the top-selling drugs in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, speaking to The Associated Press after learning about this Nobel win, credited others for the work that led to his breakthrough.[contextly_sidebar id=”KmtHliyUDLrZHfCifzEXaVnWfYsObxyv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very few research breakthroughs are novel. Virtually all of them build on what went on before. It’s happenstance. That was certainly the case with my work,” he said Wednesday. “Mine was an idea in a line of research that built very naturally on the lines of research that went before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith said he learned of the prize in a pre-dawn phone call from Stockholm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a standard joke that someone with a Swedish accent calls and says ‘You won!’ But there was so much static on the line, I knew it wasn’t any of my friends,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American Chemical Society president Peter Dorhout praised the Nobel winners, saying “the laureates have used chemistry to accelerate the evolution of natural biological molecules that act as the critical machinery for living organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The breakthroughs from these researchers enable that to occur thousands of times faster than nature to improve medicines, fuels and other products,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts said the developments for which the winners won the 2018 prize can be more ecological than many other chemical processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enzymes “are what all we organisms use to make our chemicals. So if you can harness enzymes for your own purposes, this is often more environmentally friendly than using heavy metals or toxic substances to make your chemicals,” said Johan Aqvist, a member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.[contextly_sidebar id=”jTHAtk63E2HMPWhViD2oa4bQ2VpuPFqJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other Nobel prizes this year, the medicine prize went Monday to James Allison of the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and Tasuku Honjo of Kyoto University, who learned how to release the brakes that cancer can put on the immune system, discoveries that helped cancer doctors fight many advanced-stage tumors and save an “untold” numbers of lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the United States, Canada and France shared the physics prize Tuesday for revolutionizing the use of lasers in research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arthur Ashkin became the oldest Nobel Prize laureate at 96, while Donna Strickland of the University of Waterloo in Canada became only the third woman to win a physics Nobel. Strickland had worked with the third winner, Frenchman Gerard Mourou of the Ecole Polytechnique and the University of Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winner of the Nobel Peace Prize is to be announced Friday. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, honoring Alfred Nobel, the man who endowed the five Nobel Prizes, will be revealed on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No Nobel literature prize will be awarded this year due to a sex abuse scandal at the Swedish Academy, which chooses the winner. The academy plans to announce both the 2018 and the 2019 winner next year — although the head of the Nobel Foundation has said the body must fix its tarnished reputation first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man at the center of the Swedish Academy scandal, Jean-Claude Arnault, a major cultural figure in Sweden, was sentenced Monday to two years in prison for rape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heintz reported from Moscow. Malcolm Ritter and Chris Chester in New York contributed to this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Frances Arnold of Caltech was awarded half the prize for work that led to more environmentally friendly manufacturing of chemicals and in the production of renewable fuels.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927435,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":870},"headData":{"title":"Three Scientists, Including Caltech Professor, Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry | KQED","description":"Frances Arnold of Caltech was awarded half the prize for work that led to more environmentally friendly manufacturing of chemicals and in the production of renewable fuels.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Three Scientists, Including Caltech Professor, Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry","datePublished":"2018-10-03T10:50:33.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:57:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Events","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Jim Heintz\u003cbr />David Keyton\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1932219/two-americans-including-caltech-professor-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Three researchers who “harnessed the power of evolution” to produce enzymes and antibodies that have led to a new best-selling drug and biofuels won the Nobel Prize in chemistry on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frances Arnold of the California Institute of Technology was awarded half of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize, while the other half will be shared by George Smith of the University of Missouri and Gregory Winter of the MRC molecular biology lab in Cambridge, England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which chose the winners, said Arnold, 62, conducted the first directed evolution of enzymes, whose uses include “more environmentally friendly manufacturing of chemical substances such as pharmaceuticals and the production of renewable fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold is only the fifth woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize in chemistry since the prizes were first handed out in 1901.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Hartings, an associate professor of chemistry at American University in Washington, D.C., said “her work is incredible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartings said the proteins that Arnold designed “do these really off-the-wall chemical things in record time.” He said her directed evolution approach has greatly helped chemists make enzymes do jobs that nature never intended, such as for industrial purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, 77, developed a method to evolve new proteins and Winter used the method to evolve antibodies, which are disease-fighting proteins in the blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932229\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1020x628.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1020x628.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-800x492.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-768x472.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1200x738.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1920x1181.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1180x726.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-960x591.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-520x320.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screen displays portraits of Frances H Arnold of the United States, George P Smith of the United States and Gregory P Winter of Great Britain during the announcement of the winners of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemestry at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on October 3, 2018 in Stockholm. \u003ccite>(JONAS EKSTROMER/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first pharmaceutical based on Winter’s work was approved for use in 2002 and is employed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases, the academy said. The chemical name of the drug is adalimumab, which has several trade named including Humira, one of the top-selling drugs in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, speaking to The Associated Press after learning about this Nobel win, credited others for the work that led to his breakthrough.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very few research breakthroughs are novel. Virtually all of them build on what went on before. It’s happenstance. That was certainly the case with my work,” he said Wednesday. “Mine was an idea in a line of research that built very naturally on the lines of research that went before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith said he learned of the prize in a pre-dawn phone call from Stockholm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a standard joke that someone with a Swedish accent calls and says ‘You won!’ But there was so much static on the line, I knew it wasn’t any of my friends,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American Chemical Society president Peter Dorhout praised the Nobel winners, saying “the laureates have used chemistry to accelerate the evolution of natural biological molecules that act as the critical machinery for living organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The breakthroughs from these researchers enable that to occur thousands of times faster than nature to improve medicines, fuels and other products,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts said the developments for which the winners won the 2018 prize can be more ecological than many other chemical processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enzymes “are what all we organisms use to make our chemicals. So if you can harness enzymes for your own purposes, this is often more environmentally friendly than using heavy metals or toxic substances to make your chemicals,” said Johan Aqvist, a member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other Nobel prizes this year, the medicine prize went Monday to James Allison of the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and Tasuku Honjo of Kyoto University, who learned how to release the brakes that cancer can put on the immune system, discoveries that helped cancer doctors fight many advanced-stage tumors and save an “untold” numbers of lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the United States, Canada and France shared the physics prize Tuesday for revolutionizing the use of lasers in research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arthur Ashkin became the oldest Nobel Prize laureate at 96, while Donna Strickland of the University of Waterloo in Canada became only the third woman to win a physics Nobel. Strickland had worked with the third winner, Frenchman Gerard Mourou of the Ecole Polytechnique and the University of Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winner of the Nobel Peace Prize is to be announced Friday. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, honoring Alfred Nobel, the man who endowed the five Nobel Prizes, will be revealed on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No Nobel literature prize will be awarded this year due to a sex abuse scandal at the Swedish Academy, which chooses the winner. The academy plans to announce both the 2018 and the 2019 winner next year — although the head of the Nobel Foundation has said the body must fix its tarnished reputation first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man at the center of the Swedish Academy scandal, Jean-Claude Arnault, a major cultural figure in Sweden, was sentenced Monday to two years in prison for rape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heintz reported from Moscow. Malcolm Ritter and Chris Chester in New York contributed to this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1932219/two-americans-including-caltech-professor-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry","authors":["byline_science_1932219"],"categories":["science_29","science_37","science_40"],"tags":["science_798","science_1943","science_140","science_309"],"featImg":"science_1932228","label":"source_science_1932219"},"science_1932110":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1932110","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1932110","score":null,"sort":[1538494976000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nobel-awarded-to-scientists-from-u-s-france-canada-for-revolutionary-laser-work","title":"Nobel Prize Awarded to Three Scientists for 'Revolutionary' Laser Work","publishDate":1538494976,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Nobel Prize Awarded to Three Scientists for ‘Revolutionary’ Laser Work | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Three scientists from the United States, Canada and France won the Nobel Prize in physics Tuesday for work with lasers described as revolutionary and bringing science fiction into reality.[contextly_sidebar id=”jq40ypDWzKXI8jMZGlIRqtcW0NcSar0D”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American, Arthur Ashkin of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, entered the record books of the Nobel Prizes by becoming the oldest laureate at age 96. Donna Strickland, of the University of Waterloo in Canada, became the first woman to win a Nobel in three years and is only the third to have won the prize for physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frenchman Gerard Mourou of the Ecole Polytechnique and University of Michigan will share half of the 9 million kronor ($1.01 million) the prize carries with Strickland; Ashkin gets the other half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweden’s Royal Academy of Sciences, which chose the winners, said Ashkin’s development of “optical tweezers” that can grab tiny particles such as viruses without damaging them realized “an old dream of science fiction — using the radiation pressure of light to move physical objects.”[contextly_sidebar id=”OcCGWMZ4drTymQFYLnYmfScY6gGEwfex”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweezers are “extremely important for measuring small forces on individual molecules, small objects, and this has been very interesting in biology, to understand how things like muscle tissue work, what are the molecule motors behind the muscle tissue,” said David Haviland of the academy’s Nobel committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strickland and Mourou helped develop short and intense laser pulses that have broad industrial and medical applications, including laser eye surgery and highly precise machine cutting. The academy said their 1985 article on the technique was “revolutionary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the technique we have developed, laser power has been increased about a million times, maybe even a billion,” Mourou said in a video statement released by Ecole Polytechnique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strickland’s award was the first Nobel Prize in physics to go to a woman since 1963, when it was won by Maria Goeppert-Mayer; the only other woman to win for physics was Marie Curie in 1903.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, we need to celebrate women physicists because we’re out there. And hopefully in time, it’ll start to move forward at a faster rate, maybe,” Strickland said in a phone call with the academy after the prize announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Moloney, CEO of the American Institute of Physics, praised all the laureates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is also a personal delight to see Dr. Strickland break the 55-year hiatus since a woman has been awarded a Nobel Prize in physics, making this year’s award all the more historic,” Moloney said.[contextly_sidebar id=”PoGoICOUkDjybTx2hvmndiihlXPGZcU9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He credited the work of all three with “expanding what is possible at the extremes of time, space and forms of matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashkin’s tweezers can be used to hold and manipulate proteins, DNA and other biomolecules to study their mechanical properties or stimulate them, said Erwin Peterman, a physicist at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, who called the award “a great recognition for this visionary scientist who was ahead of his time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, American James Allison and Japan’s Tasuku Honjo won the Nobel medicine prize for groundbreaking work in fighting cancer with the body’s own immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winner or winners of the Nobel chemistry prize will be announced Wednesday, followed by the peace prize on Friday. The economics prize, which is not technically a Nobel, will be announced Oct. 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heintz reported from Moscow. Malcolm Ritter in New York, Samuel Petrequin in Paris and Frank Jordans in Berlin contributed.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The American winner, Arthur Ashkin of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, entered the record books of the Nobel Prizes by becoming the oldest laureate at age 96. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927440,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":605},"headData":{"title":"Nobel Prize Awarded to Three Scientists for 'Revolutionary' Laser Work | KQED","description":"The American winner, Arthur Ashkin of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, entered the record books of the Nobel Prizes by becoming the oldest laureate at age 96. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Nobel Prize Awarded to Three Scientists for 'Revolutionary' Laser Work","datePublished":"2018-10-02T15:42:56.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:57:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Events","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Jim Heintz\u003cbr />David Keyton\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1932110/nobel-awarded-to-scientists-from-u-s-france-canada-for-revolutionary-laser-work","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three scientists from the United States, Canada and France won the Nobel Prize in physics Tuesday for work with lasers described as revolutionary and bringing science fiction into reality.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American, Arthur Ashkin of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, entered the record books of the Nobel Prizes by becoming the oldest laureate at age 96. Donna Strickland, of the University of Waterloo in Canada, became the first woman to win a Nobel in three years and is only the third to have won the prize for physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frenchman Gerard Mourou of the Ecole Polytechnique and University of Michigan will share half of the 9 million kronor ($1.01 million) the prize carries with Strickland; Ashkin gets the other half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweden’s Royal Academy of Sciences, which chose the winners, said Ashkin’s development of “optical tweezers” that can grab tiny particles such as viruses without damaging them realized “an old dream of science fiction — using the radiation pressure of light to move physical objects.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweezers are “extremely important for measuring small forces on individual molecules, small objects, and this has been very interesting in biology, to understand how things like muscle tissue work, what are the molecule motors behind the muscle tissue,” said David Haviland of the academy’s Nobel committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strickland and Mourou helped develop short and intense laser pulses that have broad industrial and medical applications, including laser eye surgery and highly precise machine cutting. The academy said their 1985 article on the technique was “revolutionary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the technique we have developed, laser power has been increased about a million times, maybe even a billion,” Mourou said in a video statement released by Ecole Polytechnique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strickland’s award was the first Nobel Prize in physics to go to a woman since 1963, when it was won by Maria Goeppert-Mayer; the only other woman to win for physics was Marie Curie in 1903.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, we need to celebrate women physicists because we’re out there. And hopefully in time, it’ll start to move forward at a faster rate, maybe,” Strickland said in a phone call with the academy after the prize announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Moloney, CEO of the American Institute of Physics, praised all the laureates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is also a personal delight to see Dr. Strickland break the 55-year hiatus since a woman has been awarded a Nobel Prize in physics, making this year’s award all the more historic,” Moloney said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He credited the work of all three with “expanding what is possible at the extremes of time, space and forms of matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashkin’s tweezers can be used to hold and manipulate proteins, DNA and other biomolecules to study their mechanical properties or stimulate them, said Erwin Peterman, a physicist at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, who called the award “a great recognition for this visionary scientist who was ahead of his time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, American James Allison and Japan’s Tasuku Honjo won the Nobel medicine prize for groundbreaking work in fighting cancer with the body’s own immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winner or winners of the Nobel chemistry prize will be announced Wednesday, followed by the peace prize on Friday. The economics prize, which is not technically a Nobel, will be announced Oct. 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heintz reported from Moscow. Malcolm Ritter in New York, Samuel Petrequin in Paris and Frank Jordans in Berlin contributed.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1932110/nobel-awarded-to-scientists-from-u-s-france-canada-for-revolutionary-laser-work","authors":["byline_science_1932110"],"categories":["science_33","science_37","science_40","science_42"],"tags":["science_1943","science_672","science_309"],"featImg":"science_1932113","label":"source_science_1932110"},"science_1916162":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1916162","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1916162","score":null,"sort":[1507113362000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nobel-prize-in-chemistry-honors-electron-microscopy","title":"Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Electron Microscopy","publishDate":1507113362,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Electron Microscopy | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Joachim Frank, who shares this year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2017/press.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Prize in Chemistry \u003c/a>with two other researchers for developing a method to generate three-dimensional images of the molecules of life, says the potential use of the method is “immense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking by phone, Frank told a news conference after the Nobel announcement Wednesday that the method, called cryo-electron microscopy, meant medicine no longer focuses on organs but “looks at the processes in the cell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I was totally overwhelmed, I thought the chances of winning the Nobel Prize were minuscule because there are so many other discoveries that happen everyday. I was speechless.\u003ccite>Biophysicist Joachim Frank\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.kva.se/en/startsida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> said Wednesday that their method, called cryo-electron microscopy, allows researchers to “freeze biomolecules” mid-movement and visualize processes they have never previously seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank, based at New York’s Columbia University, shares the $1.1 million prize with Jacques Dubochet of the University of Lausanne and Richard Henderson of MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, Britain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development, the Academy said, “is decisive for both the basic understanding of life’s chemistry and for the development of pharmaceuticals.” The Zika virus, for example, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/zika-virus-structure-revealed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analyzed using this method\u003c/a>. The virus’s anatomic structure was discovered in only a few months using this technique, which is important for creating new drugs or vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916168\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916168\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg 770w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-768x482.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-240x151.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-375x235.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-520x326.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The electron microscope’s resolution has radically improved, from showing shapeless blobs to now visualizing proteins at atomic resolution. \u003ccite>(Martin Hogbom)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize for Chemistry rewards researchers for major advances in studying the infinitesimal bits of material that are the building blocks of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent prizes have gone to scientists who developed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">molecular “machines”\u003c/a>—molecules with controllable motions—and who mapped how \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2015/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cells repair damaged DNA\u003c/a>, leading to improved cancer treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third Nobel announced this week and final science-related award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">literature winner\u003c/a> will be named Thursday and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">peace prize\u003c/a> will be announced Friday.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On Wednesday, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for developments in electron microscopy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928355,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":350},"headData":{"title":"Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Electron Microscopy | KQED","description":"On Wednesday, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for developments in electron microscopy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Electron Microscopy","datePublished":"2017-10-04T10:36:02.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:12:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Associated Press","sourceUrl":"https://www.ap.org/en-us/","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Associated Press","path":"/science/1916162/nobel-prize-in-chemistry-honors-electron-microscopy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Joachim Frank, who shares this year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2017/press.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Prize in Chemistry \u003c/a>with two other researchers for developing a method to generate three-dimensional images of the molecules of life, says the potential use of the method is “immense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking by phone, Frank told a news conference after the Nobel announcement Wednesday that the method, called cryo-electron microscopy, meant medicine no longer focuses on organs but “looks at the processes in the cell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I was totally overwhelmed, I thought the chances of winning the Nobel Prize were minuscule because there are so many other discoveries that happen everyday. I was speechless.\u003ccite>Biophysicist Joachim Frank\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.kva.se/en/startsida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> said Wednesday that their method, called cryo-electron microscopy, allows researchers to “freeze biomolecules” mid-movement and visualize processes they have never previously seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank, based at New York’s Columbia University, shares the $1.1 million prize with Jacques Dubochet of the University of Lausanne and Richard Henderson of MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, Britain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development, the Academy said, “is decisive for both the basic understanding of life’s chemistry and for the development of pharmaceuticals.” The Zika virus, for example, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/zika-virus-structure-revealed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analyzed using this method\u003c/a>. The virus’s anatomic structure was discovered in only a few months using this technique, which is important for creating new drugs or vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916168\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916168\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg 770w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-768x482.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-240x151.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-375x235.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-520x326.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The electron microscope’s resolution has radically improved, from showing shapeless blobs to now visualizing proteins at atomic resolution. \u003ccite>(Martin Hogbom)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize for Chemistry rewards researchers for major advances in studying the infinitesimal bits of material that are the building blocks of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent prizes have gone to scientists who developed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">molecular “machines”\u003c/a>—molecules with controllable motions—and who mapped how \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2015/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cells repair damaged DNA\u003c/a>, leading to improved cancer treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third Nobel announced this week and final science-related award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">literature winner\u003c/a> will be named Thursday and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">peace prize\u003c/a> will be announced Friday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1916162/nobel-prize-in-chemistry-honors-electron-microscopy","authors":["byline_science_1916162"],"categories":["science_29","science_40"],"tags":["science_798","science_3370","science_1943"],"featImg":"science_1916166","label":"source_science_1916162"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! 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And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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