Meet the Interstellar Five, Robotic Explorers Venturing Far, Far From Earth
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Months After its Pluto Encounter, NASA Spacecraft Still Surprises and Delights
Move Over Pluto, Dwarf Planet Ceres Gets an Extreme Close-Up
Ice Volcanoes on Pluto? What's Next!
NASA Spacecraft Turns Pluto From Blurry Disk Into Highly Complex World
Pluto or Bust: Possible Extended Mission for NASA's New Horizons
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(New Horizons/NASA)","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-charon-portrait-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-charon-portrait-800x450.jpg","width":800,"height":450,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-charon-portrait-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-charon-portrait-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-charon-portrait-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-charon-portrait-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-charon-portrait-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-charon-portrait-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-charon-portrait.jpg","width":800,"height":450}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | 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FM","link":"/"}},"science_1973548":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1973548","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1973548","score":null,"sort":[1617401306000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"meet-the-interstellar-five-robotic-explorers-venturing-far-far-from-earth","title":"Meet the Interstellar Five, Robotic Explorers Venturing Far, Far From Earth","publishDate":1617401306,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Meet the Interstellar Five, Robotic Explorers Venturing Far, Far From Earth | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More than four decades after launch, NASA’s Voyager 1 spacecraft is over 14 billion miles from Earth, cruising an eternal course through the stars of the Milky Way galaxy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And Voyager 1 i\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s not the only spacefaring vehicle to venture so far from home. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The probe belongs to a cadre of five interstellar-bound spacecraft, three of which are still communicating with Earth through NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/deep_space_network/about\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deep Space Network\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> radio dishes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What have these interstellar five been doing over their decades of exploration, and where are they now?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New Horizons: Pluto or Bust\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The youngest of NASA’s interstellar vehicles, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/new-horizons/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Horizons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, launched 15 years ago with a singular goal: to become the first spacecraft to reach Pluto, the last unexplored planet in the solar system. Only after launch, in 2006, did the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.iau.org/public/themes/pluto/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Astronomical Union\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> vote to demote Pluto to a “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dwarf planet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">”.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973552\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 790px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973552\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"790\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa.jpg 790w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa-768x582.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plutonium-powered New Horizons spacecraft during final assembly before its 2006 launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With a boost in speed generated by a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/primer/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gravitational slingshot maneuver\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at Jupiter, New Horizons became the fastest interplanetary spacecraft up till that time, reaching a peak velocity of over 36,000 mph—a speed that would take you from the Earth to the moon in under seven hours.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since Pluto’s discovery in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, little was known of this small, distant world; the best pictures of the dwarf planet, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, had revealed little more than a blur of light and dark patches. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So on July 14, 2015, the world waited with great anticipation of seeing the first up-close images–and were rewarded handsomely for a decade of giddy patience. \u003c/span>After nine years in hibernation, New Horizons \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/five-years-after-new-horizons-historic-flyby-here-are-10-cool-things-we-learned-about-plut-0/\">whizzed past Pluto\u003c/a> at over 30,000 mph, passing within 4,800 miles of the dwarf planet’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/281378/new-horizons-spacecraft-turns-pluto-from-blurry-disk-into-highly-complex-world\">brought into sharp focus\u003c/a> for the first time, was revealed as a far more interesting world than anyone expected. With mountains of solid ice reaching two miles high, vast planes of frozen nitrogen-methane “slush” that appear to be flowing like glaciers, and a thin hazy atmosphere reaching heights of 80 miles above the surface, we are still gasping at Pluto’s beauty and uniqueness six years after the encounter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973555\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973555\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI-.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI-.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI--160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI--768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto. Image captured by New Horizons during its flyby on July 14, 2015. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following that flyby, New Horizons cruised onward into the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a wide swath of space beyond Neptune that contains multitudes of icy objects, mostly smaller than Pluto, circling the sun.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2019 New Horizons encountered one of these objects, later named \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/arrokoth-2014-mu69/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arrokoth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is to date the most distant object visited by any spacecraft. Discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope in June 2014, Arrokoth was added to New Horizons’ post-Pluto itinerary as a target of opportunity. Scientists interested in how our solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago wanted an up-close look at this example of a primitive “building block” object, the likes of which are believed to have come together to form the planets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973559\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973559\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-800x1143.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1143\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-800x1143.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-1020x1457.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-160x229.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-768x1097.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-1075x1536.png 1075w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth.png 1302w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arrokoth, the Kuiper Belt Object that New Horizons flew by in 2019. This is an ancient object, formed in the earliest times of our solar system 4.5 billion years ago. Arrokoth is the most distant object ever visited by a spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Horizons was bound for interstellar space since it launched, moving fast enough to escape the sun’s gravitational pull and coast forever outward into space, never to return home\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> Today, it is more than 4.6 billion miles away, forging ahead \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">through the vast region of the Kuiper Belt\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> toward its inevitable departure from the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voyagers 1 and 2: A Grand Tour\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The twin \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spacecraft launched from Earth in 1977 on a five-year mission to explore the two largest planets of the solar system, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/jupiter/#:~:text=NASA%20launched%20the%20two%20Voyager,approach%20was%20July%209%2C%201979.&text=They%20took%20more%20than%2033%2C000,and%20its%20five%20major%20satellites.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/saturn/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saturn\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. But as time went on, and the Voyagers continued in good health, NASA engineers became optimistic the spacecraft might operate for years beyond their expiration dates.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then a rare alignment of planets offered an opportunity to send at least one of the Voyagers on to the planet Uranus and perhaps Neptune as well.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-800x671.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"671\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-800x671.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-160x134.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-768x644.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path.jpg 805w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the “Grand Tour” of the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After capturing astounding close-up images of Jupiter and Saturn plus a host of their remarkable moons, mission planners engineered an end game that still tops all record charts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saturn’s gravity flung Voyager 2 toward \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/uranus/#:~:text=NASA's%20Voyager%202%20spacecraft%20flew,24%2C%201986.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uranus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and the spacecraft arrived at the “ice giant” five years later, in 1986. Uranus, in turn, hurled Voyager 2 toward its final planet encounter, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/neptune/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neptune\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1989. To date, Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these worlds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager 1’s path through the Saturn system sent it by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/11/12/voyager-1-the-first-close-encounter-with-titan/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Titan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the ringed world’s largest moon. Titan’s size and thick atmosphere offered great scientific reward, trumping an alternative option to send the spacecraft to Pluto.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With most of their instruments still functioning after their final encounters, the Voyagers began new careers searching for the boundary of interstellar space, where the rarefied gases and magnetic fields flowing outward from the sun change like a shift in the wind to become the prevailing environment between stars.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973556\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech.png 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boundary between our solar system and interstellar space is formed where the “bubble” of our sun’s gases and magnetic fields encounters the gases spread through interstellar space. Called the heliosphere, the shape of this bubble is not symmetrical around the sun, extending farther in some directions than in others. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager 1 officially passed into interstellar space on Aug. 12, 2012. Voyager 2 made the crossing in 2018.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, Voyager 1 has traveled the greatest distance from home of any spacecraft, 152 astronomical units from Earth, or just over 14 billion miles—a distance that takes radio signals over 21 hours to cross.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both Voyagers are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">still reporting back to Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, more than four decades after their five-year missions began. Electrical power from their radioisotope thermoelectric generators has declined over the decades, and some of their instruments have been shut down to conserve what remains, but NASA estimates that Voyager 1 could remain functional until 2025.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pioneers 10 and 11: Gone But Not Forgotten\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before the Voyagers’ epic tours came the first explorers of the outer solar system: \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer10-11.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneers 10 and\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 11\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Launched in 1972, scarcely a decade after the dawn of the space age, the Pioneers gave us our first up-close looks of Jupiter and Saturn and some of their moons. Before this, the gas giants’ enigmatic moons were known only as fuzzy points of light in Earth-based telescopes, and measurements of Jupiter’s magnetic field and intense radiation belts were crucial for designing the later Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973551\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 784px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973551\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"784\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice.jpg 784w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice-768x588.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Pioneer 10 passing through the Jupiter system, the first spacecraft encounter with any planet beyond the orbit of Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/Rick Guidice)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to cross the asteroid belt, to enter the outer solar system, and to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/forty-years-ago-pioneer-10-closest-approach-to-jupiter\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fly past Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1973. Afterward, Pioneer 10 continued on a solar escape trajectory that will carry it eventually to interstellar space, probably within the next three decades. The last radio signal we received from Pioneer 10 came in 2003.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a.jpg 228w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a-160x159.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, captured by Pioneer 10. Before this image, pictures of outer solar system moons taken from Earth will little more than fuzzy dots. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneer 11 flew past Jupiter, and then on to become the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/40-years-ago-pioneer-11-first-to-explore-saturn\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first spacecraft to visit Saturn\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1979. The last radio signal received from Pioneer 11 came in 1995.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s Next for the Frontier Five?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the youngster New Horizons may continue to actively explore objects and the environment of the Kuiper Belt for years to come, the ultimate fate of all five of our interstellar pioneers is to drift perpetually between the stars of the Milky Way, becoming galactic derelicts of human technology and space exploration.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than four decades after launch, the Voyager 1 spacecraft is over 14 billion miles from Earth, one of five spacecraft bound for interstellar space. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846689,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1383},"headData":{"title":"Meet the Interstellar Five, Robotic Explorers Venturing Far, Far From Earth | KQED","description":"More than four decades after launch, the Voyager 1 spacecraft is over 14 billion miles from Earth, one of five spacecraft bound for interstellar space. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1973548/meet-the-interstellar-five-robotic-explorers-venturing-far-far-from-earth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More than four decades after launch, NASA’s Voyager 1 spacecraft is over 14 billion miles from Earth, cruising an eternal course through the stars of the Milky Way galaxy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And Voyager 1 i\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s not the only spacefaring vehicle to venture so far from home. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The probe belongs to a cadre of five interstellar-bound spacecraft, three of which are still communicating with Earth through NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/deep_space_network/about\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deep Space Network\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> radio dishes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What have these interstellar five been doing over their decades of exploration, and where are they now?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New Horizons: Pluto or Bust\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The youngest of NASA’s interstellar vehicles, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/new-horizons/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Horizons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, launched 15 years ago with a singular goal: to become the first spacecraft to reach Pluto, the last unexplored planet in the solar system. Only after launch, in 2006, did the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.iau.org/public/themes/pluto/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Astronomical Union\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> vote to demote Pluto to a “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dwarf planet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">”.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973552\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 790px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973552\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"790\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa.jpg 790w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa-768x582.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plutonium-powered New Horizons spacecraft during final assembly before its 2006 launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With a boost in speed generated by a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/primer/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gravitational slingshot maneuver\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at Jupiter, New Horizons became the fastest interplanetary spacecraft up till that time, reaching a peak velocity of over 36,000 mph—a speed that would take you from the Earth to the moon in under seven hours.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since Pluto’s discovery in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, little was known of this small, distant world; the best pictures of the dwarf planet, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, had revealed little more than a blur of light and dark patches. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So on July 14, 2015, the world waited with great anticipation of seeing the first up-close images–and were rewarded handsomely for a decade of giddy patience. \u003c/span>After nine years in hibernation, New Horizons \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/five-years-after-new-horizons-historic-flyby-here-are-10-cool-things-we-learned-about-plut-0/\">whizzed past Pluto\u003c/a> at over 30,000 mph, passing within 4,800 miles of the dwarf planet’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/281378/new-horizons-spacecraft-turns-pluto-from-blurry-disk-into-highly-complex-world\">brought into sharp focus\u003c/a> for the first time, was revealed as a far more interesting world than anyone expected. With mountains of solid ice reaching two miles high, vast planes of frozen nitrogen-methane “slush” that appear to be flowing like glaciers, and a thin hazy atmosphere reaching heights of 80 miles above the surface, we are still gasping at Pluto’s beauty and uniqueness six years after the encounter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973555\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973555\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI-.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI-.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI--160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI--768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto. Image captured by New Horizons during its flyby on July 14, 2015. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following that flyby, New Horizons cruised onward into the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a wide swath of space beyond Neptune that contains multitudes of icy objects, mostly smaller than Pluto, circling the sun.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2019 New Horizons encountered one of these objects, later named \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/arrokoth-2014-mu69/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arrokoth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is to date the most distant object visited by any spacecraft. Discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope in June 2014, Arrokoth was added to New Horizons’ post-Pluto itinerary as a target of opportunity. Scientists interested in how our solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago wanted an up-close look at this example of a primitive “building block” object, the likes of which are believed to have come together to form the planets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973559\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973559\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-800x1143.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1143\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-800x1143.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-1020x1457.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-160x229.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-768x1097.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-1075x1536.png 1075w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth.png 1302w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arrokoth, the Kuiper Belt Object that New Horizons flew by in 2019. This is an ancient object, formed in the earliest times of our solar system 4.5 billion years ago. Arrokoth is the most distant object ever visited by a spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Horizons was bound for interstellar space since it launched, moving fast enough to escape the sun’s gravitational pull and coast forever outward into space, never to return home\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> Today, it is more than 4.6 billion miles away, forging ahead \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">through the vast region of the Kuiper Belt\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> toward its inevitable departure from the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voyagers 1 and 2: A Grand Tour\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The twin \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spacecraft launched from Earth in 1977 on a five-year mission to explore the two largest planets of the solar system, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/jupiter/#:~:text=NASA%20launched%20the%20two%20Voyager,approach%20was%20July%209%2C%201979.&text=They%20took%20more%20than%2033%2C000,and%20its%20five%20major%20satellites.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/saturn/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saturn\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. But as time went on, and the Voyagers continued in good health, NASA engineers became optimistic the spacecraft might operate for years beyond their expiration dates.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then a rare alignment of planets offered an opportunity to send at least one of the Voyagers on to the planet Uranus and perhaps Neptune as well.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-800x671.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"671\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-800x671.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-160x134.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-768x644.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path.jpg 805w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the “Grand Tour” of the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After capturing astounding close-up images of Jupiter and Saturn plus a host of their remarkable moons, mission planners engineered an end game that still tops all record charts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saturn’s gravity flung Voyager 2 toward \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/uranus/#:~:text=NASA's%20Voyager%202%20spacecraft%20flew,24%2C%201986.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uranus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and the spacecraft arrived at the “ice giant” five years later, in 1986. Uranus, in turn, hurled Voyager 2 toward its final planet encounter, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/neptune/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neptune\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1989. To date, Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these worlds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager 1’s path through the Saturn system sent it by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/11/12/voyager-1-the-first-close-encounter-with-titan/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Titan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the ringed world’s largest moon. Titan’s size and thick atmosphere offered great scientific reward, trumping an alternative option to send the spacecraft to Pluto.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With most of their instruments still functioning after their final encounters, the Voyagers began new careers searching for the boundary of interstellar space, where the rarefied gases and magnetic fields flowing outward from the sun change like a shift in the wind to become the prevailing environment between stars.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973556\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech.png 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boundary between our solar system and interstellar space is formed where the “bubble” of our sun’s gases and magnetic fields encounters the gases spread through interstellar space. Called the heliosphere, the shape of this bubble is not symmetrical around the sun, extending farther in some directions than in others. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager 1 officially passed into interstellar space on Aug. 12, 2012. Voyager 2 made the crossing in 2018.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, Voyager 1 has traveled the greatest distance from home of any spacecraft, 152 astronomical units from Earth, or just over 14 billion miles—a distance that takes radio signals over 21 hours to cross.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both Voyagers are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">still reporting back to Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, more than four decades after their five-year missions began. Electrical power from their radioisotope thermoelectric generators has declined over the decades, and some of their instruments have been shut down to conserve what remains, but NASA estimates that Voyager 1 could remain functional until 2025.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pioneers 10 and 11: Gone But Not Forgotten\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before the Voyagers’ epic tours came the first explorers of the outer solar system: \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer10-11.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneers 10 and\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 11\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Launched in 1972, scarcely a decade after the dawn of the space age, the Pioneers gave us our first up-close looks of Jupiter and Saturn and some of their moons. Before this, the gas giants’ enigmatic moons were known only as fuzzy points of light in Earth-based telescopes, and measurements of Jupiter’s magnetic field and intense radiation belts were crucial for designing the later Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973551\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 784px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973551\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"784\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice.jpg 784w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice-768x588.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Pioneer 10 passing through the Jupiter system, the first spacecraft encounter with any planet beyond the orbit of Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/Rick Guidice)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to cross the asteroid belt, to enter the outer solar system, and to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/forty-years-ago-pioneer-10-closest-approach-to-jupiter\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fly past Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1973. Afterward, Pioneer 10 continued on a solar escape trajectory that will carry it eventually to interstellar space, probably within the next three decades. The last radio signal we received from Pioneer 10 came in 2003.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a.jpg 228w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a-160x159.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, captured by Pioneer 10. Before this image, pictures of outer solar system moons taken from Earth will little more than fuzzy dots. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneer 11 flew past Jupiter, and then on to become the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/40-years-ago-pioneer-11-first-to-explore-saturn\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first spacecraft to visit Saturn\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1979. The last radio signal received from Pioneer 11 came in 1995.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s Next for the Frontier Five?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the youngster New Horizons may continue to actively explore objects and the environment of the Kuiper Belt for years to come, the ultimate fate of all five of our interstellar pioneers is to drift perpetually between the stars of the Milky Way, becoming galactic derelicts of human technology and space exploration.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1973548/meet-the-interstellar-five-robotic-explorers-venturing-far-far-from-earth","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_3419","science_5180","science_2173","science_2172","science_5191","science_501","science_1028"],"featImg":"science_1973550","label":"source_science_1973548"},"science_1936283":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1936283","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1936283","score":null,"sort":[1546540222000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-horizons-kicks-off-2019-with-another-ultimate-encounter","title":"New Horizons Kicks Off 2019 With Ultima Thule Encounter","publishDate":1546540222,"format":"standard","headTitle":"New Horizons Kicks Off 2019 With Ultima Thule Encounter | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It was a happy New Year for NASA. Only minutes into 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft made another historic achievement in space exploration: a fly-by of the most distant object ever visited, the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/exploration/?page=0&per_page=10&order=launch_date+desc%2Ctitle+asc&search=&tags=Kuiper+Belt&category=33\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a> Object called “Ultima Thule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 12:33 a.m. Eastern, January 1, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/807/new-horizons-successfully-explores-ultima-thule/\">New Horizons passed within 2,200\u003c/a> miles of the KBO, collecting about 7 gigabytes of data that will be transmitted back to Earth in the months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 19 miles long and 4 billion miles away from Earth, Ultima Thule is equivalent to a 1-inch target seen from 3,000 miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is Ultima Thule, and How Did We Find It?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46742298\">Ultima Thule\u003c/a>, which is translated as “beyond the known world,” may be a tiny object, but just as New Horizons’ encounter with Pluto almost four years ago showed us, surprising and wonderful things can be wrapped up in small packages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The object was discovered by observations from the Hubble Space Telescope in 2014, as part of a search for potential post-Pluto destinations of discovery for New Horizons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936298\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 533px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute.jpg\" alt=\"New Horizon's first image of the Kuiper Belt Object "Ultima Thule," captured during approach from a distance of 18,000 miles. \" width=\"533\" height=\"585\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute.jpg 533w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-160x176.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-240x263.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-375x412.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-520x571.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizon’s first image of the Kuiper Belt Object “Ultima Thule,” captured during approach from a distance of 18,000 miles. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SWRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As suspected from those observations, and now \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20190102\">confirmed by New Horizons\u003c/a>, Ultima Thule is a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/01/2014-mu69-contact-binary-first-new-horizons-returns/\">contact binary\u003c/a>“: two smaller objects that at some time in the past met each other. And so gently did they make contact, like the lightest of “kisses” between two billiard balls, both remained intact, and did not rebound from each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair have remained joined at the hip from then on, possibly since the earliest times in the formation of the solar system about 4.6 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Two For the Price of One\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ultima Thule (officially designated 2014 MU69) was selected from a short list of candidates as an extended target for New Horizons following the 2015 Pluto encounter, little more was known about it than its orbital characteristics, a rough estimate of its size, and that it had an elongated shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Added to these meager facts was an assumption that the object was composed largely of frozen volatile materials (ices of water, ammonia, methane, and others), as cold and distant \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/K/Kuiper+Belt+Objects\">Kuiper Belt Objects\u003c/a> are expected to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the up-close encounter of Ultima Thule, NASA has bagged not only what were originally two separate KBOs, but potentially any morphological markings left behind by their union, so long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three potential angles to peer into the past is not bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Kuiper Belt\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The Kuiper Belt is a disk-shaped region of the solar system found between the orbit of Neptune (30 Astronomical Units from the sun, 1 AU being one sun-Earth distance) to about 50 AU.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The journey of New Horizons, from its 2006 launch to its 2015 Pluto encounter and its path through the Kuiper Belt to date. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The journey of New Horizons, from its 2006 launch to its 2015 Pluto encounter and its path through the Kuiper Belt to date. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First hypothesized as a wide belt of myriad small, icy objects in 1930, it wasn’t until 1992 that the first Kuiper Belt Object was discovered, 15760 Albion, orbiting the sun at distances between 40 and 46 AU.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being so far from the heat of the sun and the gravitational disturbance of large planets, the Kuiper Belt represents a vast treasure trove of mostly undisturbed, pristine evidence of the earliest conditions in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the early stages of formation of a hypothetical star system similar to our solar system. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the early stages of formation of a hypothetical star system similar to our solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On planets like Earth, meteoric impacts, weathering and tectonic activity tend to erase most traces of times long gone — but no so on a KBO. Frozen in time-capsule fashion, Kuiper Belt Objects can inform us of what was going on 4.6 billion years ago that led to the formation of the planets, including the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data acquired on Ultima Thule will add importantly to the growing body of “solar system archaeological evidence” amassed by other comet, asteroid, and planetary missions, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.asteroidmission.org/\">OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hayabusa2.jaxa.jp/en/\">Hayabusa 2\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>and soon \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">InSIGHT\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s On the Horizon For New Horizons Now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>In the months ahead, New Horizons will send back all the pictures and other data acquired during the brief fly-by of Ultima Thule, so we have yet to be dazzled by the crispest, highest resolution images of the tiny contact binary. More to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all systems still functioning, and plenty of course-correction fuel remaining on board, NASA is interested in finding yet another Kuiper Belt Object for New Horizons to target in the years ahead. So the adventure may not yet be over.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Minutes into 2019, New Horizons made a historic fly-by of the most distant object visited, Ultima Thule.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927224,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":790},"headData":{"title":"New Horizons Kicks Off 2019 With Ultima Thule Encounter | KQED","description":"Minutes into 2019, New Horizons made a historic fly-by of the most distant object visited, Ultima Thule.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1936283/new-horizons-kicks-off-2019-with-another-ultimate-encounter","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It was a happy New Year for NASA. Only minutes into 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft made another historic achievement in space exploration: a fly-by of the most distant object ever visited, the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/exploration/?page=0&per_page=10&order=launch_date+desc%2Ctitle+asc&search=&tags=Kuiper+Belt&category=33\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a> Object called “Ultima Thule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 12:33 a.m. Eastern, January 1, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/807/new-horizons-successfully-explores-ultima-thule/\">New Horizons passed within 2,200\u003c/a> miles of the KBO, collecting about 7 gigabytes of data that will be transmitted back to Earth in the months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 19 miles long and 4 billion miles away from Earth, Ultima Thule is equivalent to a 1-inch target seen from 3,000 miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is Ultima Thule, and How Did We Find It?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46742298\">Ultima Thule\u003c/a>, which is translated as “beyond the known world,” may be a tiny object, but just as New Horizons’ encounter with Pluto almost four years ago showed us, surprising and wonderful things can be wrapped up in small packages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The object was discovered by observations from the Hubble Space Telescope in 2014, as part of a search for potential post-Pluto destinations of discovery for New Horizons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936298\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 533px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute.jpg\" alt=\"New Horizon's first image of the Kuiper Belt Object "Ultima Thule," captured during approach from a distance of 18,000 miles. \" width=\"533\" height=\"585\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute.jpg 533w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-160x176.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-240x263.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-375x412.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-520x571.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizon’s first image of the Kuiper Belt Object “Ultima Thule,” captured during approach from a distance of 18,000 miles. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SWRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As suspected from those observations, and now \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20190102\">confirmed by New Horizons\u003c/a>, Ultima Thule is a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/01/2014-mu69-contact-binary-first-new-horizons-returns/\">contact binary\u003c/a>“: two smaller objects that at some time in the past met each other. And so gently did they make contact, like the lightest of “kisses” between two billiard balls, both remained intact, and did not rebound from each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair have remained joined at the hip from then on, possibly since the earliest times in the formation of the solar system about 4.6 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Two For the Price of One\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ultima Thule (officially designated 2014 MU69) was selected from a short list of candidates as an extended target for New Horizons following the 2015 Pluto encounter, little more was known about it than its orbital characteristics, a rough estimate of its size, and that it had an elongated shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Added to these meager facts was an assumption that the object was composed largely of frozen volatile materials (ices of water, ammonia, methane, and others), as cold and distant \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/K/Kuiper+Belt+Objects\">Kuiper Belt Objects\u003c/a> are expected to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the up-close encounter of Ultima Thule, NASA has bagged not only what were originally two separate KBOs, but potentially any morphological markings left behind by their union, so long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three potential angles to peer into the past is not bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Kuiper Belt\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The Kuiper Belt is a disk-shaped region of the solar system found between the orbit of Neptune (30 Astronomical Units from the sun, 1 AU being one sun-Earth distance) to about 50 AU.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The journey of New Horizons, from its 2006 launch to its 2015 Pluto encounter and its path through the Kuiper Belt to date. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The journey of New Horizons, from its 2006 launch to its 2015 Pluto encounter and its path through the Kuiper Belt to date. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First hypothesized as a wide belt of myriad small, icy objects in 1930, it wasn’t until 1992 that the first Kuiper Belt Object was discovered, 15760 Albion, orbiting the sun at distances between 40 and 46 AU.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being so far from the heat of the sun and the gravitational disturbance of large planets, the Kuiper Belt represents a vast treasure trove of mostly undisturbed, pristine evidence of the earliest conditions in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the early stages of formation of a hypothetical star system similar to our solar system. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the early stages of formation of a hypothetical star system similar to our solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On planets like Earth, meteoric impacts, weathering and tectonic activity tend to erase most traces of times long gone — but no so on a KBO. Frozen in time-capsule fashion, Kuiper Belt Objects can inform us of what was going on 4.6 billion years ago that led to the formation of the planets, including the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data acquired on Ultima Thule will add importantly to the growing body of “solar system archaeological evidence” amassed by other comet, asteroid, and planetary missions, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.asteroidmission.org/\">OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hayabusa2.jaxa.jp/en/\">Hayabusa 2\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>and soon \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">InSIGHT\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s On the Horizon For New Horizons Now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>In the months ahead, New Horizons will send back all the pictures and other data acquired during the brief fly-by of Ultima Thule, so we have yet to be dazzled by the crispest, highest resolution images of the tiny contact binary. More to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all systems still functioning, and plenty of course-correction fuel remaining on board, NASA is interested in finding yet another Kuiper Belt Object for New Horizons to target in the years ahead. So the adventure may not yet be over.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1936283/new-horizons-kicks-off-2019-with-another-ultimate-encounter","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_3834","science_2173","science_5175","science_2172"],"featImg":"science_1936299","label":"source_science_1936283"},"science_723030":{"type":"posts","id":"science_723030","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"723030","score":null,"sort":[1464354023000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"its-not-your-parents-solar-system-anymore","title":"It's Not Your Parents' Solar System Anymore","publishDate":1464354023,"format":"standard","headTitle":"It’s Not Your Parents’ Solar System Anymore | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Ten years ago, Pluto was reclassified as dwarf planet — a result of discovering other solar system objects of comparable size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a year ago, the New Horizons spacecraft gave us our first up-close look at Pluto and its system of moons. These historic events define a decade in which our understanding of the solar system blossomed as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advancements in technology have enhanced our ability to detect, observe and analyze outer space. In addition, a wider field of players in solar system exploration has played no small role in the information explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do multiple countries now conduct space missions — the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan, China, India and others — private entities like Elon Musk’s SpaceX corporation are also getting into the game, to the extent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/32719-spacex-red-dragon-mars-missions-2018.html\">pursuing human missions to Mars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723135\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723135\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right).\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right). \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not very long ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age14-16/Astronomy/text/Theories_of_the_solar_system/index.html\">textbooks taught us\u003c/a> that our sun is the center of a system of nine planets, a belt of little understood bodies of rock (asteroids) between Mars and Jupiter and a mostly invisible host of mysterious comets that periodically enter our awareness when one passes close to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was then, this is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick headcount of \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/\">what we now know to exist\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Eight major planets — the four “terrestrial” planets of the inner solar system and four gas giants of the outer solar system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Five official dwarf planets, including Ceres (the largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt) and Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 150 “\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/pluto/kuiper_belt/trans_neptune_objects.html\">Trans-Neptunian Objects\u003c/a>” (minor planets whose average distances from the sun are greater than Neptune’s) that may eventually be classified as dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 179 moons orbiting planets and dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>About half a million \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/asteroids/indepth\">asteroids\u003c/a>, most of them in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And about 4,000 comets.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-723137 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg\" alt=\"The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth.\" width=\"800\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-400x275.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-768x527.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s what we know of. Estimates based on observation and theory suggest this is only the tip of the iceberg, and that there are probably tens of thousands of sizable bodies (larger than 60 miles across) and perhaps hundreds of billions of smaller comet-like objects out there — mostly orbiting beyond Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the sheer body-count, the past decade has also turned up fine details of objects that have been real eye-openers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, long ago, was partially covered in\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/28983-ancient-mars-oceans-big-waves.html\"> seas of liquid water\u003c/a>, likely salty, with an environment that may have been friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa \u003c/a>hides under its icy outer crust an ocean containing more liquid water than all of Earth’s oceans, warmed by energy spewing from its interior generated by tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a> — which is barely 300 miles in diameter—erupts with jets of water vapor and harbors liquid water beneath its surface, and possibly the chemistry that could support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723136\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723136\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>, is practically a cryogenic version of Earth, with a thick nitrogen atmosphere that supports a liquid-methane analog of Earth’s water cycle, complete with clouds, rain, river runoff, and lakes and seas of the stuff. (Make no mistake, though, if you took a swim in these seas, you would freeze solid in seconds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even cold, distant Pluto supports \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-on-frozen-pond\">dynamic processes\u003c/a> on its surface: glacier-like flows of nitrogen slush, cryovolcanoes and possibly tectonic activity. And we learned this just within the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A smaller dwarf planet than Pluto — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/6883/ceres/\">Ceres\u003c/a> — has shown signs of activity: water vapor outgassing from its surface, and bright mineral deposits possibly left behind by eruptions from beneath its crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most exciting part of our burgeoning awareness of the solar system’s surprises may be those yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the advancement in technology and the enterprises that participated in space exploration over the past decade changed our thinking about the solar system in such profound ways, imagine what the next decade will bring. Further advancements in Earth and \u003ca href=\"http://jwst.nasa.gov/comparison.html\">space-based observatories\u003c/a>, robotic spacecraft and probes, and even human expeditions into space are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What might we know by 2026?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the past decade our understanding of the solar system has exploded as never before. This \"springtime\" of discovery is powered both by advancements in technology and a broader field of players participating in space exploration. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930124,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":739},"headData":{"title":"It's Not Your Parents' Solar System Anymore | KQED","description":"In the past decade our understanding of the solar system has exploded as never before. This "springtime" of discovery is powered both by advancements in technology and a broader field of players participating in space exploration. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/723030/its-not-your-parents-solar-system-anymore","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ten years ago, Pluto was reclassified as dwarf planet — a result of discovering other solar system objects of comparable size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a year ago, the New Horizons spacecraft gave us our first up-close look at Pluto and its system of moons. These historic events define a decade in which our understanding of the solar system blossomed as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advancements in technology have enhanced our ability to detect, observe and analyze outer space. In addition, a wider field of players in solar system exploration has played no small role in the information explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do multiple countries now conduct space missions — the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan, China, India and others — private entities like Elon Musk’s SpaceX corporation are also getting into the game, to the extent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/32719-spacex-red-dragon-mars-missions-2018.html\">pursuing human missions to Mars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723135\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723135\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right).\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right). \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not very long ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age14-16/Astronomy/text/Theories_of_the_solar_system/index.html\">textbooks taught us\u003c/a> that our sun is the center of a system of nine planets, a belt of little understood bodies of rock (asteroids) between Mars and Jupiter and a mostly invisible host of mysterious comets that periodically enter our awareness when one passes close to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was then, this is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick headcount of \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/\">what we now know to exist\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Eight major planets — the four “terrestrial” planets of the inner solar system and four gas giants of the outer solar system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Five official dwarf planets, including Ceres (the largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt) and Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 150 “\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/pluto/kuiper_belt/trans_neptune_objects.html\">Trans-Neptunian Objects\u003c/a>” (minor planets whose average distances from the sun are greater than Neptune’s) that may eventually be classified as dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 179 moons orbiting planets and dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>About half a million \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/asteroids/indepth\">asteroids\u003c/a>, most of them in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And about 4,000 comets.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-723137 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg\" alt=\"The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth.\" width=\"800\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-400x275.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-768x527.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s what we know of. Estimates based on observation and theory suggest this is only the tip of the iceberg, and that there are probably tens of thousands of sizable bodies (larger than 60 miles across) and perhaps hundreds of billions of smaller comet-like objects out there — mostly orbiting beyond Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the sheer body-count, the past decade has also turned up fine details of objects that have been real eye-openers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, long ago, was partially covered in\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/28983-ancient-mars-oceans-big-waves.html\"> seas of liquid water\u003c/a>, likely salty, with an environment that may have been friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa \u003c/a>hides under its icy outer crust an ocean containing more liquid water than all of Earth’s oceans, warmed by energy spewing from its interior generated by tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a> — which is barely 300 miles in diameter—erupts with jets of water vapor and harbors liquid water beneath its surface, and possibly the chemistry that could support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723136\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723136\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>, is practically a cryogenic version of Earth, with a thick nitrogen atmosphere that supports a liquid-methane analog of Earth’s water cycle, complete with clouds, rain, river runoff, and lakes and seas of the stuff. (Make no mistake, though, if you took a swim in these seas, you would freeze solid in seconds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even cold, distant Pluto supports \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-on-frozen-pond\">dynamic processes\u003c/a> on its surface: glacier-like flows of nitrogen slush, cryovolcanoes and possibly tectonic activity. And we learned this just within the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A smaller dwarf planet than Pluto — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/6883/ceres/\">Ceres\u003c/a> — has shown signs of activity: water vapor outgassing from its surface, and bright mineral deposits possibly left behind by eruptions from beneath its crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most exciting part of our burgeoning awareness of the solar system’s surprises may be those yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the advancement in technology and the enterprises that participated in space exploration over the past decade changed our thinking about the solar system in such profound ways, imagine what the next decade will bring. Further advancements in Earth and \u003ca href=\"http://jwst.nasa.gov/comparison.html\">space-based observatories\u003c/a>, robotic spacecraft and probes, and even human expeditions into space are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What might we know by 2026?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/723030/its-not-your-parents-solar-system-anymore","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_5189","science_2172","science_5191","science_576"],"featImg":"science_723134","label":"science"},"science_581813":{"type":"posts","id":"science_581813","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"581813","score":null,"sort":[1458237659000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"plutos-geology-a-new-world-swims-into-our-ken","title":"Pluto's Geology: A New World Shimmers Into View","publishDate":1458237659,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Pluto’s Geology: A New World Shimmers Into View | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Last summer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/index.html\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft had everyone talking as it swept past Pluto, sending back tantalizing images of its surface. Now the mission’s scientists have published a lot of material from their research. Five papers in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\">Science\u003c/a> answer questions we’ve been holding onto about Pluto and its large satellite Charon (the name rhymes with “Sharon”) since then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions like: What are they like? What are they made of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto’s neighborhood is pretty strange. First of all, conditions are extremely cold. The sun is so far away, it looks like an ordinary bright star. Temperatures are minus 370 degrees Fahrenheit in full sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything out there is frozen solid, even things that are gases on Earth. Instead of Earth-type rocks made of silicon compounds, the rocks we see on Pluto and Charon are made of ices — frozen water, nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. Yet in important ways, rocks and ices on Pluto act like rocks and ice on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto image\" width=\"448\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s true colors are exaggerated in this false-color rendition, especially the deep reds of Cthulhu Regio. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take water ice. On Earth, water ice is soft enough to flow in the form of glaciers, but at Pluto’s temperatures it’s as rigid and brittle as stone. Pluto’s other three ices, together referred to as volatile ices, are softer, like glacier ice on Earth. The three volatile ices mix easily with each other, but they also can be naturally separated since they evaporate and condense at slightly different temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the long seasons as Pluto-Charon circles the Sun once in 248 years, these volatile ices evaporate during summer. That thin breath of vapor makes up the atmospheres of Pluto and Charon. The vapors circulate and then condense as frost during winter. Over billions of years, this slow cycle has gently sculpted the icy landscapes into a great variety of forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-581816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-800x600.png\" alt=\"Bladed terrain on Pluto\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Bladed terrain” in the Tartarus Dorsa region of Pluto appears to have formed in methane ice by some long-continued etching process. Similar erosional features in Earth rocks may give us clues about this terrain — or vice versa. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The big bright heart-shaped feature on Pluto, informally named Sputnik Planum, turns out to be a low-lying basin full of volatile ices. The ices slowly stir and circulate, erasing impact craters there within a few million years — about as fast as craters are wiped out on Earth’s rocky crust. In that respect, Pluto is one of the most active places we know. Yet other areas on Pluto are heavily cratered and appear to have surfaces as old as the solar system itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-581817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-800x600.gif\" alt=\"Surface of Sputnik Planum\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-800x600.gif 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-400x300.gif 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-768x576.gif 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This detailed image of the glaciers in Pluto’s Sputnik Planum, about 50 miles in width, shows thousands of pits in its surface of nitrogen ice as well as larger circulation patterns. “Islands” are interpreted as floating bergs of water ice, or perhaps the tips of ice mountains. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both Pluto and Charon also have evidence of deeper activity. Pluto has some canyons that appear to have formed by stretching from below. Charon is far more dramatic, with a ring of great cracks around its equator. The working theory is that when Charon was younger and warmer, it had an original interior of liquid water that slowly froze. Because water, uniquely among common substances, expands as it freezes, the results might look like what we see today on Charon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto and Charon are also colorful, ranging from the blue of nitrogen ice to the reds and browns found in Charon’s great north-polar basin, Mordor Macula, and Pluto’s ancient Cthulhu Regio. The reddish material appears to be a thin crust of organic crud, chemicals called tholins that are made from methane ice by space radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581818\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe.jpg\" alt=\"Charon\" width=\"448\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavily cratered Charon is marked by Mordor Macula, a deep polar basin paved with red tholins, and an equatorial belt of immense cracks possibly caused by freezing of its deep mantle of water ice. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we all know, Pluto is no longer officially called a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet\">planet\u003c/a>. Speaking as a geologist, I don’t like this, because Pluto exhibits the basic \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/planets/a/planetnuts.htm\">geologic behavior of a proper planet\u003c/a> — it’s round, it’s differentiated inside, and it’s active. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the astronomers decided 10 years ago that Pluto is not planetary enough. It’s too small for its gravity to have cleared all the cosmic debris from around it, and it has neighbors in that part of space that are the same size and even larger. So Pluto is a dwarf planet. But the authors of the Science papers have done better by calling Pluto and Charon “worlds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying a world like Pluto takes the wide-ranging skills of a large team of scientists. They may find analogies for something on Pluto existing on Earth’s glaciers, in various parts of Mars, or on any number of the icy moons of the outer planets. The pitted terrain on Sputnik Planum’s glaciers, for instance, looks a lot like the “Swiss cheese features” seen on the carbon-dioxide ice caps of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The promise of exploring these analogies is that what we learn on Pluto may shed new light on other worlds, even our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work uncovers holes in our knowledge — for instance, we know very little about the mechanical behavior of solid nitrogen or methane ice. But now that we know this knowledge matters, we can do some decent experiments. Thus a project like New Horizons not only challenges researchers to find new ideas, but also sends them back to obscure basics that are suddenly world-changing matters.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A set of papers in the journal Science reveal a variety of strange and splendid things about the outer worlds Pluto and Charon.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930472,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":981},"headData":{"title":"Pluto's Geology: A New World Shimmers Into View | KQED","description":"A set of papers in the journal Science reveal a variety of strange and splendid things about the outer worlds Pluto and Charon.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/581813/plutos-geology-a-new-world-swims-into-our-ken","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last summer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/index.html\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft had everyone talking as it swept past Pluto, sending back tantalizing images of its surface. Now the mission’s scientists have published a lot of material from their research. Five papers in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\">Science\u003c/a> answer questions we’ve been holding onto about Pluto and its large satellite Charon (the name rhymes with “Sharon”) since then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions like: What are they like? What are they made of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto’s neighborhood is pretty strange. First of all, conditions are extremely cold. The sun is so far away, it looks like an ordinary bright star. Temperatures are minus 370 degrees Fahrenheit in full sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything out there is frozen solid, even things that are gases on Earth. Instead of Earth-type rocks made of silicon compounds, the rocks we see on Pluto and Charon are made of ices — frozen water, nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. Yet in important ways, rocks and ices on Pluto act like rocks and ice on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto image\" width=\"448\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s true colors are exaggerated in this false-color rendition, especially the deep reds of Cthulhu Regio. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take water ice. On Earth, water ice is soft enough to flow in the form of glaciers, but at Pluto’s temperatures it’s as rigid and brittle as stone. Pluto’s other three ices, together referred to as volatile ices, are softer, like glacier ice on Earth. The three volatile ices mix easily with each other, but they also can be naturally separated since they evaporate and condense at slightly different temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the long seasons as Pluto-Charon circles the Sun once in 248 years, these volatile ices evaporate during summer. That thin breath of vapor makes up the atmospheres of Pluto and Charon. The vapors circulate and then condense as frost during winter. Over billions of years, this slow cycle has gently sculpted the icy landscapes into a great variety of forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-581816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-800x600.png\" alt=\"Bladed terrain on Pluto\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Bladed terrain” in the Tartarus Dorsa region of Pluto appears to have formed in methane ice by some long-continued etching process. Similar erosional features in Earth rocks may give us clues about this terrain — or vice versa. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The big bright heart-shaped feature on Pluto, informally named Sputnik Planum, turns out to be a low-lying basin full of volatile ices. The ices slowly stir and circulate, erasing impact craters there within a few million years — about as fast as craters are wiped out on Earth’s rocky crust. In that respect, Pluto is one of the most active places we know. Yet other areas on Pluto are heavily cratered and appear to have surfaces as old as the solar system itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-581817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-800x600.gif\" alt=\"Surface of Sputnik Planum\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-800x600.gif 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-400x300.gif 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-768x576.gif 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This detailed image of the glaciers in Pluto’s Sputnik Planum, about 50 miles in width, shows thousands of pits in its surface of nitrogen ice as well as larger circulation patterns. “Islands” are interpreted as floating bergs of water ice, or perhaps the tips of ice mountains. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both Pluto and Charon also have evidence of deeper activity. Pluto has some canyons that appear to have formed by stretching from below. Charon is far more dramatic, with a ring of great cracks around its equator. The working theory is that when Charon was younger and warmer, it had an original interior of liquid water that slowly froze. Because water, uniquely among common substances, expands as it freezes, the results might look like what we see today on Charon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto and Charon are also colorful, ranging from the blue of nitrogen ice to the reds and browns found in Charon’s great north-polar basin, Mordor Macula, and Pluto’s ancient Cthulhu Regio. The reddish material appears to be a thin crust of organic crud, chemicals called tholins that are made from methane ice by space radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581818\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe.jpg\" alt=\"Charon\" width=\"448\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavily cratered Charon is marked by Mordor Macula, a deep polar basin paved with red tholins, and an equatorial belt of immense cracks possibly caused by freezing of its deep mantle of water ice. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we all know, Pluto is no longer officially called a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet\">planet\u003c/a>. Speaking as a geologist, I don’t like this, because Pluto exhibits the basic \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/planets/a/planetnuts.htm\">geologic behavior of a proper planet\u003c/a> — it’s round, it’s differentiated inside, and it’s active. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the astronomers decided 10 years ago that Pluto is not planetary enough. It’s too small for its gravity to have cleared all the cosmic debris from around it, and it has neighbors in that part of space that are the same size and even larger. So Pluto is a dwarf planet. But the authors of the Science papers have done better by calling Pluto and Charon “worlds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying a world like Pluto takes the wide-ranging skills of a large team of scientists. They may find analogies for something on Pluto existing on Earth’s glaciers, in various parts of Mars, or on any number of the icy moons of the outer planets. The pitted terrain on Sputnik Planum’s glaciers, for instance, looks a lot like the “Swiss cheese features” seen on the carbon-dioxide ice caps of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The promise of exploring these analogies is that what we learn on Pluto may shed new light on other worlds, even our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work uncovers holes in our knowledge — for instance, we know very little about the mechanical behavior of solid nitrogen or methane ice. But now that we know this knowledge matters, we can do some decent experiments. Thus a project like New Horizons not only challenges researchers to find new ideas, but also sends them back to obscure basics that are suddenly world-changing matters.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/581813/plutos-geology-a-new-world-swims-into-our-ken","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_28","science_38"],"tags":["science_1310","science_218","science_2172","science_5191"],"featImg":"science_581814","label":"science"},"science_556802":{"type":"posts","id":"science_556802","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"556802","score":null,"sort":[1457103657000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"months-after-its-pluto-encounter-nasa-spacecraft-still-surprises-and-delights","title":"Months After its Pluto Encounter, NASA Spacecraft Still Surprises and Delights","publishDate":1457103657,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Months After its Pluto Encounter, NASA Spacecraft Still Surprises and Delights | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Seven months after its historic encounter with Pluto, NASA’s New Horizons mission is still dazzling us with discoveries: ancient frozen canyons, chains of icebergs floating in rivers of exotic slush, signs of paleo-oceans, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a quick flyby mission that lasted mere hours, New Horizons is the gift-giver that keeps on giving as its Pluto data trickles back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Icebergs Floating in Nitrogen Slush?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have heard of Pluto’s 10,000-foot-high mountain ranges of water ice, possible cryovolcanoes, and nitrogen-ice glaciers pouring through canyons and spilling out into wide flat milky plains. What you may not know is that Pluto has \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Multimedia/Science-Photos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=408\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floating islands\u003c/a>—yes, islands. Or, maybe more correctly, icebergs, of a sort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556873\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-556873\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto's "floating ice islands" in the plains of Sputnik Planum. \" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-400x240.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-1180x708.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-960x576.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s “floating ice islands” in the plains of Sputnik Planum. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the smooth white plains of\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/image-of-plutos-vast-icy-plain-informally-called-sputnik-planum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Sputnik Planum\u003c/a>, out among the flat expanses of frosty nitrogen and methane, protrude hills of water ice clustered in chains that almost look like flotsam washed up along the banks of a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water-ice islands, or bergs, range in size from a mile to several miles across. At first glance they appear as hills dotting the flat plain, or possibly the tops of taller formations poking above the frigid flows that surround them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the clustering pattern, along with the directional flow of the slushy glacial sheets, suggest that they are large chunks of material that have broken off nearby highlands of water ice and were carried along with the flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clustering in chains may be due to the floating bergs running aground in shallower areas and accumulating—so the impression of riverbank flotsam may be accurate!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it helps to think of the nitrogen glaciers as rivers and the plains they flood into as seas—seas in a much more literal sense than the “mare” (seas) of Earth’s Moon, which are flat plains of solid basalt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Pluto, exotic ices of nitrogen, methane, and ammonia (all of which have been detected in Sputnik Planum) are not rock-solid like their water-ice counterpart, but flow somewhat like glaciers do in Earth’s warmer climate. Glaciers on Earth are even known to carry chunks of rock and transport them from one place to another—although these usually sink to the bottom of the glacier, rock being denser than water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Pluto, water ice is less dense than the nitrogen glaciers and so would “float” in the slush—not unlike how icebergs float in Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frozen Polar Canyons\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another news flash came in more recently: “frozen” canyons exist in Pluto’s North Pole region—face it, a lot of things are frozen on Pluto. You may think, so what? Isn’t every canyon on Pluto technically frozen? What’s the fuss about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556874\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-556874\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-800x986.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto's ancient frozen canyons of its North Polar region. \" width=\"800\" height=\"986\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-800x986.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-400x493.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-768x947.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-1180x1454.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-960x1183.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s ancient frozen canyons of its North Polar region. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Multimedia/Science-Photos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">canyons in question\u003c/a> are a series of long, parallel furrows, the largest of them gaping 45 miles across, bracketing Pluto’s geographic North Pole. These canyons, unlike many others found elsewhere on Pluto, appear to be quite old, crumbling and degraded with age, and are possibly made of weaker material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may be old enough to have formed when Pluto was still tectonically active, when the dwarf planet and its large moon Charon rotated relative to each other and mutually generated a lot of tidal-stress heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Pluto and Charon are tidally locked, each keeping the same side aimed at the other—like the faces of a figure-skating couple with gazes locked on one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tethered grip the pair have on each other today, there is no longer any significant gravitational flexing or stretching between them to generate heat and drive tectonic activity—the figure skaters are not flexing their muscles to perform spins and throws, but simply clasp hands and no longer generate as much body heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying these polar canyons, scientists may gain insight into conditions in Pluto’s and Charon’s past, when the couple did work up more of a tectonic sweat than today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ancient Ocean on Charon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, turning our attention to Charon (Pluto’s big moon) there appears to be evidence of what may have been an \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Multimedia/Science-Photos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ancient ocean\u003c/a> long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence comes in the form of a series of long, deep chasms that give the appearance that Charon’s water ice surface has cracked. One of these “cracks” is 1,100 miles long and up to 4.5 miles deep!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hypothesis about these epic canyons is that long ago, Charon was warmer, with heat from radioactive decay as well as its initial formation melting at least some of the water ice to form subsurface oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556875\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-556875\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-800x433.jpg\" alt=\"The "cracks" in the icy crust of Pluto's moon Charon that may be evidence of a past subsurface ocean of liquid water\" width=\"800\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-400x217.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-768x416.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-1180x639.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-960x520.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “cracks” in the icy crust of Pluto’s moon Charon that may be evidence of a past subsurface ocean of liquid water \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Charon cooled over time, the oceans would have frozen and expanded, pushing the crust outward and forming giant stress fractures—ostensibly the chasms New Horizons captured images of when it flew by last July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Adventure Continues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can enjoy the fruits of New Horizons’ expedition for months to come. Due to the spacecraft’s great distance (\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Mission/Where-is-New-Horizons/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">presently\u003c/a> over 3.2 billion miles from Earth), a limited amount of electrical power, and the fact that it collected many gigabytes of data, it will take upwards of \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/why-itll-take-new-horizons-16-months-to-send-us-this-we-1717769317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 months to transmit\u003c/a> it all back to Earth—so the rewards should keep rolling in through the end of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, there’s a fresh adventure on the horizon, as the tiny nuclear robot coasts toward a 2019 encounter with the Kuiper Belt Object 2014 MU69. If the encounter goes as planned, it will be our first up-close look at a small, icy object in the Kuiper Belt, those vast rings of material that encircle the sun beyond the orbit of Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned…\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Seven months after its historic encounter with Pluto, NASA's New Horizons mission is still dazzling us with discoveries: ancient frozen canyons, chains of icebergs floating in rivers of exotic slush, signs of paleo-oceans, and more. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930529,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1067},"headData":{"title":"Months After its Pluto Encounter, NASA Spacecraft Still Surprises and Delights | KQED","description":"Seven months after its historic encounter with Pluto, NASA's New Horizons mission is still dazzling us with discoveries: ancient frozen canyons, chains of icebergs floating in rivers of exotic slush, signs of paleo-oceans, and more. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/556802/months-after-its-pluto-encounter-nasa-spacecraft-still-surprises-and-delights","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seven months after its historic encounter with Pluto, NASA’s New Horizons mission is still dazzling us with discoveries: ancient frozen canyons, chains of icebergs floating in rivers of exotic slush, signs of paleo-oceans, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a quick flyby mission that lasted mere hours, New Horizons is the gift-giver that keeps on giving as its Pluto data trickles back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Icebergs Floating in Nitrogen Slush?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have heard of Pluto’s 10,000-foot-high mountain ranges of water ice, possible cryovolcanoes, and nitrogen-ice glaciers pouring through canyons and spilling out into wide flat milky plains. What you may not know is that Pluto has \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Multimedia/Science-Photos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=408\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floating islands\u003c/a>—yes, islands. Or, maybe more correctly, icebergs, of a sort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556873\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-556873\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto's "floating ice islands" in the plains of Sputnik Planum. \" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-400x240.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-1180x708.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-960x576.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s “floating ice islands” in the plains of Sputnik Planum. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the smooth white plains of\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/image-of-plutos-vast-icy-plain-informally-called-sputnik-planum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Sputnik Planum\u003c/a>, out among the flat expanses of frosty nitrogen and methane, protrude hills of water ice clustered in chains that almost look like flotsam washed up along the banks of a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water-ice islands, or bergs, range in size from a mile to several miles across. At first glance they appear as hills dotting the flat plain, or possibly the tops of taller formations poking above the frigid flows that surround them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the clustering pattern, along with the directional flow of the slushy glacial sheets, suggest that they are large chunks of material that have broken off nearby highlands of water ice and were carried along with the flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clustering in chains may be due to the floating bergs running aground in shallower areas and accumulating—so the impression of riverbank flotsam may be accurate!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it helps to think of the nitrogen glaciers as rivers and the plains they flood into as seas—seas in a much more literal sense than the “mare” (seas) of Earth’s Moon, which are flat plains of solid basalt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Pluto, exotic ices of nitrogen, methane, and ammonia (all of which have been detected in Sputnik Planum) are not rock-solid like their water-ice counterpart, but flow somewhat like glaciers do in Earth’s warmer climate. Glaciers on Earth are even known to carry chunks of rock and transport them from one place to another—although these usually sink to the bottom of the glacier, rock being denser than water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Pluto, water ice is less dense than the nitrogen glaciers and so would “float” in the slush—not unlike how icebergs float in Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frozen Polar Canyons\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another news flash came in more recently: “frozen” canyons exist in Pluto’s North Pole region—face it, a lot of things are frozen on Pluto. You may think, so what? Isn’t every canyon on Pluto technically frozen? What’s the fuss about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556874\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-556874\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-800x986.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto's ancient frozen canyons of its North Polar region. \" width=\"800\" height=\"986\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-800x986.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-400x493.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-768x947.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-1180x1454.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-960x1183.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s ancient frozen canyons of its North Polar region. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Multimedia/Science-Photos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">canyons in question\u003c/a> are a series of long, parallel furrows, the largest of them gaping 45 miles across, bracketing Pluto’s geographic North Pole. These canyons, unlike many others found elsewhere on Pluto, appear to be quite old, crumbling and degraded with age, and are possibly made of weaker material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may be old enough to have formed when Pluto was still tectonically active, when the dwarf planet and its large moon Charon rotated relative to each other and mutually generated a lot of tidal-stress heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Pluto and Charon are tidally locked, each keeping the same side aimed at the other—like the faces of a figure-skating couple with gazes locked on one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tethered grip the pair have on each other today, there is no longer any significant gravitational flexing or stretching between them to generate heat and drive tectonic activity—the figure skaters are not flexing their muscles to perform spins and throws, but simply clasp hands and no longer generate as much body heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying these polar canyons, scientists may gain insight into conditions in Pluto’s and Charon’s past, when the couple did work up more of a tectonic sweat than today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ancient Ocean on Charon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, turning our attention to Charon (Pluto’s big moon) there appears to be evidence of what may have been an \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Multimedia/Science-Photos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ancient ocean\u003c/a> long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence comes in the form of a series of long, deep chasms that give the appearance that Charon’s water ice surface has cracked. One of these “cracks” is 1,100 miles long and up to 4.5 miles deep!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hypothesis about these epic canyons is that long ago, Charon was warmer, with heat from radioactive decay as well as its initial formation melting at least some of the water ice to form subsurface oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556875\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-556875\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-800x433.jpg\" alt=\"The "cracks" in the icy crust of Pluto's moon Charon that may be evidence of a past subsurface ocean of liquid water\" width=\"800\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-400x217.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-768x416.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-1180x639.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-960x520.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “cracks” in the icy crust of Pluto’s moon Charon that may be evidence of a past subsurface ocean of liquid water \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Charon cooled over time, the oceans would have frozen and expanded, pushing the crust outward and forming giant stress fractures—ostensibly the chasms New Horizons captured images of when it flew by last July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Adventure Continues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can enjoy the fruits of New Horizons’ expedition for months to come. Due to the spacecraft’s great distance (\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Mission/Where-is-New-Horizons/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">presently\u003c/a> over 3.2 billion miles from Earth), a limited amount of electrical power, and the fact that it collected many gigabytes of data, it will take upwards of \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/why-itll-take-new-horizons-16-months-to-send-us-this-we-1717769317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 months to transmit\u003c/a> it all back to Earth—so the rewards should keep rolling in through the end of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, there’s a fresh adventure on the horizon, as the tiny nuclear robot coasts toward a 2019 encounter with the Kuiper Belt Object 2014 MU69. If the encounter goes as planned, it will be our first up-close look at a small, icy object in the Kuiper Belt, those vast rings of material that encircle the sun beyond the orbit of Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned…\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/556802/months-after-its-pluto-encounter-nasa-spacecraft-still-surprises-and-delights","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_784","science_2172","science_843","science_5191"],"featImg":"science_556805","label":"science"},"science_456475":{"type":"posts","id":"science_456475","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"456475","score":null,"sort":[1452265219000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"move-over-pluto-dwarf-planet-ceres-gets-an-extreme-close-up","title":"Move Over Pluto, Dwarf Planet Ceres Gets an Extreme Close-Up","publishDate":1452265219,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Move Over Pluto, Dwarf Planet Ceres Gets an Extreme Close-Up | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Dawn spacecraft\u003c/a> recently made its closest flyby of Ceres, sending back the most detailed views of its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres is the largest object in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/32856/asteroid-belt/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Main Asteroid Belt\u003c/a> located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, and the only dwarf planet closer to the sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While news from that other dwarf planet encounter of 2015—New Horizons’ epic and brief July flyby of Pluto—has dominated attention in recent months, Dawn has been quietly and persistently scouring Ceres for information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_456654\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-456654\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Close-up picture of a region of the southern hemisphere of the dwarf planet Ceres, captured by NASA's Dawn spacecraft from its closest encounter to date. \" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up on a region of Ceres’ southern hemisphere, captured by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft from its closest encounter to date. \u003ccite>(Dawn/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Close-Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">December 10, \u003c/span>\u003ca style=\"line-height: 1.5\" href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news-detail.html?id=4802\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dawn captured images\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\"> of Ceres’ southern hemisphere from an altitude of only 240 miles, its closest encounter to date. From this close orbit, image resolution of Ceres’ surface is about 120 feet per pixel, which is providing scientists with unprecedented details of the tiny fractured and cratered world.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking of fractures and craters, Dawn has revealed a collection of “trough” features, found all over the dwarf planet’s surface. While many of these cracks appear to be associated with impact craters and formed by shattering collisions with meteorites, some appear to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/31469-dwarf-planet-ceres-stretched-surface-photos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tectonic in nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tectonic stress fractures have been seen on other solar system bodies, including Earth and Mars. These are cracks formed by the contraction of a planet’s surface or by the weight of mountains that build up, whether by volcanic eruption or tectonic uplift. \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/9683-surface-mars-possibly-shaped-plate-tectonics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Olympus Mons\u003c/a>, Mars’ mega-volcano, is an example of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Ceres is very small—only about 584 miles across, on average—the evidence of internal forces and processes that have broken its crust is tantalizing. A number of small bodies in the solar system have surprised us recently by showing signs of internal activity—Ceres, \u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/pluto-may-have-deep-seas-and-ancient-tectonic-faults-140412.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia11140.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, to name three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Detection of Salt and Clay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn’s other instruments have made observations of Ceres’ chemical makeup\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>that are also intriguing. Earlier in December, the composition of the mysterious “\u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news-detail.html?id=4785\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bright spots\u003c/a>” was revealed as salt, possibly a type of magnesium sulfate called hexahydrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres has also been found to contain ammoniated clays, which suggests that the material it formed from may have originated in the outer solar system where ammonia is abundant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Ceres formed in the outer solar system and then migrated to its present location in the Main Asteroid Belt, or the materials it coalesced from originated out there, is not known, but either way the finding offers fascinating insights into the solar system’s past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ceres Is Unique Even Among Dwarf Planets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are five objects in our solar system classified as dwarf planets (with potentially many more to be added). Four of them—Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake—are Kuiper Belt Objects, orbiting the sun in a vast belt of icy material extending from beyond the orbit of Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the dwarf planets, Ceres alone resides relatively close to Earth. The rewards of data mined from Pluto and Ceres by New Horizons and Dawn gives us the opportunity to compare these two very different objects, and helps to define the range of variation in properties and surface conditions of dwarf planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dawn’s Advanced Engine Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_456658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-456658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Dawn spacecraft firing its electrical ion propulsion engine.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Dawn spacecraft firing its electrical ion propulsion engine. \u003ccite>(Dawn/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before arriving at Ceres, Dawn spent a year orbiting the asteroid and protoplanet Vesta, making it the only spacecraft outside of the Earth-Moon system to orbit two different objects. One of the things that enabled Dawn to do this is its cutting-edge \u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ion_prop.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">electrical ion propulsion system\u003c/a>, a highly efficient engine that uses low power, but constant thrust to achieve greater velocity changes than conventional chemical rocket engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/whats-next-dawn-mission-keri-bean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">what’s in the future \u003c/a>for this versatile itinerant robot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, Dawn will remain in orbit as a permanent artificial satellite of Ceres even beyond the duration of its mission, currently schedule to end in June. So, we still have a few months of cool pictures and potentially awesome discoveries to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, we can shift our anticipation back to New Horizons and its 2019 encounter with Kuiper Belt Object 2014 MU69.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In December, NASA's Dawn spacecraft put the dwarf planet Ceres back into the spotlight when it made its closest approach to date, sending back the most detailed views of its surface.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930813,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":739},"headData":{"title":"Move Over Pluto, Dwarf Planet Ceres Gets an Extreme Close-Up | KQED","description":"In December, NASA's Dawn spacecraft put the dwarf planet Ceres back into the spotlight when it made its closest approach to date, sending back the most detailed views of its surface.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/456475/move-over-pluto-dwarf-planet-ceres-gets-an-extreme-close-up","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Dawn spacecraft\u003c/a> recently made its closest flyby of Ceres, sending back the most detailed views of its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres is the largest object in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/32856/asteroid-belt/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Main Asteroid Belt\u003c/a> located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, and the only dwarf planet closer to the sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While news from that other dwarf planet encounter of 2015—New Horizons’ epic and brief July flyby of Pluto—has dominated attention in recent months, Dawn has been quietly and persistently scouring Ceres for information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_456654\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-456654\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Close-up picture of a region of the southern hemisphere of the dwarf planet Ceres, captured by NASA's Dawn spacecraft from its closest encounter to date. \" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up on a region of Ceres’ southern hemisphere, captured by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft from its closest encounter to date. \u003ccite>(Dawn/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Close-Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">December 10, \u003c/span>\u003ca style=\"line-height: 1.5\" href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news-detail.html?id=4802\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dawn captured images\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\"> of Ceres’ southern hemisphere from an altitude of only 240 miles, its closest encounter to date. From this close orbit, image resolution of Ceres’ surface is about 120 feet per pixel, which is providing scientists with unprecedented details of the tiny fractured and cratered world.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking of fractures and craters, Dawn has revealed a collection of “trough” features, found all over the dwarf planet’s surface. While many of these cracks appear to be associated with impact craters and formed by shattering collisions with meteorites, some appear to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/31469-dwarf-planet-ceres-stretched-surface-photos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tectonic in nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tectonic stress fractures have been seen on other solar system bodies, including Earth and Mars. These are cracks formed by the contraction of a planet’s surface or by the weight of mountains that build up, whether by volcanic eruption or tectonic uplift. \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/9683-surface-mars-possibly-shaped-plate-tectonics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Olympus Mons\u003c/a>, Mars’ mega-volcano, is an example of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Ceres is very small—only about 584 miles across, on average—the evidence of internal forces and processes that have broken its crust is tantalizing. A number of small bodies in the solar system have surprised us recently by showing signs of internal activity—Ceres, \u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/pluto-may-have-deep-seas-and-ancient-tectonic-faults-140412.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia11140.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, to name three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Detection of Salt and Clay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn’s other instruments have made observations of Ceres’ chemical makeup\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>that are also intriguing. Earlier in December, the composition of the mysterious “\u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news-detail.html?id=4785\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bright spots\u003c/a>” was revealed as salt, possibly a type of magnesium sulfate called hexahydrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres has also been found to contain ammoniated clays, which suggests that the material it formed from may have originated in the outer solar system where ammonia is abundant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Ceres formed in the outer solar system and then migrated to its present location in the Main Asteroid Belt, or the materials it coalesced from originated out there, is not known, but either way the finding offers fascinating insights into the solar system’s past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ceres Is Unique Even Among Dwarf Planets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are five objects in our solar system classified as dwarf planets (with potentially many more to be added). Four of them—Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake—are Kuiper Belt Objects, orbiting the sun in a vast belt of icy material extending from beyond the orbit of Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the dwarf planets, Ceres alone resides relatively close to Earth. The rewards of data mined from Pluto and Ceres by New Horizons and Dawn gives us the opportunity to compare these two very different objects, and helps to define the range of variation in properties and surface conditions of dwarf planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dawn’s Advanced Engine Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_456658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-456658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Dawn spacecraft firing its electrical ion propulsion engine.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Dawn spacecraft firing its electrical ion propulsion engine. \u003ccite>(Dawn/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before arriving at Ceres, Dawn spent a year orbiting the asteroid and protoplanet Vesta, making it the only spacecraft outside of the Earth-Moon system to orbit two different objects. One of the things that enabled Dawn to do this is its cutting-edge \u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ion_prop.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">electrical ion propulsion system\u003c/a>, a highly efficient engine that uses low power, but constant thrust to achieve greater velocity changes than conventional chemical rocket engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/whats-next-dawn-mission-keri-bean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">what’s in the future \u003c/a>for this versatile itinerant robot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, Dawn will remain in orbit as a permanent artificial satellite of Ceres even beyond the duration of its mission, currently schedule to end in June. So, we still have a few months of cool pictures and potentially awesome discoveries to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, we can shift our anticipation back to New Horizons and its 2019 encounter with Kuiper Belt Object 2014 MU69.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/456475/move-over-pluto-dwarf-planet-ceres-gets-an-extreme-close-up","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1306","science_1310","science_5175","science_2172","science_5191"],"featImg":"science_456653","label":"science"},"science_368481":{"type":"posts","id":"science_368481","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"368481","score":null,"sort":[1448632854000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ice-volcanoes-on-pluto-whats-next","title":"Ice Volcanoes on Pluto? What's Next!","publishDate":1448632854,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Ice Volcanoes on Pluto? What’s Next! | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>At this moment, NASA’s tiny \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft, which captured the world’s imagination and our hearts when it flew past Pluto in July, is already some 100 million miles beyond, plunging headlong into the icy, dark reaches of the \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/kbos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a> at more than eight miles per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The armchair-adventure we’ve engaged in with this intrepid little robot is far from over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the buzz of the Pluto encounter quieted down and people assumed the cool stuff was over, one astonishing discovery after another has rolled in with data that New Horizons beamed back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The image of a volcanic eruption, even one spewing frosty slush, shatters the long-held assumption that Pluto was merely a dead, static world with little or no active processes.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“How?” you may ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes time to analyze the scientific data New Horizons captured, and not all of that data has even made it back to Earth yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a data transmission rate of only about 2 kilobits per second, it will take until late in 2016 for all of the Pluto encounter data to be sent home. A slow process, maybe, but for scientists it’s a bit like a birthday party that goes on for months, with new presents to unwrap every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Layers of Geologic Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20151109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surprises scientists have found\u003c/a> inside the gift boxes from New Horizons is that Pluto’s landscapes comprise a wide range of ages. Scientists determined this by counting impact craters; the number of craters on a planet’s or a moon’s surface is an indication of how long that surface has been exposed to meteoroid impact events, without being reshaped by ongoing active processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_368487\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutocratermap.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-368487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutocratermap-800x417.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Pluto showing the locations of impact craters. Heavily cratered regions are more ancient surfaces, while those with little or no cratering are relatively young.\" width=\"800\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutocratermap-800x417.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutocratermap-400x209.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutocratermap.jpg 903w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Pluto showing the locations of impact craters. Heavily cratered regions are more ancient surfaces, while those with little or no cratering are relatively young. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Planetary surfaces whose ages stretch back to when the solar system was young and filled with debris—meteoroids, asteroids, comets, and planetesimals—bear especially high densities of impact craters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diversity of ages of Pluto’s surface tells us clearly that the dwarf planet hasn’t just been stoically bearing the ravages of the solar system’s slings and arrows, but has been actively healing some of those scars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some regions do appear to date back 4 billion years to just after the solar system’s genesis, other areas have been since remodeled. The smooth icy plains of Sputnik Planum, the western half of Pluto’s vast heart-shaped feature, are completely crater-free, and may be as young as only 10 million years—that’s baby skin in the time scale of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ices of Sputnik Planum are not just frozen water—which are as strong as rock in Pluto’s minus 378 degrees F temperatures—but frozen nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide. These exotic ices are not so rock-hard in Pluto’s climate, and patterns in some areas suggest they are moving, or have moved recently, in glacier-like flows. The youthful, unblemished surfaces of Sputnik Planum may be explained in part by the action of flowing ices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_368488\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/cryovolcanoes.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-368488\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/cryovolcanoes-400x763.jpg\" alt=\"Wright Mons and Piccard Mons, two mountains on Pluto that may have been formed by eruptions of ices from beneath Pluto's surface. \" width=\"360\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/cryovolcanoes-400x763.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/cryovolcanoes-800x1527.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/cryovolcanoes-960x1832.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/cryovolcanoes.jpg 974w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wright Mons and Piccard Mons, two mountains on Pluto that may have been formed by eruptions of ices from beneath Pluto’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ice Volcanoes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of Pluto’s mountains—Wright Mons and Piccard Mons—appear to be more than just mounds of ice and rock. They may be \u003cem>cryovolcanoes\u003c/em>: mountains formed by the eruption of ices from beneath Pluto’s surface!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wide depressions surrounded by concentric fracturing occupy the mountains’ central areas, resembling pictures of some Earthly volcanic calderas. Wright Mons is 60 miles wide, 13,000 feet high, and its central depression is 35 miles across—and it’s the smaller of the pair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image of an active volcanic eruption, even one spewing out frosty slush instead of molten rock, may grip our imaginations more than any other Plutonian discovery, for the notion shatters the long-held assumption that Pluto was merely a dead, static world with little or no active processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clues to Planetary Origin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scarcity of smaller impact craters on Pluto’s more ancient surfaces, as well as those of its large moon, Charon, have caused scientists to question some earlier and long-standing assumptions about the formation of the Kuiper Belt, and by extension the \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/formation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">solar system \u003c/a>in general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One long-time assumption had been that objects in the Kuiper Belt were gradually built up in size by the coalescence of small chunks of rock and ice that clumped into ever-larger objects, which in turn clumped together to build the objects we see today. This idea is like when a child snaps together the smallest blocks in a set of Legos into somewhat larger blocks, and then fits those blocks into even larger assemblies, and so on toward a final finished Lego structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_368489\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-368489\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-400x200.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto's smaller moons, which may be representative of smaller bodies throughout the Kuiper Belt\" width=\"400\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-1440x720.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-1920x960.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-1180x590.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-960x480.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s smaller moons, which may be representative of smaller bodies throughout the Kuiper Belt \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lack of small craters on Pluto supports a different idea: that Kuiper Belt Objects of the sizes we see today–typically 10-miles across and up–may have formed directly from ice and rock dust. In this case the child builds the final Lego structure simply by adding single Lego blocks to it, without creating intermediate assemblies first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But Wait, It Gets Even Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as New Horizons’ Pluto flyby data continue to trickle back to Earth, the spacecraft has already set upon a new mission of exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, mission operators conducted a \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20151105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series of engine thrust maneuvers\u003c/a> that put New Horizons on a path for a January 2019 encounter with the Kuiper Belt Object known as 2014 MU69, more than a billion miles farther away than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This extended mission will give us our first-ever close look at a small Kuiper Belt Object—or any object, other than Pluto and its moons, within the Kuiper Belt. Another big gift box awaits!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Two of Pluto's mountains may be formed by eruption of ices from beneath its surface. NASA's New Horizons keeps delivering adventure on the dwarf planet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930985,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1075},"headData":{"title":"Ice Volcanoes on Pluto? What's Next! | KQED","description":"Two of Pluto's mountains may be formed by eruption of ices from beneath its surface. NASA's New Horizons keeps delivering adventure on the dwarf planet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/368481/ice-volcanoes-on-pluto-whats-next","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At this moment, NASA’s tiny \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft, which captured the world’s imagination and our hearts when it flew past Pluto in July, is already some 100 million miles beyond, plunging headlong into the icy, dark reaches of the \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/kbos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a> at more than eight miles per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The armchair-adventure we’ve engaged in with this intrepid little robot is far from over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the buzz of the Pluto encounter quieted down and people assumed the cool stuff was over, one astonishing discovery after another has rolled in with data that New Horizons beamed back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The image of a volcanic eruption, even one spewing frosty slush, shatters the long-held assumption that Pluto was merely a dead, static world with little or no active processes.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“How?” you may ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes time to analyze the scientific data New Horizons captured, and not all of that data has even made it back to Earth yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a data transmission rate of only about 2 kilobits per second, it will take until late in 2016 for all of the Pluto encounter data to be sent home. A slow process, maybe, but for scientists it’s a bit like a birthday party that goes on for months, with new presents to unwrap every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Layers of Geologic Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20151109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surprises scientists have found\u003c/a> inside the gift boxes from New Horizons is that Pluto’s landscapes comprise a wide range of ages. Scientists determined this by counting impact craters; the number of craters on a planet’s or a moon’s surface is an indication of how long that surface has been exposed to meteoroid impact events, without being reshaped by ongoing active processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_368487\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutocratermap.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-368487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutocratermap-800x417.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Pluto showing the locations of impact craters. Heavily cratered regions are more ancient surfaces, while those with little or no cratering are relatively young.\" width=\"800\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutocratermap-800x417.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutocratermap-400x209.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutocratermap.jpg 903w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Pluto showing the locations of impact craters. Heavily cratered regions are more ancient surfaces, while those with little or no cratering are relatively young. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Planetary surfaces whose ages stretch back to when the solar system was young and filled with debris—meteoroids, asteroids, comets, and planetesimals—bear especially high densities of impact craters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diversity of ages of Pluto’s surface tells us clearly that the dwarf planet hasn’t just been stoically bearing the ravages of the solar system’s slings and arrows, but has been actively healing some of those scars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some regions do appear to date back 4 billion years to just after the solar system’s genesis, other areas have been since remodeled. The smooth icy plains of Sputnik Planum, the western half of Pluto’s vast heart-shaped feature, are completely crater-free, and may be as young as only 10 million years—that’s baby skin in the time scale of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ices of Sputnik Planum are not just frozen water—which are as strong as rock in Pluto’s minus 378 degrees F temperatures—but frozen nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide. These exotic ices are not so rock-hard in Pluto’s climate, and patterns in some areas suggest they are moving, or have moved recently, in glacier-like flows. The youthful, unblemished surfaces of Sputnik Planum may be explained in part by the action of flowing ices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_368488\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/cryovolcanoes.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-368488\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/cryovolcanoes-400x763.jpg\" alt=\"Wright Mons and Piccard Mons, two mountains on Pluto that may have been formed by eruptions of ices from beneath Pluto's surface. \" width=\"360\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/cryovolcanoes-400x763.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/cryovolcanoes-800x1527.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/cryovolcanoes-960x1832.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/cryovolcanoes.jpg 974w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wright Mons and Piccard Mons, two mountains on Pluto that may have been formed by eruptions of ices from beneath Pluto’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ice Volcanoes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of Pluto’s mountains—Wright Mons and Piccard Mons—appear to be more than just mounds of ice and rock. They may be \u003cem>cryovolcanoes\u003c/em>: mountains formed by the eruption of ices from beneath Pluto’s surface!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wide depressions surrounded by concentric fracturing occupy the mountains’ central areas, resembling pictures of some Earthly volcanic calderas. Wright Mons is 60 miles wide, 13,000 feet high, and its central depression is 35 miles across—and it’s the smaller of the pair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image of an active volcanic eruption, even one spewing out frosty slush instead of molten rock, may grip our imaginations more than any other Plutonian discovery, for the notion shatters the long-held assumption that Pluto was merely a dead, static world with little or no active processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clues to Planetary Origin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scarcity of smaller impact craters on Pluto’s more ancient surfaces, as well as those of its large moon, Charon, have caused scientists to question some earlier and long-standing assumptions about the formation of the Kuiper Belt, and by extension the \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/formation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">solar system \u003c/a>in general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One long-time assumption had been that objects in the Kuiper Belt were gradually built up in size by the coalescence of small chunks of rock and ice that clumped into ever-larger objects, which in turn clumped together to build the objects we see today. This idea is like when a child snaps together the smallest blocks in a set of Legos into somewhat larger blocks, and then fits those blocks into even larger assemblies, and so on toward a final finished Lego structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_368489\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-368489\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-400x200.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto's smaller moons, which may be representative of smaller bodies throughout the Kuiper Belt\" width=\"400\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-1440x720.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-1920x960.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-1180x590.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/plutosmoons-960x480.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s smaller moons, which may be representative of smaller bodies throughout the Kuiper Belt \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lack of small craters on Pluto supports a different idea: that Kuiper Belt Objects of the sizes we see today–typically 10-miles across and up–may have formed directly from ice and rock dust. In this case the child builds the final Lego structure simply by adding single Lego blocks to it, without creating intermediate assemblies first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But Wait, It Gets Even Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as New Horizons’ Pluto flyby data continue to trickle back to Earth, the spacecraft has already set upon a new mission of exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, mission operators conducted a \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20151105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series of engine thrust maneuvers\u003c/a> that put New Horizons on a path for a January 2019 encounter with the Kuiper Belt Object known as 2014 MU69, more than a billion miles farther away than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This extended mission will give us our first-ever close look at a small Kuiper Belt Object—or any object, other than Pluto and its moons, within the Kuiper Belt. Another big gift box awaits!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/368481/ice-volcanoes-on-pluto-whats-next","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_2173","science_2172","science_5191"],"featImg":"science_368486","label":"science"},"science_281378":{"type":"posts","id":"science_281378","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"281378","score":null,"sort":[1443813484000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-horizons-spacecraft-turns-pluto-from-blurry-disk-into-highly-complex-world","title":"NASA Spacecraft Turns Pluto From Blurry Disk Into Highly Complex World","publishDate":1443813484,"format":"image","headTitle":"NASA Spacecraft Turns Pluto From Blurry Disk Into Highly Complex World | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>In July \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft flew within 7,700 miles of Pluto, a close encounter that lasted mere hours. In that short time, preliminary \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">images\u003c/a> sent back to Earth just after closest approach grabbed our attention and captured our imagination in profound ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our vision of Pluto went from being a fuzzy, blurry disk to crisp and colorful vistas of what has turned out to be a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/pluto-s-majestic-mountains-frozen-plains-and-foggy-hazes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly complex and unique world\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the adventure of exploring Pluto and its system of moons was only beginning and continues to unfold even now, as New Horizons’ mass of flyby data is transmitted slowly back to Earth, where scientists will spend years analyzing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are Glaciers Flowing on Pluto?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A giant heart-shaped region, named Tombaugh Regio (in honor of Pluto’s discoverer, Clyde Tombaugh), presents \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/tr-pan.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vast sheets of icy plains\u003c/a> that bear little or no evidence of impact craters, suggesting that its gleaming white surfaces are relatively young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281382\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-281382\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows-400x280.jpg\" alt=\"Blue arrows indicate a region of accumulated ices, while red arrows outline a feature believed to be formed by glacier flow activity. \" width=\"400\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows-400x280.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows-1180x826.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows.jpg 1301w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue arrows indicate a region of accumulated ices, while red arrows outline a feature believed to be formed by glacier flow activity. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some areas of the smooth plains possess patterns \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-discovers-flowing-ices-on-pluto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reminiscent of glacier activity\u003c/a>, with masses of accumulated material apparently flowing between hill ranges to flood lower terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Horizons detected frozen nitrogen, carbon monoxide and methane in these plains of ice, which could help explain any active glacier flows there. While water ice in Pluto’s extremely cold temperatures should behave as solid rock does on Earth, these exotic ices may be able to flow in glacial “rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Towers of Ice Miles High?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281384\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-281384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains-400x218.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto's ice mountains casting sunset shadows across the cold landscape.\" width=\"400\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains-400x218.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains-800x437.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains-1440x786.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains-1180x644.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains-960x524.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains.jpg 1467w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s ice mountains casting sunset shadows across the cold landscape. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also found within Tombaugh Regio are two \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydU-YrG_INk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">significant ranges of mountains\u003c/a>, the highest peaks reaching over two miles into the sky. Their light coloration suggests that they may be composed largely of water ice. On Earth, the warmer climate and much stronger gravity prevent solid ice from rising so high. On Pluto, nature allows such possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has stood on the salty white playa at Badwater in Death Valley National Park and looked upward at the towering, snow-covered Panamint mountain range and its 11,050-foot \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/telescopepeak-gabriel_millos.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Telescope Peak\u003c/a> have a clear example of the dimensions of Pluto’s ice mountains. Throw in a bright moonlit night and you might be looking upon a scene very similar to a Plutonian day in the ice mountains. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smog? Fog?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.nasa.gov/pluto/2015/09/25/pluto-at-twilight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pluto’s atmosphere\u003c/a> was found to be more extensive and complex than thought, and composed of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and methane. The fact that frozen forms of these chemicals have been found in Pluto’s ice plains points to a possible dynamic interaction between surface and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281389\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/crepuscularrays.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-281389\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/crepuscularrays-400x218.jpg\" alt='Shafts of sunlight pouring through gaps in mountains on Pluto shine through low-lying haze, or \"fog,\" in valleys and plains.' width=\"400\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/crepuscularrays-400x218.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/crepuscularrays-800x437.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/crepuscularrays-960x524.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/crepuscularrays.jpg 1013w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shafts of sunlight pouring through gaps in mountains on Pluto shine through low-lying haze, or “fog,” in valleys and plains. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Giving the impression of the skin of an onion, Pluto’s atmosphere is defined by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/haze-layers.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">layers of haze\u003c/a>, the highest layer detected about 80 miles from Pluto’s surface. The haze is composed of hydrocarbon particulates, including methane, ethylene and acetylene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying shrouds of surface haze, or perhaps “fog,” have been seen hugging the ground in images side-lit by the sun’s twilight rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Snake Skin?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A surface texture dubbed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/perplexing-pluto-new-snakeskin-image-and-more-from-new-horizons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snake skin\u003c/a>” is puzzling scientists. Composed of linear, rounded, bluish-gray ridges with a reddish filling between, the complex and so far unexplained terrain presents the appearance of reptilian skin, like an alligator or snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/snakeskin.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-281390\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/snakeskin-400x246.jpg\" alt='A bizarre and unexplained surface terrain on Pluto dubbed \"snake-skin.\"' width=\"400\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/snakeskin-400x246.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/snakeskin.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bizarre and unexplained surface terrain on Pluto dubbed “snake-skin.” \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SWRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further analysis of New Horizons’ data in the months ahead may give us a better understanding of what forces have shaped this terrain, but for now Pluto’s “snake skin” is symbolic of the fact that we are still exploring, still learning and still discovering the beauty and wonder that is Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before New Horizons, artists depicted Pluto’s landscapes with rolling hills of ice, frosty plains and tiny moons set under brilliant stars—a palette of landforms and skyscapes that took into account our scant knowledge of this distant, cold and tiny dwarf planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, envisioning the vistas we might behold if we could stand on Pluto’s surface has taken on an entirely new dimension. New Horizons is delivering to us knowledge of unearthly landscapes that we never dared to expect.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In July NASA's New Horizons spacecraft flew within 7,700 miles of Pluto. But the exploration is only beginning. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931233,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":773},"headData":{"title":"NASA Spacecraft Turns Pluto From Blurry Disk Into Highly Complex World | KQED","description":"In July NASA's New Horizons spacecraft flew within 7,700 miles of Pluto. But the exploration is only beginning. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/281378/new-horizons-spacecraft-turns-pluto-from-blurry-disk-into-highly-complex-world","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In July \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft flew within 7,700 miles of Pluto, a close encounter that lasted mere hours. In that short time, preliminary \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">images\u003c/a> sent back to Earth just after closest approach grabbed our attention and captured our imagination in profound ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our vision of Pluto went from being a fuzzy, blurry disk to crisp and colorful vistas of what has turned out to be a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/pluto-s-majestic-mountains-frozen-plains-and-foggy-hazes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly complex and unique world\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the adventure of exploring Pluto and its system of moons was only beginning and continues to unfold even now, as New Horizons’ mass of flyby data is transmitted slowly back to Earth, where scientists will spend years analyzing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are Glaciers Flowing on Pluto?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A giant heart-shaped region, named Tombaugh Regio (in honor of Pluto’s discoverer, Clyde Tombaugh), presents \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/tr-pan.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vast sheets of icy plains\u003c/a> that bear little or no evidence of impact craters, suggesting that its gleaming white surfaces are relatively young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281382\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-281382\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows-400x280.jpg\" alt=\"Blue arrows indicate a region of accumulated ices, while red arrows outline a feature believed to be formed by glacier flow activity. \" width=\"400\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows-400x280.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows-1180x826.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/glacierflows.jpg 1301w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue arrows indicate a region of accumulated ices, while red arrows outline a feature believed to be formed by glacier flow activity. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some areas of the smooth plains possess patterns \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-discovers-flowing-ices-on-pluto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reminiscent of glacier activity\u003c/a>, with masses of accumulated material apparently flowing between hill ranges to flood lower terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Horizons detected frozen nitrogen, carbon monoxide and methane in these plains of ice, which could help explain any active glacier flows there. While water ice in Pluto’s extremely cold temperatures should behave as solid rock does on Earth, these exotic ices may be able to flow in glacial “rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Towers of Ice Miles High?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281384\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-281384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains-400x218.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto's ice mountains casting sunset shadows across the cold landscape.\" width=\"400\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains-400x218.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains-800x437.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains-1440x786.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains-1180x644.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains-960x524.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sunsetmountains.jpg 1467w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s ice mountains casting sunset shadows across the cold landscape. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also found within Tombaugh Regio are two \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydU-YrG_INk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">significant ranges of mountains\u003c/a>, the highest peaks reaching over two miles into the sky. Their light coloration suggests that they may be composed largely of water ice. On Earth, the warmer climate and much stronger gravity prevent solid ice from rising so high. On Pluto, nature allows such possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has stood on the salty white playa at Badwater in Death Valley National Park and looked upward at the towering, snow-covered Panamint mountain range and its 11,050-foot \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/telescopepeak-gabriel_millos.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Telescope Peak\u003c/a> have a clear example of the dimensions of Pluto’s ice mountains. Throw in a bright moonlit night and you might be looking upon a scene very similar to a Plutonian day in the ice mountains. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smog? Fog?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.nasa.gov/pluto/2015/09/25/pluto-at-twilight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pluto’s atmosphere\u003c/a> was found to be more extensive and complex than thought, and composed of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and methane. The fact that frozen forms of these chemicals have been found in Pluto’s ice plains points to a possible dynamic interaction between surface and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281389\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/crepuscularrays.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-281389\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/crepuscularrays-400x218.jpg\" alt='Shafts of sunlight pouring through gaps in mountains on Pluto shine through low-lying haze, or \"fog,\" in valleys and plains.' width=\"400\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/crepuscularrays-400x218.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/crepuscularrays-800x437.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/crepuscularrays-960x524.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/crepuscularrays.jpg 1013w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shafts of sunlight pouring through gaps in mountains on Pluto shine through low-lying haze, or “fog,” in valleys and plains. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Giving the impression of the skin of an onion, Pluto’s atmosphere is defined by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/haze-layers.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">layers of haze\u003c/a>, the highest layer detected about 80 miles from Pluto’s surface. The haze is composed of hydrocarbon particulates, including methane, ethylene and acetylene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying shrouds of surface haze, or perhaps “fog,” have been seen hugging the ground in images side-lit by the sun’s twilight rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Snake Skin?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A surface texture dubbed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/perplexing-pluto-new-snakeskin-image-and-more-from-new-horizons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snake skin\u003c/a>” is puzzling scientists. Composed of linear, rounded, bluish-gray ridges with a reddish filling between, the complex and so far unexplained terrain presents the appearance of reptilian skin, like an alligator or snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/snakeskin.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-281390\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/snakeskin-400x246.jpg\" alt='A bizarre and unexplained surface terrain on Pluto dubbed \"snake-skin.\"' width=\"400\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/snakeskin-400x246.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/snakeskin.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bizarre and unexplained surface terrain on Pluto dubbed “snake-skin.” \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SWRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further analysis of New Horizons’ data in the months ahead may give us a better understanding of what forces have shaped this terrain, but for now Pluto’s “snake skin” is symbolic of the fact that we are still exploring, still learning and still discovering the beauty and wonder that is Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before New Horizons, artists depicted Pluto’s landscapes with rolling hills of ice, frosty plains and tiny moons set under brilliant stars—a palette of landforms and skyscapes that took into account our scant knowledge of this distant, cold and tiny dwarf planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, envisioning the vistas we might behold if we could stand on Pluto’s surface has taken on an entirely new dimension. New Horizons is delivering to us knowledge of unearthly landscapes that we never dared to expect.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/281378/new-horizons-spacecraft-turns-pluto-from-blurry-disk-into-highly-complex-world","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_2172","science_5191"],"featImg":"science_281380","label":"science"},"science_132980":{"type":"posts","id":"science_132980","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"132980","score":null,"sort":[1437746446000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"pluto-or-bust-possible-extended-mission-for-nasas-new-horizons","title":"Pluto or Bust: Possible Extended Mission for NASA's New Horizons","publishDate":1437746446,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Pluto or Bust: Possible Extended Mission for NASA’s New Horizons | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>July 14th was a fantastic ride. \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> mission took us through the Pluto system on the adventure of a lifetime, an adventure that will continue to unfold for many months as the large batch of data captured by the tiny spacecraft is sent back to Earth in radio trickles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gvz7vKV6Akp3r4AvzxGqsryhO7EbRAR2″]The encounter with Pluto and its large moon Charon dealt us far more surprises than expected. Far from being the icy, crater-scarred orbs that conventional thinking might have prepared us for, both appear to have relatively young, nearly crater-free surfaces–which means that some form of activity has taken place in their recent history—sometime in the past 100 million years or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tectonic activity? \u003ca href=\"http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/geology/titan-cryovolcanism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cryo-volcanism\u003c/a>? A \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/120921/nasa-gives-go-for-mission-to-alien-ocean-world-at-jupiter-moon-europa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sub-surface ocean\u003c/a>? Atmospheric meteorological phenomena? We don’t know, yet—but that’s part of the ongoing journey of discovery that we can enjoy for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even as Pluto data continues to flow in with fresh food for thought on these questions, mission scientists have their eyes on a further adventure, beyond Pluto. Though no definite decisions have been carved in ice yet, the opportunity to expand on the exploration of Pluto’s realm, the Kuiper Belt, is open wide before New Horizons’ flight trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Horizons is in good condition, having survived its decade-long trek to Pluto, mostly in a preserving state of robotic hibernation. Powered by plutonium, the spacecraft’s energy source can last for, well, thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOs&Display=OverviewLong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a> is a wide band ringing the Sun, extending from just beyond the orbit of Neptune to about 50 astronomical units (AU–1 AU being the Earth-Sun distance of about 93 million miles). It is populated by an unknown number of icy objects—dwarf planets like Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake; smaller Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs); and comets—and is estimated to contain between 20 and 200 times the material of the main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of territory to explore—and very interesting territory, if New Horizons’ revelations of the Pluto system are an indication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons for exploring Pluto and the Kuiper Belt—maybe the most important reason, scientifically—is that these objects possess clues about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/formation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">formation of the solar system\u003c/a>. They are basically “left overs” from the solar system’s earliest times, chunks of primordial material that didn’t get swept up in the formation of the planets, or were ejected from regions closer to the sun by their gravitational influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While New Horizons is still officially engaged in its Pluto flyby mission, continuing observations of the dwarf planet system as it flies away, it is also poised on the point of a decision: where to go next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission scientists would like to send New Horizons to another encounter, and have a pair of candidates in mind: two Kuiper Belt Objects, called 2014 MU69 and 2014 PN70. We can only visit one of these, and to achieve either destination the spacecraft must expend some fuel to adjust its course—and by no later than the Fall of 2015. The actual encounter would occur in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these objects are quite different from Pluto. They are smaller, estimated to be a few tens of miles across—compared to Pluto’s newly refined diameter of 1,473 miles. And they are much farther from the sun—about a billion miles farther than Pluto, deep within the Kuiper Belt. A flyby sampling of either would likely tell us things about that region of the solar system that Pluto can only hint at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this further encounter can only take place if NASA approves funding for an extended mission, for which proposals are due in 2016, with funding granted in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worst-case scenario: New Horizons is sent to one of these objects, but flies by without collecting or sending data back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best case: we have another close encounter with a far-flung, exotic, and mysterious world to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's New Horizons recently took us on the adventure of a lifetime, but is there life after Pluto for the intrepid spacecraft?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931525,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":697},"headData":{"title":"Pluto or Bust: Possible Extended Mission for NASA's New Horizons | KQED","description":"NASA's New Horizons recently took us on the adventure of a lifetime, but is there life after Pluto for the intrepid spacecraft?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/132980/pluto-or-bust-possible-extended-mission-for-nasas-new-horizons","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>July 14th was a fantastic ride. \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> mission took us through the Pluto system on the adventure of a lifetime, an adventure that will continue to unfold for many months as the large batch of data captured by the tiny spacecraft is sent back to Earth in radio trickles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The encounter with Pluto and its large moon Charon dealt us far more surprises than expected. Far from being the icy, crater-scarred orbs that conventional thinking might have prepared us for, both appear to have relatively young, nearly crater-free surfaces–which means that some form of activity has taken place in their recent history—sometime in the past 100 million years or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tectonic activity? \u003ca href=\"http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/geology/titan-cryovolcanism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cryo-volcanism\u003c/a>? A \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/120921/nasa-gives-go-for-mission-to-alien-ocean-world-at-jupiter-moon-europa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sub-surface ocean\u003c/a>? Atmospheric meteorological phenomena? We don’t know, yet—but that’s part of the ongoing journey of discovery that we can enjoy for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even as Pluto data continues to flow in with fresh food for thought on these questions, mission scientists have their eyes on a further adventure, beyond Pluto. Though no definite decisions have been carved in ice yet, the opportunity to expand on the exploration of Pluto’s realm, the Kuiper Belt, is open wide before New Horizons’ flight trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Horizons is in good condition, having survived its decade-long trek to Pluto, mostly in a preserving state of robotic hibernation. Powered by plutonium, the spacecraft’s energy source can last for, well, thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOs&Display=OverviewLong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a> is a wide band ringing the Sun, extending from just beyond the orbit of Neptune to about 50 astronomical units (AU–1 AU being the Earth-Sun distance of about 93 million miles). It is populated by an unknown number of icy objects—dwarf planets like Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake; smaller Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs); and comets—and is estimated to contain between 20 and 200 times the material of the main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of territory to explore—and very interesting territory, if New Horizons’ revelations of the Pluto system are an indication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons for exploring Pluto and the Kuiper Belt—maybe the most important reason, scientifically—is that these objects possess clues about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/formation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">formation of the solar system\u003c/a>. They are basically “left overs” from the solar system’s earliest times, chunks of primordial material that didn’t get swept up in the formation of the planets, or were ejected from regions closer to the sun by their gravitational influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While New Horizons is still officially engaged in its Pluto flyby mission, continuing observations of the dwarf planet system as it flies away, it is also poised on the point of a decision: where to go next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission scientists would like to send New Horizons to another encounter, and have a pair of candidates in mind: two Kuiper Belt Objects, called 2014 MU69 and 2014 PN70. We can only visit one of these, and to achieve either destination the spacecraft must expend some fuel to adjust its course—and by no later than the Fall of 2015. The actual encounter would occur in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these objects are quite different from Pluto. They are smaller, estimated to be a few tens of miles across—compared to Pluto’s newly refined diameter of 1,473 miles. And they are much farther from the sun—about a billion miles farther than Pluto, deep within the Kuiper Belt. A flyby sampling of either would likely tell us things about that region of the solar system that Pluto can only hint at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this further encounter can only take place if NASA approves funding for an extended mission, for which proposals are due in 2016, with funding granted in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worst-case scenario: New Horizons is sent to one of these objects, but flies by without collecting or sending data back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best case: we have another close encounter with a far-flung, exotic, and mysterious world to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/132980/pluto-or-bust-possible-extended-mission-for-nasas-new-horizons","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_2173","science_5175","science_2172","science_5191"],"featImg":"science_132985","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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