A Glimpse Into the Future of Northern California Plant Life
Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind
Climate Change Threatens Wildflower Diversity in California
Efforts to Restore Monarch Butterflies' Milkweed Habitats May Be Doing More Harm Than Good
Eucalyptus: California Icon, Fire Hazard and Invasive Species
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Prior to joining the organization, she launched and led the arts bureau at Colorado Public Radio, served as the Bay Area's culture columnist for the New York Times, and was the founder, host and executive producer of VoiceBox, a national award-winning weekly podcast/radio show and live events series all about the human voice. Chloe is the recipient of numerous prizes, grants and fellowships including a Webby Award for her work on interactive storytelling, both the John S Knight Journalism Fellowship and Humanities Center Fellowship at Stanford University, the Sundance Arts Writing Fellowship and a Library of Congress Research Fellowship. She is the author of the book \"On Acting\" and has appeared as a guest lecturer at Yale University and the San Francisco Conservatory of Music among other institutions. 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She recently finished her PhD in Biology from University of Utah, where she studied how small mammals are responding to climate change. She also has past lives as an engineer, a blueberry farmer, and a baker. Outside of the lab, Johanna has been active in designing authentic field research experiences for K-12 students and giving interactive public presentations about local mammals. You can find her on twitter at @johannavarner","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/35ae0c7a361af670964ce707e56c052c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Johanna Varner | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/35ae0c7a361af670964ce707e56c052c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/35ae0c7a361af670964ce707e56c052c?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jvarner"},"dventon":{"type":"authors","id":"11088","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11088","found":true},"name":"Danielle Venton","firstName":"Danielle","lastName":"Venton","slug":"dventon","email":"dventon@kqed.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Science reporter","bio":"Danielle Venton is a reporter for KQED Science. She covers wildfires, space and oceans (though she is prone to sea sickness).\r\n\r\nBefore joining KQED in 2015, Danielle was a staff reporter at KRCB in Sonoma County and a freelancer. She studied science communication at UC Santa Cruz and formerly worked at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland where she wrote about computing. She lives in Sonoma County and enjoys backpacking.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"DanielleVenton","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Danielle Venton | KQED","description":"Science reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dventon"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1966521":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1966521","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1966521","score":null,"sort":[1595941754000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cape-sundews-trap-bugs-in-a-sticky-situation","title":"Cape Sundews Trap Bugs In A Sticky Situation","publishDate":1595941754,"format":"video","headTitle":"Cape Sundews Trap Bugs In A Sticky Situation | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]If you have houseplants, most of the time there’s not a lot of visible activity. They just quietly add some outdoor beauty to your indoor surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966546\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1966546\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1020x569.jpg\" alt=\"fly sundew\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1020x569.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1536x856.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-2048x1142.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1920x1070.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A trapped insect is slowly digested by a Cape sundew plant. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But then there are carnivorous plants, like \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/sundews/\">sundews\u003c/a>. They aren’t content to just sit still. Typically found in habitats where other plants usually can’t thrive — like bogs with nutrient-poor soil — they often need to supplement their diet with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Carnivorous plants have developed a way to obtain these key nutrients from another source: insects. Specifically, by consuming them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing carnivorous plants at home has become more popular over the years, and some species of sundews are easy to maintain for beginners, like the \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/drosera-capensis-narrow-leaf/?portfolioCats=86%2C180%2C91%2C162%2C179%2C173%2C83%2C10%2C324%2C729%2C34\">Cape sundew\u003c/a>. Several years ago, 33-year-old David Fefferman realized there wasn’t a comprehensive clearinghouse of information for other passionate hobbyists like himself, so he launched \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/\">Carnivorous Plants Resource\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966548\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 476px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966548\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"David Fefferman\" width=\"476\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped.jpg 476w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped-160x145.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Fefferman of Carnivorous Plants Resource holds one of the “Dichotoma Giant” forked sundews from his enormous personal collection. \u003ccite>(David Fefferman / CPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The site is a thrill ride for lovers of carnivorous plants, with everything from growing tips for \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/venus-flytrap/\">Venus flytraps\u003c/a> to group events to a marketplace where people can sell the plants and other items, like carnivorous plant-related art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without doubt, it’s the most feature-rich carnivorous plant website around,” Fefferman said. “We’re definitely the most thorough and up-to-date site for the hobby.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fefferman, an Orange County resident, has been enamored with these unique plants from a very young age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I picked up my first carnivorous plant in elementary school after a friend brought in a Venus flytrap as part of his science fair project,” he said. “I was already primed for plant-learning since my own project was focused on photosynthesis, and I just fell in love with his weird little insect-eating plant. I asked my mom to take me to a ‘plant store’ to find one for myself, and the passion grew from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents helped nurture his growing interest when they took him to the The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens in Los Angeles County to see the Amorphophallus titanum — one of the world’s largest flowers, commonly known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycUNj_Hv4_Y\">corpse flower\u003c/a> — in bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966549\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1966549\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1020x567.jpg\" alt=\"weevil\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1020x567.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-800x445.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-768x427.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1536x855.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-2048x1139.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1038x576.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1920x1068.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hairy starthistle weevil is stuck on the sticky tentacles of a Cape sundew. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The flower was incredible,” he said. “While at the gardens, I made a friend who had a huge collection of carnivores and really pushed me further into the hobby. Plants started showing up in the mail regularly, and my parents helped me pot them up and keep them happy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His appreciation for carnivorous plants hasn’t waned over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even today, I’m just completely fascinated with their forms and trapping mechanisms,” he said. “They’re just so cool. I’ve also grown to love them as beautiful objects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he’s not developing apps or building other websites for a living, Fefferman also maintains a huge personal collection of more than 10,000 plants, which he keeps indoors and outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, even with all of these mouths to feed, all of his outdoor plants and greenhouse plants catch their own food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966551 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1020x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1020x561.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-800x440.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-768x423.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1536x845.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-2048x1127.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1920x1057.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Venus flytrap waits for prey. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The novelty of flytraps snagging prey never wore off, so I love to watch them do their thing,” Fefferman said. “At this point, it’s more thrilling to watch them catch prey naturally rather than hand-feeding them. Indoor seedlings get “fed” carefully-applied fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it used to be difficult for people to buy carnivorous plants, they’re now readily available online and at local nurseries. And the plants pretty much take care of themselves once you understand a few basic tips for caretaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, there still seems to be this perception that the plants are difficult to care for, and that turns people away from getting started with the hobby,” he said. “Fear of killing a plant becomes the biggest challenge or hurdle for beginners, and it shouldn’t be. There are plenty of growing instructions and resources out there to help.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Cape sundews are carnivorous plants that grow in bogs, where they don't have access to many nutrients. So they exude sweet, shimmering droplets from their tentacles to lure in unsuspecting insects. Once their prey is hopelessly stuck, they wrap it up and dissolve it for a tasty meal. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847153,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":755},"headData":{"title":"Cape Sundews Trap Bugs In A Sticky Situation | KQED","description":"Cape sundews are carnivorous plants that grow in bogs, where they don't have access to many nutrients. So they exude sweet, shimmering droplets from their tentacles to lure in unsuspecting insects. Once their prey is hopelessly stuck, they wrap it up and dissolve it for a tasty meal.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Cape sundews are carnivorous plants that grow in bogs, where they don't have access to many nutrients. So they exude sweet, shimmering droplets from their tentacles to lure in unsuspecting insects. Once their prey is hopelessly stuck, they wrap it up and dissolve it for a tasty meal.","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cape Sundews Trap Bugs In A Sticky Situation","datePublished":"2020-07-28T13:09:14.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:39:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/D4kBrsyWhS4","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1966521/cape-sundews-trap-bugs-in-a-sticky-situation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>If you have houseplants, most of the time there’s not a lot of visible activity. They just quietly add some outdoor beauty to your indoor surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966546\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1966546\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1020x569.jpg\" alt=\"fly sundew\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1020x569.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1536x856.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-2048x1142.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1920x1070.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A trapped insect is slowly digested by a Cape sundew plant. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But then there are carnivorous plants, like \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/sundews/\">sundews\u003c/a>. They aren’t content to just sit still. Typically found in habitats where other plants usually can’t thrive — like bogs with nutrient-poor soil — they often need to supplement their diet with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Carnivorous plants have developed a way to obtain these key nutrients from another source: insects. Specifically, by consuming them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing carnivorous plants at home has become more popular over the years, and some species of sundews are easy to maintain for beginners, like the \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/drosera-capensis-narrow-leaf/?portfolioCats=86%2C180%2C91%2C162%2C179%2C173%2C83%2C10%2C324%2C729%2C34\">Cape sundew\u003c/a>. Several years ago, 33-year-old David Fefferman realized there wasn’t a comprehensive clearinghouse of information for other passionate hobbyists like himself, so he launched \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/\">Carnivorous Plants Resource\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966548\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 476px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966548\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"David Fefferman\" width=\"476\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped.jpg 476w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped-160x145.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Fefferman of Carnivorous Plants Resource holds one of the “Dichotoma Giant” forked sundews from his enormous personal collection. \u003ccite>(David Fefferman / CPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The site is a thrill ride for lovers of carnivorous plants, with everything from growing tips for \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/venus-flytrap/\">Venus flytraps\u003c/a> to group events to a marketplace where people can sell the plants and other items, like carnivorous plant-related art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without doubt, it’s the most feature-rich carnivorous plant website around,” Fefferman said. “We’re definitely the most thorough and up-to-date site for the hobby.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fefferman, an Orange County resident, has been enamored with these unique plants from a very young age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I picked up my first carnivorous plant in elementary school after a friend brought in a Venus flytrap as part of his science fair project,” he said. “I was already primed for plant-learning since my own project was focused on photosynthesis, and I just fell in love with his weird little insect-eating plant. I asked my mom to take me to a ‘plant store’ to find one for myself, and the passion grew from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents helped nurture his growing interest when they took him to the The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens in Los Angeles County to see the Amorphophallus titanum — one of the world’s largest flowers, commonly known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycUNj_Hv4_Y\">corpse flower\u003c/a> — in bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966549\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1966549\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1020x567.jpg\" alt=\"weevil\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1020x567.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-800x445.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-768x427.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1536x855.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-2048x1139.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1038x576.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1920x1068.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hairy starthistle weevil is stuck on the sticky tentacles of a Cape sundew. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The flower was incredible,” he said. “While at the gardens, I made a friend who had a huge collection of carnivores and really pushed me further into the hobby. Plants started showing up in the mail regularly, and my parents helped me pot them up and keep them happy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His appreciation for carnivorous plants hasn’t waned over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even today, I’m just completely fascinated with their forms and trapping mechanisms,” he said. “They’re just so cool. I’ve also grown to love them as beautiful objects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he’s not developing apps or building other websites for a living, Fefferman also maintains a huge personal collection of more than 10,000 plants, which he keeps indoors and outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, even with all of these mouths to feed, all of his outdoor plants and greenhouse plants catch their own food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966551 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1020x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1020x561.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-800x440.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-768x423.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1536x845.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-2048x1127.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1920x1057.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Venus flytrap waits for prey. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The novelty of flytraps snagging prey never wore off, so I love to watch them do their thing,” Fefferman said. “At this point, it’s more thrilling to watch them catch prey naturally rather than hand-feeding them. Indoor seedlings get “fed” carefully-applied fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it used to be difficult for people to buy carnivorous plants, they’re now readily available online and at local nurseries. And the plants pretty much take care of themselves once you understand a few basic tips for caretaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, there still seems to be this perception that the plants are difficult to care for, and that turns people away from getting started with the hobby,” he said. “Fear of killing a plant becomes the biggest challenge or hurdle for beginners, and it shouldn’t be. There are plenty of growing instructions and resources out there to help.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1966521/cape-sundews-trap-bugs-in-a-sticky-situation","authors":["2100"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_311","science_1097"],"featImg":"science_1967308","label":"science_1935"},"science_1926500":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1926500","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1926500","score":null,"sort":[1534489298000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-northern-california-plantlife","title":"A Glimpse Into the Future of Northern California Plant Life","publishDate":1534489298,"format":"audio","headTitle":"A Glimpse Into the Future of Northern California Plant Life | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Imagine what a Northern California garden might look like 100 years from now as temperatures keep rising. Where lush grasses, riotously bright California poppies and quaking aspens once stood, picture — what? Cracked earth, tumbleweeds, cactus and giant cockroaches, maybe?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of artists and scientists at UC Santa Cruz (UCSC) have a different vision for the California landscape of the future, and they’re starting to prepare for it now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part science experiment and part art installation, \u003ca href=\"http://ias.ucsc.edu/events/2018/future-garden-opening-may-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Future Garden for the Central Coast of California” \u003c/a>aims to discover which plants are most likely to survive escalating temperatures and can help regenerate the regional ecosystem as climates shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926525\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926525\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The three eco-domes at the UCSC Arboretum that are the main focus of the 'Future Garden' project.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The three eco-domes at the UCSC Arboretum that are the main focus of the ‘Future Garden’ project. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are 16 different species of plants in each of the three restored, 1970s-era geodesic domes at the \u003ca href=\"https://arboretum.ucsc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSC Arboretum and Botanic Garden\u003c/a>. The plan is to accelerate the process of climate change inside the domes to find out which species are more resilient over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process is going to take a while; the recently-installed project is expected to last 50 to 75 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“W\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">e’re assisting the migration of species through time,” says Santa Cruz-based environmental artist Newton Harrison, who co-created the project with his late wife Helen Mayer Harrison and other science and art partners at UCSC. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The world-renowned artists, who in 2016 became the subject of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Time-Force-Majeure-Counterforce-Horizon/dp/379135549X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beautifully-illustrated tome\u003c/a> published by Random House, and whose \u003ca href=\"https://exhibits.stanford.edu/harrison/about/the-helen-and-newton-harrison-papers-at-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archives are housed at Stanford University\u003c/a>, have been making environmental artworks on a global scale since 1969. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Harrisons’ work mostly takes the form of installations, writings and large-format wall maps. And it has brought them both fame and notoriety over the years.\u003c/span>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926528\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926528 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-800x444.jpg\" alt=\"Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison. A collage composed of two different photos taken in the early 1990s. Helen would have been about 64 and Newton about 59 at the time these photos were taken.\" width=\"800\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-800x444.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-768x426.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-1020x566.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-960x533.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-375x208.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-520x289.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison. A collage composed of two different photos taken in the early 1990s. Helen would have been about 64 and Newton about 59 at the time these photos were taken. \u003ccite>(Photo: Peggy Jarrell Kaplan Courtesy of The Harrison Studio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One the one hand, they inspired a branch of the Dutch government to change its approach to urban planning as a result of their \u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/?page_id=534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Green Heart of Holland\u003c/em>\u003c/a> project; on the other, they caused political uproar in England during \u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/?page_id=192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an exhibition at London’s Hayward Gallery\u003c/a> involving the electrocution of catfish. (The controversy was later transformed into a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tete-a-tete.org.uk/catfish-conundrum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chamber opera\u003c/a>.) \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can read and listen to a KQED profile of the Harrisons and their epic career \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/11314278/how-two-santa-cruz-artists-changed-the-course-of-environmental-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration for this latest project at the UCSC Arboretum came more than two years ago, when the Harrisons happened to stroll past the three, then-decrepit domes and saw an opportunity to renovate and convert them into testing grounds for local plants facing the effects of climate change. “Nature is pretty opportunistic,” Harrison says. “And artists are pretty opportunistic, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two of the domes had been completely shut off and empty and one of them was being used for a crafting group,” says Martin Quigley, executive director of the UCSC Arboretum and the Harrisons’ main collaborator on the project. “All of them were in very bad repair. So this has revitalized the whole area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s new fabric on the domes, and a fresh, stable framework, plus new landscaping all around the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926522\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926522\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"UCSC Arboretum executive director Martin Quigley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSC Arboretum executive director Martin Quigley. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each \u003cem>Future Garden\u003c/em> dome houses an assortment of 16 native plants, chosen chiefly for their likely resilience in the face of sudden, drastic temperature and water fluctuations. Species on display include yarrow, fescue and coyote mint. Some of the plants are edible. Some have medicinal properties. Many have also been a staple of Native American life in the region for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a year of establishing the plants, the project team members plan to start playing with the conditions inside each dome. One dome will experience heat spikes in summer months and less than normal rain during the winter, similar to a continental desert. One dome will mimic coastal temperate conditions in the Pacific northwest, with ambient temperatures and summer rainfall. The third dome will experience both heat and water spikes amid warmer than average temperatures, mimicking subtropical conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the domes, the same species have been planted in small walled gardens around each dome to provide a set of control experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926524\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the eco-domes.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the eco-domes. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change isn’t about a slow steady temperature increase,” says Quigley. “It’s about spikes and randomness that increase. And because these domes are smallish, it’s very easy to manipulate that in a strong way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Future Garde\u003c/em>n is part of a larger, ongoing investigation by the Harrisons into the survival of species in the face of climate change, entitled \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/art-projects-2/force-majeure-synthesis-2009-present\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Force Majeure\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>The Harrisons co-opted the legal term “force majeure” for this body of work, which means a huge power that cannot be controlled, not unlike the fast-encroaching water levels and rising temperatures we’re experiencing on the planet today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Artist Newton Harrison\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist Newton Harrison today. The artist’s wife and long-term creative partner Helen Mayer Harrison recently passed away. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another \u003cem>Force Majeure\u003c/em> project, at the University of California Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucnrs.org/reserves/sagehen-creek-field-station.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sagehen Creek Field Station\u003c/a> in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, is already starting to see results. For the four-year-old installation, artists collaborated with field station scientists to physically move groups of plant species to different altitude levels. The aim is to help seedlings — such as wild rose and red fir — become resilient to the warming effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found something rather astonishing, after drought and all the other problems it could possibly have,” says Harrison. “Of the 21 species we installed, about six — or 25 percent — live at all levels. That’s success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926523\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926523\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A 'Future Garden' eco-dome.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A ‘Future Garden’ eco-dome. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although he has reason to be mildly optimistic, Harrison continues to worry about what our hot, dry future might look like. And though it’s a controversial idea, he believes finding a way to help a few, hardy species learn to become more adaptable to rising temperatures is ultimately more likely to succeed than trying to save many already-endangered species from dying out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An awful lot of the experimentation that receives grants aims to save the most endangered species, which if the temperature gets hot enough, are not inherently savable,” Harrison says. “We take exactly the opposite position. We look for the most resilient species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Future Garden for the Central Coast of California” is presented by UCSC’s Institute of the Arts and Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new, long-term art and science project at the University of California Santa Cruz tests possible scenarios for what gardens might look like 50 years from now as regional temperatures continue to rise.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927560,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1185},"headData":{"title":"A Glimpse Into the Future of Northern California Plant Life | KQED","description":"A new, long-term art and science project at the University of California Santa Cruz tests possible scenarios for what gardens might look like 50 years from now as regional temperatures continue to rise.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Glimpse Into the Future of Northern California Plant Life","datePublished":"2018-08-17T07:01:38.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:59:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2018/08/VeltmanVentonFutureGardens.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":438,"path":"/science/1926500/a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-northern-california-plantlife","audioDuration":440000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine what a Northern California garden might look like 100 years from now as temperatures keep rising. Where lush grasses, riotously bright California poppies and quaking aspens once stood, picture — what? Cracked earth, tumbleweeds, cactus and giant cockroaches, maybe?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of artists and scientists at UC Santa Cruz (UCSC) have a different vision for the California landscape of the future, and they’re starting to prepare for it now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part science experiment and part art installation, \u003ca href=\"http://ias.ucsc.edu/events/2018/future-garden-opening-may-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Future Garden for the Central Coast of California” \u003c/a>aims to discover which plants are most likely to survive escalating temperatures and can help regenerate the regional ecosystem as climates shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926525\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926525\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The three eco-domes at the UCSC Arboretum that are the main focus of the 'Future Garden' project.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The three eco-domes at the UCSC Arboretum that are the main focus of the ‘Future Garden’ project. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are 16 different species of plants in each of the three restored, 1970s-era geodesic domes at the \u003ca href=\"https://arboretum.ucsc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSC Arboretum and Botanic Garden\u003c/a>. The plan is to accelerate the process of climate change inside the domes to find out which species are more resilient over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process is going to take a while; the recently-installed project is expected to last 50 to 75 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“W\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">e’re assisting the migration of species through time,” says Santa Cruz-based environmental artist Newton Harrison, who co-created the project with his late wife Helen Mayer Harrison and other science and art partners at UCSC. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The world-renowned artists, who in 2016 became the subject of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Time-Force-Majeure-Counterforce-Horizon/dp/379135549X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beautifully-illustrated tome\u003c/a> published by Random House, and whose \u003ca href=\"https://exhibits.stanford.edu/harrison/about/the-helen-and-newton-harrison-papers-at-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archives are housed at Stanford University\u003c/a>, have been making environmental artworks on a global scale since 1969. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Harrisons’ work mostly takes the form of installations, writings and large-format wall maps. And it has brought them both fame and notoriety over the years.\u003c/span>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926528\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926528 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-800x444.jpg\" alt=\"Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison. A collage composed of two different photos taken in the early 1990s. Helen would have been about 64 and Newton about 59 at the time these photos were taken.\" width=\"800\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-800x444.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-768x426.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-1020x566.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-960x533.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-375x208.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-520x289.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison. A collage composed of two different photos taken in the early 1990s. Helen would have been about 64 and Newton about 59 at the time these photos were taken. \u003ccite>(Photo: Peggy Jarrell Kaplan Courtesy of The Harrison Studio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One the one hand, they inspired a branch of the Dutch government to change its approach to urban planning as a result of their \u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/?page_id=534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Green Heart of Holland\u003c/em>\u003c/a> project; on the other, they caused political uproar in England during \u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/?page_id=192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an exhibition at London’s Hayward Gallery\u003c/a> involving the electrocution of catfish. (The controversy was later transformed into a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tete-a-tete.org.uk/catfish-conundrum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chamber opera\u003c/a>.) \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can read and listen to a KQED profile of the Harrisons and their epic career \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/11314278/how-two-santa-cruz-artists-changed-the-course-of-environmental-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration for this latest project at the UCSC Arboretum came more than two years ago, when the Harrisons happened to stroll past the three, then-decrepit domes and saw an opportunity to renovate and convert them into testing grounds for local plants facing the effects of climate change. “Nature is pretty opportunistic,” Harrison says. “And artists are pretty opportunistic, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two of the domes had been completely shut off and empty and one of them was being used for a crafting group,” says Martin Quigley, executive director of the UCSC Arboretum and the Harrisons’ main collaborator on the project. “All of them were in very bad repair. So this has revitalized the whole area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s new fabric on the domes, and a fresh, stable framework, plus new landscaping all around the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926522\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926522\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"UCSC Arboretum executive director Martin Quigley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSC Arboretum executive director Martin Quigley. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each \u003cem>Future Garden\u003c/em> dome houses an assortment of 16 native plants, chosen chiefly for their likely resilience in the face of sudden, drastic temperature and water fluctuations. Species on display include yarrow, fescue and coyote mint. Some of the plants are edible. Some have medicinal properties. Many have also been a staple of Native American life in the region for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a year of establishing the plants, the project team members plan to start playing with the conditions inside each dome. One dome will experience heat spikes in summer months and less than normal rain during the winter, similar to a continental desert. One dome will mimic coastal temperate conditions in the Pacific northwest, with ambient temperatures and summer rainfall. The third dome will experience both heat and water spikes amid warmer than average temperatures, mimicking subtropical conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the domes, the same species have been planted in small walled gardens around each dome to provide a set of control experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926524\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the eco-domes.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the eco-domes. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change isn’t about a slow steady temperature increase,” says Quigley. “It’s about spikes and randomness that increase. And because these domes are smallish, it’s very easy to manipulate that in a strong way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Future Garde\u003c/em>n is part of a larger, ongoing investigation by the Harrisons into the survival of species in the face of climate change, entitled \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/art-projects-2/force-majeure-synthesis-2009-present\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Force Majeure\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>The Harrisons co-opted the legal term “force majeure” for this body of work, which means a huge power that cannot be controlled, not unlike the fast-encroaching water levels and rising temperatures we’re experiencing on the planet today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Artist Newton Harrison\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist Newton Harrison today. The artist’s wife and long-term creative partner Helen Mayer Harrison recently passed away. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another \u003cem>Force Majeure\u003c/em> project, at the University of California Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucnrs.org/reserves/sagehen-creek-field-station.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sagehen Creek Field Station\u003c/a> in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, is already starting to see results. For the four-year-old installation, artists collaborated with field station scientists to physically move groups of plant species to different altitude levels. The aim is to help seedlings — such as wild rose and red fir — become resilient to the warming effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found something rather astonishing, after drought and all the other problems it could possibly have,” says Harrison. “Of the 21 species we installed, about six — or 25 percent — live at all levels. That’s success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926523\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926523\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A 'Future Garden' eco-dome.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A ‘Future Garden’ eco-dome. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although he has reason to be mildly optimistic, Harrison continues to worry about what our hot, dry future might look like. And though it’s a controversial idea, he believes finding a way to help a few, hardy species learn to become more adaptable to rising temperatures is ultimately more likely to succeed than trying to save many already-endangered species from dying out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An awful lot of the experimentation that receives grants aims to save the most endangered species, which if the temperature gets hot enough, are not inherently savable,” Harrison says. “We take exactly the opposite position. We look for the most resilient species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Future Garden for the Central Coast of California” is presented by UCSC’s Institute of the Arts and Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1926500/a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-northern-california-plantlife","authors":["8608","11088"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_3423"],"tags":["science_1678","science_3370","science_311","science_727"],"featImg":"science_1928056","label":"science"},"science_517792":{"type":"posts","id":"science_517792","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"517792","score":null,"sort":[1454958024000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"climate-change-is-leaving-native-plants-behind","title":"Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind","publishDate":1454958024,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Willis Linn Jepson encountered a squat shrub while he was collecting botanical specimens on California’s Mount Tamalpais in the fall of 1936. He trimmed off a few branches and jotted down the location along the ridge trail where the manzanita grew, 2,255 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The desiccated specimen is now part of an \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">herbarium here\u003c/a> that’s named for the famed botanist. It was among hundreds of thousands of specimens of thousands of different species that were used recently to track the movement of plant species up the state’s many hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7swK7Qp0JuUh8gyefXT0ZWzUlphgkOLV”]The results of the analysis warn that native plants are struggling to keep up with changes around them as pollution from fuel burning and deforestation continues to warm the planet. Earlier research into the movement of Californian animals shows they’re shifting more quickly than the native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that species are on the move, and they’re moving at different rates,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/jon-christensen\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a scientist and historian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California, Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “Which raises the concern that the ecosystems of California could be unraveling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christensen and four other scientists analyzed a database of 2 million specimens from a network of \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/participants.html\">35 Californian herbariums\u003c/a>. Herbariums are like little-known natural history museums that store vast collections of ferns, mosses, algae and other plants. They found 681,609 specimen records to include in their analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They discovered that the range of the Eastwood’s manzanita, which was the type of plant Jepson trimmed on the mountain trail in 1936, hasn’t budged — even as temperatures have risen around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures have been rising around the world because of the heat-trapping effects of carbon dioxide, methane and other types of atmospheric pollution. The combined effects of global warming and phases in ocean cycles contributed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-hottest-year-2016-could-surpass-19929\">record-breaking warmth\u003c/a> globally in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More warming is anticipated in the years and decades ahead, yet ecologists remain unsure how wildlife will be affected. The discovery that the Eastwood’s manzanita range has been locked in its original range “raises questions” about whether it will be able to adapt as the climate changes around it, Christensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, just one in eight native Californian species shifted their ranges significantly upward during more than a century of specimen collecting in California, during which time temperatures rose by about 1°C (nearly 2°F), the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12423/abstract\">concluded in a paper\u003c/a> published in Global Ecology and Biogeography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants and animals aren’t moving together in sync,” University of Connecticut ornithologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.morgantingley.com/\">Morgan Tingley\u003c/a>, who has studied the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_2/19637.full.pdf\">shifting ranges of native birds\u003c/a> in parts of California, said after reading the new paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This leads us to suspect that ecological communities are breaking down and disassembling,” Tingley said. “It’s a worrying possibility, and one that we don’t yet know the consequences of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native plants were also found to be moving more slowly into higher altitudes than their invasive counterparts, one in four of which were found to be spreading uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the planet warms, ideal climatic conditions for different species of wildlife tend to shift to higher latitudes and greater altitudes. Not all species are expected to be able to keep pace with the changes underway. Of those that do, some will encounter mountaintops, shorelines and freeways that prevent them from going any further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the climate changes too quickly, and species can’t keep up with it, they might be left behind in a climate that’s completely unsuitable for them,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/person.aspx?personid=138\">Nate Stephenson\u003c/a>, a federal forest ecologist who researches climate change. “Then their population numbers may go down. In extreme cases, they might even blink out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While animals can fly or clamber to new grounds, most plants expand their ranges only when they cast their seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a legitimate concern that many plant species are simply not evolved to be able to shift their population distributions as fast as the current climate-change event will require,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a bioclimatologist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams described the new paper, with which he was not involved, as the “culmination of an incredible amount of work.” He said its conclusions are also “broadly relevant” outside California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is a great place to study species’ range responses to climate,” Williams said. “They have a great dataset, and also a lot of diversity in terms of elevation and climate type.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study relied on the results of the ongoing digitization of the specimens at the Californian herbariums. Digitization involves shooting digital photographs of samples and noting the coordinates and other details of the sites where they were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a quarter of more than 2 million specimens stored in manilla folders in long rows of tall cabinets in a large herbarium at the University of California, Berkeley have been digitized so far. “Big data is a big thing on our campus,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/people/mishler.html\">Brent Mishler\u003c/a>, a biology professor who oversees the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential power of each piece of data is limited by the amount of information recorded when the specimen was collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The older ones — they may not have as much data,” Mishler said. “But it still tells you where it was collected and when.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis of the big herbarium data showed small-seeded native plant species, such as grasses, are moving more quickly and more often up California’s hills than those with larger seeds — such as manzanita. Small seeds travel further than large ones, making it easier for those types of plants to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s huge variation in the species distribution shifts, depending on whether a plant is endemic, native or invasive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://adamwolf.princeton.edu/about/\">Adam Wolf\u003c/a>, a former Princeton University scientist who led the study. “On top of that, there’s huge variation, depending on whether they have little seeds, medium seeds or big seeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species were more likely to be stretching their ranges upward than native species, and the ranges are moving or expanding more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unwanted weeds aren’t necessarily growing their Californian footprints because of climate change, although it may be helping some of them. Many would still be conquering new territory as they continued to invade after finding footholds in the state in decades past, regardless of climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expanding ranges of unwanted weeds is putting extra pressures on native plants, which are already struggling to withstand the effects climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that non-native plant species have been shifting upslope faster than native plant species is worrisome,” Lamont-Doherty’s Williams said. “In the time required for some slow-migrating native plant species to shift their distributions to locations where the climate is more suitable, those locations may already be colonized by invasive plants.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Animals and weeds are bounding up California's warming hills, while native plants are stuck in place.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930667,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1196},"headData":{"title":"Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind | KQED","description":"Animals and weeds are bounding up California's warming hills, while native plants are stuck in place.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind","datePublished":"2016-02-08T19:00:24.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:51:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"John Upton, Climate Central","path":"/science/517792/climate-change-is-leaving-native-plants-behind","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Willis Linn Jepson encountered a squat shrub while he was collecting botanical specimens on California’s Mount Tamalpais in the fall of 1936. He trimmed off a few branches and jotted down the location along the ridge trail where the manzanita grew, 2,255 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The desiccated specimen is now part of an \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">herbarium here\u003c/a> that’s named for the famed botanist. It was among hundreds of thousands of specimens of thousands of different species that were used recently to track the movement of plant species up the state’s many hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The results of the analysis warn that native plants are struggling to keep up with changes around them as pollution from fuel burning and deforestation continues to warm the planet. Earlier research into the movement of Californian animals shows they’re shifting more quickly than the native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that species are on the move, and they’re moving at different rates,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/jon-christensen\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a scientist and historian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California, Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “Which raises the concern that the ecosystems of California could be unraveling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christensen and four other scientists analyzed a database of 2 million specimens from a network of \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/participants.html\">35 Californian herbariums\u003c/a>. Herbariums are like little-known natural history museums that store vast collections of ferns, mosses, algae and other plants. They found 681,609 specimen records to include in their analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They discovered that the range of the Eastwood’s manzanita, which was the type of plant Jepson trimmed on the mountain trail in 1936, hasn’t budged — even as temperatures have risen around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures have been rising around the world because of the heat-trapping effects of carbon dioxide, methane and other types of atmospheric pollution. The combined effects of global warming and phases in ocean cycles contributed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-hottest-year-2016-could-surpass-19929\">record-breaking warmth\u003c/a> globally in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More warming is anticipated in the years and decades ahead, yet ecologists remain unsure how wildlife will be affected. The discovery that the Eastwood’s manzanita range has been locked in its original range “raises questions” about whether it will be able to adapt as the climate changes around it, Christensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, just one in eight native Californian species shifted their ranges significantly upward during more than a century of specimen collecting in California, during which time temperatures rose by about 1°C (nearly 2°F), the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12423/abstract\">concluded in a paper\u003c/a> published in Global Ecology and Biogeography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants and animals aren’t moving together in sync,” University of Connecticut ornithologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.morgantingley.com/\">Morgan Tingley\u003c/a>, who has studied the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_2/19637.full.pdf\">shifting ranges of native birds\u003c/a> in parts of California, said after reading the new paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This leads us to suspect that ecological communities are breaking down and disassembling,” Tingley said. “It’s a worrying possibility, and one that we don’t yet know the consequences of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native plants were also found to be moving more slowly into higher altitudes than their invasive counterparts, one in four of which were found to be spreading uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the planet warms, ideal climatic conditions for different species of wildlife tend to shift to higher latitudes and greater altitudes. Not all species are expected to be able to keep pace with the changes underway. Of those that do, some will encounter mountaintops, shorelines and freeways that prevent them from going any further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the climate changes too quickly, and species can’t keep up with it, they might be left behind in a climate that’s completely unsuitable for them,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/person.aspx?personid=138\">Nate Stephenson\u003c/a>, a federal forest ecologist who researches climate change. “Then their population numbers may go down. In extreme cases, they might even blink out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While animals can fly or clamber to new grounds, most plants expand their ranges only when they cast their seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a legitimate concern that many plant species are simply not evolved to be able to shift their population distributions as fast as the current climate-change event will require,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a bioclimatologist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams described the new paper, with which he was not involved, as the “culmination of an incredible amount of work.” He said its conclusions are also “broadly relevant” outside California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is a great place to study species’ range responses to climate,” Williams said. “They have a great dataset, and also a lot of diversity in terms of elevation and climate type.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study relied on the results of the ongoing digitization of the specimens at the Californian herbariums. Digitization involves shooting digital photographs of samples and noting the coordinates and other details of the sites where they were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a quarter of more than 2 million specimens stored in manilla folders in long rows of tall cabinets in a large herbarium at the University of California, Berkeley have been digitized so far. “Big data is a big thing on our campus,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/people/mishler.html\">Brent Mishler\u003c/a>, a biology professor who oversees the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential power of each piece of data is limited by the amount of information recorded when the specimen was collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The older ones — they may not have as much data,” Mishler said. “But it still tells you where it was collected and when.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis of the big herbarium data showed small-seeded native plant species, such as grasses, are moving more quickly and more often up California’s hills than those with larger seeds — such as manzanita. Small seeds travel further than large ones, making it easier for those types of plants to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s huge variation in the species distribution shifts, depending on whether a plant is endemic, native or invasive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://adamwolf.princeton.edu/about/\">Adam Wolf\u003c/a>, a former Princeton University scientist who led the study. “On top of that, there’s huge variation, depending on whether they have little seeds, medium seeds or big seeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species were more likely to be stretching their ranges upward than native species, and the ranges are moving or expanding more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unwanted weeds aren’t necessarily growing their Californian footprints because of climate change, although it may be helping some of them. Many would still be conquering new territory as they continued to invade after finding footholds in the state in decades past, regardless of climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expanding ranges of unwanted weeds is putting extra pressures on native plants, which are already struggling to withstand the effects climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that non-native plant species have been shifting upslope faster than native plant species is worrisome,” Lamont-Doherty’s Williams said. “In the time required for some slow-migrating native plant species to shift their distributions to locations where the climate is more suitable, those locations may already be colonized by invasive plants.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/517792/climate-change-is-leaving-native-plants-behind","authors":["byline_science_517792"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1665","science_5178","science_1678","science_194","science_311"],"featImg":"science_517881","label":"science"},"science_63208":{"type":"posts","id":"science_63208","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"63208","score":null,"sort":[1435083075000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"climate-change-threatens-wildflower-diversity-in-california","title":"Climate Change Threatens Wildflower Diversity in California","publishDate":1435083075,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Climate Change Threatens Wildflower Diversity in California | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Wildflowers are the newest addition to the growing list of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/california/ci_26496884/climate-change-threatens-many-bird-species\">California species\u003c/a> being hit hard by climate change. \u003ca href=\"http://m.pnas.org/content/early/2015/06/17/1502074112\">A new study\u003c/a> from UC Davis shows that drier winters are causing big declines in the state’s native wildflowers, the first direct evidence of how climate change is affecting California’s grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is one of the world’s most special places for plant diversity,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/Harrison/index.html\">Susan Harrison\u003c/a>, professor of environmental science and policy at UC Davis and the study’s lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this is very significant from the perspective of global biodiversity loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gradual loss of diversity could also affect pollinators and other animals that are associated with native wildflowers. Since bees and other insects rely on these flowers for nutrients, the decline in flower diversity means the animals will have to look elsewhere and travel farther for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the last 15 years, the authors of the study have been documenting plant species near \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucdavis.edu/McL/index.html\">McLaughlin Natural Reserve\u003c/a>, about 80 miles north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that time, the average number of plant species in each of their study plots has steadily declined. The declines were most pronounced in native wildflower species that can’t tolerate drought, like California Goldfield or Whitetip Clover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first I thought, you know, it’s just gotten grassier out here,” says Harrison, who has been working in the area since 2000. “But that was really an optical illusion. It’s just gotten less flowery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63209\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-63209 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"A wildflower grassland in McLaughlin Natural Reserve. The new studies suggest grasslands are losing wildflower diversity with climate change.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wildflower grassland in McLaughlin Natural Reserve. The new study suggests grasslands are losing wildflower diversity with climate change. \u003ccite>(UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In their analysis, the researchers considered other causes for the declines in diversity, such as grazing history, wildfires, \u003ca href=\"http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/9201/20140926/trees-threaten-growing-grasslands.htm\">invading trees and shrubs\u003c/a> and nonnative species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the only thing that really explained the patterns of diversity loss that they observed was climate change – specifically, the recent trend toward drier winters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This result isn’t just an effect of the historic drought of the last few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the researchers removed the data from 2013 and 2014, they still saw the same pattern. Wildflower diversity was already declining before the drought hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most wildflower seeds germinate in the fall and grow slowly through the rainy winter months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But longer dry spells in the winter are desiccating the upper few inches of the soil. And warmer temperatures mean the scant rain that does fall will evaporate faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is bad news for the vulnerable wildflower seedlings, particularly those with thin leaves and shallow roots that can also dry out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68747\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-68747 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o.jpg 1499w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Lupine seedling shortly after germination. California hosts dozens of Lupine species, many of which live in the Sierras and their foothills. \u003ccite>(Ellen A./flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It is relatively easy to measure declines in biodiversity, but much more difficult for scientists to pinpoint what aspect of the changing climate is causing the declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>K\u003cspan class=\"TextRun SCX206373414\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">\u003cspan class=\"NormalTextRun SCX206373414\">nowing that drought-intolerant species with thinner leaves were declining the most gives the researchers more confidence that drier winters are the culprit. \u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"TextRun SCX206373414\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">\u003cspan class=\"NormalTextRun SCX206373414\">“Adding these simple measurements of the leaves provides a lot of context as to what’s going on,” says David Ackerly, a plant scientist at UC Berkeley.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"TextRun SCX7474266\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">\u003cspan class=\"NormalTextRun SCX7474266\">Ackerly notes that climate models are uncertain about whether California will get wetter or drier in the future, but that the trends in this study are important indicators of how climate change can affect our native plant communities. \u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It also illustrates how incredibly important these long-term studies are,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The declines observed in this study may foreshadow diversity loss on a larger scale, particularly in areas that are expected to become warmer and drier in the future.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new UC Davis study suggests drier winters are to blame for declines in wildflower diversity.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931660,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":626},"headData":{"title":"Climate Change Threatens Wildflower Diversity in California | KQED","description":"A new UC Davis study suggests drier winters are to blame for declines in wildflower diversity.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Climate Change Threatens Wildflower Diversity in California","datePublished":"2015-06-23T18:11:15.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:07:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/63208/climate-change-threatens-wildflower-diversity-in-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wildflowers are the newest addition to the growing list of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/california/ci_26496884/climate-change-threatens-many-bird-species\">California species\u003c/a> being hit hard by climate change. \u003ca href=\"http://m.pnas.org/content/early/2015/06/17/1502074112\">A new study\u003c/a> from UC Davis shows that drier winters are causing big declines in the state’s native wildflowers, the first direct evidence of how climate change is affecting California’s grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is one of the world’s most special places for plant diversity,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/Harrison/index.html\">Susan Harrison\u003c/a>, professor of environmental science and policy at UC Davis and the study’s lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this is very significant from the perspective of global biodiversity loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gradual loss of diversity could also affect pollinators and other animals that are associated with native wildflowers. Since bees and other insects rely on these flowers for nutrients, the decline in flower diversity means the animals will have to look elsewhere and travel farther for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the last 15 years, the authors of the study have been documenting plant species near \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucdavis.edu/McL/index.html\">McLaughlin Natural Reserve\u003c/a>, about 80 miles north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that time, the average number of plant species in each of their study plots has steadily declined. The declines were most pronounced in native wildflower species that can’t tolerate drought, like California Goldfield or Whitetip Clover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first I thought, you know, it’s just gotten grassier out here,” says Harrison, who has been working in the area since 2000. “But that was really an optical illusion. It’s just gotten less flowery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63209\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-63209 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"A wildflower grassland in McLaughlin Natural Reserve. The new studies suggest grasslands are losing wildflower diversity with climate change.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/94003-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wildflower grassland in McLaughlin Natural Reserve. The new study suggests grasslands are losing wildflower diversity with climate change. \u003ccite>(UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In their analysis, the researchers considered other causes for the declines in diversity, such as grazing history, wildfires, \u003ca href=\"http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/9201/20140926/trees-threaten-growing-grasslands.htm\">invading trees and shrubs\u003c/a> and nonnative species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the only thing that really explained the patterns of diversity loss that they observed was climate change – specifically, the recent trend toward drier winters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This result isn’t just an effect of the historic drought of the last few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the researchers removed the data from 2013 and 2014, they still saw the same pattern. Wildflower diversity was already declining before the drought hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most wildflower seeds germinate in the fall and grow slowly through the rainy winter months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But longer dry spells in the winter are desiccating the upper few inches of the soil. And warmer temperatures mean the scant rain that does fall will evaporate faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is bad news for the vulnerable wildflower seedlings, particularly those with thin leaves and shallow roots that can also dry out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68747\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-68747 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8319167234_07f6d2cb3f_o.jpg 1499w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Lupine seedling shortly after germination. California hosts dozens of Lupine species, many of which live in the Sierras and their foothills. \u003ccite>(Ellen A./flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It is relatively easy to measure declines in biodiversity, but much more difficult for scientists to pinpoint what aspect of the changing climate is causing the declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>K\u003cspan class=\"TextRun SCX206373414\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">\u003cspan class=\"NormalTextRun SCX206373414\">nowing that drought-intolerant species with thinner leaves were declining the most gives the researchers more confidence that drier winters are the culprit. \u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"TextRun SCX206373414\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">\u003cspan class=\"NormalTextRun SCX206373414\">“Adding these simple measurements of the leaves provides a lot of context as to what’s going on,” says David Ackerly, a plant scientist at UC Berkeley.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"TextRun SCX7474266\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">\u003cspan class=\"NormalTextRun SCX7474266\">Ackerly notes that climate models are uncertain about whether California will get wetter or drier in the future, but that the trends in this study are important indicators of how climate change can affect our native plant communities. \u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It also illustrates how incredibly important these long-term studies are,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The declines observed in this study may foreshadow diversity loss on a larger scale, particularly in areas that are expected to become warmer and drier in the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/63208/climate-change-threatens-wildflower-diversity-in-california","authors":["8639"],"categories":["science_30","science_31","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_603","science_572","science_311","science_2371"],"featImg":"science_63210","label":"science"},"science_24004":{"type":"posts","id":"science_24004","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"24004","score":null,"sort":[1416405633000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"efforts-to-restore-monarch-butterflies-milkweed-habitats-may-be-doing-more-harm-than-good","title":"Efforts to Restore Monarch Butterflies' Milkweed Habitats May Be Doing More Harm Than Good","publishDate":1416405633,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Efforts to Restore Monarch Butterflies’ Milkweed Habitats May Be Doing More Harm Than Good | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24021\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/monarchsfeatured1-e1416367400609.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/monarchsfeatured1-e1416367400609.jpg\" alt='Monarchs gather on a \"daisy tree\" for nectar in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary in Pacific Grove. (Photo: Barry Bergman)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24021\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monarchs gather on a “daisy tree” for nectar in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary in Pacific Grove. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Humans have not been kind to animal migrations. Relentless hunting over a century ago ensured that we will never watch billions of passenger pigeons turn day to night as they pass overhead or hundreds of thousands of bison disappear in clouds of dust as they thunder across the prairie. Today, we risk losing what some consider the most spectacular journey of all – the mutigenerational migration of the monarch butterfly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many eastern monarchs once congregated in the Mexican forests where they spend the winter that observers likened the sound of their fluttering wings to a rippling stream. Even the much smaller western monarch population once clustered in masses dense enough to break branches on California’s coastal trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over the past 20 years, both populations have declined by over 90 percent. And in a classic case of good intentions gone awry, efforts to help the beleaguered butterflies may be inadvertently making matters worse by changing their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Growing threats\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deforestation in Mexico and development along California’s coast have destroyed much of the monarch’s winter habitat. But the widespread loss of breeding habitat — which for monarchs means milkweed, the only thing their caterpillars eat — poses a much bigger threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Midwest, where half of Mexico’s overwintering monarchs are born, nearly 60 percent of native milkweeds disappeared, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00196.x/abstract\">a 2012 study in Insect Conservation and Diversity\u003c/a> found, coinciding with increased use of glyphosate, commonly known as Roundup, on expanded plantings of crops genetically altered to tolerate the weed killer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLItUuuMGiY\u003cbr>\n \u003cbr>\nGlyphosate is also widely used in the West. In California, it ranked among the top 10 most used pesticides in 2012 (the last year reported). Its use will likely increase as growers plant more Roundup-ready cotton and alfalfa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When conservation groups launched campaigns to plant milkweed in gardens, along roadsides and anywhere monarchs might find it, butterfly lovers responded in droves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s amazing how many people have milkweed gardens,” says Francis X. Villablanca, a professor of biology at California Polytechnic University who studies overwintering monarchs. “Whole networks of people will go by the nursery and let all the people in the network know when the milkweed comes in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24011\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 658px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/monarchgraph2-1024x566.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24011\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/monarchgraph2-1024x566.png\" alt=\"Overwintering monarchs populations along California's coasts declined by 90 percent since a high of 1.2 million in 1997. (Graph courtesy Xerces Society)\" width=\"658\" height=\"351\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Overwintering monarch populations along California’s coasts have collapsed since 1997. Estimates for fall 2013 represent 50 percent of the 17-year average. (Graph courtesy Xerces Society)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But scientists fear that some of these good-hearted efforts may be doing more harm than good. That’s because not all milkweed is created equal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Law of unintended consequences\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monarchs that migrate are the\u003ca href=\"http://www.monarchbutterflyfund.org/node/148\"> final generation\u003c/a> of summer breeders. Those born before them have one job: reproduce. They lay about 400 eggs within a month, then die. The last generation has a job too: travel thousands of miles to overwintering sites. They’re born in a nonreproductive state to conserve energy for the flight and the five-month wait until spring returns to their breeding grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monarchs coevolved with perennial natives that emerge in spring when monarchs are ready to breed and die back in fall when it’s time to migrate. Tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) is not native to California and doesn’t act like its native counterpart: it’s still going strong when the natives disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24012\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Asclepias_curassavica13-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-24012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Asclepias_curassavica13-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) is a favorite in butterfly gardens because it's pretty and easy to grow. (Photo: Kurt Stüber via Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) is a favorite in butterfly gardens because it’s pretty and easy to grow. (Photo: Kurt Stüber via Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because it’s pretty, easy to grow and the most widely available milkweed species in commercial nurseries, it’s become the go-to plant in butterfly gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if butterflies find it out of season and start breeding, recent research shows, they’re giving an old foe – a debilitating protozoan parasite called Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (OE) – the chance to flourish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adults infected with OE can drop millions of spores on milkweed, which caterpillars ingest along with leaves. Mildly infected monarchs may look fine but can’t fly or reproduce well and die early. Infested larvae may fail to emerge from their chrysalis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work by Sonia Altizer, a disease ecologist at the University of Georgia, has shown that when generation after generation of monarchs breed on the same plants along the Gulf Coast, parasite levels can skyrocket. Continuous breeding risks losing what Altizer calls a key benefit of migration: limiting parasite numbers by allowing monarchs to escape contaminated plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t help that monarchs tend to lay far more eggs on tropical milkweed — typically grown in dense clusters — thereby exposing more caterpillars. Beyond falling prey to parasites, caterpillars born in winter could freeze during a cold snap. And with females laying so many eggs, caterpillars may starve to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Villablanca first saw winter-breeding butterflies in California last December. “It’s very surprising to see them breeding when they should be overwintering,” he says. “They’ve done the migration, so that part has clicked in. But why they’re reproductive is not really clear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24023\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Lone-Monarch1-1024x819.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Lone-Monarch1-1024x819.jpg\" alt='A monarch draws nectar from a \"daisy tree\" in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary in Pacific Grove. (Photo: Liza Gross)' width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" class=\"size-large wp-image-24023\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A monarch draws nectar from a “daisy tree” in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary in Pacific Grove. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More than 90 percent of the unseasonal breeding is happening on tropical milkweed in backyard gardens, Villablanca says. He’s trying to figure out if the breeders belong to a previously undetected non-migratory population or if they’re overwintering migrants that cluster in colonies to stay warm at night and then breed during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they’re breeding year-round, disease could pose a dangerous threat to the West’s monarchs, already in serious decline. In preliminary work, Villablanca found higher OE levels in butterflies collected from tropical milkweed gardens than from those sampled at overwintering sites. He worries that monarchs could emerge from these gardens infested and then fly to overwintering sites and spread disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the drastic declines in milkweed remain the monarch’s biggest threat and scientists are grateful that so many people want to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have tropical milkweed in your garden, help it behave like a native: cut it back during the fall and winter. Better yet, ask your local native plant society which species are native to your area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last thing scientists want to do is discourage monarch enthusiasts from helping the imperiled butterflies. “We have concerns but we don’t want to spook people,” Villablanca says. “We’re really trying to help them figure out what’s the right thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What you can do to help monarchs:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #000000\">\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plant native milkweed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Contact the\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> to find milkweeds native to your area.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #000000\">\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Provide nectar plants\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.pollinator.org/guides.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pollinator Partnership\u003c/a> locates native plants by zip code.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #000000\">\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Avoid pesticides\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPesticides kill monarchs throughout the life cycle.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #000000\">\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Become a citizen scientist \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nScientists need data to understand all stages of the monarch’s annual cycle. Contact \u003ca href=\"http://monarchjointventure.org/get-involved/study-monarchs-citizen-science-opportunities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monarch Joint Venture\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.monarchparasites.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monarch Health\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.xerces.org/western-monarchs/\">The Xerces Society\u003c/a> to find out how you can contribute.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>You can view overwintering monarchs at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=251\">Monarch Grove Sanctuary\u003c/a> in Pacific Grove. For more information, see \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/18/science/monarchs-may-be-loved-to-death.html\">For the Monarch Butterfly, a Long Road Back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Migratory monarch butterfly populations have fallen into a tailspin in recent years. Scientists fear that in a classic case of good intentions gone awry, efforts to help the beleaguered butterflies may be inadvertently making matters worse by changing their behavior.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932596,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1255},"headData":{"title":"Efforts to Restore Monarch Butterflies' Milkweed Habitats May Be Doing More Harm Than Good | KQED","description":"Migratory monarch butterfly populations have fallen into a tailspin in recent years. Scientists fear that in a classic case of good intentions gone awry, efforts to help the beleaguered butterflies may be inadvertently making matters worse by changing their behavior.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Efforts to Restore Monarch Butterflies' Milkweed Habitats May Be Doing More Harm Than Good","datePublished":"2014-11-19T14:00:33.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:23:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/24004/efforts-to-restore-monarch-butterflies-milkweed-habitats-may-be-doing-more-harm-than-good","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24021\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/monarchsfeatured1-e1416367400609.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/monarchsfeatured1-e1416367400609.jpg\" alt='Monarchs gather on a \"daisy tree\" for nectar in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary in Pacific Grove. (Photo: Barry Bergman)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24021\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monarchs gather on a “daisy tree” for nectar in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary in Pacific Grove. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Humans have not been kind to animal migrations. Relentless hunting over a century ago ensured that we will never watch billions of passenger pigeons turn day to night as they pass overhead or hundreds of thousands of bison disappear in clouds of dust as they thunder across the prairie. Today, we risk losing what some consider the most spectacular journey of all – the mutigenerational migration of the monarch butterfly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many eastern monarchs once congregated in the Mexican forests where they spend the winter that observers likened the sound of their fluttering wings to a rippling stream. Even the much smaller western monarch population once clustered in masses dense enough to break branches on California’s coastal trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over the past 20 years, both populations have declined by over 90 percent. And in a classic case of good intentions gone awry, efforts to help the beleaguered butterflies may be inadvertently making matters worse by changing their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Growing threats\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deforestation in Mexico and development along California’s coast have destroyed much of the monarch’s winter habitat. But the widespread loss of breeding habitat — which for monarchs means milkweed, the only thing their caterpillars eat — poses a much bigger threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Midwest, where half of Mexico’s overwintering monarchs are born, nearly 60 percent of native milkweeds disappeared, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00196.x/abstract\">a 2012 study in Insect Conservation and Diversity\u003c/a> found, coinciding with increased use of glyphosate, commonly known as Roundup, on expanded plantings of crops genetically altered to tolerate the weed killer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLItUuuMGiY\u003cbr>\n \u003cbr>\nGlyphosate is also widely used in the West. In California, it ranked among the top 10 most used pesticides in 2012 (the last year reported). Its use will likely increase as growers plant more Roundup-ready cotton and alfalfa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When conservation groups launched campaigns to plant milkweed in gardens, along roadsides and anywhere monarchs might find it, butterfly lovers responded in droves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s amazing how many people have milkweed gardens,” says Francis X. Villablanca, a professor of biology at California Polytechnic University who studies overwintering monarchs. “Whole networks of people will go by the nursery and let all the people in the network know when the milkweed comes in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24011\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 658px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/monarchgraph2-1024x566.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24011\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/monarchgraph2-1024x566.png\" alt=\"Overwintering monarchs populations along California's coasts declined by 90 percent since a high of 1.2 million in 1997. (Graph courtesy Xerces Society)\" width=\"658\" height=\"351\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Overwintering monarch populations along California’s coasts have collapsed since 1997. Estimates for fall 2013 represent 50 percent of the 17-year average. (Graph courtesy Xerces Society)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But scientists fear that some of these good-hearted efforts may be doing more harm than good. That’s because not all milkweed is created equal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Law of unintended consequences\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monarchs that migrate are the\u003ca href=\"http://www.monarchbutterflyfund.org/node/148\"> final generation\u003c/a> of summer breeders. Those born before them have one job: reproduce. They lay about 400 eggs within a month, then die. The last generation has a job too: travel thousands of miles to overwintering sites. They’re born in a nonreproductive state to conserve energy for the flight and the five-month wait until spring returns to their breeding grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monarchs coevolved with perennial natives that emerge in spring when monarchs are ready to breed and die back in fall when it’s time to migrate. Tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) is not native to California and doesn’t act like its native counterpart: it’s still going strong when the natives disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24012\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Asclepias_curassavica13-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-24012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Asclepias_curassavica13-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) is a favorite in butterfly gardens because it's pretty and easy to grow. (Photo: Kurt Stüber via Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) is a favorite in butterfly gardens because it’s pretty and easy to grow. (Photo: Kurt Stüber via Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because it’s pretty, easy to grow and the most widely available milkweed species in commercial nurseries, it’s become the go-to plant in butterfly gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if butterflies find it out of season and start breeding, recent research shows, they’re giving an old foe – a debilitating protozoan parasite called Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (OE) – the chance to flourish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adults infected with OE can drop millions of spores on milkweed, which caterpillars ingest along with leaves. Mildly infected monarchs may look fine but can’t fly or reproduce well and die early. Infested larvae may fail to emerge from their chrysalis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work by Sonia Altizer, a disease ecologist at the University of Georgia, has shown that when generation after generation of monarchs breed on the same plants along the Gulf Coast, parasite levels can skyrocket. Continuous breeding risks losing what Altizer calls a key benefit of migration: limiting parasite numbers by allowing monarchs to escape contaminated plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t help that monarchs tend to lay far more eggs on tropical milkweed — typically grown in dense clusters — thereby exposing more caterpillars. Beyond falling prey to parasites, caterpillars born in winter could freeze during a cold snap. And with females laying so many eggs, caterpillars may starve to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Villablanca first saw winter-breeding butterflies in California last December. “It’s very surprising to see them breeding when they should be overwintering,” he says. “They’ve done the migration, so that part has clicked in. But why they’re reproductive is not really clear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24023\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Lone-Monarch1-1024x819.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Lone-Monarch1-1024x819.jpg\" alt='A monarch draws nectar from a \"daisy tree\" in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary in Pacific Grove. (Photo: Liza Gross)' width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" class=\"size-large wp-image-24023\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A monarch draws nectar from a “daisy tree” in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary in Pacific Grove. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More than 90 percent of the unseasonal breeding is happening on tropical milkweed in backyard gardens, Villablanca says. He’s trying to figure out if the breeders belong to a previously undetected non-migratory population or if they’re overwintering migrants that cluster in colonies to stay warm at night and then breed during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they’re breeding year-round, disease could pose a dangerous threat to the West’s monarchs, already in serious decline. In preliminary work, Villablanca found higher OE levels in butterflies collected from tropical milkweed gardens than from those sampled at overwintering sites. He worries that monarchs could emerge from these gardens infested and then fly to overwintering sites and spread disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the drastic declines in milkweed remain the monarch’s biggest threat and scientists are grateful that so many people want to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have tropical milkweed in your garden, help it behave like a native: cut it back during the fall and winter. Better yet, ask your local native plant society which species are native to your area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last thing scientists want to do is discourage monarch enthusiasts from helping the imperiled butterflies. “We have concerns but we don’t want to spook people,” Villablanca says. “We’re really trying to help them figure out what’s the right thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What you can do to help monarchs:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #000000\">\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plant native milkweed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Contact the\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> to find milkweeds native to your area.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #000000\">\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Provide nectar plants\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.pollinator.org/guides.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pollinator Partnership\u003c/a> locates native plants by zip code.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #000000\">\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Avoid pesticides\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPesticides kill monarchs throughout the life cycle.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #000000\">\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Become a citizen scientist \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nScientists need data to understand all stages of the monarch’s annual cycle. Contact \u003ca href=\"http://monarchjointventure.org/get-involved/study-monarchs-citizen-science-opportunities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monarch Joint Venture\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.monarchparasites.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monarch Health\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.xerces.org/western-monarchs/\">The Xerces Society\u003c/a> to find out how you can contribute.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>You can view overwintering monarchs at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=251\">Monarch Grove Sanctuary\u003c/a> in Pacific Grove. For more information, see \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/18/science/monarchs-may-be-loved-to-death.html\">For the Monarch Butterfly, a Long Road Back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/24004/efforts-to-restore-monarch-butterflies-milkweed-habitats-may-be-doing-more-harm-than-good","authors":["6322"],"categories":["science_30","science_35"],"tags":["science_205","science_314","science_2053","science_311"],"featImg":"science_24021","label":"science"},"science_4209":{"type":"posts","id":"science_4209","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"4209","score":null,"sort":[1371051868000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"eucalyptus-california-icon-fire-hazard-and-invasive-species","title":"Eucalyptus: California Icon, Fire Hazard and Invasive Species","publishDate":1371051868,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Eucalyptus: California Icon, Fire Hazard and Invasive Species | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/epicormic-bud.small_.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4236\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/epicormic-bud.small_.jpg\" alt='Specialized reproductive structures caleld \"epicormic shoots\" sprout from buds on the bushfire damaged trunk of a Eucalyptus tree, about two years after the 2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires. (Near Anglers Rest, Victoria, Australia./jjron)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4236\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Specialized reproductive structures called “epicormic shoots” sprout from buds on the bushfire damaged trunk of a Eucalyptus tree, about two years after the 2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires. Near Anglers Rest, Victoria, Australia. (Photo: jjron)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biologists now count invasive species as a major threat to biological diversity second only to direct habitat loss and fragmentation. Why do they worry when new species enter an ecosystem? More than 90 percent of introduced plants in California have overcome barriers to survival and reproduction in their new home without harming native species. But a fraction display invasive traits, displacing native species and reshaping the ecological landscape. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tasmanian blue gum eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), a symbol of California for some, never knew California soil \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr069/psw_gtr069.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">until the 1850s\u003c/a>, when seeds from Australia were planted, first as ornamentals, then mostly for timber and fuel. The California Invasive Plant Council (CAL-IPC) classifies blue gum eucalyptus as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/paf/site/paf/342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“moderate” invasive\u003c/a> because the trees need certain conditions to thrive. For the most part, they’re not a problem in the drier regions of Southern California or the Central Valley. But along the coast, where summer fog brings buckets of moisture, it’s a different story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue gum invades neighboring plant communities if adequate moisture is available for propagation, state resource ecologist David Boyd \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/management/ipcw/pages/detailreport.cfm@usernumber=48&surveynumber=182.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted in a report\u003c/a> for CAL-IPC. Once established, the trees can alter local soil moisture, light availability, fire patterns, nitrogen mineralization rates and soil chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Introduced species can disrupt ecological relationships among species that co-evolved over millennia, which is why \u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornslough.org/habitat-restoration/projects/oak-woodland.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">many groups work\u003c/a> to remove eucalyptus and restore coast live oaks. California’s native oak woodlands still \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/ecosystem_processes/sierra/bio_diversity/habitat_relationship_terrestrial_sub5/abundance_distribution.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sustain more biodiversity\u003c/a> than any other terrestrial landscape even though more than a century of intensive agricultural, rangeland and urban development has claimed some \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/~/media/cdr/Planning/PCCP/BackgroundData/OakWoodlands/OakWoodlandMgtPlan.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5 million acres of woodlands\u003c/a>. (While settlers cleared the land of oaks, entrepreneurs planted eucalyptus trees by the millions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Historic fire risk\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThat’s why many ecologists welcome \u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Files/FAQ%204-1-13.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a plan to remove tens of thousands\u003c/a> of eucalyptus and other non-native trees from the East Bay Hills to reduce fire risk. UC Berkeley, together with the City of Oakland and the East Bay Regional Park District, applied for \u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/news-release/2013/05/17/fema-reviews-bay-area-pre-disaster-funding-applications-invites-public\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to $5.6 million\u003c/a> in grants to remove the non-natives—primarily eucalyptus, Monterey pine and acacia—under the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Pre-Disaster Mitigation and Hazard Mitigation Grant programs. The total project would cover just under 1,000 acres and includes plans to encourage regrowth of native oak and bay trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Libraries/Site_Documents/Executive_Summary.sflb.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fifteen major fires\u003c/a> roared through 9,000 acres of the East Bay Hills between 1923 and 1992, incinerating some 4,000 homes and killing 26 people. The Oakland “Tunnel” fire, considered the worst in California history, caused an estimated $1.5 billion in damage, destroyed more than 3,000 homes and killed 25 people. Following the Oakland fire, disaster experts urged large landowners in the East Bay Hills to work together to manage vegetation to prevent another catastrophic wildfire, says Tom Klatt, who manages environmental projects for UC Berkeley and serves on the UC Fire Mitigation Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Blue gum eucalyptus is one of the most fire-intensive plants,” says Klatt. Trees not only put a lot of fuel on the ground as they shed bark, leaves and twigs, but in intense fires, volatile compounds in foliage cause explosive burning. “Once bark catches fire, it gets blown ahead of the flame front and drops burning embers by the tens of thousands per acre in the urban community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 1923 fire started at Inspiration Point ran through the eucalyptus trees until it hit the ridgeline at Grizzly Peak, then came down to University and Shattuck before the wind finally changed direction, Klatt says. “It took out 568 homes on the north side of the Berkeley campus in two hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the fire risk, the plan remains contentious. Some residents worry about the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/fema-plans-clear-cutting-85000-berkeley-and-oakland-trees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pesticides\u003c/a>, some feel eucalyptus’ \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandlocal.com/2013/06/storm-of-controversy-rages-over-fire-hazard-reduction-plans-for-oakland-hills/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">flammability is overstated \u003c/a>and others who consider the trees cultural icons view the plans as \u003ca href=\"http://rockridge.patch.com/groups/around-town/p/proposal-to-reduce-fire-risk-in-east-bay-hills-by-cutting-85000-trees-draws-a-crowd\">an attack on a species\u003c/a> that’s been here so long we should consider it native. (For the record, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/archive/exotics.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> defines “native” as any species that predated European contact.) Predicting how an introduced species will behave is complicated by the fact that ecological effects are difficult to observe—and may only appear when it’s too late to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ecological impacts of eucalyptus \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEvidence of the trees’ impacts on East Bay ecosystems is relatively scarce. A \u003ca href=\"http://elkhornsloughctp.org/uploads/files/1109813068Sax2002.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2002 study\u003c/a> of the Berkeley hills found similar numbers and diversity of species in eucalyptus and native woodlands, but the species themselves were different. Monarchs use groves in Point Pinole as resting spots and several bird species, including \u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Libraries/Site_Documents/1_2_3.sflb.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">herons and egrets,\u003c/a> nest in eucalyptus in and near the tree-removal project areas, though how their use affects their reproductive success isn’t clear. (Klatt says that though he hasn’t seen nests in the UCB project areas, the law requires that they take steps to protect nesting birds and any species under state and federal protection.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More evidence comes from the Central Coast. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/training/show_train_detail.php?TRAIN_ID=EcoGYZ22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a 2004 workshop\u003c/a> on the blue gum’s impact on the ecology of coastal ecosystems, researchers reported conflicting effects. Eucalyptus stands can provide habitat for birds near cities and water bodies, and for overwintering monarch butterflies. But the trees change the composition of insect and bird communities as they invade: the loss of native trees that grow along rivers could spell trouble for \u003ca href=\"http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/migratorybirds/fact_sheets/default.cfm?fxsht=9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neotropical migratory songbirds\u003c/a> and for species that nest in tree cavities. And when eucalyptus leaves enter streams, aquatic macroinvertebrate communities change, altering the food chain, likely because the chemical content of eucalyptus leaves differs from native foliage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4243\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coast-live-oak.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coast-live-oak.jpg\" alt=\"Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) — off Highway 101 in California. Though oak woodlands sustain more wildlife species than any other landscape, only 4 percent of the state’s woodland habitats are protected. The vast majority remain in private hands. (Photo: Peter O'Malley)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4243\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue oak (Quercus douglasii) — off Highway 101 in California. Though oak woodlands sustain more wildlife species than any other landscape, only 4 percent of the state’s woodland habitats are protected. The vast majority remain in private hands. (Photo: Peter O’Malley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the time the eucalyptus trees were planted in the East Bay, typically in 12 foot by 12 foot plots, most native woodlands and perennial native grasslands had already been converted to annual European grasslands, says forest ecologist Joe McBride, professor of environmental science, policy and management at the University of California at Berkeley. “And certainly by now a number of species are using those trees but they were here before the eucalyptus was planted, using oak woodlands, riparian woodlands and redwood forests in the East Bay. They just spread to eucalyptus and Monterey pines when the trees grew big enough. These populations aren’t going to disappear if eucalyptus is removed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But removal has proven difficult. “After two previous removal efforts in the 1970s and again in the 1980s, the trees have grown back,” Klatt says. Successful eradication requires at least 10 years of maintenance and drizzling about 2 ounces of diluted herbicide directly to the cut stump immediately after felling a tree, he explains. “If you do it within the first three minutes, we see 95 percent to 98 percent success with a single treatment.” But if the trees resprout, more applications will be needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan aims to selectively cut eucalyptus while leaving bay, oaks and other native trees in the understory. “The more understory we preserve, the faster it recovers,” says Klatt. The plan also calls for retaining all the cut wood as chips for erosion control and moisture retention, and to encourage native regrowth, aided by birds and squirrels that plant acorns in chip beds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McBride hasn’t seen evidence of eucalyptus’ invasive tendencies in the East Bay Hills but worries about its combustible nature. “We imported this plant from Australia but we didn’t import the normal fungus that decays the litter in Australia,” he says. Accumulations of bark and leaf litter under eucalyptus stands have measured up to 100 tons per acre, compared to about 3 tons per acre for coast live oaks. “It’s an enormous increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Selected for flammability?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSo how does the blue gum act in its native environment? For David Bowman, a forest ecologist at the University of Tasmania in Australia, the question isn’t whether the trees are native or non-native—it’s whether they’re dangerous. “Looking at the eucalyptus forest outside my window in Tasmania, I see a gigantic fire hazard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At very high temperatures, eucalypt species release a flammable gas that mixes with air to send fireballs exploding out in front of the fire. With eucalyptus, you see these ember attacks, with huge bursts of sparks shooting out of the forests, Bowman says. “It’s just an extraordinary idea for a plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it’s difficult to prove, Bowman suspects the trees evolved to be “uber flammable.” Sixty million years ago eucalyptus species hit on a way to recover from intense fire, he explains, using specialized structures hidden deep within their bark that allow rapid recovery through new branches, instead of re-sprouting from the roots like other trees. “They have this adaptive advantage of not having to rebuild their trunk. Whether their oil-rich foliage is also an adaptation, we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you aren’t familiar with the idea of a plant designed to burn in its life cycle, you can get fooled by its beauty and nice smell, Bowman says. “But on a really hot day, those things are going to burn like torches and shower our suburbs with sparks. And on an extremely hot day, they’re going to shoot out gas balls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With tiny pinhead seeds that germinate only in disturbed soils, the trees really aren’t good invaders, Bowman says–with one exception. “Fire opens up the woody capsules that hold the seeds, which love growing on freshly burned soil. Give a hillside a really good torching and the eucalyptus will absolutely dominate. They’ll grow intensively in the first few years of life and outcompete everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evolutionary dimensions of fire ecology are controversial, Bowman allows. “But if eucalyptus are these evolutionary freak plants that massively increase fire risk,” he says, it raises a troubling question: Are these intense fires a consequence of climate change or the interaction of climate and biology? “If it’s the latter, then what the hell have humans done? We’ve spread a dangerous plant all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information:\u003cbr>\nYou can still submit written comments to FEMA until midnight, June 17, 2013: via email at EBH-EIS-FEMA-RIX@fema.dhs.gov, via fax at FAX: (510) 627-7147, or via mail to P.O. Box 72379, Oakland, CA 94612-8579.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Libraries/Site_Documents/Executive_Summary.sflb.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Executive summary of the project.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2013/may/26/firestorm-bushfire-dunalley-holmes-family\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Firestorm: \u003c/a>the story of a catastrophic fire that struck the Tasmanian township of Dunalley January 4, 2013.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After more than 150 years on the California landscape, eucalyptus trees have iconic status for some Californians. But the stately trees may not only disrupt the native ecology, but seem to have evolved special adaptations that allow them to thrive after intense fires. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935640,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1875},"headData":{"title":"Eucalyptus: California Icon, Fire Hazard and Invasive Species | KQED","description":"After more than 150 years on the California landscape, eucalyptus trees have iconic status for some Californians. But the stately trees may not only disrupt the native ecology, but seem to have evolved special adaptations that allow them to thrive after intense fires. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Eucalyptus: California Icon, Fire Hazard and Invasive Species","datePublished":"2013-06-12T15:44:28.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:14:00.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/4209/eucalyptus-california-icon-fire-hazard-and-invasive-species","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/epicormic-bud.small_.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4236\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/epicormic-bud.small_.jpg\" alt='Specialized reproductive structures caleld \"epicormic shoots\" sprout from buds on the bushfire damaged trunk of a Eucalyptus tree, about two years after the 2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires. (Near Anglers Rest, Victoria, Australia./jjron)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4236\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Specialized reproductive structures called “epicormic shoots” sprout from buds on the bushfire damaged trunk of a Eucalyptus tree, about two years after the 2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires. Near Anglers Rest, Victoria, Australia. (Photo: jjron)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biologists now count invasive species as a major threat to biological diversity second only to direct habitat loss and fragmentation. Why do they worry when new species enter an ecosystem? More than 90 percent of introduced plants in California have overcome barriers to survival and reproduction in their new home without harming native species. But a fraction display invasive traits, displacing native species and reshaping the ecological landscape. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tasmanian blue gum eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), a symbol of California for some, never knew California soil \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr069/psw_gtr069.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">until the 1850s\u003c/a>, when seeds from Australia were planted, first as ornamentals, then mostly for timber and fuel. The California Invasive Plant Council (CAL-IPC) classifies blue gum eucalyptus as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/paf/site/paf/342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“moderate” invasive\u003c/a> because the trees need certain conditions to thrive. For the most part, they’re not a problem in the drier regions of Southern California or the Central Valley. But along the coast, where summer fog brings buckets of moisture, it’s a different story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue gum invades neighboring plant communities if adequate moisture is available for propagation, state resource ecologist David Boyd \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/management/ipcw/pages/detailreport.cfm@usernumber=48&surveynumber=182.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted in a report\u003c/a> for CAL-IPC. Once established, the trees can alter local soil moisture, light availability, fire patterns, nitrogen mineralization rates and soil chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Introduced species can disrupt ecological relationships among species that co-evolved over millennia, which is why \u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornslough.org/habitat-restoration/projects/oak-woodland.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">many groups work\u003c/a> to remove eucalyptus and restore coast live oaks. California’s native oak woodlands still \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/ecosystem_processes/sierra/bio_diversity/habitat_relationship_terrestrial_sub5/abundance_distribution.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sustain more biodiversity\u003c/a> than any other terrestrial landscape even though more than a century of intensive agricultural, rangeland and urban development has claimed some \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/~/media/cdr/Planning/PCCP/BackgroundData/OakWoodlands/OakWoodlandMgtPlan.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5 million acres of woodlands\u003c/a>. (While settlers cleared the land of oaks, entrepreneurs planted eucalyptus trees by the millions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Historic fire risk\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThat’s why many ecologists welcome \u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Files/FAQ%204-1-13.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a plan to remove tens of thousands\u003c/a> of eucalyptus and other non-native trees from the East Bay Hills to reduce fire risk. UC Berkeley, together with the City of Oakland and the East Bay Regional Park District, applied for \u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/news-release/2013/05/17/fema-reviews-bay-area-pre-disaster-funding-applications-invites-public\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to $5.6 million\u003c/a> in grants to remove the non-natives—primarily eucalyptus, Monterey pine and acacia—under the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Pre-Disaster Mitigation and Hazard Mitigation Grant programs. The total project would cover just under 1,000 acres and includes plans to encourage regrowth of native oak and bay trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Libraries/Site_Documents/Executive_Summary.sflb.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fifteen major fires\u003c/a> roared through 9,000 acres of the East Bay Hills between 1923 and 1992, incinerating some 4,000 homes and killing 26 people. The Oakland “Tunnel” fire, considered the worst in California history, caused an estimated $1.5 billion in damage, destroyed more than 3,000 homes and killed 25 people. Following the Oakland fire, disaster experts urged large landowners in the East Bay Hills to work together to manage vegetation to prevent another catastrophic wildfire, says Tom Klatt, who manages environmental projects for UC Berkeley and serves on the UC Fire Mitigation Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Blue gum eucalyptus is one of the most fire-intensive plants,” says Klatt. Trees not only put a lot of fuel on the ground as they shed bark, leaves and twigs, but in intense fires, volatile compounds in foliage cause explosive burning. “Once bark catches fire, it gets blown ahead of the flame front and drops burning embers by the tens of thousands per acre in the urban community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 1923 fire started at Inspiration Point ran through the eucalyptus trees until it hit the ridgeline at Grizzly Peak, then came down to University and Shattuck before the wind finally changed direction, Klatt says. “It took out 568 homes on the north side of the Berkeley campus in two hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the fire risk, the plan remains contentious. Some residents worry about the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/fema-plans-clear-cutting-85000-berkeley-and-oakland-trees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pesticides\u003c/a>, some feel eucalyptus’ \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandlocal.com/2013/06/storm-of-controversy-rages-over-fire-hazard-reduction-plans-for-oakland-hills/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">flammability is overstated \u003c/a>and others who consider the trees cultural icons view the plans as \u003ca href=\"http://rockridge.patch.com/groups/around-town/p/proposal-to-reduce-fire-risk-in-east-bay-hills-by-cutting-85000-trees-draws-a-crowd\">an attack on a species\u003c/a> that’s been here so long we should consider it native. (For the record, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/archive/exotics.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> defines “native” as any species that predated European contact.) Predicting how an introduced species will behave is complicated by the fact that ecological effects are difficult to observe—and may only appear when it’s too late to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ecological impacts of eucalyptus \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEvidence of the trees’ impacts on East Bay ecosystems is relatively scarce. A \u003ca href=\"http://elkhornsloughctp.org/uploads/files/1109813068Sax2002.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2002 study\u003c/a> of the Berkeley hills found similar numbers and diversity of species in eucalyptus and native woodlands, but the species themselves were different. Monarchs use groves in Point Pinole as resting spots and several bird species, including \u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Libraries/Site_Documents/1_2_3.sflb.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">herons and egrets,\u003c/a> nest in eucalyptus in and near the tree-removal project areas, though how their use affects their reproductive success isn’t clear. (Klatt says that though he hasn’t seen nests in the UCB project areas, the law requires that they take steps to protect nesting birds and any species under state and federal protection.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More evidence comes from the Central Coast. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/training/show_train_detail.php?TRAIN_ID=EcoGYZ22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a 2004 workshop\u003c/a> on the blue gum’s impact on the ecology of coastal ecosystems, researchers reported conflicting effects. Eucalyptus stands can provide habitat for birds near cities and water bodies, and for overwintering monarch butterflies. But the trees change the composition of insect and bird communities as they invade: the loss of native trees that grow along rivers could spell trouble for \u003ca href=\"http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/migratorybirds/fact_sheets/default.cfm?fxsht=9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neotropical migratory songbirds\u003c/a> and for species that nest in tree cavities. And when eucalyptus leaves enter streams, aquatic macroinvertebrate communities change, altering the food chain, likely because the chemical content of eucalyptus leaves differs from native foliage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4243\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coast-live-oak.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coast-live-oak.jpg\" alt=\"Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) — off Highway 101 in California. Though oak woodlands sustain more wildlife species than any other landscape, only 4 percent of the state’s woodland habitats are protected. The vast majority remain in private hands. (Photo: Peter O'Malley)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4243\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue oak (Quercus douglasii) — off Highway 101 in California. Though oak woodlands sustain more wildlife species than any other landscape, only 4 percent of the state’s woodland habitats are protected. The vast majority remain in private hands. (Photo: Peter O’Malley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the time the eucalyptus trees were planted in the East Bay, typically in 12 foot by 12 foot plots, most native woodlands and perennial native grasslands had already been converted to annual European grasslands, says forest ecologist Joe McBride, professor of environmental science, policy and management at the University of California at Berkeley. “And certainly by now a number of species are using those trees but they were here before the eucalyptus was planted, using oak woodlands, riparian woodlands and redwood forests in the East Bay. They just spread to eucalyptus and Monterey pines when the trees grew big enough. These populations aren’t going to disappear if eucalyptus is removed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But removal has proven difficult. “After two previous removal efforts in the 1970s and again in the 1980s, the trees have grown back,” Klatt says. Successful eradication requires at least 10 years of maintenance and drizzling about 2 ounces of diluted herbicide directly to the cut stump immediately after felling a tree, he explains. “If you do it within the first three minutes, we see 95 percent to 98 percent success with a single treatment.” But if the trees resprout, more applications will be needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan aims to selectively cut eucalyptus while leaving bay, oaks and other native trees in the understory. “The more understory we preserve, the faster it recovers,” says Klatt. The plan also calls for retaining all the cut wood as chips for erosion control and moisture retention, and to encourage native regrowth, aided by birds and squirrels that plant acorns in chip beds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McBride hasn’t seen evidence of eucalyptus’ invasive tendencies in the East Bay Hills but worries about its combustible nature. “We imported this plant from Australia but we didn’t import the normal fungus that decays the litter in Australia,” he says. Accumulations of bark and leaf litter under eucalyptus stands have measured up to 100 tons per acre, compared to about 3 tons per acre for coast live oaks. “It’s an enormous increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Selected for flammability?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSo how does the blue gum act in its native environment? For David Bowman, a forest ecologist at the University of Tasmania in Australia, the question isn’t whether the trees are native or non-native—it’s whether they’re dangerous. “Looking at the eucalyptus forest outside my window in Tasmania, I see a gigantic fire hazard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At very high temperatures, eucalypt species release a flammable gas that mixes with air to send fireballs exploding out in front of the fire. With eucalyptus, you see these ember attacks, with huge bursts of sparks shooting out of the forests, Bowman says. “It’s just an extraordinary idea for a plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it’s difficult to prove, Bowman suspects the trees evolved to be “uber flammable.” Sixty million years ago eucalyptus species hit on a way to recover from intense fire, he explains, using specialized structures hidden deep within their bark that allow rapid recovery through new branches, instead of re-sprouting from the roots like other trees. “They have this adaptive advantage of not having to rebuild their trunk. Whether their oil-rich foliage is also an adaptation, we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you aren’t familiar with the idea of a plant designed to burn in its life cycle, you can get fooled by its beauty and nice smell, Bowman says. “But on a really hot day, those things are going to burn like torches and shower our suburbs with sparks. And on an extremely hot day, they’re going to shoot out gas balls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With tiny pinhead seeds that germinate only in disturbed soils, the trees really aren’t good invaders, Bowman says–with one exception. “Fire opens up the woody capsules that hold the seeds, which love growing on freshly burned soil. Give a hillside a really good torching and the eucalyptus will absolutely dominate. They’ll grow intensively in the first few years of life and outcompete everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evolutionary dimensions of fire ecology are controversial, Bowman allows. “But if eucalyptus are these evolutionary freak plants that massively increase fire risk,” he says, it raises a troubling question: Are these intense fires a consequence of climate change or the interaction of climate and biology? “If it’s the latter, then what the hell have humans done? We’ve spread a dangerous plant all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information:\u003cbr>\nYou can still submit written comments to FEMA until midnight, June 17, 2013: via email at EBH-EIS-FEMA-RIX@fema.dhs.gov, via fax at FAX: (510) 627-7147, or via mail to P.O. Box 72379, Oakland, CA 94612-8579.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Libraries/Site_Documents/Executive_Summary.sflb.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Executive summary of the project.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2013/may/26/firestorm-bushfire-dunalley-holmes-family\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Firestorm: \u003c/a>the story of a catastrophic fire that struck the Tasmanian township of Dunalley January 4, 2013.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/4209/eucalyptus-california-icon-fire-hazard-and-invasive-species","authors":["6322"],"categories":["science_30","science_31","science_35"],"tags":["science_314","science_316","science_311","science_312"],"featImg":"science_4236","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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