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From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1964927":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1964927","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1964927","score":null,"sort":[1590515713000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-new-spacex-spacecraft-will-launch-wednesday-with-nasa-astronauts-on-board","title":"A New SpaceX Spacecraft Will Launch Wednesday, With NASA Astronauts on Board","publishDate":1590515713,"format":"standard","headTitle":"A New SpaceX Spacecraft Will Launch Wednesday, With NASA Astronauts on Board | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Almost 40 years have passed since the last \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">time\u003c/a> NASA astronauts blasted off into space on a brand new spaceship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as NASA looks forward to Wednesday’s planned \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/dm2/\">test flight\u003c/a> of the SpaceX Crew Dragon with a pair of astronauts on board, some in the spaceflight community have a little bit of déjà vu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first space shuttle, Columbia, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/dm2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flew\u003c/a> on April 12, 1981. Crowds gathered in Florida to watch this strange new spacecraft. It looked more like an airplane than the familiar bell-shaped capsules of the Apollo moon missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/waynehale?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wayne Hale’s\u003c/a> wife woke him up for the shuttle launch and he watched it on television in his bedroom, where he’d been trying to get a little sleep after working a prelaunch shift at Houston’s Mission Control. He’d just come to NASA a few years before, and he says that a lot about that time was not so different from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The substantially similar thing is that we’ve been waiting too long without being able to send Americans into orbit from America,” says Hale, who went on to be a flight director for dozens of shuttle missions and head of the shuttle program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost six years went by between the last \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/apollo-soyuz/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flight\u003c/a> of an Apollo spacecraft and the first space shuttle launch. “I remember a lot of talk about, ‘Well, we should never be in the position as a nation again of not being able to send astronauts into space for this long,'” Hale says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time around, though, NASA has been waiting even longer — almost nine years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/137712255/the-end-of-the-space-shuttle-era\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">retired\u003c/a> its space shuttles in 2011 and, since then, it has been paying for seats on the Russian \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/3591/soyuz-spacecraft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Soyuz\u003c/a> spacecraft to get its astronauts to the International Space Station. That means American astronauts have been launching from Kazakhstan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the space agency has been partnering with companies such as SpaceX and Boeing to help them build their own space vehicles. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/commercial-crew-overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">idea\u003c/a> was that NASA would focus on more ambitious missions like a return to the lunar surface, while letting space companies basically operate a taxi service to nearby station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/11844/crew-dragon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">One\u003c/a> of them — the SpaceX Crew Dragon — is finally ready to blast off with people on board. And some in the space industry think that this historic launch marks the start of a revolution for space travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because folks outside of NASA will be able to fly on these space taxis, too, if they can afford the fare, opening up space as a more accessible travel destination. Already there’s talk of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/05/05/851048199/tom-cruise-and-nasa-could-be-a-match-made-in-the-heavens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Cruise\u003c/a> riding a SpaceX capsule to the station to shoot an action movie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here again, history is repeating itself. Hale says the reusable space shuttle was supposed to transform space travel in a similar way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were going to take Walter Cronkite, my goodness, we were going to have journalists in space, we were going to take entertainers,” he recalls. “We were going to take John Denver into space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of that ended with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_gallery_2437.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Challenger\u003c/a> disaster and the deaths of all on board, including teacher Christa McAuliffe. The shuttle was more dangerous and more expensive than originally planned, and it flew far less often than NASA had hoped. The agency had to shelve its vision of bringing up lots of ordinary people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Let’s hope that this new generation of spacecraft really work out to be safe enough where we really can do that,” says Hale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The safety of SpaceX’s capsule and rocket is better understood than the shuttle was at its start. SpaceX had a successful flight \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/28/698073318/spacex-readies-for-key-test-of-capsule-built-to-carry-astronauts-into-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">test\u003c/a> to the station and back with no people on board — except after it had docked to the station, when astronauts on board the outpost \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/03/04/spacex-crew-dragon-hatch-opened-after-successfully-docking-to-station/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">opened\u003c/a> the hatch and went inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARIZnaMXTEU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">checked\u003c/a> out the safety system for astronauts by deliberately destroying one of its rockets and checking to ensure that the capsule escaped without harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing like that was true for the space shuttle. NASA had never launched anything like it before sending it up with two astronauts: veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/astronautprofiles/young/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">John Young\u003c/a> and rookie \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/webcasts/history/bcrippen-bio.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Crippen\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday afternoon at 4:33 p.m. EDT, from the very same launch pad, the Space X vehicle is scheduled to carry up another pair of astronauts: \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/biographies/douglas-g-hurley/biography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Douglas Hurley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/biographies/robert-l-behnken\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Behnken\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably a dream of every test pilot school student to have the opportunity to fly on a brand-new spaceship and I’m lucky enough to get that opportunity,” says Behnken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurley says that during their time in the astronaut corps, they both had an opportunity to interact with the first space shuttle flyers. He recently saw Crippen at an event in Texas a few years ago, and they talked about that first shuttle launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think one thing that really registered with me with what Bob Crippen said was, you know, ‘We were so focused on flying the mission, flying the vehicle, and executing and not making a mistake,'” says Hurley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the kind of intense focus Hurley has to have, even in the midst of a pandemic that has NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/05/01/849119650/coronavirus-fears-have-nasa-urging-space-fans-to-stay-away-from-historic-launch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">begging\u003c/a> people not to gather in crowds to watch as they’ve done in the past for the shuttle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Behnken and Hurley have flown on the space shuttle — in fact, Hurley was on its last mission. The shuttle had a cockpit crammed full of switches and dials, but the more modern SpaceX capsule is controlled with a sleek touchscreen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growing up as a pilot, my whole career, having a certain way to control a vehicle,” says Hurley. “This is certainly different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the duo returns to Earth, they’ll splash down in the ocean rather than coasting to a stop on a landing strip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They will, however, be carrying some familiar cargo: an American \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/multimedia/gallery/fd11flag.html\">flag\u003c/a>. It flew on the first shuttle mission and the last. It’s been hung up on the space station for years, just waiting for a crew to launch from the U.S. and bring it back home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Spaceship+Prepares+To+Blast+Off+And+Make+History&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA and SpaceX plan to launch astronauts to the International Space Station on Wednesday, It'll be the first time a new kind of spacecraft has launched astronauts into orbit since the space shuttle.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847377,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1070},"headData":{"title":"A New SpaceX Spacecraft Will Launch Wednesday, With NASA Astronauts on Board | KQED","description":"NASA and SpaceX plan to launch astronauts to the International Space Station on Wednesday, It'll be the first time a new kind of spacecraft has launched astronauts into orbit since the space shuttle.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Space Exploration","sourceUrl":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Nell Greenfieldboyce \u003cbr />NPR\u003cbr>","nprImageAgency":"SpaceX","nprStoryId":"858043994","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=858043994&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2020/05/26/858043994/new-spaceship-prepares-to-blast-off-and-make-history?ft=nprml&f=858043994","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 26 May 2020 13:01:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 26 May 2020 11:12:03 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 26 May 2020 13:01:21 -0400","path":"/science/1964927/a-new-spacex-spacecraft-will-launch-wednesday-with-nasa-astronauts-on-board","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Almost 40 years have passed since the last \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">time\u003c/a> NASA astronauts blasted off into space on a brand new spaceship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as NASA looks forward to Wednesday’s planned \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/dm2/\">test flight\u003c/a> of the SpaceX Crew Dragon with a pair of astronauts on board, some in the spaceflight community have a little bit of déjà vu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first space shuttle, Columbia, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/dm2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flew\u003c/a> on April 12, 1981. Crowds gathered in Florida to watch this strange new spacecraft. It looked more like an airplane than the familiar bell-shaped capsules of the Apollo moon missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/waynehale?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wayne Hale’s\u003c/a> wife woke him up for the shuttle launch and he watched it on television in his bedroom, where he’d been trying to get a little sleep after working a prelaunch shift at Houston’s Mission Control. He’d just come to NASA a few years before, and he says that a lot about that time was not so different from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The substantially similar thing is that we’ve been waiting too long without being able to send Americans into orbit from America,” says Hale, who went on to be a flight director for dozens of shuttle missions and head of the shuttle program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost six years went by between the last \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/apollo-soyuz/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flight\u003c/a> of an Apollo spacecraft and the first space shuttle launch. “I remember a lot of talk about, ‘Well, we should never be in the position as a nation again of not being able to send astronauts into space for this long,'” Hale says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time around, though, NASA has been waiting even longer — almost nine years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/137712255/the-end-of-the-space-shuttle-era\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">retired\u003c/a> its space shuttles in 2011 and, since then, it has been paying for seats on the Russian \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/3591/soyuz-spacecraft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Soyuz\u003c/a> spacecraft to get its astronauts to the International Space Station. That means American astronauts have been launching from Kazakhstan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the space agency has been partnering with companies such as SpaceX and Boeing to help them build their own space vehicles. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/commercial-crew-overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">idea\u003c/a> was that NASA would focus on more ambitious missions like a return to the lunar surface, while letting space companies basically operate a taxi service to nearby station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/11844/crew-dragon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">One\u003c/a> of them — the SpaceX Crew Dragon — is finally ready to blast off with people on board. And some in the space industry think that this historic launch marks the start of a revolution for space travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because folks outside of NASA will be able to fly on these space taxis, too, if they can afford the fare, opening up space as a more accessible travel destination. Already there’s talk of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/05/05/851048199/tom-cruise-and-nasa-could-be-a-match-made-in-the-heavens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Cruise\u003c/a> riding a SpaceX capsule to the station to shoot an action movie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here again, history is repeating itself. Hale says the reusable space shuttle was supposed to transform space travel in a similar way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were going to take Walter Cronkite, my goodness, we were going to have journalists in space, we were going to take entertainers,” he recalls. “We were going to take John Denver into space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of that ended with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_gallery_2437.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Challenger\u003c/a> disaster and the deaths of all on board, including teacher Christa McAuliffe. The shuttle was more dangerous and more expensive than originally planned, and it flew far less often than NASA had hoped. The agency had to shelve its vision of bringing up lots of ordinary people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Let’s hope that this new generation of spacecraft really work out to be safe enough where we really can do that,” says Hale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The safety of SpaceX’s capsule and rocket is better understood than the shuttle was at its start. SpaceX had a successful flight \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/28/698073318/spacex-readies-for-key-test-of-capsule-built-to-carry-astronauts-into-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">test\u003c/a> to the station and back with no people on board — except after it had docked to the station, when astronauts on board the outpost \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/03/04/spacex-crew-dragon-hatch-opened-after-successfully-docking-to-station/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">opened\u003c/a> the hatch and went inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARIZnaMXTEU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">checked\u003c/a> out the safety system for astronauts by deliberately destroying one of its rockets and checking to ensure that the capsule escaped without harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing like that was true for the space shuttle. NASA had never launched anything like it before sending it up with two astronauts: veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/astronautprofiles/young/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">John Young\u003c/a> and rookie \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/webcasts/history/bcrippen-bio.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Crippen\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday afternoon at 4:33 p.m. EDT, from the very same launch pad, the Space X vehicle is scheduled to carry up another pair of astronauts: \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/biographies/douglas-g-hurley/biography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Douglas Hurley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/biographies/robert-l-behnken\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Behnken\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably a dream of every test pilot school student to have the opportunity to fly on a brand-new spaceship and I’m lucky enough to get that opportunity,” says Behnken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurley says that during their time in the astronaut corps, they both had an opportunity to interact with the first space shuttle flyers. He recently saw Crippen at an event in Texas a few years ago, and they talked about that first shuttle launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think one thing that really registered with me with what Bob Crippen said was, you know, ‘We were so focused on flying the mission, flying the vehicle, and executing and not making a mistake,'” says Hurley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the kind of intense focus Hurley has to have, even in the midst of a pandemic that has NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/05/01/849119650/coronavirus-fears-have-nasa-urging-space-fans-to-stay-away-from-historic-launch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">begging\u003c/a> people not to gather in crowds to watch as they’ve done in the past for the shuttle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Behnken and Hurley have flown on the space shuttle — in fact, Hurley was on its last mission. The shuttle had a cockpit crammed full of switches and dials, but the more modern SpaceX capsule is controlled with a sleek touchscreen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growing up as a pilot, my whole career, having a certain way to control a vehicle,” says Hurley. “This is certainly different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the duo returns to Earth, they’ll splash down in the ocean rather than coasting to a stop on a landing strip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They will, however, be carrying some familiar cargo: an American \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/multimedia/gallery/fd11flag.html\">flag\u003c/a>. It flew on the first shuttle mission and the last. It’s been hung up on the space station for years, just waiting for a crew to launch from the U.S. and bring it back home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Spaceship+Prepares+To+Blast+Off+And+Make+History&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1964927/a-new-spacex-spacecraft-will-launch-wednesday-with-nasa-astronauts-on-board","authors":["byline_science_1964927"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450","science_3947"],"tags":["science_4414","science_5175","science_2936","science_970"],"featImg":"science_1964928","label":"source_science_1964927"},"science_1964608":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1964608","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1964608","score":null,"sort":[1590117732000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-mission-to-look-for-past-life-on-mars-still-on-track-despite-coronavirus","title":"NASA Mission to Look for Past Life on Mars Still on Track, Despite Coronavirus","publishDate":1590117732,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Mission to Look for Past Life on Mars Still on Track, Despite Coronavirus | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>While most of us have been in shelter-at-home mode, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/perseverance/\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, NASA’s next-generation Mars rover, has been getting ready for a major trip. In February, it packed its bags, so to speak, and moved from its “nest” at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory near Pasadena, California, to a “clean room” at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. An \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/\">experimental Mars Helicopter\u003c/a> went, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1964242\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1964242 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PerseverancePacksUp-KrysBlackwood-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PerseverancePacksUp-KrysBlackwood-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PerseverancePacksUp-KrysBlackwood-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PerseverancePacksUp-KrysBlackwood-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PerseverancePacksUp-KrysBlackwood-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PerseverancePacksUp-KrysBlackwood.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wrapped up and awaiting loading into its travel crate, the Mars rover Perseverance (back and left) is prepared to leave its birthplace in the JPL’s Spacecraft Assembly Facility clean room for a flight to its launch point at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. \u003ccite>(Krys Blackwood)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>JPL and NASA team engineers are working on the final steps of assembly and testing for the rover and helicopter, which are scheduled to launch in July. Their mission? To seek out signs of \u003cem>past life\u003c/em> on Mars and pioneer flying there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting a Mars Mission During Quarantine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facing a critical launch window that begins on July 17 and ends Aug. 5, NASA and JPL have taken extraordinary pains to \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8654/how-nasas-perseverance-mars-team-adjusted-to-work-in-the-time-of-coronavirus/\">keep the mission on track\u003c/a>, while maintaining social distancing practices to keep employees and the public safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1964241\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1964241\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-offload-at-Kennedy-Feb12-C17Armstrong-NASA-CoryHuston-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-offload-at-Kennedy-Feb12-C17Armstrong-NASA-CoryHuston-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-offload-at-Kennedy-Feb12-C17Armstrong-NASA-CoryHuston-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-offload-at-Kennedy-Feb12-C17Armstrong-NASA-CoryHuston-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-offload-at-Kennedy-Feb12-C17Armstrong-NASA-CoryHuston-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-offload-at-Kennedy-Feb12-C17Armstrong-NASA-CoryHuston.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Following its trip from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida in February, the rover Perseverance and the Mars Helicopter Ingenuity are off-loaded from their C-17 cargo transport. \u003ccite>(NASA/Cory Huston)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the launch is delayed beyond Aug. 5, the next opportunity to send the rover to Mars is almost two years away. That’s because Earth and Mars only pass close enough for us to send spacecraft every 22 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover Curiosity, currently exploring Mars, is operated by team members who can conduct most of its mission remotely from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance, however, requires a lot of hands-on attention as it is prepared for launch. Some of that work can be done remotely, like analyzing data from engineering tests. But much of it must be done in-person. There’s the mission-critical job of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7659&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily20200507-1\">stacking\u003c/a>” the spacecraft modules — connecting the rover to its rocket-propelled landing crane, sandwiching the assembly between its aeroshell and back shell enclosure, and sticking all that on top of the interplanetary cruise stage that will carry the rover to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1964243\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1964243\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PIA23884_hires-Perseverance-Ingenuity-inShell-NASAJPLCaltech-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PIA23884_hires-Perseverance-Ingenuity-inShell-NASAJPLCaltech-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PIA23884_hires-Perseverance-Ingenuity-inShell-NASAJPLCaltech-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PIA23884_hires-Perseverance-Ingenuity-inShell-NASAJPLCaltech-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PIA23884_hires-Perseverance-Ingenuity-inShell-NASAJPLCaltech-1020x816.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PIA23884_hires-Perseverance-Ingenuity-inShell-NASAJPLCaltech.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In March and April, the task of assembling — or “stacking” — the components of the Mars 2020 spacecraft proceeded in a clean room at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center. Shown in this picture is the rover Perseverance and it’s belly-mounted Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, attached under its rocket-powered descent stage (shown by its orange rocket nozzles), all under the umbrella of its back shell. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, NASA engineers are used to working in “clean rooms,” with protective clothing, masks and rigorous sterilization standards —all designed to keep Mars free from contamination by any of Earth’s microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeking Signs of Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance, and its companion helicopter Ingenuity, are bound for the once water-filled Jezero Crater, a little north of the Martian equator, in search of chemical and geologic evidence of ancient Martian microbial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1950961 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1200x962.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite image of the section of Jezero Crater that NASA’s Mars 2020 rover will begin exploring in 2021. In the center of this image is an alluvial fan of material washed in from a river inlet (left) and deposited on the floor of an ancient lake. Mineral measurements of the materials in this delta deposit show the presence of clay and carbonates, possible evidence of past Martian life. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/JHU-APL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mission planners chose Jezero Crater not only because it was likely once filled with water (“jezero” means “lake” in several Slavic languages), but also because it is on the edge of what was probably a wide sea sometime in the past. Of particular interest is a dry river inlet and alluvial fan of material washed into the lake bottom at the western edge of the crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry river deltas are great places to prospect, especially for evidence of past life in lake sediment or materials washed in from land upstream. Scientists think if microbial Martian life ever existed, it most likely thrived in water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/\">Perseverance will use\u003c/a> high-resolution cameras, and X-ray and ultraviolet spectrometers, to analyze chemical compositions, and a ground-penetrating radar to probe geologic structures in the ground beneath it. The rover will collect rock and soil samples with its drill for analysis by onboard instruments. And, it will cache samples in sealed tubes to leave along the trail for future missions to potentially bring back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Perseverance and Ingenuity: What’s In a Name?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The naming of Martian rovers follows a student essay tradition that began in 1997 with the very first rover named: Sojourner!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, seventh grader \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/#Essay\">Alexander Mather\u003c/a> from Burke, Virginia, wrote an essay that beat eight other \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8588/nine-finalists-chosen-in-nasas-mars-2020-rover-naming-contest/\">finalists\u003c/a> and over 28,000 submissions from across the country. Alexander said he chose Perseverance because names given to previous Mars rovers reflect human qualities important in the enterprise of space exploration — and his choice, perseverance, acknowledges the unrelenting difficulties encountered by all missions to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1964239\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1964239 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/22367_PIA23153-16-Helicopter-NASAJPLCaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/22367_PIA23153-16-Helicopter-NASAJPLCaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/22367_PIA23153-16-Helicopter-NASAJPLCaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/22367_PIA23153-16-Helicopter-NASAJPLCaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/22367_PIA23153-16-Helicopter-NASAJPLCaltech-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/22367_PIA23153-16-Helicopter-NASAJPLCaltech.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A NASA Mars Helicopter team member works on the flight model of the experimental craft in February 2019. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among the nine finalists, a second name rose to the top: Ingenuity. Submitted by 11th grader \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8659/alabama-high-school-student-names-nasas-mars-helicopter/\">Vaneeza Rupani\u003c/a> of Northport, Alabama, Ingenuity became the name of Perseverance’s flying companion, the Mars Helicopter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingenuity is going to Mars as a proof of concept. The tiny, double-propellored craft will make one or more 90-second test flights that mission planners hope will open the door to a variety of uses in future missions. Ingenuity carries two small cameras, one of them color, to take pictures with during flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked why she thought Ingenuity was a good name for the helicopter, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7651\">Vaneeza cited the creativity\u003c/a> that engineers needed to design a craft that can fly in the extremely thin and cold Martian atmosphere, something that has never been done before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unprecedented Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all goes well, sometime in the second half of July, or early August, Perseverance and Ingenuity will launch from Florida and begin a nine-month voyage to Mars. Once they touch down safely, Perseverance will do the job of looking for past life, and Ingenuity will become the first craft to take flight on another planet.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's next Mars rover, Perseverance, and its experimental helicopter Ingenuity, have taken a step closer to launch. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847383,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1112},"headData":{"title":"NASA Mission to Look for Past Life on Mars Still on Track, Despite Coronavirus | KQED","description":"NASA's next Mars rover, Perseverance, and its experimental helicopter Ingenuity, have taken a step closer to launch. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Space Exploration","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1964608/nasa-mission-to-look-for-past-life-on-mars-still-on-track-despite-coronavirus","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>While most of us have been in shelter-at-home mode, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/perseverance/\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, NASA’s next-generation Mars rover, has been getting ready for a major trip. In February, it packed its bags, so to speak, and moved from its “nest” at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory near Pasadena, California, to a “clean room” at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. An \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/\">experimental Mars Helicopter\u003c/a> went, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1964242\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1964242 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PerseverancePacksUp-KrysBlackwood-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PerseverancePacksUp-KrysBlackwood-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PerseverancePacksUp-KrysBlackwood-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PerseverancePacksUp-KrysBlackwood-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PerseverancePacksUp-KrysBlackwood-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PerseverancePacksUp-KrysBlackwood.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wrapped up and awaiting loading into its travel crate, the Mars rover Perseverance (back and left) is prepared to leave its birthplace in the JPL’s Spacecraft Assembly Facility clean room for a flight to its launch point at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. \u003ccite>(Krys Blackwood)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>JPL and NASA team engineers are working on the final steps of assembly and testing for the rover and helicopter, which are scheduled to launch in July. Their mission? To seek out signs of \u003cem>past life\u003c/em> on Mars and pioneer flying there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting a Mars Mission During Quarantine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facing a critical launch window that begins on July 17 and ends Aug. 5, NASA and JPL have taken extraordinary pains to \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8654/how-nasas-perseverance-mars-team-adjusted-to-work-in-the-time-of-coronavirus/\">keep the mission on track\u003c/a>, while maintaining social distancing practices to keep employees and the public safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1964241\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1964241\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-offload-at-Kennedy-Feb12-C17Armstrong-NASA-CoryHuston-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-offload-at-Kennedy-Feb12-C17Armstrong-NASA-CoryHuston-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-offload-at-Kennedy-Feb12-C17Armstrong-NASA-CoryHuston-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-offload-at-Kennedy-Feb12-C17Armstrong-NASA-CoryHuston-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-offload-at-Kennedy-Feb12-C17Armstrong-NASA-CoryHuston-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-offload-at-Kennedy-Feb12-C17Armstrong-NASA-CoryHuston.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Following its trip from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida in February, the rover Perseverance and the Mars Helicopter Ingenuity are off-loaded from their C-17 cargo transport. \u003ccite>(NASA/Cory Huston)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the launch is delayed beyond Aug. 5, the next opportunity to send the rover to Mars is almost two years away. That’s because Earth and Mars only pass close enough for us to send spacecraft every 22 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover Curiosity, currently exploring Mars, is operated by team members who can conduct most of its mission remotely from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance, however, requires a lot of hands-on attention as it is prepared for launch. Some of that work can be done remotely, like analyzing data from engineering tests. But much of it must be done in-person. There’s the mission-critical job of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7659&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily20200507-1\">stacking\u003c/a>” the spacecraft modules — connecting the rover to its rocket-propelled landing crane, sandwiching the assembly between its aeroshell and back shell enclosure, and sticking all that on top of the interplanetary cruise stage that will carry the rover to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1964243\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1964243\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PIA23884_hires-Perseverance-Ingenuity-inShell-NASAJPLCaltech-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PIA23884_hires-Perseverance-Ingenuity-inShell-NASAJPLCaltech-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PIA23884_hires-Perseverance-Ingenuity-inShell-NASAJPLCaltech-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PIA23884_hires-Perseverance-Ingenuity-inShell-NASAJPLCaltech-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PIA23884_hires-Perseverance-Ingenuity-inShell-NASAJPLCaltech-1020x816.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/PIA23884_hires-Perseverance-Ingenuity-inShell-NASAJPLCaltech.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In March and April, the task of assembling — or “stacking” — the components of the Mars 2020 spacecraft proceeded in a clean room at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center. Shown in this picture is the rover Perseverance and it’s belly-mounted Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, attached under its rocket-powered descent stage (shown by its orange rocket nozzles), all under the umbrella of its back shell. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, NASA engineers are used to working in “clean rooms,” with protective clothing, masks and rigorous sterilization standards —all designed to keep Mars free from contamination by any of Earth’s microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeking Signs of Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance, and its companion helicopter Ingenuity, are bound for the once water-filled Jezero Crater, a little north of the Martian equator, in search of chemical and geologic evidence of ancient Martian microbial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1950961 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1200x962.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite image of the section of Jezero Crater that NASA’s Mars 2020 rover will begin exploring in 2021. In the center of this image is an alluvial fan of material washed in from a river inlet (left) and deposited on the floor of an ancient lake. Mineral measurements of the materials in this delta deposit show the presence of clay and carbonates, possible evidence of past Martian life. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/JHU-APL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mission planners chose Jezero Crater not only because it was likely once filled with water (“jezero” means “lake” in several Slavic languages), but also because it is on the edge of what was probably a wide sea sometime in the past. Of particular interest is a dry river inlet and alluvial fan of material washed into the lake bottom at the western edge of the crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry river deltas are great places to prospect, especially for evidence of past life in lake sediment or materials washed in from land upstream. Scientists think if microbial Martian life ever existed, it most likely thrived in water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/\">Perseverance will use\u003c/a> high-resolution cameras, and X-ray and ultraviolet spectrometers, to analyze chemical compositions, and a ground-penetrating radar to probe geologic structures in the ground beneath it. The rover will collect rock and soil samples with its drill for analysis by onboard instruments. And, it will cache samples in sealed tubes to leave along the trail for future missions to potentially bring back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Perseverance and Ingenuity: What’s In a Name?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The naming of Martian rovers follows a student essay tradition that began in 1997 with the very first rover named: Sojourner!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, seventh grader \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/#Essay\">Alexander Mather\u003c/a> from Burke, Virginia, wrote an essay that beat eight other \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8588/nine-finalists-chosen-in-nasas-mars-2020-rover-naming-contest/\">finalists\u003c/a> and over 28,000 submissions from across the country. Alexander said he chose Perseverance because names given to previous Mars rovers reflect human qualities important in the enterprise of space exploration — and his choice, perseverance, acknowledges the unrelenting difficulties encountered by all missions to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1964239\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1964239 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/22367_PIA23153-16-Helicopter-NASAJPLCaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/22367_PIA23153-16-Helicopter-NASAJPLCaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/22367_PIA23153-16-Helicopter-NASAJPLCaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/22367_PIA23153-16-Helicopter-NASAJPLCaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/22367_PIA23153-16-Helicopter-NASAJPLCaltech-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/22367_PIA23153-16-Helicopter-NASAJPLCaltech.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A NASA Mars Helicopter team member works on the flight model of the experimental craft in February 2019. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among the nine finalists, a second name rose to the top: Ingenuity. Submitted by 11th grader \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8659/alabama-high-school-student-names-nasas-mars-helicopter/\">Vaneeza Rupani\u003c/a> of Northport, Alabama, Ingenuity became the name of Perseverance’s flying companion, the Mars Helicopter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingenuity is going to Mars as a proof of concept. The tiny, double-propellored craft will make one or more 90-second test flights that mission planners hope will open the door to a variety of uses in future missions. Ingenuity carries two small cameras, one of them color, to take pictures with during flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked why she thought Ingenuity was a good name for the helicopter, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7651\">Vaneeza cited the creativity\u003c/a> that engineers needed to design a craft that can fly in the extremely thin and cold Martian atmosphere, something that has never been done before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unprecedented Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all goes well, sometime in the second half of July, or early August, Perseverance and Ingenuity will launch from Florida and begin a nine-month voyage to Mars. Once they touch down safely, Perseverance will do the job of looking for past life, and Ingenuity will become the first craft to take flight on another planet.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1964608/nasa-mission-to-look-for-past-life-on-mars-still-on-track-despite-coronavirus","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5179","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1964240","label":"source_science_1964608"},"science_1962935":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1962935","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1962935","score":null,"sort":[1588956926000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-scientists-now-have-to-explore-mars-and-europa-from-their-own-homes","title":"NASA Scientists Now Have to Explore Mars From Their Own Homes","publishDate":1588956926,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Scientists Now Have to Explore Mars From Their Own Homes | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>On Mars, nothing has changed for the rover Curiosity because of the coronavirus pandemic. It continues its \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7400\">exploration up the slopes of Mount Sharp\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity drives where it’s told, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7617\">stopping to take a picture\u003c/a> or extend its robotic arm to drill into a rock. Under no shelter-at-home order, it’s business as usual for the rover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, back on Earth, the room where Curiosity’s route is normally planned — by a team of scientists and engineers — stands empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Skeleton Crew, Ghost Staff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to the shelter-in-place and social distancing directives, the normally bustling 117-acre campus of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/about/\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> near Pasadena, California, where Curiosity is operated from, has become something of a ghost town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The usual population of over 5,000 employees has been reduced to a skeleton crew of only a couple hundred performing essential functions that cannot be done remotely. Those who must come to the lab are all practicing social distancing, proper sanitization and wear personal protective equipment, or PPE.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of JPL’s mission operators and other personnel, including the Curiosity rover team, are adapting to doing their jobs remotely from home. So, how does interplanetary exploration work from home —where cats walk across keyboards, kids attend school by Zoom and the dog needs to be walked?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exploring Another World— From Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 744px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1962943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/3dglasses-curiosity-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"744\" height=\"712\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/3dglasses-curiosity-nasa.jpg 744w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/3dglasses-curiosity-nasa-160x153.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity rover driver Keri Bean studies the terrain around the rover using red-blue 3D glasses, an adaptation to operating Curiosity from home without access to higher-tech equipment. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the novel coronavirus began to hit countries around the globe, the Curiosity team predicted the need to carry on with \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7638&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily20200414-1\">rover operations remotely\u003c/a>, and outfitted home offices for video conferencing. The team had to make sure it could stay in close contact to analyze data and imagery from the rover to map its surroundings in detail and plot its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had to adapt, and got creative. Without the high graphics computing and special equipment at JPL, at-home rover operators are using old theater-style 3D glasses to study the terrain and plan Curiosity’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One such maneuver took place on March 20, when operators commanded Curiosity’s drill to bore into a block of sandstone at a site dubbed “Edinburgh” to extract a rock sample for analysis. Not only was the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission-updates/8633/sols-2713-2714-check-your-work/\">operation a success\u003c/a>, it was also the first time the drill had been used to dig into rock since 2018, when a technical problem forced engineers to devise a new method of drilling. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission-updates/8655/sols-2742-2743-driving-again/\">on the move again\u003c/a>, after a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission-updates/8653/sols-2740-2741-making-the-most-of-this-stop/\">pit stop to diagnose\u003c/a> an issue with its \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/spacecraft/instruments/mahli/\">Mars Hand Lens Imager\u003c/a> instrument. No time was wasted: The team directed Curiosity to collect images of the surrounding terrain and atmospheric data while it waited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Impacts on Other Missions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Curiosity on Mars, JPL currently manages 20 different missions. All of them are impacted by the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1962942 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-800x704.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-800x704.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-160x141.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-768x676.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-1020x898.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Europa Clipper spacecraft making a flyby of Jupiter’s icy, ocean-harboring moon, Europa. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of these is \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Europa Clipper\u003c/a>, a mission to send a spacecraft to Jupiter to investigate the ocean beneath the icy crust of the moon Europa. The Clipper team now works almost completely from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Europa Clipper team was already partly remote, since Clipper is a partnership between \u003ca href=\"https://www.jhuapl.edu/PressRelease/190702\">APL\u003c/a> and JPL,” said Krys Blackwood, senior lead human centered designer at JPL. “So, we adapted to working from home fairly rapidly. Luckily, the leadership of the mission is incredibly supportive, working to accommodate people’s unique home and family situations. I find myself looking forward to all those moments when someone’s kids or pets pop into a video conference. Rather than letting it disrupt us, we roll with it and support each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another critical program at JPL is running NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/about/functions/\">Deep Space Network\u003c/a>, or DSN. That’s the global array of large radio dishes that keeps mission operators in contact with robotic missions across the solar system — including the veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7587\">Voyager\u003c/a> probes that are now traveling through interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962939\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1962939\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mission Control at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, nexus of NASA’s Deep Space Network for communicating with robotic missions across the solar system. \u003ccite>(Ben Burress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our research for Deep Space Network operations is definitely impacted,” said Blackwood of her \u003ca href=\"https://hi.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Human Centered Design Group\u003c/a> team, “as we mostly need to be face-to-face in order to measure and evaluate operational practices. So, we’re having to get creative about tools and methods, while trying not to impact operations at all — because no matter what, the DSN needs to keep receiving data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Human Centered Design Group is also responsible for developing and programming the 3D terrain mapping system used by the Curiosity rover team. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To Boldly Zoom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imagine the starship Enterprise traveling through interstellar space, exploring strange new worlds — and the Bridge is largely empty. All the crew, from captain to science officer to navigator, is cloistered away working from their personal quarters. The communications officer, also isolated, keeps everyone in touch via Zoom. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For JPL, it’s something like that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The coronavirus pandemic has turned the Jet Propulsion Laboratory near Pasadena into a space-age ghost town, but the show must go on. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847460,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":887},"headData":{"title":"NASA Scientists Now Have to Explore Mars From Their Own Homes | KQED","description":"The coronavirus pandemic has turned the Jet Propulsion Laboratory near Pasadena into a space-age ghost town, but the show must go on. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1962935/nasa-scientists-now-have-to-explore-mars-and-europa-from-their-own-homes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Mars, nothing has changed for the rover Curiosity because of the coronavirus pandemic. It continues its \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7400\">exploration up the slopes of Mount Sharp\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity drives where it’s told, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7617\">stopping to take a picture\u003c/a> or extend its robotic arm to drill into a rock. Under no shelter-at-home order, it’s business as usual for the rover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, back on Earth, the room where Curiosity’s route is normally planned — by a team of scientists and engineers — stands empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Skeleton Crew, Ghost Staff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to the shelter-in-place and social distancing directives, the normally bustling 117-acre campus of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/about/\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> near Pasadena, California, where Curiosity is operated from, has become something of a ghost town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The usual population of over 5,000 employees has been reduced to a skeleton crew of only a couple hundred performing essential functions that cannot be done remotely. Those who must come to the lab are all practicing social distancing, proper sanitization and wear personal protective equipment, or PPE.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of JPL’s mission operators and other personnel, including the Curiosity rover team, are adapting to doing their jobs remotely from home. So, how does interplanetary exploration work from home —where cats walk across keyboards, kids attend school by Zoom and the dog needs to be walked?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exploring Another World— From Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 744px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1962943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/3dglasses-curiosity-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"744\" height=\"712\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/3dglasses-curiosity-nasa.jpg 744w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/3dglasses-curiosity-nasa-160x153.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity rover driver Keri Bean studies the terrain around the rover using red-blue 3D glasses, an adaptation to operating Curiosity from home without access to higher-tech equipment. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the novel coronavirus began to hit countries around the globe, the Curiosity team predicted the need to carry on with \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7638&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily20200414-1\">rover operations remotely\u003c/a>, and outfitted home offices for video conferencing. The team had to make sure it could stay in close contact to analyze data and imagery from the rover to map its surroundings in detail and plot its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had to adapt, and got creative. Without the high graphics computing and special equipment at JPL, at-home rover operators are using old theater-style 3D glasses to study the terrain and plan Curiosity’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One such maneuver took place on March 20, when operators commanded Curiosity’s drill to bore into a block of sandstone at a site dubbed “Edinburgh” to extract a rock sample for analysis. Not only was the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission-updates/8633/sols-2713-2714-check-your-work/\">operation a success\u003c/a>, it was also the first time the drill had been used to dig into rock since 2018, when a technical problem forced engineers to devise a new method of drilling. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission-updates/8655/sols-2742-2743-driving-again/\">on the move again\u003c/a>, after a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission-updates/8653/sols-2740-2741-making-the-most-of-this-stop/\">pit stop to diagnose\u003c/a> an issue with its \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/spacecraft/instruments/mahli/\">Mars Hand Lens Imager\u003c/a> instrument. No time was wasted: The team directed Curiosity to collect images of the surrounding terrain and atmospheric data while it waited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Impacts on Other Missions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Curiosity on Mars, JPL currently manages 20 different missions. All of them are impacted by the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1962942 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-800x704.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-800x704.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-160x141.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-768x676.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-1020x898.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Europa Clipper spacecraft making a flyby of Jupiter’s icy, ocean-harboring moon, Europa. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of these is \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Europa Clipper\u003c/a>, a mission to send a spacecraft to Jupiter to investigate the ocean beneath the icy crust of the moon Europa. The Clipper team now works almost completely from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Europa Clipper team was already partly remote, since Clipper is a partnership between \u003ca href=\"https://www.jhuapl.edu/PressRelease/190702\">APL\u003c/a> and JPL,” said Krys Blackwood, senior lead human centered designer at JPL. “So, we adapted to working from home fairly rapidly. Luckily, the leadership of the mission is incredibly supportive, working to accommodate people’s unique home and family situations. I find myself looking forward to all those moments when someone’s kids or pets pop into a video conference. Rather than letting it disrupt us, we roll with it and support each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another critical program at JPL is running NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/about/functions/\">Deep Space Network\u003c/a>, or DSN. That’s the global array of large radio dishes that keeps mission operators in contact with robotic missions across the solar system — including the veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7587\">Voyager\u003c/a> probes that are now traveling through interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962939\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1962939\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mission Control at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, nexus of NASA’s Deep Space Network for communicating with robotic missions across the solar system. \u003ccite>(Ben Burress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our research for Deep Space Network operations is definitely impacted,” said Blackwood of her \u003ca href=\"https://hi.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Human Centered Design Group\u003c/a> team, “as we mostly need to be face-to-face in order to measure and evaluate operational practices. So, we’re having to get creative about tools and methods, while trying not to impact operations at all — because no matter what, the DSN needs to keep receiving data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Human Centered Design Group is also responsible for developing and programming the 3D terrain mapping system used by the Curiosity rover team. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To Boldly Zoom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imagine the starship Enterprise traveling through interstellar space, exploring strange new worlds — and the Bridge is largely empty. All the crew, from captain to science officer to navigator, is cloistered away working from their personal quarters. The communications officer, also isolated, keeps everyone in touch via Zoom. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For JPL, it’s something like that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1962935/nasa-scientists-now-have-to-explore-mars-and-europa-from-their-own-homes","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4329","science_330","science_4414","science_5188","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1962947","label":"source_science_1962935"},"science_1961943":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1961943","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1961943","score":null,"sort":[1587056627000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","title":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation","publishDate":1587056627,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Looking for another entertaining, educational thing to do during your stay-at-home confinement? Here’s a list of favorite space images, collected by an astronomer \u003ci>—\u003c/i> me \u003ci>—\u003c/i> passing the time in isolation, like everbody else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Saturn with Super-Vision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vision of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shows us Saturn in a light that human eyesight can never perceive. This \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7632\">false-colored visual-and-infrared composite\u003c/a> paints the gas giant in color-coded temperatures, including a dazzling crown of auroras, shown in green, rising 600 miles above the cloud tops of Saturn’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA13405.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961967 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/University of Arizona/VIMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gullies on the Walls of Mars Crater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What may look \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5355/linear-gullies-inside-russell-crater-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deceptively like water-carved gullies\u003c/a> running down the sandy slopes of Russell Crater on Mars are likely caused by the seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice instead. Multiple images of this spot taken at different times in the planet’s seasonal year reveal that these channels form in the Martian winter, when water ice is still frozen, but the more volatile carbon dioxide could be able to flow in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961964 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seasonal gullies carved into the sandy slope of Mars’ Russell Crater, likely caused by thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Swiss cheese’ Terrain at Mars’ Southern Polar Ice Cap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smooth patches of carbon-dioxide ice rise 10 meters above surrounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/20070830-004989_0945.html\">blob-shaped depressions\u003c/a>. This is another of Mars’ unearthly artforms made possible by seasonal temperatures low enough to freeze carbon dioxide from the thin air, which is eaten away as the season warms to form pits and other spectacular features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://hirise-pds.lpl.arizona.edu/PDS/EXTRAS/RDR/PSP/ORB_005000_005099/PSP_005095_0935/PSP_005095_0935_RED.browse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961966 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Swiss cheese’ formations at Mars’ south pole, caused by seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jupiter’s Masterpiece of Motion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless and complex cloud tops and deep atmosphere of Jupiter give Earth’s best artists some serious competition. Wrapped around a circular storm cell, an atmospheric jet stream stirs up magnificent and mind-bending swirls, eddies and vortices for us to behold through the eye of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA22944.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961968 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s clouds stirred by a strong jet stream wrapped around a storm cell in the high northern latitudes. Image taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunset on Pluto\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes after its closest approach to \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pluto\u003c/a>, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft took this image, capturing smooth icy plains and some of the dwarf planet’s mountain ranges. The layers of Pluto’s thin, hazy atmosphere are backlit by the near setting sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19948.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limb of Pluto caught near sunset, 15 minutes after NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Snaps a Selfie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover paused to take \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8631/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-takes-a-new-selfie-before-record-climb/?site=msl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this selfie \u003c/a>on Feb. 26, 2020, before turning to climb the ridgeline of crumbling rock seen here in the background. Curiosity is alive and well and continuing its climb up Mount Sharp, in Gale Crater, investigating the geology for clues to Mars’ climatic history, and if the planet was ever capable of supporting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/system/downloadable_items/44678_PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961973 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Selfie’ taken by NASA’s rover Curiosity on February 26, 2020. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crab Nebula: Supernova Remnant Fireworks Burst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A supernova observed and recorded by Chinese and Japanese astronomers in A.D. 1054 marks the spot in the sky that telescopes later discovered the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-1-the-crab-nebula\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>, a cloud of hot gas expanding outward and dissipating into space. By virtue of that ancient observation, the Crab is the first supernova remnant whose parent star’s explosion was witnessed by human eyes. Below, images captured by different modern observatories were combined to form this stunning composite. A high-resolution visual image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope is layered with a radio image from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and an X-ray image from the Chandra X-ray Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image_file/image_attachment/30064/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961974 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite visible, radio and X-ray image of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, whose parent star was observed to explode in 1054 CE. Visible image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, radio image by the VLA, and X-ray image by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweeping View of the Cosmos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/panstarrs_release/\">Pan-STARRS observatory\u003c/a> at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, Hawaii, produced this mosaic map of every part of the sky viewable from the observatory’s latitude, combining a half-million images into one extraordinary view. Contained within this image are over 800 million celestial objects, including the ghostly sweep of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars and an obscuring disk of gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961989 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic image of the entire sky viewable from the Pan-STARRS observatory on Maui, Hawaii, composed of half a million individual images captured over four years. \u003ccite>(Danny Farrow, Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crater on Far Side of Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always hidden from Earth’s gaze, located on the far side of the moon in the southern polar region, is Antoniadi Crater, an impact crater 80 miles in diameter that resides in a much vaster depression. This picture, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, captures one end of Antoniadi from an oblique angle. The crater wall sweeping across the background \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/898\">rises almost 2.5 miles\u003c/a> above the floor, and the “little” crater in the foreground would engulf the city of San Francisco. Fun fact: The bottom of the small foreground crater contains the lowest point on the moon’s surface, about 4.75 miles below mean surface level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961979 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of a portion of the moon’s Antoniadi Crater, captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar South Pole Illumination Map\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/991\">unusual looking picture\u003c/a> of the moon’s south pole is a composite map made from images taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/lunar-south-pole-atlas/movies/Clementine_spole480.mp4\">every two hours over a full lunar day\u003c/a> (about four weeks on Earth). The brightness of each pixel tells how much sunlight that spot receives in the course of the moon’s day, white representing the most sunlight and black where sunlight never falls. Here at the moon’s south pole, the sun never rises far above the horizon, and sunlight shines across the landscape at a grazing angle. The black areas show places of permanent shadow, where observations have confirmed the presence of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/506629main_pole4x3_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961980 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illumination map composite image of the moon’s south pole showing total sunlight exposure over a lunar day. Black indicates crater and canyon floors that never receive direct sunlight and are known to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Your Favorite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multitude of captivating, awe-inspiring, and just plain run-of-the-mill stunning \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">space images available online\u003c/a> is nothing short of astronomical. Browse their image galleries in search of your own collection of faves; you’ll soon find your hours of isolation melting away in breathtaking wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Benjamin Burress has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. Before that he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and was the Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has written over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ben-burress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">300 pieces\u003c/a> on astronomy and space exploration for KQED since 2007. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Enjoy this top ten list of favorite space images selected by an astronomer passing time in isolation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847569,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1290},"headData":{"title":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation | KQED","description":"Enjoy this top ten list of favorite space images selected by an astronomer passing time in isolation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1961943/top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Looking for another entertaining, educational thing to do during your stay-at-home confinement? Here’s a list of favorite space images, collected by an astronomer \u003ci>—\u003c/i> me \u003ci>—\u003c/i> passing the time in isolation, like everbody else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Saturn with Super-Vision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vision of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shows us Saturn in a light that human eyesight can never perceive. This \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7632\">false-colored visual-and-infrared composite\u003c/a> paints the gas giant in color-coded temperatures, including a dazzling crown of auroras, shown in green, rising 600 miles above the cloud tops of Saturn’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA13405.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961967 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/University of Arizona/VIMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gullies on the Walls of Mars Crater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What may look \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5355/linear-gullies-inside-russell-crater-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deceptively like water-carved gullies\u003c/a> running down the sandy slopes of Russell Crater on Mars are likely caused by the seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice instead. Multiple images of this spot taken at different times in the planet’s seasonal year reveal that these channels form in the Martian winter, when water ice is still frozen, but the more volatile carbon dioxide could be able to flow in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961964 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seasonal gullies carved into the sandy slope of Mars’ Russell Crater, likely caused by thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Swiss cheese’ Terrain at Mars’ Southern Polar Ice Cap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smooth patches of carbon-dioxide ice rise 10 meters above surrounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/20070830-004989_0945.html\">blob-shaped depressions\u003c/a>. This is another of Mars’ unearthly artforms made possible by seasonal temperatures low enough to freeze carbon dioxide from the thin air, which is eaten away as the season warms to form pits and other spectacular features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://hirise-pds.lpl.arizona.edu/PDS/EXTRAS/RDR/PSP/ORB_005000_005099/PSP_005095_0935/PSP_005095_0935_RED.browse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961966 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Swiss cheese’ formations at Mars’ south pole, caused by seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jupiter’s Masterpiece of Motion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless and complex cloud tops and deep atmosphere of Jupiter give Earth’s best artists some serious competition. Wrapped around a circular storm cell, an atmospheric jet stream stirs up magnificent and mind-bending swirls, eddies and vortices for us to behold through the eye of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA22944.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961968 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s clouds stirred by a strong jet stream wrapped around a storm cell in the high northern latitudes. Image taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunset on Pluto\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes after its closest approach to \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pluto\u003c/a>, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft took this image, capturing smooth icy plains and some of the dwarf planet’s mountain ranges. The layers of Pluto’s thin, hazy atmosphere are backlit by the near setting sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19948.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limb of Pluto caught near sunset, 15 minutes after NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Snaps a Selfie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover paused to take \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8631/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-takes-a-new-selfie-before-record-climb/?site=msl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this selfie \u003c/a>on Feb. 26, 2020, before turning to climb the ridgeline of crumbling rock seen here in the background. Curiosity is alive and well and continuing its climb up Mount Sharp, in Gale Crater, investigating the geology for clues to Mars’ climatic history, and if the planet was ever capable of supporting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/system/downloadable_items/44678_PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961973 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Selfie’ taken by NASA’s rover Curiosity on February 26, 2020. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crab Nebula: Supernova Remnant Fireworks Burst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A supernova observed and recorded by Chinese and Japanese astronomers in A.D. 1054 marks the spot in the sky that telescopes later discovered the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-1-the-crab-nebula\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>, a cloud of hot gas expanding outward and dissipating into space. By virtue of that ancient observation, the Crab is the first supernova remnant whose parent star’s explosion was witnessed by human eyes. Below, images captured by different modern observatories were combined to form this stunning composite. A high-resolution visual image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope is layered with a radio image from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and an X-ray image from the Chandra X-ray Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image_file/image_attachment/30064/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961974 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite visible, radio and X-ray image of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, whose parent star was observed to explode in 1054 CE. Visible image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, radio image by the VLA, and X-ray image by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweeping View of the Cosmos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/panstarrs_release/\">Pan-STARRS observatory\u003c/a> at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, Hawaii, produced this mosaic map of every part of the sky viewable from the observatory’s latitude, combining a half-million images into one extraordinary view. Contained within this image are over 800 million celestial objects, including the ghostly sweep of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars and an obscuring disk of gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961989 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic image of the entire sky viewable from the Pan-STARRS observatory on Maui, Hawaii, composed of half a million individual images captured over four years. \u003ccite>(Danny Farrow, Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crater on Far Side of Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always hidden from Earth’s gaze, located on the far side of the moon in the southern polar region, is Antoniadi Crater, an impact crater 80 miles in diameter that resides in a much vaster depression. This picture, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, captures one end of Antoniadi from an oblique angle. The crater wall sweeping across the background \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/898\">rises almost 2.5 miles\u003c/a> above the floor, and the “little” crater in the foreground would engulf the city of San Francisco. Fun fact: The bottom of the small foreground crater contains the lowest point on the moon’s surface, about 4.75 miles below mean surface level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961979 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of a portion of the moon’s Antoniadi Crater, captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar South Pole Illumination Map\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/991\">unusual looking picture\u003c/a> of the moon’s south pole is a composite map made from images taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/lunar-south-pole-atlas/movies/Clementine_spole480.mp4\">every two hours over a full lunar day\u003c/a> (about four weeks on Earth). The brightness of each pixel tells how much sunlight that spot receives in the course of the moon’s day, white representing the most sunlight and black where sunlight never falls. Here at the moon’s south pole, the sun never rises far above the horizon, and sunlight shines across the landscape at a grazing angle. The black areas show places of permanent shadow, where observations have confirmed the presence of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/506629main_pole4x3_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961980 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illumination map composite image of the moon’s south pole showing total sunlight exposure over a lunar day. Black indicates crater and canyon floors that never receive direct sunlight and are known to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Your Favorite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multitude of captivating, awe-inspiring, and just plain run-of-the-mill stunning \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">space images available online\u003c/a> is nothing short of astronomical. Browse their image galleries in search of your own collection of faves; you’ll soon find your hours of isolation melting away in breathtaking wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Benjamin Burress has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. Before that he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and was the Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has written over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ben-burress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">300 pieces\u003c/a> on astronomy and space exploration for KQED since 2007. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1961943/top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_4450"],"tags":["science_498","science_330","science_1056","science_5180","science_5179","science_364","science_351","science_5175","science_501"],"featImg":"science_1961967","label":"source_science_1961943"},"science_1956918":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1956918","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1956918","score":null,"sort":[1582240623000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-aiming-to-send-woman-to-moon-and-really-soon","title":"NASA Plans to Send a Woman to the Moon ... and Really Soon","publishDate":1582240623,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Plans to Send a Woman to the Moon … and Really Soon | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In 1962, President John F. Kennedy told his country, “We choose to go to the moon!” It took another seven years before the first two men of the Apollo program set foot there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]As glass ceilings go, this one is 240,000 miles high, and with any luck, it will be broken forever.[/pullquote]But now, have you heard? NASA plans to return human beings to the moon, and in only four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wait, it gets better! The next “manned” mission to the moon’s surface will put the next man on the moon, yes, but also the first \u003cem>woman\u003c/em> ever to voyage farther into space than the International Space Station. As glass ceilings go, this one is 240,000 miles high, and with any luck, it will be broken forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/\">Artemis\u003c/a> program plans to deliver its coed crew to the moon by 2024, and establish a regular program of lunar exploration with commercial partners by 2028. Its ultimate goal is to channel the knowledge and experience gained toward launching a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artemis, by the way, is the moon goddess in Greek mythology, twin sister of the sun god Apollo. What better name for humanity’s second visit to the moon, one in which the first woman will stand on lunar soil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-800x1058.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1058\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-800x1058.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-160x212.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-768x1016.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak.jpg 942w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Orion spacecraft, which will carry the next astronauts bound for the moon from Earth to lunar orbit. \u003ccite>(NASA/Radislav Sinyak)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ambitious project includes designing and building a new generation of launch vehicles, human-crewed spacecraft and landers, along with the Lunar Gateway, a moon-orbiting station that will serve as a depot for spacecraft arriving from Earth and landers traveling to and from the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do You Have the Right Stuff?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are you interested in joining the ranks of NASA astronauts as part of a new generation of space explorers heading for the moon, some asteroids, possibly, and maybe even Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet the demand of its expanding human space exploration endeavors, NASA’s astronaut candidate program is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/explorers-wanted-nasa-to-hire-more-artemis-generation-astronauts\">accepting applications\u003c/a> from March 2 to the end of the month. Now is a good time to polish up that resume if a space-bound career appeals to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And remember, women, the Artemis moon-shot isn’t a guys-only club. \u003cem>Anyone\u003c/em> with the right stuff is eligible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Designing Spacecraft With Wind Tunnels and Supercomputers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Artemis astronauts will ever set boot on lunar soil, the space agency will have to do a lot of preliminary work. That’ll include deploying an array of scientific instruments on the moon’s surface to lay the groundwork for that historic return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956928\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three of the 16 scientific robotic landers, provided by commercial partners of NASA, that will be sent to the moon in 2021, paving the way for the next astronauts to land there in 2024.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA just finalized 16 experiments to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/first-commercial-moon-delivery-assignments-to-advance-artemis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent to the moon in 2021,\u003c/a> provided by two commercial partners — Astrobiotic and Initiative Machines — in the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another large playing piece to set on the game board of moon exploration is the launch vehicle that will get the astronauts there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/index.html\">Space Launch System\u003c/a> is NASA’s next heavy lifter. It will be the most powerful rocket ever built, capable of delivering human-crewed spacecraft to the moon and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that after successful launches of the Saturn 5 rocket in the 1960s, which propelled the Apollo spacecraft and astronauts to the moon more than half a dozen times, NASA engineers already know how to do this. But they can’t design a new rocket that will carry a new spacecraft by copying notes from previous missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New aerospace materials, propulsion technologies, and fuel and combustion systems all give shape to a new vehicle the space agency must test for safety, efficiency and capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956929\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-1020x671.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The aerodynamic test model of NASA’s SLS rocket being tested in a high-speed wind tunnel at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. The pink coating is a press-sensitive layer that changes color with air pressure, offering continuous real-time imagery that is processed in Ames’ Pleiades super-computing facility. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Dominic Hart)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] NASA can’t copy notes from previous missions to design a new rocket that will carry a new spacecraft. This one will require new materials and design tools. [/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA engineers are testing their SLS design by \u003ca href=\"https://www.almanacnews.com/news/2020/02/12/ames-wind-tunnels-put-nasas-new-moonshot-to-the-test\">subjecting an engineering model of the rocket to high-speed wind \u003c/a>in one of its \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/orgs/aeronautics/windtunnels/index.html\">wind tunnel facilities\u003c/a> at Ames Research Center, in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing exactly how the dynamic pressures of the high-velocity passage out of Earth’s atmosphere will affect the launch vehicle and its nose-borne payload are critical to their aerodynamic design. So, putting a physical model to the test in actual high-speed wind pushes the design’s limits in a way that computer simulations can only approximate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enormous amounts of test data the wind tunnel tests generate are processed by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nas.nasa.gov/hecc/resources/pleiades.html\">Pleiades supercomputer\u003c/a> housed at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at Ames, a warehouse-sized building filled with rack upon rack of linked computers comprising tens of thousands of core processors. As an ensemble, the supercomputer is capable of performing up to 7 quadrillion calculations per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956932\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956932\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-768x510.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Pleiades super-computing facility at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one can say NASA doesn’t do its homework.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Artemis mission will send the next man and first woman to the moon — and only four years from now.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847756,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":941},"headData":{"title":"NASA Plans to Send a Woman to the Moon ... and Really Soon | KQED","description":"NASA's Artemis mission will send the next man and first woman to the moon — and only four years from now.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Space Exploration","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1956918/nasa-aiming-to-send-woman-to-moon-and-really-soon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 1962, President John F. Kennedy told his country, “We choose to go to the moon!” It took another seven years before the first two men of the Apollo program set foot there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"As glass ceilings go, this one is 240,000 miles high, and with any luck, it will be broken forever.","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>But now, have you heard? NASA plans to return human beings to the moon, and in only four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wait, it gets better! The next “manned” mission to the moon’s surface will put the next man on the moon, yes, but also the first \u003cem>woman\u003c/em> ever to voyage farther into space than the International Space Station. As glass ceilings go, this one is 240,000 miles high, and with any luck, it will be broken forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/\">Artemis\u003c/a> program plans to deliver its coed crew to the moon by 2024, and establish a regular program of lunar exploration with commercial partners by 2028. Its ultimate goal is to channel the knowledge and experience gained toward launching a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artemis, by the way, is the moon goddess in Greek mythology, twin sister of the sun god Apollo. What better name for humanity’s second visit to the moon, one in which the first woman will stand on lunar soil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-800x1058.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1058\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-800x1058.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-160x212.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-768x1016.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak.jpg 942w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Orion spacecraft, which will carry the next astronauts bound for the moon from Earth to lunar orbit. \u003ccite>(NASA/Radislav Sinyak)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ambitious project includes designing and building a new generation of launch vehicles, human-crewed spacecraft and landers, along with the Lunar Gateway, a moon-orbiting station that will serve as a depot for spacecraft arriving from Earth and landers traveling to and from the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do You Have the Right Stuff?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are you interested in joining the ranks of NASA astronauts as part of a new generation of space explorers heading for the moon, some asteroids, possibly, and maybe even Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet the demand of its expanding human space exploration endeavors, NASA’s astronaut candidate program is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/explorers-wanted-nasa-to-hire-more-artemis-generation-astronauts\">accepting applications\u003c/a> from March 2 to the end of the month. Now is a good time to polish up that resume if a space-bound career appeals to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And remember, women, the Artemis moon-shot isn’t a guys-only club. \u003cem>Anyone\u003c/em> with the right stuff is eligible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Designing Spacecraft With Wind Tunnels and Supercomputers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Artemis astronauts will ever set boot on lunar soil, the space agency will have to do a lot of preliminary work. That’ll include deploying an array of scientific instruments on the moon’s surface to lay the groundwork for that historic return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956928\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three of the 16 scientific robotic landers, provided by commercial partners of NASA, that will be sent to the moon in 2021, paving the way for the next astronauts to land there in 2024.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA just finalized 16 experiments to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/first-commercial-moon-delivery-assignments-to-advance-artemis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent to the moon in 2021,\u003c/a> provided by two commercial partners — Astrobiotic and Initiative Machines — in the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another large playing piece to set on the game board of moon exploration is the launch vehicle that will get the astronauts there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/index.html\">Space Launch System\u003c/a> is NASA’s next heavy lifter. It will be the most powerful rocket ever built, capable of delivering human-crewed spacecraft to the moon and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that after successful launches of the Saturn 5 rocket in the 1960s, which propelled the Apollo spacecraft and astronauts to the moon more than half a dozen times, NASA engineers already know how to do this. But they can’t design a new rocket that will carry a new spacecraft by copying notes from previous missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New aerospace materials, propulsion technologies, and fuel and combustion systems all give shape to a new vehicle the space agency must test for safety, efficiency and capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956929\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-1020x671.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The aerodynamic test model of NASA’s SLS rocket being tested in a high-speed wind tunnel at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. The pink coating is a press-sensitive layer that changes color with air pressure, offering continuous real-time imagery that is processed in Ames’ Pleiades super-computing facility. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Dominic Hart)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":" NASA can’t copy notes from previous missions to design a new rocket that will carry a new spacecraft. This one will require new materials and design tools. ","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA engineers are testing their SLS design by \u003ca href=\"https://www.almanacnews.com/news/2020/02/12/ames-wind-tunnels-put-nasas-new-moonshot-to-the-test\">subjecting an engineering model of the rocket to high-speed wind \u003c/a>in one of its \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/orgs/aeronautics/windtunnels/index.html\">wind tunnel facilities\u003c/a> at Ames Research Center, in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing exactly how the dynamic pressures of the high-velocity passage out of Earth’s atmosphere will affect the launch vehicle and its nose-borne payload are critical to their aerodynamic design. So, putting a physical model to the test in actual high-speed wind pushes the design’s limits in a way that computer simulations can only approximate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enormous amounts of test data the wind tunnel tests generate are processed by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nas.nasa.gov/hecc/resources/pleiades.html\">Pleiades supercomputer\u003c/a> housed at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at Ames, a warehouse-sized building filled with rack upon rack of linked computers comprising tens of thousands of core processors. As an ensemble, the supercomputer is capable of performing up to 7 quadrillion calculations per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956932\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956932\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-768x510.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Pleiades super-computing facility at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one can say NASA doesn’t do its homework.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1956918/nasa-aiming-to-send-woman-to-moon-and-really-soon","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_628","science_3370","science_351","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1956926","label":"source_science_1956918"},"science_1956121":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1956121","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1956121","score":null,"sort":[1579909555000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"vote-here-for-the-name-of-new-mars-rover-polls-close-monday-night","title":"Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night","publishDate":1579909555,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>What would you name NASA’s next Mars rover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside link1=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/,Vote for the Mars rover's name here\"]Last year, the space agency posed this question to students in Kindergarten through 12th grade, along with a homework assignment: Write an essay to convince 4,700 contest judges that their name choice rises above all others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people submitted more than 28,000 essays after the competition opened in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the volunteer judges—professionals, teachers, and space science fanciers from all over the U.S. — have selected \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7578&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200121-1\">nine finalists\u003c/a> for interplanetary naming privileges. They are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/27179\">Promise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/3762\">Courage\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/18788\">Clarity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/26909\">Tenacity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/24330\">Ingenuity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/6989\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/11318\">Endurance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/14360\">Fortitude\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/23269\">Vision\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The choices reflect public enthusiasm for Mars exploration. The children and teens used exceedingly positive words to describe the enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, NASA let the public consider the nine finalist names and essays, and even vote on their favorites. There’s not much time left – this \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/\">link\u003c/a> expires at midnight Monday, Jan. 27. The agency will consider the results in its final naming decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Robot With a Unique Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/overview/\">Mars 2020 rover\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch this July. If all goes well, it will land on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. Bound for Jezero Crater, the car-sized, six-wheeled robot is built on the design of its predecessor, Curiosity. That rover still explores the water-lain sediments of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to investigate Mars’ climate and the role that water played in the past, Mars 2020 will look for signs of anything that might have lived in those ancient waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite imagery of the western edge of Jezero Crater, the designated landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. The river inlet to the left deposited the delta sediments that appear in the middle. Colors represent different mineral composition. Images by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Surveys made from space by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed evidence that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jezero-crater-mars-2020s-landing-site\">parts of Jezero Crater\u003c/a> were once sunken beneath the waters of a lake, and fed with runoff and sediment from at least one river inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Excellent Hunting Ground for Ancient Martians\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mission has searched for signs of Martian life since the 1977 Viking landers. They looked for present microbial activity in Mars’ soil and came up with inconclusive results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But subsequent missions— notably the Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity rovers, as well as orbital spacecraft — have revealed that in its early history Mars had a much more Earth-like environment: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, rain and rivers feeding deep lakes, and even wide shallow seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-1020x768.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa.jpg 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of estimated depths of an ancient sea that once existed in Mars’ southern Eridiani Basin. The sea is estimated to have contained nine times as much water as in all of the Great Lakes on Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, in the search for life beyond Earth, looking to Mars’ past may have a greater chance of payoff than hoping to find something surviving today in Mars’ cold, dry deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How NASA Names Its Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t usually name its space-faring missions through contests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many mission names are acronyms, like the Mercury spacecraft \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/index.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging). This embodies a description of the scientific mission and offers a historical nod to the Roman messenger god for which the planet Mercury is named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single person, Dr. Abe Silverstein, is responsible for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/silverstein_feature.html\">naming of Project Apollo \u003c/a>in 1960. While reading a book of mythology at home, NASA’s director of space flight programs decided that the Greek sun god Apollo blazing across the sky in his fiery chariot was an image that matched the grandeur of a mission to send people to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Mars landing missions — and of those, only rovers — have gotten their names through student essay contests. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder\">Sojourner\u003c/a>, which launched in 1996, was the first. Even the little rover’s parent lander, Pathfinder, bore only the official name of the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] NASA doesn’t usually name its faring missions through contests. You have until midnight Monday, Jan. 27 to vote for a name. [/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956131\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956131\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cartoon illustration of the Mars 2020 rover, made for the student naming contest in August 2019. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why do only rovers get personal names? Maybe because we give them wheels to scurry around on, and twin-camera “eyes” mounted on neck-like masts, and arms that dig into the Martian soil looking for cool things buried there. Robotic rovers just seem more “alive,” like us, and deserving of a personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students, all girls 12 years old and younger, gave Sojourner, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Spirit \u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Opportunity \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity \u003c/a>their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the naming of Mars 2020, will pre-teen girls hold onto their unbroken record, or will a teenager or boy break into this hall of fame?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out in early March, when NASA plans to make the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Nine finalists remain in the student essay contest to name NASA's next Mars rover. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847862,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":847},"headData":{"title":"Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night | KQED","description":"Nine finalists remain in the student essay contest to name NASA's next Mars rover. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Space Exploration","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1956121/vote-here-for-the-name-of-new-mars-rover-polls-close-monday-night","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What would you name NASA’s next Mars rover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"link1":"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/,Vote for the Mars rover's name here","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Last year, the space agency posed this question to students in Kindergarten through 12th grade, along with a homework assignment: Write an essay to convince 4,700 contest judges that their name choice rises above all others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people submitted more than 28,000 essays after the competition opened in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the volunteer judges—professionals, teachers, and space science fanciers from all over the U.S. — have selected \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7578&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200121-1\">nine finalists\u003c/a> for interplanetary naming privileges. They are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/27179\">Promise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/3762\">Courage\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/18788\">Clarity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/26909\">Tenacity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/24330\">Ingenuity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/6989\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/11318\">Endurance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/14360\">Fortitude\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/23269\">Vision\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The choices reflect public enthusiasm for Mars exploration. The children and teens used exceedingly positive words to describe the enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, NASA let the public consider the nine finalist names and essays, and even vote on their favorites. There’s not much time left – this \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/\">link\u003c/a> expires at midnight Monday, Jan. 27. The agency will consider the results in its final naming decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Robot With a Unique Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/overview/\">Mars 2020 rover\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch this July. If all goes well, it will land on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. Bound for Jezero Crater, the car-sized, six-wheeled robot is built on the design of its predecessor, Curiosity. That rover still explores the water-lain sediments of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to investigate Mars’ climate and the role that water played in the past, Mars 2020 will look for signs of anything that might have lived in those ancient waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite imagery of the western edge of Jezero Crater, the designated landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. The river inlet to the left deposited the delta sediments that appear in the middle. Colors represent different mineral composition. Images by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Surveys made from space by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed evidence that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jezero-crater-mars-2020s-landing-site\">parts of Jezero Crater\u003c/a> were once sunken beneath the waters of a lake, and fed with runoff and sediment from at least one river inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Excellent Hunting Ground for Ancient Martians\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mission has searched for signs of Martian life since the 1977 Viking landers. They looked for present microbial activity in Mars’ soil and came up with inconclusive results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But subsequent missions— notably the Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity rovers, as well as orbital spacecraft — have revealed that in its early history Mars had a much more Earth-like environment: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, rain and rivers feeding deep lakes, and even wide shallow seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-1020x768.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa.jpg 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of estimated depths of an ancient sea that once existed in Mars’ southern Eridiani Basin. The sea is estimated to have contained nine times as much water as in all of the Great Lakes on Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, in the search for life beyond Earth, looking to Mars’ past may have a greater chance of payoff than hoping to find something surviving today in Mars’ cold, dry deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How NASA Names Its Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t usually name its space-faring missions through contests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many mission names are acronyms, like the Mercury spacecraft \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/index.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging). This embodies a description of the scientific mission and offers a historical nod to the Roman messenger god for which the planet Mercury is named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single person, Dr. Abe Silverstein, is responsible for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/silverstein_feature.html\">naming of Project Apollo \u003c/a>in 1960. While reading a book of mythology at home, NASA’s director of space flight programs decided that the Greek sun god Apollo blazing across the sky in his fiery chariot was an image that matched the grandeur of a mission to send people to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Mars landing missions — and of those, only rovers — have gotten their names through student essay contests. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder\">Sojourner\u003c/a>, which launched in 1996, was the first. Even the little rover’s parent lander, Pathfinder, bore only the official name of the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":" NASA doesn’t usually name its faring missions through contests. You have until midnight Monday, Jan. 27 to vote for a name. ","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956131\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956131\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cartoon illustration of the Mars 2020 rover, made for the student naming contest in August 2019. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why do only rovers get personal names? Maybe because we give them wheels to scurry around on, and twin-camera “eyes” mounted on neck-like masts, and arms that dig into the Martian soil looking for cool things buried there. Robotic rovers just seem more “alive,” like us, and deserving of a personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students, all girls 12 years old and younger, gave Sojourner, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Spirit \u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Opportunity \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity \u003c/a>their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the naming of Mars 2020, will pre-teen girls hold onto their unbroken record, or will a teenager or boy break into this hall of fame?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out in early March, when NASA plans to make the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1956121/vote-here-for-the-name-of-new-mars-rover-polls-close-monday-night","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_32","science_89","science_40","science_3947"],"tags":["science_330","science_3370","science_5179","science_3616","science_5175","science_420"],"featImg":"science_1956130","label":"source_science_1956121"},"science_1955504":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1955504","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1955504","score":null,"sort":[1578953332000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","title":"NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet","publishDate":1578953332,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/tess/\">Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> of Earth’s size that is also located within its star’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/faq/15/what-is-the-habitable-zone-or-goldilocks-zone/\">habitable zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanet hunters and \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologists \u003c/a>have searched for so-called “other-Earths” like knights of old pursuing the holy grail. They’ve identified only a small number among the thousands of exoplanets discovered since 1992, but those heavenly bodies have the potential to harbor \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/how-do-we-find-life/\">environments friendly to life\u003c/a> as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Meaney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s infrared \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> confirmed TESS’s discovery, refining estimates of the exoplanet’s size and distance from its star and placing it squarely in the class of potentially Earth-like interstellar destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet TOI 700-d\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet, named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world\">TOI 700-d\u003c/a>, orbits a red dwarf star about 40 percent the size and half the brightness of our sun. TESS also discovered two other planets, TOI 700-b and -c, orbiting closer to the star but not within its habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-160x49.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-768x237.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1020x315.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1038x321.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exoplanet TOI 700-d orbits its M-class dwarf star just inside its habitable zone, where the strength of the star’s light is moderate enough to support liquid water on the planet’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located in the southern constellation Dorado, the star TOI 700 and its potential planetary riches are 100 light years away, well beyond human civilization’s ability to reach in the foreseeable future. (Even \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, the fastest and now most-distant interstellar spacecraft we have sent out, would take another 2 million years to get there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOI 700-d is just 20 percent larger than Earth, and it receives close to the same amount of energy from its star that Earth gets from the sun. Such similarities between the two planets may encourage visions of blue skies, salty seas, and earth-like landscapes on TOI 700-d.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of earthly properties don’t tell the entire story. The resemblance between our planet and TESS’s other-Earth may not extend beyond its size and how much sunlight it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, the nature of its atmosphere — if it possesses one— could make TOI 700-d a very alien world. Is its atmosphere thin and cold like Mars’, or super-thick and hot like Venus’? Is it made of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a blend of air very unlike our own? Is there oxygen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without enough atmospheric pressure, water cannot persist in a liquid state, so the presence of rivers, lakes and oceans is not guaranteed, even on a planet in a habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another likely aspect of TOI 700-d is that it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/tidal-locking-could-render-habitable-planets-inhospitable/\">tidally locked\u003c/a> to its star. That means the same side perpetually faces sunlight, and the other is stuck in eternal night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA's TESS spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA’s TESS spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tidal locking is the eventual fate of most objects that orbit close to a larger parent object, and TOI 700-d is only 15 million miles from its star, zipping around it once every 37 days. This synchronization of an object’s rotation and revolution, caused by gravitational interaction, is what keeps the same face of the moon always aimed at Earth, and what will eventually lock the planet Mercury into a state of permanently light and dark hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a world in which you could experience the sun never leaving the sky, or the sunrise never interrupting perpetual night, depending on which part of the planet you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scenario for TOI 700-d, which scientists have generated with computer models, a planetwide ocean lies under a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, with a thick cataract of cloud layers shading the day side from its star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another scenario digitally imagines a cloudless world of dry land with global wind patterns circulating from the night side across the twilight zone to converge at the center of the day side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even just throwing in the possibility that TOI 700-d is tidally locked to its star practically guarantees that this “Earth-like” exoplanet might be very unlike the world we call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TESS; Searching for Planets Much Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS launched on April 18, 2018, picking up the baton from NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which retired the same year in November. Kepler, the most productive exoplanet-hunting spacecraft to date, spent much of its nine-year career searching for exoplanets orbiting a patch of relatively distant stars in the constellation Cygnus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite being prepared for launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By contrast, TESS is designed to look for exoplanets much closer to home and across most of the sky. From the high vantage point of its elliptical orbit, which loops between 67,000 and 233,000 miles from Earth, TESS scans huge swaths of the sky’s brightest, nearest stars searching for planetary “transits” — the slight dimming of starlight caused by a planet passing between its star and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because most of the exoplanets that TESS discovers are nearby, they are easier to explore with follow-up observations by other space- and ground-based observatories — and possibly with visits in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soon-to-retire Spitzer Space Telescope, and the up-and-coming James Webb Space Telescope (successor to the Hubble) will analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets discovered by spacecraft like Kepler and TESS. This will allow us to explore more deeply their similarities to Earth, or to better envision their captivating alien natures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanet Discoveries to Date\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first extrasolar planet was detected in 1992, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">total of 4,104 have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist in 3,047 planetary systems. The Kepler mission was responsible for more than 2,700 of these discoveries. TESS, in operation for less than two years, has confirmed 37 exoplanets. Both missions have also amassed lists of thousands of potential candidates, many of which will ultimately be confirmed as extant exoplanets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the total population of confirmed exoplanets, 161 are classified as “terrestrial,” or roughly Earth-sized, and of these only a dozen or so are considered potentially habitable: exoplanets of Earth’s stature orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_.jpg 802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration representing our Milky Way galaxy, which contains at least 200 billion stars. The white circle shows the region within which most of the 4000+ known extrasolar planets have been discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on the abundance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/how-to-search-for-exoplanets.html\">exoplanets we have observed\u003c/a> in a relatively small sample of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars, some scientists estimate that our galaxy may contain as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the possibilities. The reality of other-Earths may far exceed even the wildest imaginings of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an extrasolar planet of Earth's size that is also located within its star's habitable zone.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847911,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1198},"headData":{"title":"NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet | KQED","description":"NASA's Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an extrasolar planet of Earth's size that is also located within its star's habitable zone.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1955504/space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/tess/\">Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> of Earth’s size that is also located within its star’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/faq/15/what-is-the-habitable-zone-or-goldilocks-zone/\">habitable zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanet hunters and \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologists \u003c/a>have searched for so-called “other-Earths” like knights of old pursuing the holy grail. They’ve identified only a small number among the thousands of exoplanets discovered since 1992, but those heavenly bodies have the potential to harbor \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/how-do-we-find-life/\">environments friendly to life\u003c/a> as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Meaney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s infrared \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> confirmed TESS’s discovery, refining estimates of the exoplanet’s size and distance from its star and placing it squarely in the class of potentially Earth-like interstellar destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet TOI 700-d\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet, named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world\">TOI 700-d\u003c/a>, orbits a red dwarf star about 40 percent the size and half the brightness of our sun. TESS also discovered two other planets, TOI 700-b and -c, orbiting closer to the star but not within its habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-160x49.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-768x237.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1020x315.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1038x321.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exoplanet TOI 700-d orbits its M-class dwarf star just inside its habitable zone, where the strength of the star’s light is moderate enough to support liquid water on the planet’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located in the southern constellation Dorado, the star TOI 700 and its potential planetary riches are 100 light years away, well beyond human civilization’s ability to reach in the foreseeable future. (Even \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, the fastest and now most-distant interstellar spacecraft we have sent out, would take another 2 million years to get there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOI 700-d is just 20 percent larger than Earth, and it receives close to the same amount of energy from its star that Earth gets from the sun. Such similarities between the two planets may encourage visions of blue skies, salty seas, and earth-like landscapes on TOI 700-d.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of earthly properties don’t tell the entire story. The resemblance between our planet and TESS’s other-Earth may not extend beyond its size and how much sunlight it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, the nature of its atmosphere — if it possesses one— could make TOI 700-d a very alien world. Is its atmosphere thin and cold like Mars’, or super-thick and hot like Venus’? Is it made of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a blend of air very unlike our own? Is there oxygen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without enough atmospheric pressure, water cannot persist in a liquid state, so the presence of rivers, lakes and oceans is not guaranteed, even on a planet in a habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another likely aspect of TOI 700-d is that it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/tidal-locking-could-render-habitable-planets-inhospitable/\">tidally locked\u003c/a> to its star. That means the same side perpetually faces sunlight, and the other is stuck in eternal night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA's TESS spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA’s TESS spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tidal locking is the eventual fate of most objects that orbit close to a larger parent object, and TOI 700-d is only 15 million miles from its star, zipping around it once every 37 days. This synchronization of an object’s rotation and revolution, caused by gravitational interaction, is what keeps the same face of the moon always aimed at Earth, and what will eventually lock the planet Mercury into a state of permanently light and dark hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a world in which you could experience the sun never leaving the sky, or the sunrise never interrupting perpetual night, depending on which part of the planet you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scenario for TOI 700-d, which scientists have generated with computer models, a planetwide ocean lies under a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, with a thick cataract of cloud layers shading the day side from its star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another scenario digitally imagines a cloudless world of dry land with global wind patterns circulating from the night side across the twilight zone to converge at the center of the day side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even just throwing in the possibility that TOI 700-d is tidally locked to its star practically guarantees that this “Earth-like” exoplanet might be very unlike the world we call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TESS; Searching for Planets Much Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS launched on April 18, 2018, picking up the baton from NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which retired the same year in November. Kepler, the most productive exoplanet-hunting spacecraft to date, spent much of its nine-year career searching for exoplanets orbiting a patch of relatively distant stars in the constellation Cygnus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite being prepared for launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By contrast, TESS is designed to look for exoplanets much closer to home and across most of the sky. From the high vantage point of its elliptical orbit, which loops between 67,000 and 233,000 miles from Earth, TESS scans huge swaths of the sky’s brightest, nearest stars searching for planetary “transits” — the slight dimming of starlight caused by a planet passing between its star and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because most of the exoplanets that TESS discovers are nearby, they are easier to explore with follow-up observations by other space- and ground-based observatories — and possibly with visits in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soon-to-retire Spitzer Space Telescope, and the up-and-coming James Webb Space Telescope (successor to the Hubble) will analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets discovered by spacecraft like Kepler and TESS. This will allow us to explore more deeply their similarities to Earth, or to better envision their captivating alien natures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanet Discoveries to Date\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first extrasolar planet was detected in 1992, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">total of 4,104 have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist in 3,047 planetary systems. The Kepler mission was responsible for more than 2,700 of these discoveries. TESS, in operation for less than two years, has confirmed 37 exoplanets. Both missions have also amassed lists of thousands of potential candidates, many of which will ultimately be confirmed as extant exoplanets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the total population of confirmed exoplanets, 161 are classified as “terrestrial,” or roughly Earth-sized, and of these only a dozen or so are considered potentially habitable: exoplanets of Earth’s stature orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_.jpg 802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration representing our Milky Way galaxy, which contains at least 200 billion stars. The white circle shows the region within which most of the 4000+ known extrasolar planets have been discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on the abundance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/how-to-search-for-exoplanets.html\">exoplanets we have observed\u003c/a> in a relatively small sample of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars, some scientists estimate that our galaxy may contain as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the possibilities. The reality of other-Earths may far exceed even the wildest imaginings of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1955504/space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1510520","label":"source_science_1955504"},"science_1950956":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1950956","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1950956","score":null,"sort":[1574359392000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-hopes-to-find-direct-evidence-of-past-life-on-mars-with-2021-landing","title":"NASA Hopes to Find Direct Evidence of Past Life on Mars With 2021 Landing","publishDate":1574359392,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Hopes to Find Direct Evidence of Past Life on Mars With 2021 Landing | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>For the first time in over 40 years, NASA plans to search for Martians — not living ones but the very long dead remains of life forms that may have thrived on a watery planet 3.5 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]If the ancient shoreline of a now-dry lake bed harbors the fossilized remains of Martian life, then the long-anticipated moment when life beyond Earth is discovered may be only a few years away. Imagine that…[/pullquote]Call it a fossil hunt. \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7539\">NASA plans to send\u003c/a> its soon-to-launch Mars 2020 rover to a spot researchers hope will yield direct evidence of past life there. It may turn up in the form of mineral residues of once-living creatures, or possibly in physical formations, like stromatolites — \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7541&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20191115-1\">rocks formed by the activity of ancient microbes\u003c/a> that thrived in shallow, sun-drenched water. On Earth, stromatolites are among the oldest extant remnants of the earliest terrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950963\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-800x618.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"618\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs.jpg 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color map of the Isidis Basin and the location of Jezero Crater on Mars. Colors indicate altitude, where red is higher elevations and violet the lowest. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jezero Crater: Fossil-hunting Site?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020’s target of interest is the 30-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8387/nasa-announces-landing-site-for-mars-2020-rover/\">Jezero Crater\u003c/a>, an impact feature at the edge of Isidis Basin. Through measurements and images the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003c/a>took from orbit, Jezero has shown great promise in the search for signs of past life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950961\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1200x962.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite image of the section of Jezero Crater that NASA’s Mars 2020 rover will begin exploring in 2021. Center in this image is a fan of material washed in from a river inlet (left) and deposited on the floor of an ancient lake. Mineral measurements of the materials in this delta deposit show the presence of clay and carbonates, possible evidence of past Martian life. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/JHU-APL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 3.5 billion years ago, when a more Earth-like environment existed on Mars, Jezero Crater was probably flooded with water. A fanning complex of delta-like deposits sprouting from a likely river inlet promises to be a repository of sediments washed down from higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, maybe most tantalizing of all, researchers have discovered a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencealert.com/the-next-mars-rover-is-set-to-checkout-the-perfect-place-for-preserving-fossils\">layer of carbonate minerals\u003c/a> ringing what once upon a time would have been a shoreline of the ancient lake, like a chalk outline of a body of water that has dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geologists find calcium carbonate in the fossils of ancient seashells, coral and stromatolite formations, as well as layers of sedimentary limestone that form over time from accumulations of these remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of ancient lake waters filling Jezero Crater, showing the river inlet (top) and the fan of water-deposited sediments (underwater in this illustration) that have been captured in images by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, imagine astrobiologists’ excitement at finding concentrations of carbonates tracing the shoreline of an ancient lake, where sunny, shallow waters may have once provided a life-nurturing environment. Accordingly, Mars 2020 plans to visit this vestige of shoreline during its exploration of Jezero Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mars 2020\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheduled for launch in 2020 and a landing on Feb. 18, 2021, Mars 2020 is the first spacecraft NASA has designed to search for signs of Martian life since the twin Vikings landed 43 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Vikings tested scoops of Martian soil for the chemical signatures of biological respiration, signs of microscopic organisms alive on Mars today. The \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/im-convinced-we-found-evidence-of-life-on-mars-in-the-1970s/\">results remain controversial \u003c/a>and inconclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 is equipped with an instrument called \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/instruments/sherloc/\">SHERLOC\u003c/a> (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals), mounted at the end of its robotic arm. With a magnifying camera to examine fine-scale mineralogical features, and an ultraviolet laser and spectrometer for detecting and classifying minerals, SHERLOC will get up close and personal with the rocks in Jezero Crater to look for shapes and chemicals ancient life may have left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the layer of carbonates lining the ancient shoreline of Jezero Crater’s now-dry lake bed harbors chemical residues or mineral structures that are the fossilized remains of Martians, then the long anticipated moment when life beyond Earth is discovered may be only a few years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA plans to search for the remains of life that may have existed on Mars 3.5 billion years ago.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848149,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":714},"headData":{"title":"NASA Hopes to Find Direct Evidence of Past Life on Mars With 2021 Landing | KQED","description":"NASA plans to search for the remains of life that may have existed on Mars 3.5 billion years ago.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Mars Exploration","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1950956/nasa-hopes-to-find-direct-evidence-of-past-life-on-mars-with-2021-landing","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time in over 40 years, NASA plans to search for Martians — not living ones but the very long dead remains of life forms that may have thrived on a watery planet 3.5 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"If the ancient shoreline of a now-dry lake bed harbors the fossilized remains of Martian life, then the long-anticipated moment when life beyond Earth is discovered may be only a few years away. Imagine that…","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Call it a fossil hunt. \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7539\">NASA plans to send\u003c/a> its soon-to-launch Mars 2020 rover to a spot researchers hope will yield direct evidence of past life there. It may turn up in the form of mineral residues of once-living creatures, or possibly in physical formations, like stromatolites — \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7541&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20191115-1\">rocks formed by the activity of ancient microbes\u003c/a> that thrived in shallow, sun-drenched water. On Earth, stromatolites are among the oldest extant remnants of the earliest terrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950963\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-800x618.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"618\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs.jpg 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color map of the Isidis Basin and the location of Jezero Crater on Mars. Colors indicate altitude, where red is higher elevations and violet the lowest. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jezero Crater: Fossil-hunting Site?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020’s target of interest is the 30-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8387/nasa-announces-landing-site-for-mars-2020-rover/\">Jezero Crater\u003c/a>, an impact feature at the edge of Isidis Basin. Through measurements and images the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003c/a>took from orbit, Jezero has shown great promise in the search for signs of past life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950961\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1200x962.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite image of the section of Jezero Crater that NASA’s Mars 2020 rover will begin exploring in 2021. Center in this image is a fan of material washed in from a river inlet (left) and deposited on the floor of an ancient lake. Mineral measurements of the materials in this delta deposit show the presence of clay and carbonates, possible evidence of past Martian life. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/JHU-APL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 3.5 billion years ago, when a more Earth-like environment existed on Mars, Jezero Crater was probably flooded with water. A fanning complex of delta-like deposits sprouting from a likely river inlet promises to be a repository of sediments washed down from higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, maybe most tantalizing of all, researchers have discovered a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencealert.com/the-next-mars-rover-is-set-to-checkout-the-perfect-place-for-preserving-fossils\">layer of carbonate minerals\u003c/a> ringing what once upon a time would have been a shoreline of the ancient lake, like a chalk outline of a body of water that has dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geologists find calcium carbonate in the fossils of ancient seashells, coral and stromatolite formations, as well as layers of sedimentary limestone that form over time from accumulations of these remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of ancient lake waters filling Jezero Crater, showing the river inlet (top) and the fan of water-deposited sediments (underwater in this illustration) that have been captured in images by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, imagine astrobiologists’ excitement at finding concentrations of carbonates tracing the shoreline of an ancient lake, where sunny, shallow waters may have once provided a life-nurturing environment. Accordingly, Mars 2020 plans to visit this vestige of shoreline during its exploration of Jezero Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mars 2020\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheduled for launch in 2020 and a landing on Feb. 18, 2021, Mars 2020 is the first spacecraft NASA has designed to search for signs of Martian life since the twin Vikings landed 43 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Vikings tested scoops of Martian soil for the chemical signatures of biological respiration, signs of microscopic organisms alive on Mars today. The \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/im-convinced-we-found-evidence-of-life-on-mars-in-the-1970s/\">results remain controversial \u003c/a>and inconclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 is equipped with an instrument called \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/instruments/sherloc/\">SHERLOC\u003c/a> (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals), mounted at the end of its robotic arm. With a magnifying camera to examine fine-scale mineralogical features, and an ultraviolet laser and spectrometer for detecting and classifying minerals, SHERLOC will get up close and personal with the rocks in Jezero Crater to look for shapes and chemicals ancient life may have left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the layer of carbonates lining the ancient shoreline of Jezero Crater’s now-dry lake bed harbors chemical residues or mineral structures that are the fossilized remains of Martians, then the long anticipated moment when life beyond Earth is discovered may be only a few years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1950956/nasa-hopes-to-find-direct-evidence-of-past-life-on-mars-with-2021-landing","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_2356","science_3370","science_5179","science_3616","science_5175","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1950960","label":"source_science_1950956"},"science_1949946":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1949946","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1949946","score":null,"sort":[1572267715000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-curiosity-rover-discovers-ancient-mud-cracks-that-may-tell-a-tale-of-mars-demise","title":"Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to a Watery Past on Mars","publishDate":1572267715,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to a Watery Past on Mars | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In its quest to find signs of water in the sediments of Mount Sharp, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl/\">NASA’s rover Curiosity\u003c/a> has turned up some tantalizing clues to when and how the young, watery Mars began to dry up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of geologic formations and measurements of mineral residues collected over two years tell a tale of a watery world caught in the process of drying up, and maybe not giving up without a fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A four-foot-wide patch of ancient mudstone called “Old Soaker,” encountered late in 2016 within Mars’ Gale Crater, may be a snapshot of the moment Mars began its transition from a wet and possibly lively planet to the cold, dry, apparently lifeless world we know today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949964\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-800x714.jpg\" alt='Cracks in the mudstone slab called \"Old Soaker,\" whose formation dates back more than 3 billion years, may have formed in drying mud, as Mars experienced a global transition to a drying climate. ' width=\"800\" height=\"714\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-800x714.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-160x143.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-768x686.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-1020x911.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-1200x1071.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracks in the mudstone slab called “Old Soaker,” whose formation dates back more than 3 billion years, may have formed in drying mud, as Mars experienced a global transition to a drying climate. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bearing \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=pia21261\">a network of cracks\u003c/a> that may have formed in drying mud, Old Soaker shows that even as water was becoming scarce on Mars, it persisted in seeps, trickling streams and shallow desert lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moment captured in the Old Soaker mudstone over three billion years ago is one picture in a larger album that Curiosity has been assembling since it landed in 2012. Its compendium of Martian climatic history has captivated our imaginations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Quest For Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did liquid water ever exist on Mars? When, and how much? Was the environment ever capable of supporting life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the big questions Curiosity went forth to tackle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 755px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1950007\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1.jpg\" alt=\"A "selfie" taken by NASA's Curiosity rover on Oct 11, 2019 at a place nicknamed Glen Etive. \" width=\"755\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1.jpg 755w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1-160x212.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 755px) 100vw, 755px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “selfie” taken by NASA’s Curiosity rover on Oct 11, 2019 at a place nicknamed Glen Etive. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, Curiosity’s confirmed that \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/articles/history-of-marss-water-seen-through-the-lens-of-gale-crater\">liquid water once flowed\u003c/a> into and pooled within Gale Crater, from very early in its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagery of geologic formations Curiosity captured in its earlier travels tell a captivating story of the young Gale Crater Lake. Sedimentary layering, lakebed mudstone, and aggregations of river pebbles and stones found in the oldest, lowest formations of Mount Sharp reveal that a wide deep lake, fed by rivers and streams, may have persisted in Gale Crater for many millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949972\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Simulation of what the ancient Gale Crater lake may have looked like during Mars' more Earthlike youth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulation of what the ancient Gale Crater lake may have looked like during Mars’ more Earthlike youth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Taking Gale Crater and its ancient lake as an indicator of Mars’ global environment, we know the atmosphere had to be much warmer and thicker than it is today. It almost certainly supported a water cycle of precipitation, runoff, pooling in lakes and seas, and evaporation similar to Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reading the Pages of Geologic History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater is an \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/feature/22\">ideal location to investigate Mars’s climate history\u003c/a>. Piled over three miles high within the crater is Mount Sharp, a mega-mound of sedimentary rock whose stacked layers scientists can read like the pages of geological history book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949967\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-800x366.jpg\" alt=\"Long view looking up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the 3.5 mile tall mound of sedimentary rock sitting inside Mars' Gale Crater. \" width=\"800\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-800x366.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-768x351.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1020x466.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1200x549.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1920x878.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long view looking up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the 3.5 mile tall mound of sedimentary rock sitting inside Mars’ Gale Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crater formed 3.8-3.5 billion years ago when an asteroid hit Mars. It gradually filled though wind and water action with layer upon layer of sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In more recent times after Mars dried up, wind eroded some of the infill, sculpting the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15292.html\">multi-layered mountain\u003c/a> Curiosity is doggedly crawling up today. As it visits each formation of sedimentary rock on its uphill climb, Curiosity is reading the pages of Mars’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death Throes of a Drying World?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now seven years into its mission, Curiosity has climbed to higher points on Mount Sharp, analyzing layers of rock that formed at different times and under different climatic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story told by Old Soaker’s mudstone cracks may be a page in a saga of tumultuous environmental change. Mars’ environment dried up, became wet again, then swung back to dry in repeating cycles. Wetter periods preceded and followed the dry episode that formed this specimen, based on what Curiosity found at adjacent rock layers in the Mount Sharp stack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity has also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/salt-lake-gale-crater-mars/\">mineralogical evidence\u003c/a> to corroborate the Old Soaker’s tale of a drying world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 537px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537.jpg\" alt=\"A mineral map of the slopes of Mount Sharp being explored by NASA's Curiosity rover, made from data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's CRISM instrument. A cross marks the original 2012 landing site of the Curiosity rover. Green indicates clay minerals that may have been deposited in the deep water's of the lake, while blue and magenta indicate sulfates formed when lake waters were drying up. \" width=\"537\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537.jpg 537w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537-160x163.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mineral map of the slopes of Mount Sharp being explored by NASA’s Curiosity rover, made from data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s CRISM instrument. A cross marks the original 2012 landing site of the Curiosity rover. Green indicates clay minerals that may have been deposited in the deep water’s of the lake, while blue and magenta indicate sulfates formed when lake waters were drying up. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/JHUAPL/Ralph Milliken)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission Curiosity detected an abundance of clay minerals in the oldest layers of lake bed sediment. They indicated that those layers were deposited when lake waters were deep and plentiful. Freshwater conditions on Earth formed similar clays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher on the mountain’s slopes, the rover found chloride and sulfate salts in younger sediments, dated to about 3.5 billion years. Such mineral salts are known byproducts of bodies of water undergoing evaporation, like a lake drying up during a shift to a more arid climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Take a Walk Through a Mars-like Past—on Earth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve been to a place like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm\">Death Valley National Park\u003c/a>, you may have witnessed evidence of long-gone water in that dry and desolate landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mineral salts, once dissolved in the waters of an ancient lake that filled today’s Death Valley, now cover huge areas of the valley floor in thick, white crystalline deposits. When the drying climate east of the Sierra Nevada mountains reduced the 70-mile-long, 600-foot-deep Lake Manly to a salt-lined desert valley, it left behind the briny residue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949974\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-800x541.jpg\" alt=\"At the lowest point in the continental US, Badwater, in Death Valley National Park, sits at the edge of a great pan of salt minerals left behind when the paleo-lake Manly, which filled the valley only 10,000 years ago, dried up under changing climate conditions. A shallow pool of briny water can be found here, maybe not unlike ponds and puddles evidence is showing existed on the drying Mars in the distant past. \" width=\"800\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-768x519.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the lowest point in the continental US, Badwater, in Death Valley National Park, sits at the edge of a great pan of salt minerals left behind when the paleo-lake Manly, which filled the valley only 10,000 years ago, dried up under changing climate conditions. A shallow pool of briny water can be found here, maybe not unlike ponds and puddles evidence is showing existed on the drying Mars in the distant past. \u003ccite>(Jerrye and Roy Klotz, MD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s still possible to see, and even walk upon, ancient shorelines carved into the side of Shoreline Butte by the action of lapping waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some side canyons of Death Valley are mudstone formations bearing the petrified imprints of ripples formed in the lake floor mud, now preserved in stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few briny “springs” still issue seasonal seepage and offer a watery habitat for \u003ca href=\"https://www.visitcalifornia.com/attraction/desert-pupfish\">pupfish\u003c/a>, the surviving descendants of that paleolake’s fishy inhabitants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for all the signs of deep waters, flowing streams, and a once- thriving ecosystem, Lake Manly dried up thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is prospecting the Martian desert and turning up similar evidence of Mars’s ancient waters. It’s looking back three or more billion years, not just a few millennia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Signs of Life—Yet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s mission goals is to assess Mars’ past environment to determine whether it could ever have harbored some form of life. The result, so far, appears to be yes. When it more closely resembled Earth’s conditions, Mars may have been hospitable to some form of life, if only single-celled organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists didn’t equip Curiosity to look for actual signs of life—just the water it might have lived in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, NASA plans to launch its next mission to the Red Planet, the Mars 2020 rover. It will bookend Curiosity’s mission by directly searching for the chemical residues left behind by any would-be Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, get ready for the next chapter in the Martian saga.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's rover Curiosity has turned up some tantalizing clues to when and how the young, watery Mars began to dry up.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848192,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1349},"headData":{"title":"Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to a Watery Past on Mars | KQED","description":"NASA's rover Curiosity has turned up some tantalizing clues to when and how the young, watery Mars began to dry up.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1949946/nasas-curiosity-rover-discovers-ancient-mud-cracks-that-may-tell-a-tale-of-mars-demise","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In its quest to find signs of water in the sediments of Mount Sharp, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl/\">NASA’s rover Curiosity\u003c/a> has turned up some tantalizing clues to when and how the young, watery Mars began to dry up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of geologic formations and measurements of mineral residues collected over two years tell a tale of a watery world caught in the process of drying up, and maybe not giving up without a fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A four-foot-wide patch of ancient mudstone called “Old Soaker,” encountered late in 2016 within Mars’ Gale Crater, may be a snapshot of the moment Mars began its transition from a wet and possibly lively planet to the cold, dry, apparently lifeless world we know today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949964\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-800x714.jpg\" alt='Cracks in the mudstone slab called \"Old Soaker,\" whose formation dates back more than 3 billion years, may have formed in drying mud, as Mars experienced a global transition to a drying climate. ' width=\"800\" height=\"714\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-800x714.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-160x143.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-768x686.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-1020x911.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-1200x1071.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracks in the mudstone slab called “Old Soaker,” whose formation dates back more than 3 billion years, may have formed in drying mud, as Mars experienced a global transition to a drying climate. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bearing \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=pia21261\">a network of cracks\u003c/a> that may have formed in drying mud, Old Soaker shows that even as water was becoming scarce on Mars, it persisted in seeps, trickling streams and shallow desert lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moment captured in the Old Soaker mudstone over three billion years ago is one picture in a larger album that Curiosity has been assembling since it landed in 2012. Its compendium of Martian climatic history has captivated our imaginations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Quest For Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did liquid water ever exist on Mars? When, and how much? Was the environment ever capable of supporting life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the big questions Curiosity went forth to tackle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 755px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1950007\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1.jpg\" alt=\"A "selfie" taken by NASA's Curiosity rover on Oct 11, 2019 at a place nicknamed Glen Etive. \" width=\"755\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1.jpg 755w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1-160x212.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 755px) 100vw, 755px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “selfie” taken by NASA’s Curiosity rover on Oct 11, 2019 at a place nicknamed Glen Etive. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, Curiosity’s confirmed that \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/articles/history-of-marss-water-seen-through-the-lens-of-gale-crater\">liquid water once flowed\u003c/a> into and pooled within Gale Crater, from very early in its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagery of geologic formations Curiosity captured in its earlier travels tell a captivating story of the young Gale Crater Lake. Sedimentary layering, lakebed mudstone, and aggregations of river pebbles and stones found in the oldest, lowest formations of Mount Sharp reveal that a wide deep lake, fed by rivers and streams, may have persisted in Gale Crater for many millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949972\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Simulation of what the ancient Gale Crater lake may have looked like during Mars' more Earthlike youth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulation of what the ancient Gale Crater lake may have looked like during Mars’ more Earthlike youth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Taking Gale Crater and its ancient lake as an indicator of Mars’ global environment, we know the atmosphere had to be much warmer and thicker than it is today. It almost certainly supported a water cycle of precipitation, runoff, pooling in lakes and seas, and evaporation similar to Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reading the Pages of Geologic History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater is an \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/feature/22\">ideal location to investigate Mars’s climate history\u003c/a>. Piled over three miles high within the crater is Mount Sharp, a mega-mound of sedimentary rock whose stacked layers scientists can read like the pages of geological history book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949967\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-800x366.jpg\" alt=\"Long view looking up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the 3.5 mile tall mound of sedimentary rock sitting inside Mars' Gale Crater. \" width=\"800\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-800x366.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-768x351.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1020x466.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1200x549.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1920x878.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long view looking up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the 3.5 mile tall mound of sedimentary rock sitting inside Mars’ Gale Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crater formed 3.8-3.5 billion years ago when an asteroid hit Mars. It gradually filled though wind and water action with layer upon layer of sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In more recent times after Mars dried up, wind eroded some of the infill, sculpting the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15292.html\">multi-layered mountain\u003c/a> Curiosity is doggedly crawling up today. As it visits each formation of sedimentary rock on its uphill climb, Curiosity is reading the pages of Mars’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death Throes of a Drying World?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now seven years into its mission, Curiosity has climbed to higher points on Mount Sharp, analyzing layers of rock that formed at different times and under different climatic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story told by Old Soaker’s mudstone cracks may be a page in a saga of tumultuous environmental change. Mars’ environment dried up, became wet again, then swung back to dry in repeating cycles. Wetter periods preceded and followed the dry episode that formed this specimen, based on what Curiosity found at adjacent rock layers in the Mount Sharp stack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity has also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/salt-lake-gale-crater-mars/\">mineralogical evidence\u003c/a> to corroborate the Old Soaker’s tale of a drying world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 537px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537.jpg\" alt=\"A mineral map of the slopes of Mount Sharp being explored by NASA's Curiosity rover, made from data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's CRISM instrument. A cross marks the original 2012 landing site of the Curiosity rover. Green indicates clay minerals that may have been deposited in the deep water's of the lake, while blue and magenta indicate sulfates formed when lake waters were drying up. \" width=\"537\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537.jpg 537w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537-160x163.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mineral map of the slopes of Mount Sharp being explored by NASA’s Curiosity rover, made from data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s CRISM instrument. A cross marks the original 2012 landing site of the Curiosity rover. Green indicates clay minerals that may have been deposited in the deep water’s of the lake, while blue and magenta indicate sulfates formed when lake waters were drying up. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/JHUAPL/Ralph Milliken)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission Curiosity detected an abundance of clay minerals in the oldest layers of lake bed sediment. They indicated that those layers were deposited when lake waters were deep and plentiful. Freshwater conditions on Earth formed similar clays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher on the mountain’s slopes, the rover found chloride and sulfate salts in younger sediments, dated to about 3.5 billion years. Such mineral salts are known byproducts of bodies of water undergoing evaporation, like a lake drying up during a shift to a more arid climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Take a Walk Through a Mars-like Past—on Earth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve been to a place like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm\">Death Valley National Park\u003c/a>, you may have witnessed evidence of long-gone water in that dry and desolate landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mineral salts, once dissolved in the waters of an ancient lake that filled today’s Death Valley, now cover huge areas of the valley floor in thick, white crystalline deposits. When the drying climate east of the Sierra Nevada mountains reduced the 70-mile-long, 600-foot-deep Lake Manly to a salt-lined desert valley, it left behind the briny residue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949974\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-800x541.jpg\" alt=\"At the lowest point in the continental US, Badwater, in Death Valley National Park, sits at the edge of a great pan of salt minerals left behind when the paleo-lake Manly, which filled the valley only 10,000 years ago, dried up under changing climate conditions. A shallow pool of briny water can be found here, maybe not unlike ponds and puddles evidence is showing existed on the drying Mars in the distant past. \" width=\"800\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-768x519.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the lowest point in the continental US, Badwater, in Death Valley National Park, sits at the edge of a great pan of salt minerals left behind when the paleo-lake Manly, which filled the valley only 10,000 years ago, dried up under changing climate conditions. A shallow pool of briny water can be found here, maybe not unlike ponds and puddles evidence is showing existed on the drying Mars in the distant past. \u003ccite>(Jerrye and Roy Klotz, MD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s still possible to see, and even walk upon, ancient shorelines carved into the side of Shoreline Butte by the action of lapping waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some side canyons of Death Valley are mudstone formations bearing the petrified imprints of ripples formed in the lake floor mud, now preserved in stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few briny “springs” still issue seasonal seepage and offer a watery habitat for \u003ca href=\"https://www.visitcalifornia.com/attraction/desert-pupfish\">pupfish\u003c/a>, the surviving descendants of that paleolake’s fishy inhabitants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for all the signs of deep waters, flowing streams, and a once- thriving ecosystem, Lake Manly dried up thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is prospecting the Martian desert and turning up similar evidence of Mars’s ancient waters. It’s looking back three or more billion years, not just a few millennia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Signs of Life—Yet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s mission goals is to assess Mars’ past environment to determine whether it could ever have harbored some form of life. The result, so far, appears to be yes. When it more closely resembled Earth’s conditions, Mars may have been hospitable to some form of life, if only single-celled organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists didn’t equip Curiosity to look for actual signs of life—just the water it might have lived in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, NASA plans to launch its next mission to the Red Planet, the Mars 2020 rover. It will bookend Curiosity’s mission by directly searching for the chemical residues left behind by any would-be Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, get ready for the next chapter in the Martian saga.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1949946/nasas-curiosity-rover-discovers-ancient-mud-cracks-that-may-tell-a-tale-of-mars-demise","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_332","science_5179","science_333","science_5175","science_420","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1949965","label":"source_science_1949946"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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