Jumbo Squid Are Missing From Monterey Bay. Will They Ever Return?
How Many Fish in the Sea? Genetic Testing Could Answer That
Deep-Sea Octopus is Mother of the Year
A ‘Squid Bloom’ in Monterey Bay Is Good News for Local Fishermen
World’s Largest "Tentacles" Exhibit at Monterey Bay Aquarium Will Cultivate Its Own Cephalopods
Could We Find Tomorrow's Water Supply Under the Ocean?
Deep-Sea Garbage Caught on Video
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Liz is delighted to be joining KQED Science as a 2014 AAAS Mass Media Fellow.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a05f38b66374c92661c37593c548376?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Liz Roth-Johnson | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a05f38b66374c92661c37593c548376?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a05f38b66374c92661c37593c548376?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lrothjohnson"},"adicorato":{"type":"authors","id":"11615","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11615","found":true},"name":"Allessandra DiCorato","firstName":"Allessandra","lastName":"DiCorato","slug":"adicorato","email":"adicorato@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Allessandra is the 2019 AAAS Mass Media Fellow at KQED Science. She is currently a PhD candidate at Northwestern University, where she studies how nanomaterials interact with soft biological tissue in contexts ranging from sea urchins to cancer cells. Allessandra graduated from Cornell University in 2015, where she studied chemistry, creative writing, and biomedical engineering.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f725f664da1ae7668ca873d0b97d5bbb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"Allessandra DiCorato | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f725f664da1ae7668ca873d0b97d5bbb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f725f664da1ae7668ca873d0b97d5bbb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/adicorato"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1946145":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1946145","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1946145","score":null,"sort":[1565269284000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"jumbo-squid-are-missing-from-monterey-bay-will-they-ever-return","title":"Jumbo Squid Are Missing From Monterey Bay. Will They Ever Return?","publishDate":1565269284,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Jumbo Squid Are Missing From Monterey Bay. Will They Ever Return? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Jumbo squid live up to their name. They can grow up to six feet long and can weigh 100 pounds. They’re deep red, muscular, and just plain mean. Mexican fisherman call them \u003cem>diablo rojo\u003c/em> — red devil — because they eat each other and anything they can. When the squid invaded Monterey Bay in 2002, they devoured over 50 kinds of fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight years of feasting, the jumbo squid suddenly \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">disappeared\u003c/a>; they haven’t come back to Monterey. With the proper bait and skill, jumbo squid are usually so voraciously hungry that, although they live deep in the ocean, they’re not hard for humans to catch. But when researchers asked fishermen along the coast, from Southern California to Washington State, no one had seen the squid. Now, scientists might finally have an explanation for their mysterious disappearance — and it could affect your local seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Detective\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the life of the jumbo squid is a mystery, then the lead detective on its trail is \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/jumbo-squid-have-left/\">Bill Gilly\u003c/a>. He’s spent 20 years studying the jumbo squid with funding, and another decade before that learning about them while fishing, all while teaching biology at Stanford. “They’re just an amazing species,” he says. “They never cease to amaze me at how adaptable they are, and how resilient they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946173\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly wrestles with a large Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From his laboratory at the Hopkins Marine Station to his \u003ca href=\"https://gillylab.stanford.edu/squids-4-kids\">Squids4Kids\u003c/a> program that supplies frozen squid and dissection tools to schools, Gilly dedicates most of his waking hours to the animal. He once gave a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPmxYOL78KE\">TEDx Talk\u003c/a> on the jumbo squid to a packed audience. This dedication has earned him the respect of ecologists like Bruce Robison, who also studies deep-sea animals at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He uses his considerable intellect,” Robison says, to “interpret behavior of animals that most of us would throw up our hands at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people throw up their hands over the jumbo squid. From up and down the coast, people send Gilly photos of squid they think might qualify as jumbo. Each year, he says, about eight documentary film crews phone him, hoping to find shoals of the jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Wreak Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, jumbo squid, also known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQKs1-fwTgU\">Humboldt squid\u003c/a>, lived off coastal Chile, Peru and Mexico. Sporadically they migrated farther north. Since the 1930s, people have reported sightings off the coast of California, but no one in Monterey Bay really paid them much attention until 2002, when so many showed up, Gilly says, people freaked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred miles south, where the squid normally lived in the Gulf of California, they ate three species of fish. Amid the bounty of Monterey Bay, they began eating 50. Salmon fishermen complained that the squid ate all their catch, along with sardines, flatfish, rockfish, and market squid. For the next eight years, the squid migrated to Monterey Bay in the fall and winter, sampled its all-you-can-eat buffet, and returned south in the spring. Starting in 2010, they never came back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly attaches a GPS satellite tag to a Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The year the squid vanished from Monterey Bay, Gilly and his biology students were looking for them in the Gulf of California, where the squid had been part of a robust export trade with Asia. When he’d visited less than a year before, the squid were the same massive predators he’d always seen. But when he returned with his students, all the squid he could find were just ten inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The students actually, as part of their projects for that course, realized it was an El Niño year,” he remembers. “That’s where we originally discovered that these squid change their size at maturity in response to El Niño.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only after Timothy Frawley, one of Gilly’s graduate students, visited the Gulf of California and saw the full extent of the fishery there did the team have enough information to begin solving the mystery of what set off that change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fishery Collapses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley first visited Santa Rosalía, a fishing town off the Gulf of California, in 2014. He immediately noticed the sheer scale of the squid fishery there. The bay was jammed with pangas, small fiberglass boats fishermen used to catch jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946170\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946170 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"316\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png 422w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2-160x120.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Rosalía fishery in 2016, after its collapse. \u003ccite>(Tim Frawley/Stanford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frawley recalls that the bay looked so full of pangas, you could almost walk across boats from one end of the bay to the other without touching the water. As the sun set, the pangas would leave the bay for deeper waters and jumbo squid, about three feet long and deep red, would rise from the ocean depths toward the surface of the water. After dusk, fishermen would suspend lightbulbs from their boats to attract the squid, illuminating the area with bobbing lights as their catch thrashed below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Frawley found out that the mass of pangas jamming the bay in 2014 was down to 250 from nearly 1500 in 2008. Today, there are only 30. The jumbo squid have vanished, he says, and the fishery has not recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Jumbo Squid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success of the fishery had long been tied to \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-frequently-asked-questions\">El Niño\u003c/a>, the warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean that occurs every three to seven years. Usually, cooler conditions known as La Niña follow. After the 1997-1998 El Niño, for instance, the squid \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070723/full/070723-2.html\">disappeared\u003c/a> from the Gulf of California but turned up off the central California, where waters were cooler. They’ve even been sighted among icebergs in Alaska. In the years immediately after that, the squid reappeared in the Gulf of California and disappeared farther north, as Monterey Bay fishermen noticed in the early 2000s. The 2009-2010 El Niño seems to have sent them away from the Gulf for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley and Gilly began collecting oceanographic data and reports from fisheries, as well as squid length measurements from studies published between 1996 and 2007. Through 2017, the two researchers began catching squid and taking measurements from over 1000 squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190718085314.htm\">recorded\u003c/a> some striking trends. As Gilly’s students had suspected in 2010, Frawley’s data showed that the squid changed their life cycles based on the cyclical water temperatures El Niño had triggered. The squid were getting much smaller. The average squid’s mantle — everything behind its head — now measures about eight inches compared with 31 inches decades ago. Squid weight scales exponentially with length, so fishermen would have to catch 100 tiny jumbo squid to yield the same mass as one full-sized jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946267\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946267 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1200x836.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly holds a large and small Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These incredible shrinking squid live further offshore. That makes fishing them less practical than when the full size squid inhabited the coastal environment near fishing boats. Catching one tiny squid can take twice as long as it would to catch a large one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of all that, Frawley says, the Santa Rosalía fishery didn’t stand a chance. He realizes now that what he saw on the bustling bay five years ago had been “the last gasp, the last hurrah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hindsight, he adds, “that wasn’t really evident to me until I looked at all the data and was able to put my personal observation into this bigger context.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sentinels of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squid adapt quickly to climate conditions. They also have relatively short life cycles — just one or two years — so changes in the ocean affect squid sooner than, for example, tuna that live 10 years or more. Frawley says these factors make the jumbo squid a species to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946150\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946150\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"266\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-160x241.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-768x1155.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-798x1200.jpg 798w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529.jpg 851w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tentacles of the Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and other scientists hesitate to link the disappearance of the jumbo squid directly to climate change. Frawley says the dramatic shift in average size may also have to do with a natural multi-decade warming cycle. No matter the cause, the mystery of the shrinking, disappearing and relocating squid suggests an unpredictable future. Bruce Robison, who also studies squid, says the study means humans should prepare for profound, unexpected changes in other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re finding is that communities of organisms… that have lived together and interacted for thousands of years, are being fragmented,” Robison says. As some species leave their traditional ecological niches, he adds, others may take their place, with consequences that we simply can’t predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and Gilly say it’s possible that jumbo squid may return to Monterey Bay. If the conditions in the Gulf of California improve, and the jumbo squid return to fisheries there, Gilly suggests the squid may migrate to Monterey Bay, where food is plentiful, and return to the Gulf to spawn. Or, he says, the squid might stay small until the ocean’s temperature heats up a few degrees. That would make Southern California an ideal spawning destination, Gilly says. From there, they could easily swim the 300 miles north to Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be astounding to me if they didn’t rediscover that,” Gilly says. “And I would guess that if they were really spawning in Southern California, they would even be more abundant and more problematic” — because they eat so much — “than they were before 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he eagerly awaits your squid photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists went looking for the vanished jumbo squid and found them — but they were much smaller than expected.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848428,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1639},"headData":{"title":"Jumbo Squid Are Missing From Monterey Bay. Will They Ever Return? | KQED","description":"Scientists went looking for the vanished jumbo squid and found them — but they were much smaller than expected.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1946145/jumbo-squid-are-missing-from-monterey-bay-will-they-ever-return","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jumbo squid live up to their name. They can grow up to six feet long and can weigh 100 pounds. They’re deep red, muscular, and just plain mean. Mexican fisherman call them \u003cem>diablo rojo\u003c/em> — red devil — because they eat each other and anything they can. When the squid invaded Monterey Bay in 2002, they devoured over 50 kinds of fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight years of feasting, the jumbo squid suddenly \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">disappeared\u003c/a>; they haven’t come back to Monterey. With the proper bait and skill, jumbo squid are usually so voraciously hungry that, although they live deep in the ocean, they’re not hard for humans to catch. But when researchers asked fishermen along the coast, from Southern California to Washington State, no one had seen the squid. Now, scientists might finally have an explanation for their mysterious disappearance — and it could affect your local seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Detective\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the life of the jumbo squid is a mystery, then the lead detective on its trail is \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/jumbo-squid-have-left/\">Bill Gilly\u003c/a>. He’s spent 20 years studying the jumbo squid with funding, and another decade before that learning about them while fishing, all while teaching biology at Stanford. “They’re just an amazing species,” he says. “They never cease to amaze me at how adaptable they are, and how resilient they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946173\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly wrestles with a large Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From his laboratory at the Hopkins Marine Station to his \u003ca href=\"https://gillylab.stanford.edu/squids-4-kids\">Squids4Kids\u003c/a> program that supplies frozen squid and dissection tools to schools, Gilly dedicates most of his waking hours to the animal. He once gave a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPmxYOL78KE\">TEDx Talk\u003c/a> on the jumbo squid to a packed audience. This dedication has earned him the respect of ecologists like Bruce Robison, who also studies deep-sea animals at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He uses his considerable intellect,” Robison says, to “interpret behavior of animals that most of us would throw up our hands at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people throw up their hands over the jumbo squid. From up and down the coast, people send Gilly photos of squid they think might qualify as jumbo. Each year, he says, about eight documentary film crews phone him, hoping to find shoals of the jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Wreak Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, jumbo squid, also known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQKs1-fwTgU\">Humboldt squid\u003c/a>, lived off coastal Chile, Peru and Mexico. Sporadically they migrated farther north. Since the 1930s, people have reported sightings off the coast of California, but no one in Monterey Bay really paid them much attention until 2002, when so many showed up, Gilly says, people freaked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred miles south, where the squid normally lived in the Gulf of California, they ate three species of fish. Amid the bounty of Monterey Bay, they began eating 50. Salmon fishermen complained that the squid ate all their catch, along with sardines, flatfish, rockfish, and market squid. For the next eight years, the squid migrated to Monterey Bay in the fall and winter, sampled its all-you-can-eat buffet, and returned south in the spring. Starting in 2010, they never came back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly attaches a GPS satellite tag to a Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The year the squid vanished from Monterey Bay, Gilly and his biology students were looking for them in the Gulf of California, where the squid had been part of a robust export trade with Asia. When he’d visited less than a year before, the squid were the same massive predators he’d always seen. But when he returned with his students, all the squid he could find were just ten inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The students actually, as part of their projects for that course, realized it was an El Niño year,” he remembers. “That’s where we originally discovered that these squid change their size at maturity in response to El Niño.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only after Timothy Frawley, one of Gilly’s graduate students, visited the Gulf of California and saw the full extent of the fishery there did the team have enough information to begin solving the mystery of what set off that change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fishery Collapses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley first visited Santa Rosalía, a fishing town off the Gulf of California, in 2014. He immediately noticed the sheer scale of the squid fishery there. The bay was jammed with pangas, small fiberglass boats fishermen used to catch jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946170\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946170 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"316\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png 422w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2-160x120.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Rosalía fishery in 2016, after its collapse. \u003ccite>(Tim Frawley/Stanford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frawley recalls that the bay looked so full of pangas, you could almost walk across boats from one end of the bay to the other without touching the water. As the sun set, the pangas would leave the bay for deeper waters and jumbo squid, about three feet long and deep red, would rise from the ocean depths toward the surface of the water. After dusk, fishermen would suspend lightbulbs from their boats to attract the squid, illuminating the area with bobbing lights as their catch thrashed below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Frawley found out that the mass of pangas jamming the bay in 2014 was down to 250 from nearly 1500 in 2008. Today, there are only 30. The jumbo squid have vanished, he says, and the fishery has not recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Jumbo Squid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success of the fishery had long been tied to \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-frequently-asked-questions\">El Niño\u003c/a>, the warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean that occurs every three to seven years. Usually, cooler conditions known as La Niña follow. After the 1997-1998 El Niño, for instance, the squid \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070723/full/070723-2.html\">disappeared\u003c/a> from the Gulf of California but turned up off the central California, where waters were cooler. They’ve even been sighted among icebergs in Alaska. In the years immediately after that, the squid reappeared in the Gulf of California and disappeared farther north, as Monterey Bay fishermen noticed in the early 2000s. The 2009-2010 El Niño seems to have sent them away from the Gulf for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley and Gilly began collecting oceanographic data and reports from fisheries, as well as squid length measurements from studies published between 1996 and 2007. Through 2017, the two researchers began catching squid and taking measurements from over 1000 squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190718085314.htm\">recorded\u003c/a> some striking trends. As Gilly’s students had suspected in 2010, Frawley’s data showed that the squid changed their life cycles based on the cyclical water temperatures El Niño had triggered. The squid were getting much smaller. The average squid’s mantle — everything behind its head — now measures about eight inches compared with 31 inches decades ago. Squid weight scales exponentially with length, so fishermen would have to catch 100 tiny jumbo squid to yield the same mass as one full-sized jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946267\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946267 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1200x836.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly holds a large and small Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These incredible shrinking squid live further offshore. That makes fishing them less practical than when the full size squid inhabited the coastal environment near fishing boats. Catching one tiny squid can take twice as long as it would to catch a large one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of all that, Frawley says, the Santa Rosalía fishery didn’t stand a chance. He realizes now that what he saw on the bustling bay five years ago had been “the last gasp, the last hurrah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hindsight, he adds, “that wasn’t really evident to me until I looked at all the data and was able to put my personal observation into this bigger context.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sentinels of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squid adapt quickly to climate conditions. They also have relatively short life cycles — just one or two years — so changes in the ocean affect squid sooner than, for example, tuna that live 10 years or more. Frawley says these factors make the jumbo squid a species to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946150\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946150\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"266\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-160x241.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-768x1155.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-798x1200.jpg 798w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529.jpg 851w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tentacles of the Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and other scientists hesitate to link the disappearance of the jumbo squid directly to climate change. Frawley says the dramatic shift in average size may also have to do with a natural multi-decade warming cycle. No matter the cause, the mystery of the shrinking, disappearing and relocating squid suggests an unpredictable future. Bruce Robison, who also studies squid, says the study means humans should prepare for profound, unexpected changes in other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re finding is that communities of organisms… that have lived together and interacted for thousands of years, are being fragmented,” Robison says. As some species leave their traditional ecological niches, he adds, others may take their place, with consequences that we simply can’t predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and Gilly say it’s possible that jumbo squid may return to Monterey Bay. If the conditions in the Gulf of California improve, and the jumbo squid return to fisheries there, Gilly suggests the squid may migrate to Monterey Bay, where food is plentiful, and return to the Gulf to spawn. Or, he says, the squid might stay small until the ocean’s temperature heats up a few degrees. That would make Southern California an ideal spawning destination, Gilly says. From there, they could easily swim the 300 miles north to Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be astounding to me if they didn’t rediscover that,” Gilly says. “And I would guess that if they were really spawning in Southern California, they would even be more abundant and more problematic” — because they eat so much — “than they were before 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he eagerly awaits your squid photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1946145/jumbo-squid-are-missing-from-monterey-bay-will-they-ever-return","authors":["11615"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_31","science_35","science_2873"],"tags":["science_3370","science_268","science_813","science_5187"],"featImg":"science_1946149","label":"science"},"science_219512":{"type":"posts","id":"science_219512","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"219512","score":null,"sort":[1441029611000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-many-fish-in-the-sea-genetic-testing-could-answer-that","title":"How Many Fish in the Sea? Genetic Testing Could Answer That","publishDate":1441029611,"format":"image","headTitle":"How Many Fish in the Sea? Genetic Testing Could Answer That | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Advances in genetic testing have revolutionized everything from health care decisions to crime forensics. Now, the technology may help protect marine life off the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the waters of Monterey Bay, DNA sequencing is allowing biologists to study fish and whales without ever having seen them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a sample of seawater, the volume of a water bottle, is enough to reveal what marine life has been swimming through that part of the ocean. The technique could improve marine monitoring, where scientists track an ecosystem year after year to gauge how it’s doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One Fish, Two Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking a marine census today requires hours of field time, either with scuba diving or boat trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets a little challenging because you’re floating, you’re swimming, you’re looking, you’re counting,” says diver Dan Abbott, unloading his scuba gear on a beach in Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s holding a waterproof clipboard, on which he’s tallied all the fish and marine life he saw in a kelp forest just offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About 150 fish in all. Pile perch, black perch, blue rockfish, kelp rockfish,” he says, just for a start. He’s diving with a team from \u003ca href=\"http://reefcheck.org/rcca/rcca_home.php\">Reef Check California\u003c/a>, a group of volunteers that surveys this site twice a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219514\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-219514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS-800x455.jpg\" alt=\"Today, divers do marine surveys underwater, counting each organism they find.\" width=\"800\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today, divers do marine surveys underwater, counting each organism they find. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150831ScienceDNAmarinelife.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe group’s data help answer a question that’s key to California’s conservation efforts: are there more fish here now than there were eight years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when this kelp forest became part of a massive experiment to restore marine life in California. It was set aside as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/mpa/index.asp\">marine protected area\u003c/a>, where there’s little or no fishing allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now more than a hundred protected areas up and down the coast, covering 16 percent of state waters. The idea is that marine life will slowly recover there, improving the ecosystem both inside and outside the boundaries of each area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know if these areas are working is through underwater surveys, repeated year after year. In 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life\">biologists reported encouraging results\u003c/a> in the protected areas off the Central Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field surveys are expensive. The state supplied $16 million for monitoring studies, and the funding has already run out in some regions of the coast. Monitoring has continued, thanks to universities, foundations and volunteer groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying the Ocean Without Getting Wet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been amazing what we can detect in just a liter of seawater,” says Jesse Port, an environmental genomicist at the Center for Ocean Solutions at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219513\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 524px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-219513\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"Port first tested the DNA floating in the tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\" width=\"524\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-800x563.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-400x282.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-1180x831.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-960x676.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 524px) 100vw, 524px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Port first tested the DNA floating in the tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Can you guess why he found turkey DNA in the tanks? \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He points to a rack of one-liter Nalgene water bottles that he uses to take seawater samples from the kelp forests in Monterey Bay. The rest of the work happens in the lab with a technique known as “environmental DNA” or eDNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So all organisms shed their DNA,” he says. “Their skin, their scales, their waste – all of this gets into the water. You can think of it as a soup of genetic information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port filters the seawater to collect all the cells. Then, he weeds out the algae and plankton and sequences the DNA of all the vertebrates, like whales, seals, and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get, with the machine we’re using, 150 million sequence reads for a given sequence run,” he says, “and that’s a lot of information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those gigabytes of results require heavy data-crunching, but eventually, he ends up with a spreadsheet that tells him what organisms were found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is possible because DNA sequencing has gotten so much cheaper. One sample costs just $1,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was just not possible five, ten years ago,” Port says. “And sequencing technology is just going to get better, so this will probably get even cheaper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Turkey Underwater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port first ran DNA tests in one of the large tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, which provided an easy test case because he knew exactly what was swimming there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he got back results he didn’t quite believe. “Things like turkey,” he says. “We picked up chicken DNA in these tanks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is going to be transformative in oceanography. You don’t have to be out there on a boat with a huge crew, spending all this money.”\u003ccite>Jim Birch,\u003cbr>Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Turns out, poultry was in the feed some of the fish were getting. But it raised some big questions. How do you know whether the DNA comes from a fish or from something it ate miles away? Or how do you know the DNA didn’t float in on a current?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port is still working on the answers to these questions and he’s doing studies to ground truth his results, checking them against what scuba divers find. But if the technology proves itself in the ocean, it could revolutionize how marine monitoring is done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can cover such a larger area by taking water samples,” he says, “rather than having divers do that all themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Michel, the superintendent of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, says they’re already using eDNA testing to help assess species diversity in the sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely, we did DNA testing on a research cruise in May,” Michel says, “and at each stop on the way, we were taking water samples. We can compare the DNA results to other types of samples over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, it doesn’t even have to be humans taking those water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219519\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-219519\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-800x487.jpg\" alt=\"MBARI's long-range autonomous underwater vehicle can remain at sea, unattended, for weeks at a time.\" width=\"800\" height=\"487\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-800x487.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-400x243.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1440x876.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1920x1168.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1180x718.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-960x584.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3.jpg 2034w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI’s long-range autonomous underwater vehicle can take samples at sea, unattended, for weeks at a time. \u003ccite>(Todd Walsh (c) 2010 MBARI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DNA Lab at Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this is, is a microbiology lab that exists out in the ocean,” says Jim Birch of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, pointing to a 10-foot yellow tube. It’s called a long-range AUV, or autonomous underwater vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looks like a torpedo, but it’s actually a robot, containing a miniature DNA lab called an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/esp/\">Environmental Sample Processor\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot cruises along underwater, taking samples and analyzing them onboard. Birch recently sent it out for a test run in Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was sitting in my living room with my computer open and there in front of me was the control panel for the AUV,” he says. “And I could direct it to go to a new place and it was just this surreal feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the AUV finds an organism it’s looking for, it surfaces and calls home, pinging a satellite or cell phone network with the data, and giving scientists an almost real-time snapshot of the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, it only tests for one thing at a time, like algae or plankton, and Birch says there’s more engineering work to be done before the AUV gains widespread use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is going to be transformative in oceanography,” he says. “You don’t have to be out there on a boat with a huge crew, spending all this money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A change that could help the state’s conservation funding go farther, ensuring California’s marine protected areas are working.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"DNA testing, the same tech used in human health, could change the way biologists study the ocean.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931366,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":42,"wordCount":1309},"headData":{"title":"How Many Fish in the Sea? Genetic Testing Could Answer That | KQED","description":"DNA testing, the same tech used in human health, could change the way biologists study the ocean.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"KQED Science","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/","sticky":false,"path":"/science/219512/how-many-fish-in-the-sea-genetic-testing-could-answer-that","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150831ScienceDNAmarinelife.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Advances in genetic testing have revolutionized everything from health care decisions to crime forensics. Now, the technology may help protect marine life off the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the waters of Monterey Bay, DNA sequencing is allowing biologists to study fish and whales without ever having seen them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a sample of seawater, the volume of a water bottle, is enough to reveal what marine life has been swimming through that part of the ocean. The technique could improve marine monitoring, where scientists track an ecosystem year after year to gauge how it’s doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One Fish, Two Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking a marine census today requires hours of field time, either with scuba diving or boat trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets a little challenging because you’re floating, you’re swimming, you’re looking, you’re counting,” says diver Dan Abbott, unloading his scuba gear on a beach in Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s holding a waterproof clipboard, on which he’s tallied all the fish and marine life he saw in a kelp forest just offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About 150 fish in all. Pile perch, black perch, blue rockfish, kelp rockfish,” he says, just for a start. He’s diving with a team from \u003ca href=\"http://reefcheck.org/rcca/rcca_home.php\">Reef Check California\u003c/a>, a group of volunteers that surveys this site twice a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219514\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-219514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS-800x455.jpg\" alt=\"Today, divers do marine surveys underwater, counting each organism they find.\" width=\"800\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today, divers do marine surveys underwater, counting each organism they find. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150831ScienceDNAmarinelife.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe group’s data help answer a question that’s key to California’s conservation efforts: are there more fish here now than there were eight years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when this kelp forest became part of a massive experiment to restore marine life in California. It was set aside as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/mpa/index.asp\">marine protected area\u003c/a>, where there’s little or no fishing allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now more than a hundred protected areas up and down the coast, covering 16 percent of state waters. The idea is that marine life will slowly recover there, improving the ecosystem both inside and outside the boundaries of each area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know if these areas are working is through underwater surveys, repeated year after year. In 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life\">biologists reported encouraging results\u003c/a> in the protected areas off the Central Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field surveys are expensive. The state supplied $16 million for monitoring studies, and the funding has already run out in some regions of the coast. Monitoring has continued, thanks to universities, foundations and volunteer groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying the Ocean Without Getting Wet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been amazing what we can detect in just a liter of seawater,” says Jesse Port, an environmental genomicist at the Center for Ocean Solutions at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219513\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 524px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-219513\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"Port first tested the DNA floating in the tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\" width=\"524\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-800x563.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-400x282.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-1180x831.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-960x676.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 524px) 100vw, 524px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Port first tested the DNA floating in the tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Can you guess why he found turkey DNA in the tanks? \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He points to a rack of one-liter Nalgene water bottles that he uses to take seawater samples from the kelp forests in Monterey Bay. The rest of the work happens in the lab with a technique known as “environmental DNA” or eDNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So all organisms shed their DNA,” he says. “Their skin, their scales, their waste – all of this gets into the water. You can think of it as a soup of genetic information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port filters the seawater to collect all the cells. Then, he weeds out the algae and plankton and sequences the DNA of all the vertebrates, like whales, seals, and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get, with the machine we’re using, 150 million sequence reads for a given sequence run,” he says, “and that’s a lot of information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those gigabytes of results require heavy data-crunching, but eventually, he ends up with a spreadsheet that tells him what organisms were found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is possible because DNA sequencing has gotten so much cheaper. One sample costs just $1,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was just not possible five, ten years ago,” Port says. “And sequencing technology is just going to get better, so this will probably get even cheaper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Turkey Underwater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port first ran DNA tests in one of the large tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, which provided an easy test case because he knew exactly what was swimming there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he got back results he didn’t quite believe. “Things like turkey,” he says. “We picked up chicken DNA in these tanks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is going to be transformative in oceanography. You don’t have to be out there on a boat with a huge crew, spending all this money.”\u003ccite>Jim Birch,\u003cbr>Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Turns out, poultry was in the feed some of the fish were getting. But it raised some big questions. How do you know whether the DNA comes from a fish or from something it ate miles away? Or how do you know the DNA didn’t float in on a current?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port is still working on the answers to these questions and he’s doing studies to ground truth his results, checking them against what scuba divers find. But if the technology proves itself in the ocean, it could revolutionize how marine monitoring is done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can cover such a larger area by taking water samples,” he says, “rather than having divers do that all themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Michel, the superintendent of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, says they’re already using eDNA testing to help assess species diversity in the sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely, we did DNA testing on a research cruise in May,” Michel says, “and at each stop on the way, we were taking water samples. We can compare the DNA results to other types of samples over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, it doesn’t even have to be humans taking those water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219519\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-219519\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-800x487.jpg\" alt=\"MBARI's long-range autonomous underwater vehicle can remain at sea, unattended, for weeks at a time.\" width=\"800\" height=\"487\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-800x487.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-400x243.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1440x876.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1920x1168.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1180x718.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-960x584.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3.jpg 2034w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI’s long-range autonomous underwater vehicle can take samples at sea, unattended, for weeks at a time. \u003ccite>(Todd Walsh (c) 2010 MBARI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DNA Lab at Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this is, is a microbiology lab that exists out in the ocean,” says Jim Birch of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, pointing to a 10-foot yellow tube. It’s called a long-range AUV, or autonomous underwater vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looks like a torpedo, but it’s actually a robot, containing a miniature DNA lab called an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/esp/\">Environmental Sample Processor\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot cruises along underwater, taking samples and analyzing them onboard. Birch recently sent it out for a test run in Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was sitting in my living room with my computer open and there in front of me was the control panel for the AUV,” he says. “And I could direct it to go to a new place and it was just this surreal feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the AUV finds an organism it’s looking for, it surfaces and calls home, pinging a satellite or cell phone network with the data, and giving scientists an almost real-time snapshot of the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, it only tests for one thing at a time, like algae or plankton, and Birch says there’s more engineering work to be done before the AUV gains widespread use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is going to be transformative in oceanography,” he says. “You don’t have to be out there on a boat with a huge crew, spending all this money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A change that could help the state’s conservation funding go farther, ensuring California’s marine protected areas are working.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/219512/how-many-fish-in-the-sea-genetic-testing-could-answer-that","authors":["239"],"series":["science_2625"],"categories":["science_46","science_2631","science_30","science_29","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_305","science_268"],"featImg":"science_221206","label":"source_science_219512"},"science_19970":{"type":"posts","id":"science_19970","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"19970","score":null,"sort":[1406743226000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"deep-sea-octopus-is-mother-of-the-year","title":"Deep-Sea Octopus is Mother of the Year","publishDate":1406743226,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Deep-Sea Octopus is Mother of the Year | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19973\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/octomom-t1111-close-FEATURE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19973\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/octomom-t1111-close-FEATURE.jpg\" alt=\"This deep-sea octopus spent four and one half years brooding her eggs on a ledge near the bottom of Monterey Canyon, about 4,600 feet below the ocean's surface. (Courtesy MBARI © 2007)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This deep-sea octopus spent four-and-a-half years brooding her eggs on a ledge near the bottom of Monterey Canyon, about 4,600 feet below the ocean’s surface. (MBARI © 2007)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think 9 months of morning sickness and swollen ankles sounds rough?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine being pregnant for 4 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103437\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study published today\u003c/a>, researchers from the \u003ca title=\"MBARI - main\" href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a> report a deep-sea octopus that tends its eggs for a mind-numbing 53 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19975\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/octo-mom-ledge.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19975\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/octo-mom-ledge.jpg\" alt=\"During her 53-month brooding period, the mother continually kept her eggs free from silt and protected them from predators. (Courtesy MBARI © 2009)\" width=\"400\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During her 53-month brooding period, the mother continually kept her eggs free from silt and protected them from predators.\u003cbr> (MBARI © 2009)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The researchers discovered the female octopus during a routine deep-sea survey of Monterey Canyon in 2007. Using a remotely operated vehicle, they watched her brood a clutch of approximately 160 eggs nearly a mile below the ocean’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although brooding females of this species (\u003cem>Graneledone boreopacifica\u003c/em>) had been observed in the past, this was the first time the researchers witnessed the entire event from start to finish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was very exciting to find that octopus at the very beginning of the egg-brooding period,” says Brad Seibel, a professor at the University of Rhode Island and a study co-author. “You can find them fairly easily already attached to the rocks and somewhere in the middle of the egg-brooding period, but to find one right at the beginning was a stroke of luck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next four-and-a-half years, the researchers visited the nursery 18 times. They watched as her translucent eggs grew larger, miniature cephalopods taking shape inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19974\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/egghusks-cc.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19974\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/egghusks-cc.jpg\" alt=\"The empty egg cases found in 2011. Because the young octopus in these eggs had so long to develop, they were able to swim and hunt soon after hatching, which increased their odds of survival. (Courtesy MBARI © 2011)\" width=\"200\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The empty egg cases found in 2011. Because the youngsters had so long to develop, they were able to swim and hunt soon after hatching, increasing their odds of survival.\u003cbr> (MBARI © 2011)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But they never saw the mother leave her clutch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as we know, she sat there and didn’t move,” said Seibel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they never saw her eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mother’s health slowly declined — she lost weight, her skin became slack and pale (by octopus standards), and her eyes grew cloudy. Finally, on a visit late in 2011, the octopus was gone. Only tattered egg casings remained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s typical for female octopuses to sacrifice themselves for their offspring, hardly eating as they tend and protect their eggs. But being able to survive for more than four years without food is an impressive feat even among cephalopods. The previous egg-brooding record, set by \u003cem>Bathypolypus arcticus\u003c/em>, was a mere 14 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extreme 53-month brooding period gives the baby octopuses a competitive advantage. They hatch as tiny adults and are more capable of hunting and surviving in the deep ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how the mother survives for so long remains something of a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seibel says that the study shows just how little we really know about the deep sea. “We know only what we see in coastal, shallow living species,” he says. “In the deep sea and other places we haven’t explored yet, animals may have very different ways of doing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://youtu.be/lFCQltYMLQk\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute discovered a deep-sea octopus that tends its eggs for 53 months, longer than any known animal.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933209,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":539},"headData":{"title":"Deep-Sea Octopus is Mother of the Year | KQED","description":"Researchers from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute discovered a deep-sea octopus that tends its eggs for 53 months, longer than any known animal.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/19970/deep-sea-octopus-is-mother-of-the-year","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19973\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/octomom-t1111-close-FEATURE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19973\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/octomom-t1111-close-FEATURE.jpg\" alt=\"This deep-sea octopus spent four and one half years brooding her eggs on a ledge near the bottom of Monterey Canyon, about 4,600 feet below the ocean's surface. (Courtesy MBARI © 2007)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This deep-sea octopus spent four-and-a-half years brooding her eggs on a ledge near the bottom of Monterey Canyon, about 4,600 feet below the ocean’s surface. (MBARI © 2007)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think 9 months of morning sickness and swollen ankles sounds rough?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine being pregnant for 4 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103437\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study published today\u003c/a>, researchers from the \u003ca title=\"MBARI - main\" href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a> report a deep-sea octopus that tends its eggs for a mind-numbing 53 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19975\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/octo-mom-ledge.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19975\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/octo-mom-ledge.jpg\" alt=\"During her 53-month brooding period, the mother continually kept her eggs free from silt and protected them from predators. (Courtesy MBARI © 2009)\" width=\"400\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During her 53-month brooding period, the mother continually kept her eggs free from silt and protected them from predators.\u003cbr> (MBARI © 2009)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The researchers discovered the female octopus during a routine deep-sea survey of Monterey Canyon in 2007. Using a remotely operated vehicle, they watched her brood a clutch of approximately 160 eggs nearly a mile below the ocean’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although brooding females of this species (\u003cem>Graneledone boreopacifica\u003c/em>) had been observed in the past, this was the first time the researchers witnessed the entire event from start to finish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was very exciting to find that octopus at the very beginning of the egg-brooding period,” says Brad Seibel, a professor at the University of Rhode Island and a study co-author. “You can find them fairly easily already attached to the rocks and somewhere in the middle of the egg-brooding period, but to find one right at the beginning was a stroke of luck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next four-and-a-half years, the researchers visited the nursery 18 times. They watched as her translucent eggs grew larger, miniature cephalopods taking shape inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19974\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/egghusks-cc.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19974\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/egghusks-cc.jpg\" alt=\"The empty egg cases found in 2011. Because the young octopus in these eggs had so long to develop, they were able to swim and hunt soon after hatching, which increased their odds of survival. (Courtesy MBARI © 2011)\" width=\"200\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The empty egg cases found in 2011. Because the youngsters had so long to develop, they were able to swim and hunt soon after hatching, increasing their odds of survival.\u003cbr> (MBARI © 2011)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But they never saw the mother leave her clutch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as we know, she sat there and didn’t move,” said Seibel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they never saw her eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mother’s health slowly declined — she lost weight, her skin became slack and pale (by octopus standards), and her eyes grew cloudy. Finally, on a visit late in 2011, the octopus was gone. Only tattered egg casings remained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s typical for female octopuses to sacrifice themselves for their offspring, hardly eating as they tend and protect their eggs. But being able to survive for more than four years without food is an impressive feat even among cephalopods. The previous egg-brooding record, set by \u003cem>Bathypolypus arcticus\u003c/em>, was a mere 14 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extreme 53-month brooding period gives the baby octopuses a competitive advantage. They hatch as tiny adults and are more capable of hunting and surviving in the deep ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how the mother survives for so long remains something of a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seibel says that the study shows just how little we really know about the deep sea. “We know only what we see in coastal, shallow living species,” he says. “In the deep sea and other places we haven’t explored yet, animals may have very different ways of doing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/lFCQltYMLQk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/lFCQltYMLQk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/19970/deep-sea-octopus-is-mother-of-the-year","authors":["6569"],"categories":["science_30","science_40"],"tags":["science_268","science_1479"],"featImg":"science_19973","label":"science"},"science_18359":{"type":"posts","id":"science_18359","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"18359","score":null,"sort":[1403220482000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-squid-bloom-in-monterey-bay-is-good-news-for-local-fishermen","title":"A ‘Squid Bloom’ in Monterey Bay Is Good News for Local Fishermen","publishDate":1403220482,"format":"aside","headTitle":"A ‘Squid Bloom’ in Monterey Bay Is Good News for Local Fishermen | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18361\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1283px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18361\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\" alt=\"Doryteuthis (Loligo) opalescens This adult California market squid was photographed in the canyon offshore of La Jolla Shores beach in La Jolla, California.(SWFSC Image Gallery)\" width=\"1283\" height=\"769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Market squid like this one are blooming in Monterey Bay. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Squid fishermen in and around Monterey Bay are experiencing early success this season with California market squid, which may be a result of a couple of happy accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half Moon Bay fisherman Michael McHenry says conservation efforts such as closed areas, a ban on weekend fishing and limiting the areas accessible to light boats have allowed the squid population to flourish. While the majority of squid fishing in California takes place in the southern half of the state, he said the bloom of California market squid in Monterey has brought many fishing boats north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these conservation efforts in place, the squid laid enough eggs in the ocean that they actually bloomed out of control,” McHenry said. “We’re able to fill our [yearly] quota six months early, and the squid have six months to spawn without being harassed. It’s a win-win deal. It seems to be a very sustainable fishery at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/msfmp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Market Squid Fishery Management Plan\u003c/a>, set forth by the state of California in 2005, limits the annual total \u003ca href=\"http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/squid/species_pages/market_squid.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California market squid\u003c/a> catch to 118,000 tons, most of which is \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/voicesofthebay/pdfs/marketsquid.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exported\u003c/a> to China. When the quota is reached, fishing ceases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no denying that conservation efforts are important in squid fishery management, said \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Gilly, a Biology Professor at Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, but he said he thinks there may be other factors that play a larger role in the recent market squid abundance. Gilly has been studying the much larger Humboldt squid for almost 15 years and believes that \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">their recent decline\u003c/a> is related to the increase in market squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there are a lot of Humboldt squid in the Monterey Bay area, the commercial market squid fishing tends to be rather poor,” he said. “That could be a direct predator-prey relationship or it could be environmental. Humboldt squid seem to favor different environmental and oceanic conditions than those favored by market squid, so the two may naturally tend to go in reciprocal cycles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt squid, which have been absent from Monterey Bay since the last El Niño in 2010, are a natural predator to the California market squid. Since then, California market squid fishing has been very good, indicating a correlation between the two species. Gilly also cites natural seasonal cycles relating to spawning patterns as a factor in market squid population fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a seasonal increase in the California market squid in Monterey Bay every year. They spawn in the bay every spring and throughout the summer and into early fall.” Gilly says that an early start to the fishing season this year may also play a role, essentially giving the Southern California squid unmolested spawning rights for the winter months. It’s a happy accident that’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilly and McHenry agree that the California market squid are important for the ecosystem both as predators and as prey. According to Gilly, they are a keystone species, gobbled by basically everything in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conservation efforts may be indicating favorable results now, Gilly says it is important to monitor population fluctuations in response to other factors such as climate change. “There’s really no substitute for counting the animals in the ocean, which one can do in principle,” he said. “It just takes a ship with the right sonar gear and someone with research support or state support for monitoring to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, there are no numbers on how many squid of either type are in the ocean. Data is based on observations of market catch and research surveys conducted by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. However, Gilly said sonar technology that could accurately monitor the biomass of the Humboldt squid and the California market squid does exist. Combined with state support, he said, this technology has the potential to use squid populations as an advanced warning system for climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Squid fishermen in and around Monterey Bay are experiencing early success this season with California market squid, which may be a result of a couple happy accidents. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933462,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":689},"headData":{"title":"A ‘Squid Bloom’ in Monterey Bay Is Good News for Local Fishermen | KQED","description":"Squid fishermen in and around Monterey Bay are experiencing early success this season with California market squid, which may be a result of a couple happy accidents. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"QUEST","sourceUrl":"http://science.kqed.org/quest/","sticky":false,"path":"/science/18359/a-squid-bloom-in-monterey-bay-is-good-news-for-local-fishermen","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18361\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1283px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18361\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\" alt=\"Doryteuthis (Loligo) opalescens This adult California market squid was photographed in the canyon offshore of La Jolla Shores beach in La Jolla, California.(SWFSC Image Gallery)\" width=\"1283\" height=\"769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Market squid like this one are blooming in Monterey Bay. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Squid fishermen in and around Monterey Bay are experiencing early success this season with California market squid, which may be a result of a couple of happy accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half Moon Bay fisherman Michael McHenry says conservation efforts such as closed areas, a ban on weekend fishing and limiting the areas accessible to light boats have allowed the squid population to flourish. While the majority of squid fishing in California takes place in the southern half of the state, he said the bloom of California market squid in Monterey has brought many fishing boats north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these conservation efforts in place, the squid laid enough eggs in the ocean that they actually bloomed out of control,” McHenry said. “We’re able to fill our [yearly] quota six months early, and the squid have six months to spawn without being harassed. It’s a win-win deal. It seems to be a very sustainable fishery at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/msfmp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Market Squid Fishery Management Plan\u003c/a>, set forth by the state of California in 2005, limits the annual total \u003ca href=\"http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/squid/species_pages/market_squid.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California market squid\u003c/a> catch to 118,000 tons, most of which is \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/voicesofthebay/pdfs/marketsquid.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exported\u003c/a> to China. When the quota is reached, fishing ceases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no denying that conservation efforts are important in squid fishery management, said \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Gilly, a Biology Professor at Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, but he said he thinks there may be other factors that play a larger role in the recent market squid abundance. Gilly has been studying the much larger Humboldt squid for almost 15 years and believes that \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">their recent decline\u003c/a> is related to the increase in market squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there are a lot of Humboldt squid in the Monterey Bay area, the commercial market squid fishing tends to be rather poor,” he said. “That could be a direct predator-prey relationship or it could be environmental. Humboldt squid seem to favor different environmental and oceanic conditions than those favored by market squid, so the two may naturally tend to go in reciprocal cycles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt squid, which have been absent from Monterey Bay since the last El Niño in 2010, are a natural predator to the California market squid. Since then, California market squid fishing has been very good, indicating a correlation between the two species. Gilly also cites natural seasonal cycles relating to spawning patterns as a factor in market squid population fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a seasonal increase in the California market squid in Monterey Bay every year. They spawn in the bay every spring and throughout the summer and into early fall.” Gilly says that an early start to the fishing season this year may also play a role, essentially giving the Southern California squid unmolested spawning rights for the winter months. It’s a happy accident that’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilly and McHenry agree that the California market squid are important for the ecosystem both as predators and as prey. According to Gilly, they are a keystone species, gobbled by basically everything in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conservation efforts may be indicating favorable results now, Gilly says it is important to monitor population fluctuations in response to other factors such as climate change. “There’s really no substitute for counting the animals in the ocean, which one can do in principle,” he said. “It just takes a ship with the right sonar gear and someone with research support or state support for monitoring to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, there are no numbers on how many squid of either type are in the ocean. Data is based on observations of market catch and research surveys conducted by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. However, Gilly said sonar technology that could accurately monitor the biomass of the Humboldt squid and the California market squid does exist. Combined with state support, he said, this technology has the potential to use squid populations as an advanced warning system for climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/18359/a-squid-bloom-in-monterey-bay-is-good-news-for-local-fishermen","authors":["6564"],"series":["science_2625"],"categories":["science_30","science_31","science_35","science_36","science_40"],"tags":["science_248","science_268","science_767"],"featImg":"science_18361","label":"source_science_18359"},"science_16251":{"type":"posts","id":"science_16251","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"16251","score":null,"sort":[1396965626000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"worlds-largest-tentacles-exhibit-at-monterey-bay-aquarium-will-cultivate-its-own-cephalopods","title":"World’s Largest \"Tentacles\" Exhibit at Monterey Bay Aquarium Will Cultivate Its Own Cephalopods","publishDate":1396965626,"format":"aside","headTitle":"World’s Largest “Tentacles” Exhibit at Monterey Bay Aquarium Will Cultivate Its Own Cephalopods | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16252\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/flamboyant.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16252\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16252\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/flamboyant.jpg\" alt=\"Flamboyant cuttlefish\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flamboyant cuttlefish, native to the tropical Indo-Pacific, are being bred by aquarists for the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s new exhibit, “Tentacles.” (Randy Wilder/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Flamboyant cuttlefish. Pygmy squid. Dumbo octopus. These cartoonish names belong to real animals, and you could see them live at the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s new exhibit, opening April 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca title=\"Monterey Bay Aquarium - Tentacles\" href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/tentacles\">Tentacles\u003c/a>” will be the world’s largest, most diverse display of cephalopods—the suction-cupped, parrot-beaked, skin-changing group that includes octopuses, squid and cuttlefish. But the aquarium can’t guarantee which exact creatures will end up on display. During a behind-the-scenes tour last month, aquarist Alicia Bitondo said, “We won’t know which animals are in which tanks until a couple of weeks before the exhibit opens.” She paused. “Or the day before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This anxious uncertainty is due to the short lifespans typical of cephalopods. The exhibit itself, which is scheduled to close on Labor Day 2016, will outlive nearly all of its inhabitants. Continuous display of any given species would require ongoing collection from the wild, and most species are native to distant seas—a severe challenge to both logistics and sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there’s an alternative: grow them at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bringing Up the Babies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16255\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 256px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/visitors-256x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16255\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/visitors-256x162.jpg\" alt=\"Bigfin reef squid\" width=\"256\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bigfin reef squid entertain visitors. (Randy Wilder/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The $3.5 million “Tentacles” is is the first exhibit since the Aquarium’s award-winning jelly displays to rely on constant laboratory culture of animals behind the scenes. Current eggs and hatchlings will be rotated through public display in the Egg Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of these babies will eventually appear in grown-up exhibits, but others never will. For example, \u003ca title=\"Science 2.0 - Squid Who Make Glue\" href=\"http://www.science20.com/squid_day/squid_who_make_glue-84481\">pygmy squid\u003c/a>—fully grown at the size of your fingernail—oblige their keepers by laying eggs, but no one knows what to feed the minuscule hatchlings. And \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Sepia latimanus\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepia_latimanus\">broadclub cuttlefish\u003c/a>, each big enough to fill a carry-on suitcase, can at least be raised from hatching to 11 months—but not yet to full maturity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, both pygmies and broadclubs still require collection from their home ranges in the Indo-Pacific. But that could change over the next couple of years. Monterey aquarists seem to have a way of coaxing reproduction from the most reluctant critters—as in the case of the deep-sea dumbo octopus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years since their discovery, \u003ca title=\"BBC - Dumbo octopus\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Grimpoteuthis\">dumbo octopuses\u003c/a> have occasionally released unfertilized eggs in their death throes, but at the Aquarium two dumbo moms have now laid their eggs properly. These precious spheres, which may or may not be fertilized, are being kept in super-chilled, low-oxygen water to mimic the deep-sea environment. That means they can’t show up in the Egg Lab, but adult dumbos might make an appearance in a special deep-sea tank. Over the life of “Tentacles,” this tank could also house \u003ca title=\"The Cephalopod Page - Vampyroteuthis\" href=\"http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/vampy.php\">vampire squid\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Glass squid\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_squid\">glass squid\u003c/a>, or \u003ca title=\"ToL - Histioteuthis\" href=\"http://tolweb.org/Histioteuthidae/19782\">cock-eyed squid\u003c/a>, species that have never before been on public display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Struggling on Their Home Surf\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing animals in the lab is one way to protect wild populations from over-harvesting. But are any cephalopods truly at risk? None are currently listed as endangered on the \u003ca title=\"ICUN Red List\" href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/\">IUCN Red List\u003c/a>, the most comprehensive international database of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, that’s largely because of missing information. Of the 73 cephalopods on the IUCN’s list, 59 are “data deficient,” which means we just don’t know enough to gauge how they’re doing. One species, the \u003ca title=\"IUCN Red List - Sepia apama\" href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/162627/0\">Australian giant cuttlefish\u003c/a>, is listed as “near threatened”—that is, likely to be become endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This somber prediction is largely driven by one particular population of giant cuttles, which has never recovered from overfishing in the 1990’s. It now faces habitat loss due to industrial waste and construction projects. “Tentacles” addresses these struggles, not through the species’ live display, but with an unusual aquarium that contains neither water nor animals. It’s a mechanical sculpture of cuttlefish in their altered environment, built by the artist \u003ca title=\"Nemo Gould\" href=\"http://www.nemogould.com/\">Nemo Gould\u003c/a> from found materials, including a boat motor, chandelier parts, shoe stretchers, egg slicers, and coffee pot lids. “I’ve been dying to use that boat motor for years,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16256\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Nautilus_low_res2-990x659-243x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16256\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16256\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Nautilus_low_res2-990x659-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"nautilus diorama \" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This nautilus diorama by artist Nemo Gould represents the threat of overfishing. (Nemo Gould)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gould was commissioned by the Aquarium to create “three sculptures representing three species and three fairly specific threats.” The second sculpture is supposed to represent the threat of pollution to octopuses, a mandate that had the artist scratching his head at first. “How do you make a sculpture of chemicals?” he asked. In fact, little is known about chemical threats to wild octopus populations, although toxins such as \u003ca title=\"Toxic exposure to ethylene dibromide and mercuric chloride: Effects on laboratory-reared octopuses\" href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0892036288900876\">mercury\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Acute toxicity of crude and dispersed oil to Octopus pallidus (Hoyle, 1885) hatchlings\" href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135401005206\">crude oil\u003c/a> can certainly do damage in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final sculpture addresses \u003ca title=\"The Cephalopod Page - Nautilus\" href=\"http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/nautcon.php\">overfishing of nautilus\u003c/a>, the only living cephalopod with an external shell. Originally a defense against predation, these shells have sadly become its primary cause, as humans collect them for decorative purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gould’s sculptures provide a beautiful counterpoint to such destruction in the name of aesthetics. He harvests rusty junk and broken parts from scrap yards, waiting for the right project to transform them. When he got the call from the Aquarium, he said, “My supplies were brimming with what I needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Circling Back to the Suckers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 223px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/aquarist-223x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16253\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/aquarist-223x162.jpg\" alt=\"An aquarist interacts with a giant Pacific octopus\" width=\"223\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aquarist interacts with a giant Pacific octopus. (Randy Wilder/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Monterey Bay Aquarium - Giant Pacific Octopus\" href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals-and-experiences/exhibits/giant-octopus\">The Giant Pacific Octopus\u003c/a>, GPO to its friends, has been one of the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s most iconic exhibits since the refurbished cannery opened as a tourist attraction in 1984. At the time, the GPO was actually part of a whole “Octopus and Kin” gallery, where it kept company with two other local species, the red octopus and two-spot octopus. Aquarists had hoped to exhibit native squid as well, but they had to settle for cuttlefish from far-off seas. Nautilus, also non-native, rounded out the display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, the mix of local and exotic species didn’t fit with our Habitats Path exhibit plan,” said Ken Peterson, the Aquarium’s communications director. “Now cephs are back, bigger and better than ever!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>An earlier version of this article mistakenly stated that the Aquarium is attempting to raise and exhibit giant cuttlefish (Sepia apama). Aquarists are actually working with the world’s second-largest cuttlefish, the broadclub cuttlefish (Sepia latimanus).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Monterey Bay Aquarium's new exhibit will be the world’s largest, most diverse display of octopuses, squid and cuttlefish. To pull it off, aquarists are coaxing reproduction from the most reluctant critters.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933874,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1120},"headData":{"title":"World’s Largest \"Tentacles\" Exhibit at Monterey Bay Aquarium Will Cultivate Its Own Cephalopods | KQED","description":"The Monterey Bay Aquarium's new exhibit will be the world’s largest, most diverse display of octopuses, squid and cuttlefish. To pull it off, aquarists are coaxing reproduction from the most reluctant critters.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"KQED Science","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/","sticky":false,"path":"/science/16251/worlds-largest-tentacles-exhibit-at-monterey-bay-aquarium-will-cultivate-its-own-cephalopods","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16252\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/flamboyant.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16252\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16252\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/flamboyant.jpg\" alt=\"Flamboyant cuttlefish\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flamboyant cuttlefish, native to the tropical Indo-Pacific, are being bred by aquarists for the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s new exhibit, “Tentacles.” (Randy Wilder/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Flamboyant cuttlefish. Pygmy squid. Dumbo octopus. These cartoonish names belong to real animals, and you could see them live at the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s new exhibit, opening April 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca title=\"Monterey Bay Aquarium - Tentacles\" href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/tentacles\">Tentacles\u003c/a>” will be the world’s largest, most diverse display of cephalopods—the suction-cupped, parrot-beaked, skin-changing group that includes octopuses, squid and cuttlefish. But the aquarium can’t guarantee which exact creatures will end up on display. During a behind-the-scenes tour last month, aquarist Alicia Bitondo said, “We won’t know which animals are in which tanks until a couple of weeks before the exhibit opens.” She paused. “Or the day before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This anxious uncertainty is due to the short lifespans typical of cephalopods. The exhibit itself, which is scheduled to close on Labor Day 2016, will outlive nearly all of its inhabitants. Continuous display of any given species would require ongoing collection from the wild, and most species are native to distant seas—a severe challenge to both logistics and sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there’s an alternative: grow them at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bringing Up the Babies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16255\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 256px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/visitors-256x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16255\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/visitors-256x162.jpg\" alt=\"Bigfin reef squid\" width=\"256\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bigfin reef squid entertain visitors. (Randy Wilder/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The $3.5 million “Tentacles” is is the first exhibit since the Aquarium’s award-winning jelly displays to rely on constant laboratory culture of animals behind the scenes. Current eggs and hatchlings will be rotated through public display in the Egg Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of these babies will eventually appear in grown-up exhibits, but others never will. For example, \u003ca title=\"Science 2.0 - Squid Who Make Glue\" href=\"http://www.science20.com/squid_day/squid_who_make_glue-84481\">pygmy squid\u003c/a>—fully grown at the size of your fingernail—oblige their keepers by laying eggs, but no one knows what to feed the minuscule hatchlings. And \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Sepia latimanus\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepia_latimanus\">broadclub cuttlefish\u003c/a>, each big enough to fill a carry-on suitcase, can at least be raised from hatching to 11 months—but not yet to full maturity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, both pygmies and broadclubs still require collection from their home ranges in the Indo-Pacific. But that could change over the next couple of years. Monterey aquarists seem to have a way of coaxing reproduction from the most reluctant critters—as in the case of the deep-sea dumbo octopus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years since their discovery, \u003ca title=\"BBC - Dumbo octopus\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Grimpoteuthis\">dumbo octopuses\u003c/a> have occasionally released unfertilized eggs in their death throes, but at the Aquarium two dumbo moms have now laid their eggs properly. These precious spheres, which may or may not be fertilized, are being kept in super-chilled, low-oxygen water to mimic the deep-sea environment. That means they can’t show up in the Egg Lab, but adult dumbos might make an appearance in a special deep-sea tank. Over the life of “Tentacles,” this tank could also house \u003ca title=\"The Cephalopod Page - Vampyroteuthis\" href=\"http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/vampy.php\">vampire squid\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Glass squid\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_squid\">glass squid\u003c/a>, or \u003ca title=\"ToL - Histioteuthis\" href=\"http://tolweb.org/Histioteuthidae/19782\">cock-eyed squid\u003c/a>, species that have never before been on public display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Struggling on Their Home Surf\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing animals in the lab is one way to protect wild populations from over-harvesting. But are any cephalopods truly at risk? None are currently listed as endangered on the \u003ca title=\"ICUN Red List\" href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/\">IUCN Red List\u003c/a>, the most comprehensive international database of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, that’s largely because of missing information. Of the 73 cephalopods on the IUCN’s list, 59 are “data deficient,” which means we just don’t know enough to gauge how they’re doing. One species, the \u003ca title=\"IUCN Red List - Sepia apama\" href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/162627/0\">Australian giant cuttlefish\u003c/a>, is listed as “near threatened”—that is, likely to be become endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This somber prediction is largely driven by one particular population of giant cuttles, which has never recovered from overfishing in the 1990’s. It now faces habitat loss due to industrial waste and construction projects. “Tentacles” addresses these struggles, not through the species’ live display, but with an unusual aquarium that contains neither water nor animals. It’s a mechanical sculpture of cuttlefish in their altered environment, built by the artist \u003ca title=\"Nemo Gould\" href=\"http://www.nemogould.com/\">Nemo Gould\u003c/a> from found materials, including a boat motor, chandelier parts, shoe stretchers, egg slicers, and coffee pot lids. “I’ve been dying to use that boat motor for years,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16256\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Nautilus_low_res2-990x659-243x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16256\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16256\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Nautilus_low_res2-990x659-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"nautilus diorama \" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This nautilus diorama by artist Nemo Gould represents the threat of overfishing. (Nemo Gould)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gould was commissioned by the Aquarium to create “three sculptures representing three species and three fairly specific threats.” The second sculpture is supposed to represent the threat of pollution to octopuses, a mandate that had the artist scratching his head at first. “How do you make a sculpture of chemicals?” he asked. In fact, little is known about chemical threats to wild octopus populations, although toxins such as \u003ca title=\"Toxic exposure to ethylene dibromide and mercuric chloride: Effects on laboratory-reared octopuses\" href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0892036288900876\">mercury\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Acute toxicity of crude and dispersed oil to Octopus pallidus (Hoyle, 1885) hatchlings\" href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135401005206\">crude oil\u003c/a> can certainly do damage in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final sculpture addresses \u003ca title=\"The Cephalopod Page - Nautilus\" href=\"http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/nautcon.php\">overfishing of nautilus\u003c/a>, the only living cephalopod with an external shell. Originally a defense against predation, these shells have sadly become its primary cause, as humans collect them for decorative purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gould’s sculptures provide a beautiful counterpoint to such destruction in the name of aesthetics. He harvests rusty junk and broken parts from scrap yards, waiting for the right project to transform them. When he got the call from the Aquarium, he said, “My supplies were brimming with what I needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Circling Back to the Suckers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 223px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/aquarist-223x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16253\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/aquarist-223x162.jpg\" alt=\"An aquarist interacts with a giant Pacific octopus\" width=\"223\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aquarist interacts with a giant Pacific octopus. (Randy Wilder/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Monterey Bay Aquarium - Giant Pacific Octopus\" href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals-and-experiences/exhibits/giant-octopus\">The Giant Pacific Octopus\u003c/a>, GPO to its friends, has been one of the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s most iconic exhibits since the refurbished cannery opened as a tourist attraction in 1984. At the time, the GPO was actually part of a whole “Octopus and Kin” gallery, where it kept company with two other local species, the red octopus and two-spot octopus. Aquarists had hoped to exhibit native squid as well, but they had to settle for cuttlefish from far-off seas. Nautilus, also non-native, rounded out the display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, the mix of local and exotic species didn’t fit with our Habitats Path exhibit plan,” said Ken Peterson, the Aquarium’s communications director. “Now cephs are back, bigger and better than ever!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>An earlier version of this article mistakenly stated that the Aquarium is attempting to raise and exhibit giant cuttlefish (Sepia apama). Aquarists are actually working with the world’s second-largest cuttlefish, the broadclub cuttlefish (Sepia latimanus).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/16251/worlds-largest-tentacles-exhibit-at-monterey-bay-aquarium-will-cultivate-its-own-cephalopods","authors":["6324"],"series":["science_2625"],"categories":["science_30"],"tags":["science_268","science_1479","science_554","science_767"],"featImg":"science_16252","label":"source_science_16251"},"science_13976":{"type":"posts","id":"science_13976","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"13976","score":null,"sort":[1391717763000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"could-we-find-tomorrows-water-supply-under-the-ocean","title":"Could We Find Tomorrow's Water Supply Under the Ocean?","publishDate":1391717763,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Could We Find Tomorrow’s Water Supply Under the Ocean? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13977\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/aquifer.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13977\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13977\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/aquifer.png\" alt=\"Aquifer diagram\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Schematic diagram of a coastal aquifer system. In many places, fresh groundwater extends far out to sea and may constitute a water resource for coastal cities in dry places. U.S. Geological Survey diagram\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Underground boundaries between land and sea aren’t as stark as they are to us as we stand on the beach. Water knows this. Groundwater everywhere responds slowly to changes above, even geological changes. In most of the Earth’s crust, water moves around a meter per year. This enormous contrast between surface water and groundwater may be the big fact that hydrologists appreciate more than the rest of us, even geologists, who know a lot about slow things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seawater moving inland is a well-known problem for coastal cities. It arises when groundwater is pumped out faster than it can be replenished, and saltwater moves into the space. In the city of Fremont, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwd.org/index.aspx?nid=380\">Alameda County Water District\u003c/a> successfully manages saltwater intrusion in its major water source, the Niles Cone, by effectively building a wall of freshwater along the outer rim of the cone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The opposite situation, freshwater intrusion, can occur offshore. Fresh groundwater lying above sea level on land would have the pressure needed to push aside the denser, salty water of the ocean once it reached that level. And scientists have known for a long time about freshwater springs that occur offshore. In the 1970s, U.S. government geologists learned that fresh water may underlie the seafloor for a surprising distance offshore, up to 100 kilometers in places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that time, we’ve learned a lot more. Offshore freshwater makes sense when we consider the long series of ice ages Earth has been going through for the last 2-1/2 million years. When the glaciers are high, the seas are lowered by as much as 60 meters, which exposes a huge area of land—very fertile land, I should add. For many thousands of years, rains and rivers put fresh water into this ground. Between glacial periods (as we are today), the sea floods in to drown that land, chewing up its soils and forests in the advancing surf. But the groundwater, now offshore, remains fresh because the forces trying to push it out (density differences) are very small compared to the forces that put it in (gravity).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v504/n7478/full/nature12858.html\">The review paper in the December 5 issue of \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>\u003c/a> pointed out that offshore fresh groundwater occurs around the world and could be significant for many countries that have short water supplies. Many news outlets treated this as a “discovery,” which in science journalism usually means only that reporters (or their editors) hadn’t heard of it before. What should Californians make of this news?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is that we’ll need to support a lot of scientific exploration to learn what’s off our coast. The geophysical techniques available are limited in what they can tell us, so we’ll need a systematic program of borehole drilling to map out the possibilities. This expensive research has usually been for the benefit of oil and gas producers. It’s conceivable that petroleum companies could take an interest in producing water from their offshore leaseholds, though it’s pretty unlikely as a widespread strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But let’s look on the bright side and imagine how it could be. California wouldn’t have to deal with \u003ca>the uncertainties of international water law or maritime law\u003c/a>, so that’s good. Freshwater trapped since the height of the ice age could be pumped ashore and treated for use by cities, which have a strong economic interest in being independent of changes in weather and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prototype that might point this way is being planned by the water supplier for Monterey. California American Water has plans (\u003ca href=\"http://www.amwater.com/caaw/customer-service/rates-information/regional-desalination-project.html\">and money\u003c/a>) for a desalination plant that would treat seawater. Its scheme would drill sideways under the seafloor from a land-based rig and pump saltwater from beneath the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ca href=\"http://www.desalination.biz/news/news_story.asp?id=7417\">The agency has applied for a state grant\u003c/a> that will get the drilling started late this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If projects like this could tap fresh or even brackish water from offshore instead of seawater, the costs of desalination would be dramatically lower. Expect to hear about this topic from time to time. But I expect things to proceed at roughly the speed of groundwater itself.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"We've thought about drilling offshore for oil and gas long before we thought about finding fresh water there. A recent review paper in \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i> has brought the topic of offshore fresh groundwater to wider visibility.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934244,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":743},"headData":{"title":"Could We Find Tomorrow's Water Supply Under the Ocean? | KQED","description":"We've thought about drilling offshore for oil and gas long before we thought about finding fresh water there. A recent review paper in Nature has brought the topic of offshore fresh groundwater to wider visibility.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/13976/could-we-find-tomorrows-water-supply-under-the-ocean","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13977\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/aquifer.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13977\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13977\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/aquifer.png\" alt=\"Aquifer diagram\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Schematic diagram of a coastal aquifer system. In many places, fresh groundwater extends far out to sea and may constitute a water resource for coastal cities in dry places. U.S. Geological Survey diagram\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Underground boundaries between land and sea aren’t as stark as they are to us as we stand on the beach. Water knows this. Groundwater everywhere responds slowly to changes above, even geological changes. In most of the Earth’s crust, water moves around a meter per year. This enormous contrast between surface water and groundwater may be the big fact that hydrologists appreciate more than the rest of us, even geologists, who know a lot about slow things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seawater moving inland is a well-known problem for coastal cities. It arises when groundwater is pumped out faster than it can be replenished, and saltwater moves into the space. In the city of Fremont, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwd.org/index.aspx?nid=380\">Alameda County Water District\u003c/a> successfully manages saltwater intrusion in its major water source, the Niles Cone, by effectively building a wall of freshwater along the outer rim of the cone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The opposite situation, freshwater intrusion, can occur offshore. Fresh groundwater lying above sea level on land would have the pressure needed to push aside the denser, salty water of the ocean once it reached that level. And scientists have known for a long time about freshwater springs that occur offshore. In the 1970s, U.S. government geologists learned that fresh water may underlie the seafloor for a surprising distance offshore, up to 100 kilometers in places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that time, we’ve learned a lot more. Offshore freshwater makes sense when we consider the long series of ice ages Earth has been going through for the last 2-1/2 million years. When the glaciers are high, the seas are lowered by as much as 60 meters, which exposes a huge area of land—very fertile land, I should add. For many thousands of years, rains and rivers put fresh water into this ground. Between glacial periods (as we are today), the sea floods in to drown that land, chewing up its soils and forests in the advancing surf. But the groundwater, now offshore, remains fresh because the forces trying to push it out (density differences) are very small compared to the forces that put it in (gravity).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v504/n7478/full/nature12858.html\">The review paper in the December 5 issue of \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>\u003c/a> pointed out that offshore fresh groundwater occurs around the world and could be significant for many countries that have short water supplies. Many news outlets treated this as a “discovery,” which in science journalism usually means only that reporters (or their editors) hadn’t heard of it before. What should Californians make of this news?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is that we’ll need to support a lot of scientific exploration to learn what’s off our coast. The geophysical techniques available are limited in what they can tell us, so we’ll need a systematic program of borehole drilling to map out the possibilities. This expensive research has usually been for the benefit of oil and gas producers. It’s conceivable that petroleum companies could take an interest in producing water from their offshore leaseholds, though it’s pretty unlikely as a widespread strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But let’s look on the bright side and imagine how it could be. California wouldn’t have to deal with \u003ca>the uncertainties of international water law or maritime law\u003c/a>, so that’s good. Freshwater trapped since the height of the ice age could be pumped ashore and treated for use by cities, which have a strong economic interest in being independent of changes in weather and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prototype that might point this way is being planned by the water supplier for Monterey. California American Water has plans (\u003ca href=\"http://www.amwater.com/caaw/customer-service/rates-information/regional-desalination-project.html\">and money\u003c/a>) for a desalination plant that would treat seawater. Its scheme would drill sideways under the seafloor from a land-based rig and pump saltwater from beneath the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ca href=\"http://www.desalination.biz/news/news_story.asp?id=7417\">The agency has applied for a state grant\u003c/a> that will get the drilling started late this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If projects like this could tap fresh or even brackish water from offshore instead of seawater, the costs of desalination would be dramatically lower. Expect to hear about this topic from time to time. But I expect things to proceed at roughly the speed of groundwater itself.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/13976/could-we-find-tomorrows-water-supply-under-the-ocean","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_38"],"tags":["science_568","science_1193","science_490","science_268","science_1264","science_201"],"featImg":"science_13977","label":"science"},"science_4001":{"type":"posts","id":"science_4001","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"4001","score":null,"sort":[1370470892000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"deep-sea-garbage-caught-on-video","title":"Deep-Sea Garbage Caught on Video","publishDate":1370470892,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Deep-Sea Garbage Caught on Video | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4005\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4005\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" alt=\"A Coke bottle with Asian lettering was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Korean Coke bottle was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve all heard about the problem of trash in the oceans and seen photos of the Pacific Garbage patch and other plastic “gyres,” which coat hundreds of thousands of square ocean miles with plastic flotsam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens to the heavy stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute shows that trash is also accumulating in the deep sea, as much as two and a half miles beneath the ocean surface. And there’s video to prove it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOZngsJU2k0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MBARI researchers reviewed 18,000 hours of video footage collected by the Institute’s remote operated submarines, or ROVs, over the past 22 years. They found 1,500 observations of garbage, spotted between between Vancouver Island and the Gulf of California, and as far west as Hawaii. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the garbage was made of plastic, and half of that consisted of plastic bags. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4014\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" alt=\"Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4014\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other frequent finds: rope, glass bottles and cloth. Several times, researchers found marine animals trapped in old fishing equipment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4041\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4041\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" alt=\"This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4041\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one case, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2011/containers/containers-release.html\">entire shipping container\u003c/a> came to rest on the sea floor about 12 miles outside Monterey Bay. MBARI estimates about 10,000 containers topple off ships a year and become part of the permanent deep sea-scape. (MBARI researchers are now finishing up a study of how these containers affect the ocean environment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4040\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" alt=\"Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that while it’s theoretically possible to do some clean-up, it’d be much better to keep the stuff from getting there in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4007\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" alt=\"A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1638\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4007\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most frustrating thing for me is that most of the material we saw — glass, metal, paper, plastic — could be recycled,” notes MBARI’s Kyra Schlining, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2013/deep-debris/deep-debris-release.html\">study\u003c/a>’s lead author. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4009\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1571px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4009\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" alt=\"This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1571\" height=\"1002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4009\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4006\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4006\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" alt=\"This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI) \" width=\"1620\" height=\"971\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4006\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"MBARI researchers found garbage as deep as two and a half miles off the coast of California. A third of the garbage was made of plastic (half of that was plastic bags). Other frequent finds: rope, glass bottles and cloth. Several times, researchers found marine animals trapped in old fishing equipment.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935665,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":443},"headData":{"title":"Deep-Sea Garbage Caught on Video | KQED","description":"MBARI researchers found garbage as deep as two and a half miles off the coast of California. A third of the garbage was made of plastic (half of that was plastic bags). Other frequent finds: rope, glass bottles and cloth. Several times, researchers found marine animals trapped in old fishing equipment.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/4001/deep-sea-garbage-caught-on-video","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4005\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4005\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" alt=\"A Coke bottle with Asian lettering was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Korean Coke bottle was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve all heard about the problem of trash in the oceans and seen photos of the Pacific Garbage patch and other plastic “gyres,” which coat hundreds of thousands of square ocean miles with plastic flotsam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens to the heavy stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute shows that trash is also accumulating in the deep sea, as much as two and a half miles beneath the ocean surface. And there’s video to prove it. \u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mOZngsJU2k0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mOZngsJU2k0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>MBARI researchers reviewed 18,000 hours of video footage collected by the Institute’s remote operated submarines, or ROVs, over the past 22 years. They found 1,500 observations of garbage, spotted between between Vancouver Island and the Gulf of California, and as far west as Hawaii. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the garbage was made of plastic, and half of that consisted of plastic bags. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4014\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" alt=\"Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4014\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other frequent finds: rope, glass bottles and cloth. Several times, researchers found marine animals trapped in old fishing equipment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4041\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4041\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" alt=\"This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4041\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one case, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2011/containers/containers-release.html\">entire shipping container\u003c/a> came to rest on the sea floor about 12 miles outside Monterey Bay. MBARI estimates about 10,000 containers topple off ships a year and become part of the permanent deep sea-scape. (MBARI researchers are now finishing up a study of how these containers affect the ocean environment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4040\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" alt=\"Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that while it’s theoretically possible to do some clean-up, it’d be much better to keep the stuff from getting there in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4007\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" alt=\"A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1638\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4007\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most frustrating thing for me is that most of the material we saw — glass, metal, paper, plastic — could be recycled,” notes MBARI’s Kyra Schlining, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2013/deep-debris/deep-debris-release.html\">study\u003c/a>’s lead author. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4009\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1571px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4009\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" alt=\"This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1571\" height=\"1002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4009\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4006\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4006\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" alt=\"This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI) \" width=\"1620\" height=\"971\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4006\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/4001/deep-sea-garbage-caught-on-video","authors":["210"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_64","science_268","science_269"],"featImg":"science_4004","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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