Systemic Neglect: How Staffing Shortages In Nursing Homes Leave Patients Trapped in Hospitals
Can Scientists Calculate a Carbon Footprint for Drugs?
Social Media Is Boosting a Billion-Dollar Market for Weight Loss Drugs
Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen
America's Largest Physician's Group Just Adopted Sweeping Gun Control Policies
What Happens if Lab-Grown 'Brains' Start to Think?
Rudolph's Antlers Offer Clues for Regenerating Nerves
window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={"attachmentsReducer":{"audio_0":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_0","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"}}},"audio_1":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_1","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"}}},"audio_2":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_2","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"}}},"audio_3":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_3","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"}}},"audio_4":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_4","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"}}},"placeholder":{"type":"attachments","id":"placeholder","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-160x96.jpg","width":160,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-800x478.jpg","width":800,"height":478,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1020x610.jpg","width":1020,"height":610,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1920x1148.jpg","width":1920,"height":1148,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1180x705.jpg","width":1180,"height":705,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-960x574.jpg","width":960,"height":574,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-240x143.jpg","width":240,"height":143,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-375x224.jpg","width":375,"height":224,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-520x311.jpg","width":520,"height":311,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1180x705.jpg","width":1180,"height":705,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1920x1148.jpg","width":1920,"height":1148,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-e1514998105161.jpg","width":1920,"height":1148}}},"science_1991934":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_1991934","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"1991934","found":true},"title":"David Alter at his home in Berkeley on March 18, 2024.","publishDate":1710864757,"status":"inherit","parent":0,"modified":1710882549,"caption":"David Alter in front of his home in Berkeley on March 18, 2024.","credit":"Martin do Nascimento/KQED","altTag":"A man wearing glasses and a dark blue hoodie outside a building.","description":null,"imgSizes":{"medium":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-04-KQED-3-800x533.jpg","width":800,"height":533,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-04-KQED-3-1020x680.jpg","width":1020,"height":680,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"thumbnail":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-04-KQED-3-160x107.jpg","width":160,"height":107,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-04-KQED-3-768x512.jpg","width":768,"height":512,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"1536x1536":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-04-KQED-3-1536x1024.jpg","width":1536,"height":1024,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-04-KQED-3-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-04-KQED-3-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-04-KQED-3-1920x1280.jpg","width":1920,"height":1280,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-04-KQED-3.jpg","width":2000,"height":1333}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_1984516":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_1984516","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"1984516","found":true},"title":"Blue and white capsules on a conveyer belt","publishDate":1696533614,"status":"inherit","parent":1984507,"modified":1696533735,"caption":"Close-up shot of medical drug production line.","credit":"SweetBunFactory/Getty Images","altTag":"Blue capsules on conveyor at a modern pharmaceutical factory.","description":null,"imgSizes":{"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/GettyImages-1465073112-800x450.jpg","width":800,"height":450,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/GettyImages-1465073112-1020x574.jpg","width":1020,"height":574,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/GettyImages-1465073112-160x90.jpg","width":160,"height":90,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/GettyImages-1465073112-768x432.jpg","width":768,"height":432,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"1536x1536":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/GettyImages-1465073112-1536x864.jpg","width":1536,"height":864,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"2048x2048":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/GettyImages-1465073112-2048x1152.jpg","width":2048,"height":1152,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/GettyImages-1465073112-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/GettyImages-1465073112-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/GettyImages-1465073112-1920x1080.jpg","width":1920,"height":1080,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/GettyImages-1465073112.jpg","width":2309,"height":1299}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_1982346":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_1982346","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"1982346","found":true},"title":"This photograph taken on February 23, 2023, in Paris, shows the anti-diabetic medication \"Ozempic\" (semaglutide) made by Danish pharmaceutical company \"Novo Nordisk\".","publishDate":1682012180,"status":"inherit","parent":1982342,"modified":1682026819,"caption":"This photograph taken on Feb. 23, 2023, in Paris shows the anti-diabetic medication Ozempic (semaglutide) made by Danish pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk.","credit":"Joel Saget/AFP via Getty Images","altTag":"A photo of the medication called \"Ozempic.\"","description":null,"imgSizes":{"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1247409353-800x534.jpg","width":800,"height":534,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1247409353-1020x680.jpg","width":1020,"height":680,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1247409353-160x107.jpg","width":160,"height":107,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1247409353-768x512.jpg","width":768,"height":512,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"1536x1536":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1247409353-1536x1024.jpg","width":1536,"height":1024,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"2048x2048":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1247409353-2048x1366.jpg","width":2048,"height":1366,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1247409353-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1247409353-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1247409353-1920x1281.jpg","width":1920,"height":1281,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1247409353-scaled.jpg","width":2560,"height":1707}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_1948651":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_1948651","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"1948651","found":true},"title":"med-carrier-high-992x656","publishDate":1570464081,"status":"inherit","parent":1948645,"modified":1570465232,"caption":"Gregg Semenza of the U.S., Peter Ratcliffe of Britain and William Kaelin of the U.S have won the 2019 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their discoveries of how cells adapt to varying levels of oxygen.","credit":"Ill. Mattias Karlén © The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/med-carrier-high-992x656-160x106.jpg","width":160,"height":106,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/med-carrier-high-992x656-800x529.jpg","width":800,"height":529,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/med-carrier-high-992x656-768x508.jpg","width":768,"height":508,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/med-carrier-high-992x656-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/med-carrier-high-992x656-992x576.jpg","width":992,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/med-carrier-high-992x656.jpg","width":992,"height":656}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_1925644":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_1925644","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"1925644","found":true},"title":"No Gun Zone Sign","publishDate":1528838574,"status":"inherit","parent":1925639,"modified":1528838658,"caption":"The American Medical Association has voted to adopt several of nearly a dozen gun-related proposals presented by doctor groups that are part of the AMA’s membership. ","credit":"iStock","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-160x107.jpg","width":160,"height":107,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-800x537.jpg","width":800,"height":537,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-768x515.jpg","width":768,"height":515,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-1020x684.jpg","width":1020,"height":684,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-1200x805.jpg","width":1200,"height":805,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-1920x1288.jpg","width":1920,"height":1288,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-1180x792.jpg","width":1180,"height":792,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-960x644.jpg","width":960,"height":644,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-240x161.jpg","width":240,"height":161,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-375x252.jpg","width":375,"height":252,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-520x349.jpg","width":520,"height":349,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-1180x792.jpg","width":1180,"height":792,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-1920x1288.jpg","width":1920,"height":1288,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/iStock-930487916.jpg","width":6000,"height":4025}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_1923167":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_1923167","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"1923167","found":true},"title":"Scientists placed two clusters of cultured forebrain cells side by side (each cluster the size of a head of a pin) in the lab. Within days, the minibrains had fused and particular neurons (in green) migrated from the left side to the right side, as groups of cells do in a real brain.","publishDate":1524844252,"status":"inherit","parent":1923166,"modified":1524844252,"caption":null,"credit":null,"description":"Scientists placed two clusters of cultured forebrain cells side by side (each cluster the size of a head of a pin) in the lab. Within days, the minibrains had fused and particular neurons (in green) migrated from the left side to the right side, as groups of cells do in a real brain.","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-160x90.jpg","width":160,"height":90,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-800x450.jpg","width":800,"height":450,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-768x432.jpg","width":768,"height":432,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-1020x573.jpg","width":1020,"height":573,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-1200x675.jpg","width":1200,"height":675,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-1920x1079.jpg","width":1920,"height":1079,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-1180x663.jpg","width":1180,"height":663,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-960x540.jpg","width":960,"height":540,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-240x135.jpg","width":240,"height":135,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-375x211.jpg","width":375,"height":211,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-520x292.jpg","width":520,"height":292,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-1180x663.jpg","width":1180,"height":663,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-1920x1079.jpg","width":1920,"height":1079,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/brain-in-dish-1_wide-6f2e2c5b9376ccbea25ea35c6124b750143023c6.jpg","width":1996,"height":1122}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_1210758":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_1210758","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"1210758","found":true},"title":"dl_401antlers_marquee_candidate_final","publishDate":1480727668,"status":"inherit","parent":1207350,"modified":1480727668,"caption":null,"credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-160x90.jpg","width":160,"height":90,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-800x450.jpg","width":800,"height":450,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-768x432.jpg","width":768,"height":432,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-1020x574.jpg","width":1020,"height":574,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-1920x1080.jpg","width":1920,"height":1080,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-1180x664.jpg","width":1180,"height":664,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-960x540.jpg","width":960,"height":540,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-240x135.jpg","width":240,"height":135,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-375x211.jpg","width":375,"height":211,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-520x293.jpg","width":520,"height":293,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-1180x664.jpg","width":1180,"height":664,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-1920x1080.jpg","width":1920,"height":1080,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_Marquee_candidate_FINAL.jpg","width":1920,"height":1080}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"byline_science_1984507":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_science_1984507","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_science_1984507","name":"Betsy Ladyzhets","isLoading":false},"byline_science_1982342":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_science_1982342","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_science_1982342","name":"Darius Tahir and Hannah Norman \u003cbr>Kaiser Health News\u003c/br>","isLoading":false},"byline_science_1948645":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_science_1948645","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_science_1948645","name":"Scott Neuman\u003c/br>Bill Chappell\u003c/br>NPR","isLoading":false},"byline_science_1925639":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_science_1925639","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_science_1925639","name":"Lindsey Tanner\u003cbr />The Associated Press","isLoading":false},"byline_science_1923166":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_science_1923166","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_science_1923166","name":"Jon Hamilton\u003cbr />NPR Shots","isLoading":false},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"lesleymcclurg":{"type":"authors","id":"11229","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11229","found":true},"name":"Lesley McClurg","firstName":"Lesley","lastName":"McClurg","slug":"lesleymcclurg","email":"lmcclurg@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news","science"],"title":"KQED Health Correspondent","bio":"Lesley McClurg is a health correspondent and fill-in host. Her work is regularly rebroadcast on numerous NPR and PBS shows. She has won several regional Emmy awards, a regional and a national Edward R. Murrow award. The Association for Health Journalists awarded Lesley best beat coverage. The Society of Professional Journalists has recognized her reporting several times. The Society of Environmental Journalists spotlighted her ongoing coverage of California's historic drought. Before joining KQED in 2016, she covered food and sustainability for Capital Public Radio, the environment for Colorado Public Radio, and reported for both KUOW and KCTS9 in Seattle. When not hunched over her laptop Lesley enjoys skiing with her daughter, cycling with her partner or scheming their next globetrotting adventure. Before motherhood she relished dancing tango till sunrise. When on deadline she fuels herself almost exclusively on chocolate chips.\r\n\r\n ","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"lesleywmcclurg","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lesley McClurg | KQED","description":"KQED Health Correspondent","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lesleymcclurg"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1991871":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1991871","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1991871","score":null,"sort":[1710945038000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"systemic-neglect-how-staffing-shortages-in-nursing-homes-leave-patients-trapped-in-hospitals","title":"Systemic Neglect: How Staffing Shortages In Nursing Homes Leave Patients Trapped in Hospitals","publishDate":1710945038,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Systemic Neglect: How Staffing Shortages In Nursing Homes Leave Patients Trapped in Hospitals | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>On a warm September morning in 2020, David Alter was cleaning up his kitchen in Berkeley. He saw his wife, Lisa, move towards him out of the corner of his eye. He turned to dry his hands on a towel, and then he heard a loud noise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll never forget that sound,” he said. “It was like the sound of a baseball getting hit. She did nothing to brace her fall. Her head smacked directly on the linoleum floor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His wife lay still as blood pooled around her body, and Alter sprinted to the bathroom to scavenge for bandages. He wrapped Lisa’s head in gauze and then carried her to the car before speeding to the emergency department at Kaiser Permanente’s Richmond Medical Center, where he said a doctor diagnosed Lisa with a brain bleed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Kristof Stremikis, director of market analysis and insight, California Health Care Foundation\"]‘We definitely know that across California more patients are spending longer times in the hospital.’[/pullquote]Lisa has Huntington’s disease, a genetic disorder that causes nerve cells to break down over time, ravaging the brain and body. The condition is marked by involuntary jerking and writhing movements. It impairs one’s gait, posture and balance. Eventually, Lisa could not walk, talk or think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alter had failed for an entire year to find a nursing home for his wife, as she was no longer safe at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It got to the point that we were going to the ER weekly,” Alter said. “If the fall was late at night, we wouldn’t go right away because we were too exhausted. I would patch her up. I would use suture strips or even sometimes Krazy Glue to close cuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1991935 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A man wearing glasses and a dark shirt sits next to a woman lying down in a bed.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Alter sits next to his wife, Lisa Alter, in Walnut Creek on Feb. 9, 2024. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Styer Martínez/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He had called hundreds of skilled nursing facilities across California. He penned personal letters to facility directors illustrated with color photos of their family, describing his wife as “a vibrant woman, wife, elementary school teacher and mother.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He received denial after denial. There was not a single facility that would accept a complex patient who would likely need many years of specialized, very expensive care. Lisa received her Huntington’s disease diagnosis when she was 45 years old. From the onset of symptoms, people with the condition have a life expectancy of 10 to 25 years. Lisa’s needs will likely increase over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alter turned to social workers with the Huntington’s Disease Society for help. They advised him to leave his wife in the hospital the next time she landed in the emergency department. “That’s the last resort if the caregiver isn’t safe to take their loved one home,” said Jessica Marsolek, the society’s associate director of community services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991923\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991923\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A hallway of a medical center with people walking through.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kaiser Permanente Richmond Medical Center on March 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hospitals are much more equipped to connect and successfully transfer patients to nursing homes. “I don’t know anybody that’s gotten into a nursing home any other way,” said Maura Gibney, executive director for California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform. She regularly advises families to leave their loved ones in the hospital. “That’s the only way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four days after Lisa’s fall, she was ready for discharge from Kaiser’s emergency department in Richmond, but Alter made the decision not to pick her up. She wouldn’t leave the hospital for several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Part of a growing trend\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Patients spend more and more time in the hospital, even people who — like Lisa Alter — are medically stable and ready for a lower level of care at a facility like a nursing home or a psychiatric treatment center. Increasingly, they languish for weeks, months and even years, which delays their recovery, and that, in turn, delays care for patients who need urgent care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t accept some patients trying to transfer in from smaller hospitals,” said Dr. Valerie Norton, emergency medicine physician at Scripps Mercy Hospital in San Diego. “Because we don’t have room for them. Or there might be somebody down in the emergency department that’s waiting to be admitted into the hospital. And we have to wait until somebody else gets discharged before we can move them upstairs. If you’re lying in a bed in the emergency department, that’s just a hard gurney with a broken hip, and you’re waiting 16 hours for a bed to open up somewhere, that’s pretty tough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991924\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED.jpg\" alt='The side of a building that says \"Kaiser Permanente.\"' width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kaiser Permanente Richmond Medical Center on March 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2022, the average length of stay inside hospitals across the country \u003ca href=\"https://www.aha.org/issue-brief/2022-12-05-patients-and-providers-faced-increasing-delays-timely-discharges\">increased by 19.2%\u003c/a> compared to the year before, according to an issue brief prepared by the American Hospital Association. In California, 4,500 patients are stranded inside hospitals every day, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://calhospital.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Impact-of-Inadequate-Networks-CHA-Analysis-FINAL.pdf\">report from the California Hospital Association, \u003c/a>which attributes the problem of discharge delays to insurance companies openly disregarding “the clinical guidance of doctors and nurses” and “delaying or denying the care” that patients need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We definitely know that across California, more patients are spending longer times in the hospital,” said Kristof Stremikis, who directs the California Health Care Foundation’s market analysis and insight team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s both very complicated and incredibly simple,” Stremikis said. “It’s rising demand with problems in the supply. There’s more patients that need to be discharged. They tend to be sicker. They tend to have more complex conditions. And then on the supply side, there’s just fewer and fewer places to send them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"science_1991739,news_11976372,news_11968579\" label=\"Related Stories\"]As the country’s demographics trend older, more and more patients require care at nursing homes, but those facilities are plagued by dire staffing shortages, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ahcancal.org/News-and-Communications/Press-Releases/Pages/Historic-Staffing-Shortages-Continue-To-Force-Nursing-Homes-To-Limit-New-Admissions,-Creating-Bottlenecks-at-Hospitals-and-.aspx\">American Health Care Association\u003c/a>. A lack of workers downstream means patients like Lisa Alter get stuck upstream inside the hospital’s emergency department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have anywhere safe to send them,” Norton said. “They would qualify to be at a lower level of care like a skilled nursing facility or an assisted living facility. But because of their multiple medical problems or their psychiatric condition, there’s not a place that’s willing to take them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of days patients are stuck at Scripps has tripled in recent years, she said, and costs the health care system $56 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just insane how long these patients stay in the hospital,” Norton said. “And we’re not getting paid for that. We’re just eating that cost. And they should be in a nursing home somewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was exacerbated by the pandemic, which accelerated feelings of anguish and other persistent mental health issues in health care workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of health care workers across the U.S. reported often feeling burned out in 2022, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/health-worker-mental-health/index.html\">federal survey from the Centers for Disease Control\u003c/a>. About the same amount said they intended to look for a new job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had a long, long, long-term problem,” said Craig Cornett, CEO of the California Association of Health Facilities. “Every other part of the health care sector has recovered its staff to its pre-COVID days. We are the only part of the health care continuum that is still below where we were before COVID.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"David Alter, software engineer\"]‘You shouldn’t have to leave someone in the hospital and force them to take care of it.’[/pullquote]California is spending $26 million to \u003ca href=\"https://yourcnastory.org/\">recruit\u003c/a> more health care workers to help fill this gap, with the hope of attracting 5,500 certified nursing assistants by 2027. State lawmakers are considering \u003ca href=\"https://legiscan.com/CA/text/SB895/id/2868455\">SB 895\u003c/a>, a new bill that would allow select community college districts to offer nursing degrees, lowering the bar for entry and making it easier for workers to enter the health care industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Cornett said, the workforce challenge is huge, and it is not going away.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The breaking point\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Alter always thought he’d grow old alongside his wife. But he could no longer parent his two children, hold a full-time job as a software engineer, and care for Lisa around the clock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1330px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991920\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A man, woman, and two children wearing tie die t shirts stands outside a home.\" width=\"1330\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED.jpg 1330w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED-800x1203.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED-1020x1534.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED-160x241.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED-768x1155.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED-1021x1536.jpg 1021w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1330px) 100vw, 1330px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family photo of Lisa (left) and David Alter and their children Zachary and Maya in front of their home in Berkeley in 2010, the year before Lisa was diagnosed with Huntington’s disease. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of David Alter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When he learned that his wife was ready to be discharged from the emergency department at Kaiser Richmond, he steadied himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember talking to them, and I said: ‘I’m not gonna pick her up. I’m not going to take her home.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alter said the hospital’s discharge team struggled to find a nursing home for Lisa, too. His wife Lisa would spend over four months at Kaiser, a time period that Alter described as “excruciating” for him. He was so worried that the hospital would force him to take his wife home that he held off from visiting her in the hospital initially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly emotional to walk away,” Alter said. “And Kaiser’s calling you. And they’re like, ‘Why aren’t you picking her up?’ It’s really, really stressful. And it gets worse every day she’s there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaiser Permanente declined an interview for this story. In an emailed statement, the organization said it strives to find the right care for patients as quickly as possible. “While the vast majority of placements occur in a timely fashion, there are some circumstances, including the need for highly specialized care and patient or family preferences, that can present challenges,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Patient discrimination\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of staffing issues, facilities have a financial incentive to choose patients who can pay the highest price. “It’s unfortunate, but it is true,” Stremikis said. “Medi-Cal rates are way lower than private payers. It’s just another example of the inequalities within our system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medi-Cal is the state’s insurance program, which covers Alter’s wife. It’s supposed to pay for her to receive specialized care at a round-the-clock facility, but that has not been his experience. “There’s nowhere I can place her,” Alter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991922\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A person holds an image of a man, woman and young child.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Alter holds a photo of himself, his wife Lisa, and their son Zachary at his home in Berkeley on March 18, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, after more than four months, Kaiser Permanente did find housing for Lisa in Walnut Creek. The home provides food and supervision but not specialized nurses or regular doctor visits. Alter said she’s not at the right facility, but he doesn’t know what to do. He hired consultants and lawyers and wrote his legislators, all to no avail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years after Alter left his wife in the hospital as a hail mary play to get her the care she needs, that’s still not happening. “You’re just defeated,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, his wife declines. “She’s 70 or 80 pounds,” Alter said. “She’s so tiny. She’s skin and bones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also worries she could injure herself again, land back in the hospital, and then get stuck in the cycle all over again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You shouldn’t have to leave someone in the hospital and force them to take care of it,” Alter said. “That’s not the right solution. As a society, we’re not set up in a way to care for people properly.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One woman with Huntington's disease was left in limbo at Kaiser’s emergency department in Richmond for more than 4 months as she waited for space in a nursing home. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1710956564,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":41,"wordCount":2084},"headData":{"title":"Systemic Neglect: How Staffing Shortages In Nursing Homes Leave Patients Trapped in Hospitals | KQED","description":"One woman with Huntington's disease was left in limbo at Kaiser’s emergency department in Richmond for more than 4 months as she waited for space in a nursing home. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Systemic Neglect: How Staffing Shortages In Nursing Homes Leave Patients Trapped in Hospitals","datePublished":"2024-03-20T14:30:38.000Z","dateModified":"2024-03-20T17:42:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/2b50ce24-d6da-4ae1-8623-b131010710cc/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"WpOldSlug":"california-patients-stranded-in-hospitals-due-to-lack-of-specialized-care-facilities","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1991871/systemic-neglect-how-staffing-shortages-in-nursing-homes-leave-patients-trapped-in-hospitals","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On a warm September morning in 2020, David Alter was cleaning up his kitchen in Berkeley. He saw his wife, Lisa, move towards him out of the corner of his eye. He turned to dry his hands on a towel, and then he heard a loud noise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll never forget that sound,” he said. “It was like the sound of a baseball getting hit. She did nothing to brace her fall. Her head smacked directly on the linoleum floor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His wife lay still as blood pooled around her body, and Alter sprinted to the bathroom to scavenge for bandages. He wrapped Lisa’s head in gauze and then carried her to the car before speeding to the emergency department at Kaiser Permanente’s Richmond Medical Center, where he said a doctor diagnosed Lisa with a brain bleed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We definitely know that across California more patients are spending longer times in the hospital.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Kristof Stremikis, director of market analysis and insight, California Health Care Foundation","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Lisa has Huntington’s disease, a genetic disorder that causes nerve cells to break down over time, ravaging the brain and body. The condition is marked by involuntary jerking and writhing movements. It impairs one’s gait, posture and balance. Eventually, Lisa could not walk, talk or think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alter had failed for an entire year to find a nursing home for his wife, as she was no longer safe at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It got to the point that we were going to the ER weekly,” Alter said. “If the fall was late at night, we wouldn’t go right away because we were too exhausted. I would patch her up. I would use suture strips or even sometimes Krazy Glue to close cuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1991935 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A man wearing glasses and a dark shirt sits next to a woman lying down in a bed.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240209-AVOIDABLEBEDDAYS-KSM-1-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Alter sits next to his wife, Lisa Alter, in Walnut Creek on Feb. 9, 2024. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Styer Martínez/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He had called hundreds of skilled nursing facilities across California. He penned personal letters to facility directors illustrated with color photos of their family, describing his wife as “a vibrant woman, wife, elementary school teacher and mother.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He received denial after denial. There was not a single facility that would accept a complex patient who would likely need many years of specialized, very expensive care. Lisa received her Huntington’s disease diagnosis when she was 45 years old. From the onset of symptoms, people with the condition have a life expectancy of 10 to 25 years. Lisa’s needs will likely increase over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alter turned to social workers with the Huntington’s Disease Society for help. They advised him to leave his wife in the hospital the next time she landed in the emergency department. “That’s the last resort if the caregiver isn’t safe to take their loved one home,” said Jessica Marsolek, the society’s associate director of community services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991923\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991923\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A hallway of a medical center with people walking through.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-09-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kaiser Permanente Richmond Medical Center on March 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hospitals are much more equipped to connect and successfully transfer patients to nursing homes. “I don’t know anybody that’s gotten into a nursing home any other way,” said Maura Gibney, executive director for California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform. She regularly advises families to leave their loved ones in the hospital. “That’s the only way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four days after Lisa’s fall, she was ready for discharge from Kaiser’s emergency department in Richmond, but Alter made the decision not to pick her up. She wouldn’t leave the hospital for several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Part of a growing trend\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Patients spend more and more time in the hospital, even people who — like Lisa Alter — are medically stable and ready for a lower level of care at a facility like a nursing home or a psychiatric treatment center. Increasingly, they languish for weeks, months and even years, which delays their recovery, and that, in turn, delays care for patients who need urgent care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t accept some patients trying to transfer in from smaller hospitals,” said Dr. Valerie Norton, emergency medicine physician at Scripps Mercy Hospital in San Diego. “Because we don’t have room for them. Or there might be somebody down in the emergency department that’s waiting to be admitted into the hospital. And we have to wait until somebody else gets discharged before we can move them upstairs. If you’re lying in a bed in the emergency department, that’s just a hard gurney with a broken hip, and you’re waiting 16 hours for a bed to open up somewhere, that’s pretty tough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991924\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED.jpg\" alt='The side of a building that says \"Kaiser Permanente.\"' width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-10-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kaiser Permanente Richmond Medical Center on March 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2022, the average length of stay inside hospitals across the country \u003ca href=\"https://www.aha.org/issue-brief/2022-12-05-patients-and-providers-faced-increasing-delays-timely-discharges\">increased by 19.2%\u003c/a> compared to the year before, according to an issue brief prepared by the American Hospital Association. In California, 4,500 patients are stranded inside hospitals every day, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://calhospital.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Impact-of-Inadequate-Networks-CHA-Analysis-FINAL.pdf\">report from the California Hospital Association, \u003c/a>which attributes the problem of discharge delays to insurance companies openly disregarding “the clinical guidance of doctors and nurses” and “delaying or denying the care” that patients need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We definitely know that across California, more patients are spending longer times in the hospital,” said Kristof Stremikis, who directs the California Health Care Foundation’s market analysis and insight team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s both very complicated and incredibly simple,” Stremikis said. “It’s rising demand with problems in the supply. There’s more patients that need to be discharged. They tend to be sicker. They tend to have more complex conditions. And then on the supply side, there’s just fewer and fewer places to send them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1991739,news_11976372,news_11968579","label":"Related Stories "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>As the country’s demographics trend older, more and more patients require care at nursing homes, but those facilities are plagued by dire staffing shortages, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ahcancal.org/News-and-Communications/Press-Releases/Pages/Historic-Staffing-Shortages-Continue-To-Force-Nursing-Homes-To-Limit-New-Admissions,-Creating-Bottlenecks-at-Hospitals-and-.aspx\">American Health Care Association\u003c/a>. A lack of workers downstream means patients like Lisa Alter get stuck upstream inside the hospital’s emergency department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have anywhere safe to send them,” Norton said. “They would qualify to be at a lower level of care like a skilled nursing facility or an assisted living facility. But because of their multiple medical problems or their psychiatric condition, there’s not a place that’s willing to take them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of days patients are stuck at Scripps has tripled in recent years, she said, and costs the health care system $56 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just insane how long these patients stay in the hospital,” Norton said. “And we’re not getting paid for that. We’re just eating that cost. And they should be in a nursing home somewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was exacerbated by the pandemic, which accelerated feelings of anguish and other persistent mental health issues in health care workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of health care workers across the U.S. reported often feeling burned out in 2022, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/health-worker-mental-health/index.html\">federal survey from the Centers for Disease Control\u003c/a>. About the same amount said they intended to look for a new job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had a long, long, long-term problem,” said Craig Cornett, CEO of the California Association of Health Facilities. “Every other part of the health care sector has recovered its staff to its pre-COVID days. We are the only part of the health care continuum that is still below where we were before COVID.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘You shouldn’t have to leave someone in the hospital and force them to take care of it.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"David Alter, software engineer","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>California is spending $26 million to \u003ca href=\"https://yourcnastory.org/\">recruit\u003c/a> more health care workers to help fill this gap, with the hope of attracting 5,500 certified nursing assistants by 2027. State lawmakers are considering \u003ca href=\"https://legiscan.com/CA/text/SB895/id/2868455\">SB 895\u003c/a>, a new bill that would allow select community college districts to offer nursing degrees, lowering the bar for entry and making it easier for workers to enter the health care industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Cornett said, the workforce challenge is huge, and it is not going away.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The breaking point\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Alter always thought he’d grow old alongside his wife. But he could no longer parent his two children, hold a full-time job as a software engineer, and care for Lisa around the clock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1330px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991920\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A man, woman, and two children wearing tie die t shirts stands outside a home.\" width=\"1330\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED.jpg 1330w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED-800x1203.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED-1020x1534.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED-160x241.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED-768x1155.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-12-KQED-1021x1536.jpg 1021w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1330px) 100vw, 1330px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family photo of Lisa (left) and David Alter and their children Zachary and Maya in front of their home in Berkeley in 2010, the year before Lisa was diagnosed with Huntington’s disease. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of David Alter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When he learned that his wife was ready to be discharged from the emergency department at Kaiser Richmond, he steadied himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember talking to them, and I said: ‘I’m not gonna pick her up. I’m not going to take her home.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alter said the hospital’s discharge team struggled to find a nursing home for Lisa, too. His wife Lisa would spend over four months at Kaiser, a time period that Alter described as “excruciating” for him. He was so worried that the hospital would force him to take his wife home that he held off from visiting her in the hospital initially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly emotional to walk away,” Alter said. “And Kaiser’s calling you. And they’re like, ‘Why aren’t you picking her up?’ It’s really, really stressful. And it gets worse every day she’s there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaiser Permanente declined an interview for this story. In an emailed statement, the organization said it strives to find the right care for patients as quickly as possible. “While the vast majority of placements occur in a timely fashion, there are some circumstances, including the need for highly specialized care and patient or family preferences, that can present challenges,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Patient discrimination\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of staffing issues, facilities have a financial incentive to choose patients who can pay the highest price. “It’s unfortunate, but it is true,” Stremikis said. “Medi-Cal rates are way lower than private payers. It’s just another example of the inequalities within our system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medi-Cal is the state’s insurance program, which covers Alter’s wife. It’s supposed to pay for her to receive specialized care at a round-the-clock facility, but that has not been his experience. “There’s nowhere I can place her,” Alter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991922\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A person holds an image of a man, woman and young child.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/240318-AVOIDABLE-BED-DAYS-MD-06-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Alter holds a photo of himself, his wife Lisa, and their son Zachary at his home in Berkeley on March 18, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, after more than four months, Kaiser Permanente did find housing for Lisa in Walnut Creek. The home provides food and supervision but not specialized nurses or regular doctor visits. Alter said she’s not at the right facility, but he doesn’t know what to do. He hired consultants and lawyers and wrote his legislators, all to no avail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years after Alter left his wife in the hospital as a hail mary play to get her the care she needs, that’s still not happening. “You’re just defeated,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, his wife declines. “She’s 70 or 80 pounds,” Alter said. “She’s so tiny. She’s skin and bones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also worries she could injure herself again, land back in the hospital, and then get stuck in the cycle all over again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You shouldn’t have to leave someone in the hospital and force them to take care of it,” Alter said. “That’s not the right solution. As a society, we’re not set up in a way to care for people properly.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1991871/systemic-neglect-how-staffing-shortages-in-nursing-homes-leave-patients-trapped-in-hospitals","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_39","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_1648","science_5259","science_2918"],"featImg":"science_1991934","label":"science"},"science_1984507":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984507","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984507","score":null,"sort":[1696539614000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-want-to-put-carbon-footprints-on-drugs-but-its-hard-to-get-accurate-numbers","title":"Can Scientists Calculate a Carbon Footprint for Drugs?","publishDate":1696539614,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Can Scientists Calculate a Carbon Footprint for Drugs? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Anyone picking up a prescription from their pharmacy is used to the reams of paper that typically accompany it: information on safety, storing, and how to use the drug. What if that information also included your medicine’s carbon footprint?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists are trying to calculate those footprints, as part of a growing effort to understand biotech and pharmaceutical companies’ contributions to climate change. While overall estimates suggest this industry \u003ca href=\"https://www.mygreenlab.org/2022-carbon-impact-of-biotech--pharma-report.html\">emits millions of tons of carbon dioxide\u003c/a> each year, it’s often tough to pinpoint the exact sources of those emissions, presenting a challenge as companies seek to reduce their footprints and outside organizations seek to evaluate their efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://reports.statnews.com/products/climate-rankings?variant=40219209400423\">recent STAT report\u003c/a> found that the majority of large pharmaceutical and biotech companies aren’t publicly disclosing their emissions to a global organization that sets standards for climate transparency. One key reason, experts say, is that pharma and biotech emissions can be difficult to estimate, especially for midsize and smaller companies unable to devote teams of analysts to these calculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other industries, most greenhouse gas emissions come from companies’ direct activities and energy use, referred to as Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions, respectively. But for pharma and biotech, about 90% of emissions come from indirect sources, falling into the Scope 3 category. These sources include emissions from the raw materials that go into drugs and devices, chemical processes that turn those raw materials into products, transporting and storing the products, their use in medical settings, and disposal, often in a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drugmakers, health care organizations, and outside research groups are increasingly focused on calculating carbon footprints for individual products. The analyses help to provide more accurate estimates of overall corporate emissions and show where there’s room for improving sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These calculations are “a priority for everyone,” said Nazneen Rahman, founder and CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.yewmaker.com/\">Yewmaker\u003c/a>, a startup that is working on medical carbon-footprint research. “It’s obviously a priority for the manufacturers, because they have to reduce their … emissions. And it is a real priority for health systems” because medicines make up a significant share of their own emissions, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Claire Lund, vice president for sustainability at GSK\"]‘Having product-specific footprints allows us to better understand the environmental impact of our products across their entire lifecycle.’[/pullquote]Some hospitals, for instance, want to use specific emissions data to inform which medical products they purchase, said \u003ca href=\"https://mse.vt.edu/faculty-staff/Faculty/mcginnis.html\">Sean McGinnis\u003c/a>, a professor in green engineering at Virginia Tech who specializes in these assessments. By buying more sustainable medicines, a hospital can reduce its own greenhouse gas emissions — responding to requests of administrators who are increasingly interested in “having a good carbon footprint,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In pharma, GSK aims to reduce the environmental impact of its products and packaging 25% by 2030, and footprint calculations help show opportunities to cut those emissions, said Claire Lund, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2452223621001206\">author of research on this topic\u003c/a> and vice president for sustainability at GSK, one of the top-ranked firms in STAT’s recent report. “Having product-specific footprints allows us to better understand the environmental impact of our products across their entire lifecycle,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global health agencies are also starting to ask for these data, said Neel Lakhani, senior director of strategy and innovation at the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), which has supported research into health care sustainability. For example, health organizations in Africa might want to know if manufacturing COVID-19 vaccines locally would reduce the carbon footprint of those products, compared to shipping them from elsewhere in the world, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the data requests are growing, calculating the carbon footprint of an individual medical product can be complex. Researchers like McGinnis face challenges with obtaining data on a drug’s composition, accounting for inconsistencies in how companies report emissions data, and understanding what happens to products after they leave the factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While precise numbers may be hard to find, the carbon footprint information that we have suggests health products continue to be major contributors to climate change. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.13425\">one recent paper from Adam Cimprich\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Waterloo, and colleagues, found that the annual carbon emissions from treating the occupants of a single bed at a hospital in British Columbia, Canada is about the same as for five households. The medical products used to care for patients in that bed led to a significant share of emissions, Cimprich said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers interested in the carbon footprint of a medicine typically arrive at an estimate through a scientific process called life cycle assessment (or LCA). \u003ca href=\"https://seesustainability.co.uk/about-us\">Matt Sawyer\u003c/a>, a consultant specializing in environmental sustainability in health care, described the process as similar to a “cake recipe”: researchers add together many different ingredients and might arrive at an unexpected end result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each component in the recipe is a smaller-scale assessment in itself, answering questions such as: How much carbon dioxide is generated in collecting the raw materials for this medicine? How much carbon dioxide is generated from transporting those raw materials to a factory where they will be processed? How much carbon dioxide from the chemical procedures used to turn the raw materials into a medical product? How much carbon dioxide from packaging the resulting medicine, transporting it to a health care facility, storing it, giving it to a patient, discarding of the final product if some is left unused?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list of questions can be endless, so one key step in the life cycle assessment process is setting boundaries. In a course he teaches on these assessments, McGinnis typically tells students, “Draw a box around what you consider your product.” Some assessments might go all the way from raw materials to disposal, while others could focus on the activities in a factory setting. There’s no standard procedure in the pharmaceutical industry for which activities are left in or out of the box, so these choices can vary widely from one research project to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Amy Booth, doctoral candidate at Oxford University \"]‘You go through that whole chemical process with the manufacturing, and then there’s the packaging and distribution.’[/pullquote]For scientists analyzing medical products, one challenge can be the number of components and steps involved, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.phc.ox.ac.uk/team/amy-booth\">Amy Booth\u003c/a>, a doctoral candidate at Oxford University who studies environmental impacts of health care. For example, she said, compare the life cycle of a drug to that of a tomato. The \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-019-01688-6\">tomato’s life cycle\u003c/a> may include its growth on a farm or in a greenhouse (requiring water, maybe some pesticides, maybe heating), followed by packaging and distributing it for consumption, and typically ends in a human stomach. It’s a fairly straightforward, easy-to-measure process with readily available data, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drugs, on the other hand, require a variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients and other materials involved in their research, development, and manufacturing. “You go through that whole chemical process with the manufacturing, and then there’s the packaging and distribution,” Booth said. Drugs also may require different considerations for transportation and storage than food products, such as if they need to be stored in a special freezer. And drugs tend to create significant waste: All the pill bottles discarded, expired or simply unused add up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, “the more steps you have in that production process, the bigger [environmental] impact it’s going to have,” Booth said. Emissions can also vary widely depending on where a drug is made, which adds complexity. The carbon footprint of a medicine produced in a factory powered by coal would be significantly higher than the footprint of the same medicine produced in a factory powered by solar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When adding up those production steps, there’s little public data describing how pharmaceutical processing leads to emissions. For life cycle assessments in other industries, researchers can rely on open databases that provide standard values, called conversion factors, translating from common materials to the greenhouse gases emitted in their production. These databases can be used to analyze medical devices and other products made of metal or plastic, such as masks and gowns, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.cheme.cornell.edu/research/grad-students/xiang-zhao\">Xiang Zhao\u003c/a>, a doctoral student at Cornell University who has worked on these assessments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s no database for the active pharmaceutical ingredients used in drugs, and pharma companies tend to keep that information secret. While proprietary data is an issue for life cycle assessments across industries, McGinnis said, the medical industry tends to be “less willing” to share. Any attempt to estimate emissions from a drug that uses proprietary chemicals is “where it really gets hard,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers try to ask companies for their data, with mixed results. Sawyer’s attempts typically lead to no reply, or a reply simply linking to the company’s public sustainability report (which usually has limited details), or — in the best case scenario — a total carbon footprint figure that fails to share any methodology behind the number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even pharma companies themselves are limited in their ability to calculate carbon footprints, because their internal data miss a key part of the life cycle: what happens to drugs after they enter the health care system. To capture those emissions, companies would need data from health providers; and those emissions, too, can vary by location. The same medicine might have a lower footprint in a big city, where patients have a short trip to their pharmacy, compared to rural areas where more driving is required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still persist in this research because the results can be incredibly informative for health organizations. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652622047278?via%3Dihub\">a paper by Zhao and colleagues\u003c/a> found that hospital gowns marketed as biodegradable are actually less environmentally friendly than their conventional counterparts, due to carbon dioxide and methane released after the biodegradable gowns are placed in landfills. \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06518#\">Another paper by the same group at Cornell\u003c/a> and Lakhani at CHAI identified major sources of emissions — and potential options for improving sustainability — in the production of a common HIV drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These assessments show the pros and cons of choosing one medical product over another, or adjusting aspects of the production process, Zhao said. Otherwise health organizations are kept guessing about which option is the most sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To better understand the carbon emissions generated by medical products, the pharma and biotech industry needs to develop more transparency around sharing their existing data and standards for calculating life cycle assessments, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one step towards data transparency, several Canadian health institutions have supported \u003ca href=\"https://healthcarelca.com/\">HealthcareLCA\u003c/a>, an online library of academic papers estimating the environmental impacts of different health products and processes. This project is a helpful starting point, said \u003ca href=\"https://uwaterloo.ca/scholar/afpcimpr/home\">Cimprich\u003c/a>, the University of Waterloo researcher who studies health care life cycles. But different papers in the library use “different methods, assumptions, and qualities of data,” he added — there’s no standardization in the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Health care is playing catch-up here with other sectors” when it comes to pooling data on products’ carbon emissions, Cimprich said. Other industries like food, construction, and different manufacturing sectors have more extensive data available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts like Cimprich and Booth, at Oxford, would like to see leaders in health, pharma, and biotech companies \u003ca href=\"https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/sustainability/whats-new/sustainability-news/2022/Chemical-industry-agrees-on-global-standard-for-calculating-product-carbon-footprint.html\">look to these other industries\u003c/a> as models for building public databases that help researchers translate from chemical building blocks to emissions and other environmental impacts. Companies shouldn’t “reinvent the wheel,” but should rather “draw on other industries that have done product footprinting already,” Booth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers can look forward to one such database later this year. Rahman and colleagues at Yewmaker are working on a scientific paper and open-access database that will provide carbon footprint estimates for medicines made with small molecules, a type of drug that accounts for about 90% of pharma products. The estimates are based on data science models, incorporating different chemicals’ molecular structures and standard manufacturing processes, Rahman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yewmaker’s database is set to offer more comprehensive information than scientists could previously access about drugs’ emissions: It will have an “internal rigor and comparability” unlike prior papers that evaluate one drug at a time, Rahman said. But these estimates will still be less accurate than information that pharma companies might provide from internal research. Rahman hopes any companies that notice inaccuracies in Yewmaker’s data will be motivated to publicly correct the record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another potential source for standardized data might be the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sustainable-markets.org/taskforces/health-systems-taskforce/\">Sustainable Markets Initiative’s Health Systems Task Force\u003c/a>, a collaboration of executives from top pharma companies including AstraZeneca, GSK, Merck, Novo Nordisk, and others. By working together, top companies could develop emissions measurement standards for the rest of the industry. Such standards may be particularly helpful for smaller companies like those that produce generic medicines, Rahman said: these companies have fewer resources for internal measurement but still make a lot of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some scientists are critical of pharma companies’ ability to develop their own standards and regulations. Sawyer, the consultant, would prefer to see regulations come from government agencies, such as the U.K.’s National Health System — which is already \u003ca href=\"https://www.england.nhs.uk/greenernhs/get-involved/suppliers/\">ahead of U.S. agencies\u003c/a> on sustainability commitments. Governments may consider incorporating environmental assessments into their standards for approving new drugs, Sawyer said, perhaps on a parallel track to existing standards for safety and effectiveness in clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, large health organizations are starting to put pressure on companies to share carbon footprint data. Lakhani at CHAI sees the increased pressure as a classic “carrot or the stick” situation: health organizations could offer a “carrot,” by telling companies that they’d be more likely to buy medicines that are more environmentally friendly; government agencies could offer a “stick,” by only allowing companies that disclose emissions data to sell their products. “Sometime, hopefully in the near future, [environmental disclosure] becomes the standard,” Lakhani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of coverage of climate change and health, supported by a grant from \u003ca href=\"https://www.commonwealthfund.org/\">The Commonwealth Fund\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Pinpointing the sources of carbon emissions for drugs is tough, presenting a challenge as companies seek to reduce their footprints.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845882,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":2419},"headData":{"title":"Can Scientists Calculate a Carbon Footprint for Drugs? | KQED","description":"Pinpointing the sources of carbon emissions for drugs is tough, presenting a challenge as companies seek to reduce their footprints.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Can Scientists Calculate a Carbon Footprint for Drugs?","datePublished":"2023-10-05T21:00:14.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:18:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"STAT","sourceUrl":"https://www.statnews.com/","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Betsy Ladyzhets","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984507/scientists-want-to-put-carbon-footprints-on-drugs-but-its-hard-to-get-accurate-numbers","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Anyone picking up a prescription from their pharmacy is used to the reams of paper that typically accompany it: information on safety, storing, and how to use the drug. What if that information also included your medicine’s carbon footprint?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists are trying to calculate those footprints, as part of a growing effort to understand biotech and pharmaceutical companies’ contributions to climate change. While overall estimates suggest this industry \u003ca href=\"https://www.mygreenlab.org/2022-carbon-impact-of-biotech--pharma-report.html\">emits millions of tons of carbon dioxide\u003c/a> each year, it’s often tough to pinpoint the exact sources of those emissions, presenting a challenge as companies seek to reduce their footprints and outside organizations seek to evaluate their efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://reports.statnews.com/products/climate-rankings?variant=40219209400423\">recent STAT report\u003c/a> found that the majority of large pharmaceutical and biotech companies aren’t publicly disclosing their emissions to a global organization that sets standards for climate transparency. One key reason, experts say, is that pharma and biotech emissions can be difficult to estimate, especially for midsize and smaller companies unable to devote teams of analysts to these calculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other industries, most greenhouse gas emissions come from companies’ direct activities and energy use, referred to as Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions, respectively. But for pharma and biotech, about 90% of emissions come from indirect sources, falling into the Scope 3 category. These sources include emissions from the raw materials that go into drugs and devices, chemical processes that turn those raw materials into products, transporting and storing the products, their use in medical settings, and disposal, often in a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drugmakers, health care organizations, and outside research groups are increasingly focused on calculating carbon footprints for individual products. The analyses help to provide more accurate estimates of overall corporate emissions and show where there’s room for improving sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These calculations are “a priority for everyone,” said Nazneen Rahman, founder and CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.yewmaker.com/\">Yewmaker\u003c/a>, a startup that is working on medical carbon-footprint research. “It’s obviously a priority for the manufacturers, because they have to reduce their … emissions. And it is a real priority for health systems” because medicines make up a significant share of their own emissions, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Having product-specific footprints allows us to better understand the environmental impact of our products across their entire lifecycle.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Claire Lund, vice president for sustainability at GSK","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Some hospitals, for instance, want to use specific emissions data to inform which medical products they purchase, said \u003ca href=\"https://mse.vt.edu/faculty-staff/Faculty/mcginnis.html\">Sean McGinnis\u003c/a>, a professor in green engineering at Virginia Tech who specializes in these assessments. By buying more sustainable medicines, a hospital can reduce its own greenhouse gas emissions — responding to requests of administrators who are increasingly interested in “having a good carbon footprint,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In pharma, GSK aims to reduce the environmental impact of its products and packaging 25% by 2030, and footprint calculations help show opportunities to cut those emissions, said Claire Lund, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2452223621001206\">author of research on this topic\u003c/a> and vice president for sustainability at GSK, one of the top-ranked firms in STAT’s recent report. “Having product-specific footprints allows us to better understand the environmental impact of our products across their entire lifecycle,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global health agencies are also starting to ask for these data, said Neel Lakhani, senior director of strategy and innovation at the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), which has supported research into health care sustainability. For example, health organizations in Africa might want to know if manufacturing COVID-19 vaccines locally would reduce the carbon footprint of those products, compared to shipping them from elsewhere in the world, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the data requests are growing, calculating the carbon footprint of an individual medical product can be complex. Researchers like McGinnis face challenges with obtaining data on a drug’s composition, accounting for inconsistencies in how companies report emissions data, and understanding what happens to products after they leave the factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While precise numbers may be hard to find, the carbon footprint information that we have suggests health products continue to be major contributors to climate change. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.13425\">one recent paper from Adam Cimprich\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Waterloo, and colleagues, found that the annual carbon emissions from treating the occupants of a single bed at a hospital in British Columbia, Canada is about the same as for five households. The medical products used to care for patients in that bed led to a significant share of emissions, Cimprich said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers interested in the carbon footprint of a medicine typically arrive at an estimate through a scientific process called life cycle assessment (or LCA). \u003ca href=\"https://seesustainability.co.uk/about-us\">Matt Sawyer\u003c/a>, a consultant specializing in environmental sustainability in health care, described the process as similar to a “cake recipe”: researchers add together many different ingredients and might arrive at an unexpected end result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each component in the recipe is a smaller-scale assessment in itself, answering questions such as: How much carbon dioxide is generated in collecting the raw materials for this medicine? How much carbon dioxide is generated from transporting those raw materials to a factory where they will be processed? How much carbon dioxide from the chemical procedures used to turn the raw materials into a medical product? How much carbon dioxide from packaging the resulting medicine, transporting it to a health care facility, storing it, giving it to a patient, discarding of the final product if some is left unused?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list of questions can be endless, so one key step in the life cycle assessment process is setting boundaries. In a course he teaches on these assessments, McGinnis typically tells students, “Draw a box around what you consider your product.” Some assessments might go all the way from raw materials to disposal, while others could focus on the activities in a factory setting. There’s no standard procedure in the pharmaceutical industry for which activities are left in or out of the box, so these choices can vary widely from one research project to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘You go through that whole chemical process with the manufacturing, and then there’s the packaging and distribution.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Amy Booth, doctoral candidate at Oxford University ","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For scientists analyzing medical products, one challenge can be the number of components and steps involved, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.phc.ox.ac.uk/team/amy-booth\">Amy Booth\u003c/a>, a doctoral candidate at Oxford University who studies environmental impacts of health care. For example, she said, compare the life cycle of a drug to that of a tomato. The \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-019-01688-6\">tomato’s life cycle\u003c/a> may include its growth on a farm or in a greenhouse (requiring water, maybe some pesticides, maybe heating), followed by packaging and distributing it for consumption, and typically ends in a human stomach. It’s a fairly straightforward, easy-to-measure process with readily available data, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drugs, on the other hand, require a variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients and other materials involved in their research, development, and manufacturing. “You go through that whole chemical process with the manufacturing, and then there’s the packaging and distribution,” Booth said. Drugs also may require different considerations for transportation and storage than food products, such as if they need to be stored in a special freezer. And drugs tend to create significant waste: All the pill bottles discarded, expired or simply unused add up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, “the more steps you have in that production process, the bigger [environmental] impact it’s going to have,” Booth said. Emissions can also vary widely depending on where a drug is made, which adds complexity. The carbon footprint of a medicine produced in a factory powered by coal would be significantly higher than the footprint of the same medicine produced in a factory powered by solar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When adding up those production steps, there’s little public data describing how pharmaceutical processing leads to emissions. For life cycle assessments in other industries, researchers can rely on open databases that provide standard values, called conversion factors, translating from common materials to the greenhouse gases emitted in their production. These databases can be used to analyze medical devices and other products made of metal or plastic, such as masks and gowns, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.cheme.cornell.edu/research/grad-students/xiang-zhao\">Xiang Zhao\u003c/a>, a doctoral student at Cornell University who has worked on these assessments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s no database for the active pharmaceutical ingredients used in drugs, and pharma companies tend to keep that information secret. While proprietary data is an issue for life cycle assessments across industries, McGinnis said, the medical industry tends to be “less willing” to share. Any attempt to estimate emissions from a drug that uses proprietary chemicals is “where it really gets hard,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers try to ask companies for their data, with mixed results. Sawyer’s attempts typically lead to no reply, or a reply simply linking to the company’s public sustainability report (which usually has limited details), or — in the best case scenario — a total carbon footprint figure that fails to share any methodology behind the number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even pharma companies themselves are limited in their ability to calculate carbon footprints, because their internal data miss a key part of the life cycle: what happens to drugs after they enter the health care system. To capture those emissions, companies would need data from health providers; and those emissions, too, can vary by location. The same medicine might have a lower footprint in a big city, where patients have a short trip to their pharmacy, compared to rural areas where more driving is required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still persist in this research because the results can be incredibly informative for health organizations. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652622047278?via%3Dihub\">a paper by Zhao and colleagues\u003c/a> found that hospital gowns marketed as biodegradable are actually less environmentally friendly than their conventional counterparts, due to carbon dioxide and methane released after the biodegradable gowns are placed in landfills. \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06518#\">Another paper by the same group at Cornell\u003c/a> and Lakhani at CHAI identified major sources of emissions — and potential options for improving sustainability — in the production of a common HIV drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These assessments show the pros and cons of choosing one medical product over another, or adjusting aspects of the production process, Zhao said. Otherwise health organizations are kept guessing about which option is the most sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To better understand the carbon emissions generated by medical products, the pharma and biotech industry needs to develop more transparency around sharing their existing data and standards for calculating life cycle assessments, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one step towards data transparency, several Canadian health institutions have supported \u003ca href=\"https://healthcarelca.com/\">HealthcareLCA\u003c/a>, an online library of academic papers estimating the environmental impacts of different health products and processes. This project is a helpful starting point, said \u003ca href=\"https://uwaterloo.ca/scholar/afpcimpr/home\">Cimprich\u003c/a>, the University of Waterloo researcher who studies health care life cycles. But different papers in the library use “different methods, assumptions, and qualities of data,” he added — there’s no standardization in the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Health care is playing catch-up here with other sectors” when it comes to pooling data on products’ carbon emissions, Cimprich said. Other industries like food, construction, and different manufacturing sectors have more extensive data available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts like Cimprich and Booth, at Oxford, would like to see leaders in health, pharma, and biotech companies \u003ca href=\"https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/sustainability/whats-new/sustainability-news/2022/Chemical-industry-agrees-on-global-standard-for-calculating-product-carbon-footprint.html\">look to these other industries\u003c/a> as models for building public databases that help researchers translate from chemical building blocks to emissions and other environmental impacts. Companies shouldn’t “reinvent the wheel,” but should rather “draw on other industries that have done product footprinting already,” Booth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers can look forward to one such database later this year. Rahman and colleagues at Yewmaker are working on a scientific paper and open-access database that will provide carbon footprint estimates for medicines made with small molecules, a type of drug that accounts for about 90% of pharma products. The estimates are based on data science models, incorporating different chemicals’ molecular structures and standard manufacturing processes, Rahman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yewmaker’s database is set to offer more comprehensive information than scientists could previously access about drugs’ emissions: It will have an “internal rigor and comparability” unlike prior papers that evaluate one drug at a time, Rahman said. But these estimates will still be less accurate than information that pharma companies might provide from internal research. Rahman hopes any companies that notice inaccuracies in Yewmaker’s data will be motivated to publicly correct the record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another potential source for standardized data might be the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sustainable-markets.org/taskforces/health-systems-taskforce/\">Sustainable Markets Initiative’s Health Systems Task Force\u003c/a>, a collaboration of executives from top pharma companies including AstraZeneca, GSK, Merck, Novo Nordisk, and others. By working together, top companies could develop emissions measurement standards for the rest of the industry. Such standards may be particularly helpful for smaller companies like those that produce generic medicines, Rahman said: these companies have fewer resources for internal measurement but still make a lot of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some scientists are critical of pharma companies’ ability to develop their own standards and regulations. Sawyer, the consultant, would prefer to see regulations come from government agencies, such as the U.K.’s National Health System — which is already \u003ca href=\"https://www.england.nhs.uk/greenernhs/get-involved/suppliers/\">ahead of U.S. agencies\u003c/a> on sustainability commitments. Governments may consider incorporating environmental assessments into their standards for approving new drugs, Sawyer said, perhaps on a parallel track to existing standards for safety and effectiveness in clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, large health organizations are starting to put pressure on companies to share carbon footprint data. Lakhani at CHAI sees the increased pressure as a classic “carrot or the stick” situation: health organizations could offer a “carrot,” by telling companies that they’d be more likely to buy medicines that are more environmentally friendly; government agencies could offer a “stick,” by only allowing companies that disclose emissions data to sell their products. “Sometime, hopefully in the near future, [environmental disclosure] becomes the standard,” Lakhani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of coverage of climate change and health, supported by a grant from \u003ca href=\"https://www.commonwealthfund.org/\">The Commonwealth Fund\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984507/scientists-want-to-put-carbon-footprints-on-drugs-but-its-hard-to-get-accurate-numbers","authors":["byline_science_1984507"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1627","science_3541","science_354","science_4154","science_2918"],"featImg":"science_1984516","label":"source_science_1984507"},"science_1982342":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1982342","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1982342","score":null,"sort":[1682026820000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"social-media-is-boosting-a-billion-dollar-market-for-weight-loss-drugs","title":"Social Media Is Boosting a Billion-Dollar Market for Weight Loss Drugs","publishDate":1682026820,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Social Media Is Boosting a Billion-Dollar Market for Weight Loss Drugs | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Suzette Zuena is her own best advertisement for weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuena, the “founder/visionary” of LH Spa and Rejuvenation in Livingston and Madison, New Jersey, has dropped 30 pounds. Her husband has lost 42 pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We go out a lot,” Zuena said of the pair’s social routine. “People saw us basically shrinking.” They would ask how the couple did it. Her response: Point people to her spa and a relatively new type of medication — GLP-1 agonists, a class of drug that’s become a weight-loss phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she’s not just spreading her message in person. She’s also doing it on Instagram. And she’s not alone. A chorus of voices is singing these drugs’ praises. Last summer, investment bank Morgan Stanley found that mentions of one of these drugs on TikTok had tripled. People are streaming into doctors’ office to inquire about what they’ve heard are miracle drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What these patients have heard, doctors said, is nonstop hype, even misinformation, from social media influencers. “I’ll catch people asking for the skinny pen, the weight loss shot or Ozempic,” said \u003ca href=\"https://nyulangone.org/doctors/1942738547/priya-jaisinghani\">Priya Jaisinghani\u003c/a>, an endocrinologist and clinical assistant professor at New York University’s Grossman School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Competition to claim a market that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/09/eli-lillys-weight-treatment-looks-poised-to-become-100-billion-drug.html\">could be worth $100 billion a year\u003c/a> for drugmakers alone has triggered a wave of advertising that has provoked the concern of regulators and doctors worldwide. But their tools for curbing the ads that go too far are limited — especially when it comes to social media. Regulatory systems are most interested in pharma’s claims, not necessarily those of doctors or their enthused patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few drugs of this type are approved by the FDA for weight loss — they include Novo Nordisk’s Wegovy. But after shortages made that treatment harder to get, patients turned to other pharmaceuticals — like Novo Nordisk’s Ozempic and Eli Lilly’s Mounjaro — which are approved only for Type 2 diabetes. Those are often used off-label — though you wouldn’t hear that from many of their online boosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drugs have shown promising \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9063254/\">clinical results\u003c/a>, Jaisinghani and her peers emphasize. Patients can lose as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183\">15% of their body weight\u003c/a>. Novo Nordisk is \u003ca href=\"https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03574597\">sponsoring research\u003c/a> to examine whether Wegovy causes reductions in the rate of heart attacks for patients with obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medications, though, come at a high price. Wegovy runs patients paying cash at least $1,305 a month in the Washington, D.C., area, according to a GoodRx search in late March. Insurers only sometimes cover the cost. And patients typically regain much of their lost weight after they stop taking it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hype is driving demand\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>But patients are not necessarily coming to doctors’ offices now because of the science. They are citing things they saw on TikTok, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@pagesix/video/7192648715704782123\">Chelsea Handler\u003c/a> and other celebrities talking about their injections. It leads to the questions “how come she can get it” and “why can I not,” said \u003ca href=\"https://healthcare.utah.edu/find-a-doctor/juliana-s-simonetti\">Juliana Simonetti\u003c/a>, a physician and co-director of the comprehensive weight management program at the University of Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excitement — which doctors worry may cause some patients to use medications inappropriately — is coming also from business interests. Some are doctors promoting their venture-capital-backed start-ups. Others are spas hawking everything from wrinkle smoothing and lip plumping to, yes, weight loss benefits of semaglutide, the active ingredient in Wegovy and Ozempic; their prices, often in the hundreds of dollars, are well below what consumers would pay if picking up the prescription at a pharmacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., the FDA has oversight over ads from the pharmaceutical industry, which must acknowledge risks and side effects of drugs. But ads from people who write prescriptions don’t necessarily have the same restrictions. FDA regulations apply if the prescriber is working on behalf of a regulated entity, like a pharmaceutical manufacturer or distributor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The FDA is also committed to working with external partners, including the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), to address concerns with prescription drug marketing practices of telehealth companies on various platforms, including social media,” agency spokesperson Jeremy Kahn emailed KFF Health News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharma firms run campaigns to educate health care professionals or raise “awareness” that may indirectly tout drugs. Novo Nordisk has an \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/itsbiggerthan/?hl=en\">ongoing internet campaign\u003c/a> to redefine and destigmatize how Americans think of obesity — and, left unmentioned, the drugs that treat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KFF Health News also found that, beyond the industry group’s examination, at least two \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pharmacymentor/photos/a.386940171690317/1671930236524631/?type=3\">other entities\u003c/a> were promoting Novo Nordisk products in the United Kingdom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tga.gov.au/\">Australian regulators\u003c/a> have taken down nearly 1,900 ads as of early March for improperly plugging various GLP-1 agonists, an agency spokesperson told KFF Health News. Novo Nordisk says it didn’t put up the ads, the majority of which were for their product Ozempic. The regulators are declining to say who’s involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors are also sounding alarms about the publicity. They believe patients will be driven to use these medications off-label, obtain unreliable forms of these drugs, or exacerbate other health conditions, like eating disorders. The drugs act in part as an appetite suppressant, which can dramatically reduce calorie intake to a concerning degree when not paired with nutritional guidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pathlightbh.com/clinical-leadership/elizabeth-wassenaar\">Elizabeth Wassenaar\u003c/a>, a regional medical director for the Eating Recovery Center, believes the drugs and associated advertising buildup will inadvertently trigger eating disorders. KFF Health News found ads showing thin patients measuring themselves with a tape measure and stepping on the scale, with accompanying captions goading viewers into going on GLP-1s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re being marketed very, very pointedly to groups that are vulnerable to experiencing body image dissatisfaction,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remi Bader, a curve model and TikTok creator specializing in documenting her “realistic” clothing buys, \u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/202-ozempic-boyfriend-reveal-w-remi-bader/id1444559244?i=1000593401739\">told one podcast\u003c/a> her story of coming off a “few months” on Ozempic. She said she gained twice the weight back and that her binge eating disorder got “so much worse.” One study, published in the journal Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, found \u003ca href=\"https://dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dom.14725\">two-thirds of lost weight came back\u003c/a> after discontinuation of semaglutide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But social media users and influencers — whether with white coats or as ordinary patients — are hopping on every platform to spread news of positive weight loss outcomes. There are those, for instance, who had gastric bypass surgery that didn’t work and are now turning to TikTok for guidance, support and hope as they begin taking a GLP-1. There’s even a poop-centric Facebook group in which people discuss the sometimes fraught topic of the drugs’ effect on their bowel movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Commercialism and compounding spark excitement and concern\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some have been so delighted by their medication-assisted weight loss they have become brand ambassadors. \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@samanthaislosingit?_t=8b6ouV4H3U6&_r=1\">Samantha Klecyngier\u003c/a> has dropped at least 58 pounds since she started on Mounjaro. She heard of the drug and her telemedicine weight loss program, \u003ca href=\"https://www.joinsequence.com/\">Sequence\u003c/a>, on TikTok. She and many others who have experienced considerable weight loss since starting the medication regimen point to its positive impact and their improved quality of life. Now she officially promotes the company on the app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Klecyngier, a mother of two from the Chicago area, is not diabetic, she uses Mounjaro. When she was growing up, her parents had Type 2 diabetes and other chronic diseases that led them both to have open-heart surgery. Her father lost his life to complications of diabetes. She wants to avoid that fate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Klecyngier’s story — combining a personal journey with a profit-making entity — is symbolic of another trend on social media: commercialism. There’s a spate of start-ups eyeing big money matching pharmaceuticals and related support with patients. (Sequence, the company Klecyngier pitches, \u003ca href=\"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/03/06/2621551/0/en/WeightWatchers-to-Acquire-Sequence-a-Digital-Health-Platform-for-Clinical-Weight-Management.html\">just got acquired by WW\u003c/a>, also known as WeightWatchers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some doctors use social media to educate viewers about the drugs. \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@michaelalbertmd?lang=en\">Michael Albert\u003c/a>, chief medical officer of telehealth practice \u003ca href=\"https://www.accomplish.health/about\">Accomplish Health\u003c/a>, says offering information to his more than 250,000 followers has helped point patients to the medical practice. It’s received thousands of patient inquiries, more than the clinic can take on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Accomplish — start-ups with well-credentialed doctors — are the glossy side of this social media boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are others — like many spas and weight-loss centers — that offer the drugs, sometimes without much medical support, often alongside Botox and dermal fillers. Obesity doctors worry such marketing is creating unrealistic expectations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some spas and telemedicine operators claim to have “compounded” semaglutide. But compounding — when pharmacies, rather than drug manufacturers, prepare a drug — is a risky proposition, doctors caution. “The risks are enormous,” Simonetti said, warning of potential contamination from poor compounding practices. “The risks of getting bacteria,” she warned, “the risks include death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weight-loss clinics also frequently tout unconventional additions to semaglutide, including vitamin B12 and amino acids. Some patients incorrectly believe the former helps with nausea, Jaisinghani said; other clinics tout greater weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Novo Nordisk spokesperson Allison Schneider told KFF Health News in an email that the company shares doctors’ concerns about compounding and that it’s begun sending letters warning “certain Health Care Providers” about the related risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some operations defend their use of often-cheaper compounded drugs. LH Spa and Rejuvenation, founded by Zuena, offers a compounded semaglutide formulation from \u003ca href=\"https://qrxweightloss.com/\">QRx Weight Loss\u003c/a> for $500 over four weeks. The spa learned about the regimen from a doctor. “I’m purchasing it,” Zuena said. “It comes next-day air in legitimate vials with lot numbers, expirations.” Patients’ injections and dosages are overseen by on-site medical staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most operators in this burgeoning industry are keen to emphasize their products’ high quality or their company’s good works, as they seek money. Ro, a telehealth firm offering GLP-1s, said its marketing campaign in the New York City subway “aims to start an important, sometimes difficult, conversation focused on de-stigmatizing obesity as a condition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This widespread tactic is nothing short of maddening for pharma industry critics. “They talk about trying to destigmatize obesity at the same time they’re talking about losing weight. They’re co-opting the concept,” said Judy Butler, a research fellow at \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/georgetown.edu/pharmedout/home?authuser=0\">PharmedOut\u003c/a>, a Georgetown University Medical Center project focusing on evidence-based practices for drugs. “They’re trying to sell a weight-loss drug.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/\">Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Online platforms are overflowing with testimonials for GLP-1s. The drugs show promise for inducing weight loss, but many aren’t FDA-approved for that use.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846042,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1819},"headData":{"title":"Social Media Is Boosting a Billion-Dollar Market for Weight Loss Drugs | KQED","description":"Online platforms are overflowing with testimonials for GLP-1s. The drugs show promise for inducing weight loss, but many aren’t FDA-approved for that use.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Social Media Is Boosting a Billion-Dollar Market for Weight Loss Drugs","datePublished":"2023-04-20T21:40:20.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:20:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Kaiser Health News","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Darius Tahir and Hannah Norman \u003cbr>Kaiser Health News\u003c/br>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1982342/social-media-is-boosting-a-billion-dollar-market-for-weight-loss-drugs","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Suzette Zuena is her own best advertisement for weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuena, the “founder/visionary” of LH Spa and Rejuvenation in Livingston and Madison, New Jersey, has dropped 30 pounds. Her husband has lost 42 pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We go out a lot,” Zuena said of the pair’s social routine. “People saw us basically shrinking.” They would ask how the couple did it. Her response: Point people to her spa and a relatively new type of medication — GLP-1 agonists, a class of drug that’s become a weight-loss phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she’s not just spreading her message in person. She’s also doing it on Instagram. And she’s not alone. A chorus of voices is singing these drugs’ praises. Last summer, investment bank Morgan Stanley found that mentions of one of these drugs on TikTok had tripled. People are streaming into doctors’ office to inquire about what they’ve heard are miracle drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What these patients have heard, doctors said, is nonstop hype, even misinformation, from social media influencers. “I’ll catch people asking for the skinny pen, the weight loss shot or Ozempic,” said \u003ca href=\"https://nyulangone.org/doctors/1942738547/priya-jaisinghani\">Priya Jaisinghani\u003c/a>, an endocrinologist and clinical assistant professor at New York University’s Grossman School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Competition to claim a market that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/09/eli-lillys-weight-treatment-looks-poised-to-become-100-billion-drug.html\">could be worth $100 billion a year\u003c/a> for drugmakers alone has triggered a wave of advertising that has provoked the concern of regulators and doctors worldwide. But their tools for curbing the ads that go too far are limited — especially when it comes to social media. Regulatory systems are most interested in pharma’s claims, not necessarily those of doctors or their enthused patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few drugs of this type are approved by the FDA for weight loss — they include Novo Nordisk’s Wegovy. But after shortages made that treatment harder to get, patients turned to other pharmaceuticals — like Novo Nordisk’s Ozempic and Eli Lilly’s Mounjaro — which are approved only for Type 2 diabetes. Those are often used off-label — though you wouldn’t hear that from many of their online boosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drugs have shown promising \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9063254/\">clinical results\u003c/a>, Jaisinghani and her peers emphasize. Patients can lose as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183\">15% of their body weight\u003c/a>. Novo Nordisk is \u003ca href=\"https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03574597\">sponsoring research\u003c/a> to examine whether Wegovy causes reductions in the rate of heart attacks for patients with obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medications, though, come at a high price. Wegovy runs patients paying cash at least $1,305 a month in the Washington, D.C., area, according to a GoodRx search in late March. Insurers only sometimes cover the cost. And patients typically regain much of their lost weight after they stop taking it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hype is driving demand\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>But patients are not necessarily coming to doctors’ offices now because of the science. They are citing things they saw on TikTok, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@pagesix/video/7192648715704782123\">Chelsea Handler\u003c/a> and other celebrities talking about their injections. It leads to the questions “how come she can get it” and “why can I not,” said \u003ca href=\"https://healthcare.utah.edu/find-a-doctor/juliana-s-simonetti\">Juliana Simonetti\u003c/a>, a physician and co-director of the comprehensive weight management program at the University of Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excitement — which doctors worry may cause some patients to use medications inappropriately — is coming also from business interests. Some are doctors promoting their venture-capital-backed start-ups. Others are spas hawking everything from wrinkle smoothing and lip plumping to, yes, weight loss benefits of semaglutide, the active ingredient in Wegovy and Ozempic; their prices, often in the hundreds of dollars, are well below what consumers would pay if picking up the prescription at a pharmacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., the FDA has oversight over ads from the pharmaceutical industry, which must acknowledge risks and side effects of drugs. But ads from people who write prescriptions don’t necessarily have the same restrictions. FDA regulations apply if the prescriber is working on behalf of a regulated entity, like a pharmaceutical manufacturer or distributor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The FDA is also committed to working with external partners, including the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), to address concerns with prescription drug marketing practices of telehealth companies on various platforms, including social media,” agency spokesperson Jeremy Kahn emailed KFF Health News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharma firms run campaigns to educate health care professionals or raise “awareness” that may indirectly tout drugs. Novo Nordisk has an \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/itsbiggerthan/?hl=en\">ongoing internet campaign\u003c/a> to redefine and destigmatize how Americans think of obesity — and, left unmentioned, the drugs that treat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KFF Health News also found that, beyond the industry group’s examination, at least two \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pharmacymentor/photos/a.386940171690317/1671930236524631/?type=3\">other entities\u003c/a> were promoting Novo Nordisk products in the United Kingdom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tga.gov.au/\">Australian regulators\u003c/a> have taken down nearly 1,900 ads as of early March for improperly plugging various GLP-1 agonists, an agency spokesperson told KFF Health News. Novo Nordisk says it didn’t put up the ads, the majority of which were for their product Ozempic. The regulators are declining to say who’s involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors are also sounding alarms about the publicity. They believe patients will be driven to use these medications off-label, obtain unreliable forms of these drugs, or exacerbate other health conditions, like eating disorders. The drugs act in part as an appetite suppressant, which can dramatically reduce calorie intake to a concerning degree when not paired with nutritional guidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pathlightbh.com/clinical-leadership/elizabeth-wassenaar\">Elizabeth Wassenaar\u003c/a>, a regional medical director for the Eating Recovery Center, believes the drugs and associated advertising buildup will inadvertently trigger eating disorders. KFF Health News found ads showing thin patients measuring themselves with a tape measure and stepping on the scale, with accompanying captions goading viewers into going on GLP-1s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re being marketed very, very pointedly to groups that are vulnerable to experiencing body image dissatisfaction,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remi Bader, a curve model and TikTok creator specializing in documenting her “realistic” clothing buys, \u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/202-ozempic-boyfriend-reveal-w-remi-bader/id1444559244?i=1000593401739\">told one podcast\u003c/a> her story of coming off a “few months” on Ozempic. She said she gained twice the weight back and that her binge eating disorder got “so much worse.” One study, published in the journal Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, found \u003ca href=\"https://dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dom.14725\">two-thirds of lost weight came back\u003c/a> after discontinuation of semaglutide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But social media users and influencers — whether with white coats or as ordinary patients — are hopping on every platform to spread news of positive weight loss outcomes. There are those, for instance, who had gastric bypass surgery that didn’t work and are now turning to TikTok for guidance, support and hope as they begin taking a GLP-1. There’s even a poop-centric Facebook group in which people discuss the sometimes fraught topic of the drugs’ effect on their bowel movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Commercialism and compounding spark excitement and concern\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some have been so delighted by their medication-assisted weight loss they have become brand ambassadors. \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@samanthaislosingit?_t=8b6ouV4H3U6&_r=1\">Samantha Klecyngier\u003c/a> has dropped at least 58 pounds since she started on Mounjaro. She heard of the drug and her telemedicine weight loss program, \u003ca href=\"https://www.joinsequence.com/\">Sequence\u003c/a>, on TikTok. She and many others who have experienced considerable weight loss since starting the medication regimen point to its positive impact and their improved quality of life. Now she officially promotes the company on the app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Klecyngier, a mother of two from the Chicago area, is not diabetic, she uses Mounjaro. When she was growing up, her parents had Type 2 diabetes and other chronic diseases that led them both to have open-heart surgery. Her father lost his life to complications of diabetes. She wants to avoid that fate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Klecyngier’s story — combining a personal journey with a profit-making entity — is symbolic of another trend on social media: commercialism. There’s a spate of start-ups eyeing big money matching pharmaceuticals and related support with patients. (Sequence, the company Klecyngier pitches, \u003ca href=\"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/03/06/2621551/0/en/WeightWatchers-to-Acquire-Sequence-a-Digital-Health-Platform-for-Clinical-Weight-Management.html\">just got acquired by WW\u003c/a>, also known as WeightWatchers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some doctors use social media to educate viewers about the drugs. \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@michaelalbertmd?lang=en\">Michael Albert\u003c/a>, chief medical officer of telehealth practice \u003ca href=\"https://www.accomplish.health/about\">Accomplish Health\u003c/a>, says offering information to his more than 250,000 followers has helped point patients to the medical practice. It’s received thousands of patient inquiries, more than the clinic can take on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Accomplish — start-ups with well-credentialed doctors — are the glossy side of this social media boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are others — like many spas and weight-loss centers — that offer the drugs, sometimes without much medical support, often alongside Botox and dermal fillers. Obesity doctors worry such marketing is creating unrealistic expectations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some spas and telemedicine operators claim to have “compounded” semaglutide. But compounding — when pharmacies, rather than drug manufacturers, prepare a drug — is a risky proposition, doctors caution. “The risks are enormous,” Simonetti said, warning of potential contamination from poor compounding practices. “The risks of getting bacteria,” she warned, “the risks include death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weight-loss clinics also frequently tout unconventional additions to semaglutide, including vitamin B12 and amino acids. Some patients incorrectly believe the former helps with nausea, Jaisinghani said; other clinics tout greater weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Novo Nordisk spokesperson Allison Schneider told KFF Health News in an email that the company shares doctors’ concerns about compounding and that it’s begun sending letters warning “certain Health Care Providers” about the related risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some operations defend their use of often-cheaper compounded drugs. LH Spa and Rejuvenation, founded by Zuena, offers a compounded semaglutide formulation from \u003ca href=\"https://qrxweightloss.com/\">QRx Weight Loss\u003c/a> for $500 over four weeks. The spa learned about the regimen from a doctor. “I’m purchasing it,” Zuena said. “It comes next-day air in legitimate vials with lot numbers, expirations.” Patients’ injections and dosages are overseen by on-site medical staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most operators in this burgeoning industry are keen to emphasize their products’ high quality or their company’s good works, as they seek money. Ro, a telehealth firm offering GLP-1s, said its marketing campaign in the New York City subway “aims to start an important, sometimes difficult, conversation focused on de-stigmatizing obesity as a condition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This widespread tactic is nothing short of maddening for pharma industry critics. “They talk about trying to destigmatize obesity at the same time they’re talking about losing weight. They’re co-opting the concept,” said Judy Butler, a research fellow at \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/georgetown.edu/pharmedout/home?authuser=0\">PharmedOut\u003c/a>, a Georgetown University Medical Center project focusing on evidence-based practices for drugs. “They’re trying to sell a weight-loss drug.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/\">Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1982342/social-media-is-boosting-a-billion-dollar-market-for-weight-loss-drugs","authors":["byline_science_1982342"],"categories":["science_39","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_3541","science_1050","science_5181","science_2918","science_697"],"featImg":"science_1982346","label":"source_science_1982342"},"science_1948645":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1948645","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1948645","score":null,"sort":[1570464763000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trio-wins-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-for-work-on-cells-and-oxygen","title":"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen","publishDate":1570464763,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Three scientists who made important discoveries about how cells sense and adapt to different oxygen levels have won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, in the first announcement of Nobel winners for 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfhcc.harvard.edu/insider/member-detail/member/william-g-kaelin-jr-md/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William G. Kaelin Jr.\u003c/a> of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/peter-ratcliffe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter J. Ratcliffe\u003c/a> of Oxford University and the Francis Crick Institute and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0800056/gregg-semenza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gregg L. Semenza\u003c/a> of Johns Hopkins University were jointly awarded the prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The seminal discoveries by this year’s Nobel laureates revealed the mechanism for one of life’s most essential adaptive processes,” the Nobel Assembly at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists studied hypoxia — low oxygen levels — and while many people might know about that condition because of its link to high altitude, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/peter-ratcliffe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ratcliffe has called hypoxia\u003c/a> “an important component of many human diseases including cancer, heart disease, stroke, vascular disease, and anemia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=gxAT6Ah06lc\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three physicians “found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop,” said Randall Johnson, a member of the Nobel Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cells and tissues are constantly experiencing changes in oxygen availability,” Johnson said. “As an embryo grows and develops, as muscles work, the oxygen available changes as the tissues themselves change. Cells need a way to adjust to the amount of oxygen they have, while still doing their important jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson added, “Scientists often toss around this phrase ‘textbook discovery.’ But I’d say this is really a textbook discovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The committee said the discoveries are of fundamental importance for physiology and could blaze the trail for new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and many other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We make knowledge. That’s what I do as a publicly funded scientist,” Ratcliffe said by phone \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2dV4Qwf0pQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in an interview with the Nobel Committee\u003c/a>. And he added that he could not have predicted the impact his work would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is important that scientists have the courage, and are allowed to derive knowledge for its own sake — i.e., independent of the perceived value at the point of creation. And the history of science tells us over and over again that the value of that knowledge can increase” in a number of random and unpredictable ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NobelPrize/status/1181142335465381888\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize of 9 million Swedish crowns ($913,000) will be shared equally by the three winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaelin was born in New York and received an M.D. from Duke University. He did his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore and at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ratcliffe was born in Lancashire, United Kingdom, and studied medicine at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University and did his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford. He is the director of clinical research at the Francis Crick Institute in London, the director of the Target Discovery Institute in Oxford and a member of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Semenza was born in New York. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts in biology from Harvard and his M.D./Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine. He did his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University. He is the director of the Vascular Research Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The three physicians \"found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop,\" a member of the Nobel Committee said.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848258,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":581},"headData":{"title":"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen | KQED","description":"The three physicians "found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop," a member of the Nobel Committee said.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen","datePublished":"2019-10-07T16:12:43.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:57:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Nobel Prize","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Jonathan Nackstrand","nprByline":"Scott Neuman\u003c/br>Bill Chappell\u003c/br>NPR","nprImageAgency":"AFP via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"767796791","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=767796791&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/07/767796791/trio-wins-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-for-work-on-cell-metabolism?ft=nprml&f=767796791","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 07 Oct 2019 11:17:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 07 Oct 2019 05:39:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 07 Oct 2019 11:17:26 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2019/10/20191007_me_nobel_prize_in_medicine_or_physiology_is_announced_monday.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=225&story=767796791&ft=nprml&f=767796791","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1767830597-c926b6.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=225&story=767796791&ft=nprml&f=767796791","audioTrackLength":226,"path":"/science/1948645/trio-wins-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-for-work-on-cells-and-oxygen","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2019/10/20191007_me_nobel_prize_in_medicine_or_physiology_is_announced_monday.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=225&story=767796791&ft=nprml&f=767796791","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three scientists who made important discoveries about how cells sense and adapt to different oxygen levels have won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, in the first announcement of Nobel winners for 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfhcc.harvard.edu/insider/member-detail/member/william-g-kaelin-jr-md/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William G. Kaelin Jr.\u003c/a> of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/peter-ratcliffe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter J. Ratcliffe\u003c/a> of Oxford University and the Francis Crick Institute and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0800056/gregg-semenza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gregg L. Semenza\u003c/a> of Johns Hopkins University were jointly awarded the prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The seminal discoveries by this year’s Nobel laureates revealed the mechanism for one of life’s most essential adaptive processes,” the Nobel Assembly at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists studied hypoxia — low oxygen levels — and while many people might know about that condition because of its link to high altitude, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/peter-ratcliffe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ratcliffe has called hypoxia\u003c/a> “an important component of many human diseases including cancer, heart disease, stroke, vascular disease, and anemia.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/gxAT6Ah06lc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/gxAT6Ah06lc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three physicians “found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop,” said Randall Johnson, a member of the Nobel Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cells and tissues are constantly experiencing changes in oxygen availability,” Johnson said. “As an embryo grows and develops, as muscles work, the oxygen available changes as the tissues themselves change. Cells need a way to adjust to the amount of oxygen they have, while still doing their important jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson added, “Scientists often toss around this phrase ‘textbook discovery.’ But I’d say this is really a textbook discovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The committee said the discoveries are of fundamental importance for physiology and could blaze the trail for new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and many other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We make knowledge. That’s what I do as a publicly funded scientist,” Ratcliffe said by phone \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2dV4Qwf0pQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in an interview with the Nobel Committee\u003c/a>. And he added that he could not have predicted the impact his work would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is important that scientists have the courage, and are allowed to derive knowledge for its own sake — i.e., independent of the perceived value at the point of creation. And the history of science tells us over and over again that the value of that knowledge can increase” in a number of random and unpredictable ways.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1181142335465381888"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The prize of 9 million Swedish crowns ($913,000) will be shared equally by the three winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaelin was born in New York and received an M.D. from Duke University. He did his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore and at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ratcliffe was born in Lancashire, United Kingdom, and studied medicine at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University and did his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford. He is the director of clinical research at the Francis Crick Institute in London, the director of the Target Discovery Institute in Oxford and a member of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Semenza was born in New York. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts in biology from Harvard and his M.D./Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine. He did his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University. He is the director of the Vascular Research Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1948645/trio-wins-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-for-work-on-cells-and-oxygen","authors":["byline_science_1948645"],"categories":["science_30","science_29","science_32","science_39","science_16","science_3890","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_5181","science_3838","science_2918","science_1943"],"featImg":"science_1948651","label":"source_science_1948645"},"science_1925639":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1925639","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1925639","score":null,"sort":[1528838807000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"americas-largest-physicians-group-just-adopted-sweeping-gun-control-policies","title":"America's Largest Physician's Group Just Adopted Sweeping Gun Control Policies","publishDate":1528838807,"format":"standard","headTitle":"America’s Largest Physician’s Group Just Adopted Sweeping Gun Control Policies | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>With frustration mounting over lawmakers’ inaction on gun control, the American Medical Association on Tuesday pressed for a ban on assault weapons and came out against arming teachers as a way to fight what it calls a public health crisis.[contextly_sidebar id=”vwj3gYKaCHGqnLdA70WIcwKi6MInYtra”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its annual policymaking meeting, the nation’s largest physicians group bowed to unprecedented demands from doctor-members to take a stronger stand on gun violence — a problem the organizations says is as menacing as a lethal infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action comes against a backdrop of recurrent school shootings, everyday street violence in the nation’s inner cities, and rising U.S. suicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as physicians are the witnesses to the human toll of this disease,” Dr. Megan Ranney, an emergency-medicine specialist at Brown University, said at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA delegates voted to adopt several of nearly a dozen gun-related proposals presented by doctor groups that are part of the AMA’s membership. They agreed to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Support any bans on the purchase or possession of guns and ammunition by people under 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Back laws that would require licensing and safety courses for gun owners and registration of all firearms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Press for legislation that would allow relatives of suicidal people or those who have threatened imminent violence to seek court-ordered removal of guns from the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Encourage better training for physicians in how to recognize patients at risk for suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Push to eliminate loopholes in laws preventing the purchase or possession of guns by people found guilty of domestic violence, including expanding such measures to cover convicted stalkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many AMA members are gun owners or supporters, including a doctor from Montana who told delegates of learning to shoot at a firing range in the basement of her middle school as part of gym class. But support for banning assault weapons was overwhelming, with the measure adopted in a 446-99 vote.[contextly_sidebar id=”tIfFD7hejzjbEH7RdfQqADeqHwklWnkT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a place to start and this should be it,” Dr. Jim Hinsdale, a San Jose, California, trauma surgeon, said before the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun violence is not a new issue for the AMA; it has supported past efforts to ban assault weapons; declared gun violence a public health crisis; backed background checks, waiting periods and better funding for mental health services; and pressed for more research on gun violence prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>But Dr. David Barbe, whose one-year term as AMA president ended Tuesday, called the number of related measures on this year’s agenda extraordinary and said recent violence, including the Parkland, Florida, school shooting and the Las Vegas massacre, “spurred a new sense of urgency … while Congress fails to act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been frustrating that we have seen so little action from either state or federal legislators,” he said. “The most important audience for our message right now is our legislators, and second most important is the public, because sometimes it requires public pressure on the legislators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is no longer viewed as the unified voice of American medicine, the AMA has more clout with politicians and the public than other doctor groups. It counted more than 243,000 members in 2017, up slightly for the seventh straight year. But it represents less than one-quarter of the nation’s million-plus physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA members cited U.S. government data showing almost 40,000 deaths by gun in 2016, including suicides, and nearly 111,000 gun injuries. Both have been rising in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, U.S. deaths from diabetes in 2016 totaled almost 80,000; Alzheimer’s, 111,000; and lung disease, 155,000. The leaders are heart disease, with 634,000 deaths in 2016, and cancer, about 600,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The American Medical Association has voted to adopt several of nearly a dozen proposals related to gun violence — a problem the organizations says is as menacing as a lethal infectious disease.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927814,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":646},"headData":{"title":"America's Largest Physician's Group Just Adopted Sweeping Gun Control Policies | KQED","description":"The American Medical Association has voted to adopt several of nearly a dozen proposals related to gun violence — a problem the organizations says is as menacing as a lethal infectious disease.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"America's Largest Physician's Group Just Adopted Sweeping Gun Control Policies","datePublished":"2018-06-12T21:26:47.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:03:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Health","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Lindsey Tanner\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1925639/americas-largest-physicians-group-just-adopted-sweeping-gun-control-policies","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With frustration mounting over lawmakers’ inaction on gun control, the American Medical Association on Tuesday pressed for a ban on assault weapons and came out against arming teachers as a way to fight what it calls a public health crisis.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its annual policymaking meeting, the nation’s largest physicians group bowed to unprecedented demands from doctor-members to take a stronger stand on gun violence — a problem the organizations says is as menacing as a lethal infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action comes against a backdrop of recurrent school shootings, everyday street violence in the nation’s inner cities, and rising U.S. suicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as physicians are the witnesses to the human toll of this disease,” Dr. Megan Ranney, an emergency-medicine specialist at Brown University, said at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA delegates voted to adopt several of nearly a dozen gun-related proposals presented by doctor groups that are part of the AMA’s membership. They agreed to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Support any bans on the purchase or possession of guns and ammunition by people under 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Back laws that would require licensing and safety courses for gun owners and registration of all firearms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Press for legislation that would allow relatives of suicidal people or those who have threatened imminent violence to seek court-ordered removal of guns from the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Encourage better training for physicians in how to recognize patients at risk for suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Push to eliminate loopholes in laws preventing the purchase or possession of guns by people found guilty of domestic violence, including expanding such measures to cover convicted stalkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many AMA members are gun owners or supporters, including a doctor from Montana who told delegates of learning to shoot at a firing range in the basement of her middle school as part of gym class. But support for banning assault weapons was overwhelming, with the measure adopted in a 446-99 vote.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a place to start and this should be it,” Dr. Jim Hinsdale, a San Jose, California, trauma surgeon, said before the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun violence is not a new issue for the AMA; it has supported past efforts to ban assault weapons; declared gun violence a public health crisis; backed background checks, waiting periods and better funding for mental health services; and pressed for more research on gun violence prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>But Dr. David Barbe, whose one-year term as AMA president ended Tuesday, called the number of related measures on this year’s agenda extraordinary and said recent violence, including the Parkland, Florida, school shooting and the Las Vegas massacre, “spurred a new sense of urgency … while Congress fails to act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been frustrating that we have seen so little action from either state or federal legislators,” he said. “The most important audience for our message right now is our legislators, and second most important is the public, because sometimes it requires public pressure on the legislators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is no longer viewed as the unified voice of American medicine, the AMA has more clout with politicians and the public than other doctor groups. It counted more than 243,000 members in 2017, up slightly for the seventh straight year. But it represents less than one-quarter of the nation’s million-plus physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA members cited U.S. government data showing almost 40,000 deaths by gun in 2016, including suicides, and nearly 111,000 gun injuries. Both have been rising in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, U.S. deaths from diabetes in 2016 totaled almost 80,000; Alzheimer’s, 111,000; and lung disease, 155,000. The leaders are heart disease, with 634,000 deaths in 2016, and cancer, about 600,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1925639/americas-largest-physicians-group-just-adopted-sweeping-gun-control-policies","authors":["byline_science_1925639"],"categories":["science_35","science_39","science_3424","science_40"],"tags":["science_5181","science_2918"],"featImg":"science_1925644","label":"source_science_1925639"},"science_1923166":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1923166","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1923166","score":null,"sort":[1524844605000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-happens-if-lab-grown-brains-start-to-think","title":"What Happens if Lab-Grown 'Brains' Start to Think?","publishDate":1524844605,"format":"standard","headTitle":"What Happens if Lab-Grown ‘Brains’ Start to Think? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Bits of human brain tissue no larger than a pea are forcing scientists to think about questions as large as the nature of consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These clusters of living brain cells are popularly known as minibrains, though scientists prefer to call them cerebral organoids. At the moment, they remain extremely rudimentary versions of an actual human brain and are used primarily to study brain development and disorders like autism.[contextly_sidebar id=”HMQDzS3yCZ9AE13vUOqetj5aN4FdoSXB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But minibrain research is progressing so quickly that scientists need to start thinking about the potential implications now, says \u003ca href=\"https://law.duke.edu/fac/farahany/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nita Farahany\u003c/a>, a professor of law and philosophy at Duke University and the director of Duke Science and Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it possible that an organoid far off in the future could develop something that looks like consciousness or any kind of sentience, the ability to feel something like pain,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farahaney and 16 other prominent scientists, ethicists and philosophers posed this question and many others in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/d41586-018-04813-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary\u003c/a> in this week’s issue of the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minibrains are usually created by transforming skin cells from a person into neural stem cells. These stem cells can grow into a range of structures like those found in the human brain, and even form networks of cells that communicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment these lab-grown minibrains are limited to a few million cells and don’t get much larger than a pea. In contrast, the human brain is thousands of times larger and contains about 85 billion cells.[contextly_sidebar id=”OCnNd7PwCJuJQVywuWz8tdii1h7nfCKc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now they’re pretty good proxies for being able to study how certain kinds of human neurons interact with each other and grow and develop over time,” Farahany says. “But they are still far from what an actual human brain would look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet already, minibrains are helping scientists do remarkable things, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about something like schizophrenia or autism, if you want to model those things, it is difficult to do so with animal models and it is ethically impossible in many instances to do so with living humans,” She says. But it is possible to grow a minibrain from cells with genetic mutations associated with like autism and watch how it develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minibrain experiments also helped scientists figure out how the Zika virus interferes with normal brain development, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just this month, a team at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif., published \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> that a human minibrain transplanted into a mouse brain could develop functioning blood vessels. That would, in theory, allow scientists to grow much larger minibrains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s clear the potential of the field is huge, Farahany says. But so are the ethical questions surrounding brain cells that live and grow outside the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One area of concern involves the practice of transplanting human brain tissue into animals. That could eventually lead to, say, mice with exceptional mental abilities, Farahany says.[contextly_sidebar id=”5Sb1luecV0vjqwJczHCqy6sXfrIqNXJb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now, she says, is when scientists and society needs to start asking questions like, “How comfortable are we with certain kinds of hybrids we’re creating and does that change the way we regard those animals or the kinds of protections that should be afforded to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, researchers may need some guidance on what research rules apply to enhanced lab mouse, Farahany says. Do they assume it’s like a typical lab mouse, which can be killed at the end of an experiment? Or do these mice enjoy the protections given to chimps, which are allowed to retire after their time in research is done?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commentary doesn’t offer answers to those questions, or any specific guidelines for research. Instead, it is intended as a way of guiding future discussions about minibrains and other efforts to replicate the functions of a human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really the time to get out ahead of these ethical issues before it becomes deeply problematic to proceed without having addressed them,” Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tiny+Lab-Grown+%27Brains%27+Raise+Big+Ethical+Questions&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are growing increasingly large and sophisticated clusters of human brain cells. Ethicists are now wondering what to do if these minibrains start thinking.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927961,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":700},"headData":{"title":"What Happens if Lab-Grown 'Brains' Start to Think? | KQED","description":"Scientists are growing increasingly large and sophisticated clusters of human brain cells. Ethicists are now wondering what to do if these minibrains start thinking.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Happens if Lab-Grown 'Brains' Start to Think?","datePublished":"2018-04-27T15:56:45.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:06:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Jon Hamilton\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Courtesy of Pasca lab/Stanford University","nprStoryId":"605331749","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=605331749&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/25/605331749/tiny-lab-grown-brains-raise-big-ethical-questions?ft=nprml&f=605331749","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 25 Apr 2018 22:21:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 25 Apr 2018 16:28:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 25 Apr 2018 16:57:03 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/04/20180425_atc_tiny_lab-grown_brains_raise_big_ethical_questions.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=170&p=2&story=605331749&ft=nprml&f=605331749","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1605839638-453da2.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=170&p=2&story=605331749&ft=nprml&f=605331749","path":"/science/1923166/what-happens-if-lab-grown-brains-start-to-think","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/04/20180425_atc_tiny_lab-grown_brains_raise_big_ethical_questions.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=170&p=2&story=605331749&ft=nprml&f=605331749","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bits of human brain tissue no larger than a pea are forcing scientists to think about questions as large as the nature of consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These clusters of living brain cells are popularly known as minibrains, though scientists prefer to call them cerebral organoids. At the moment, they remain extremely rudimentary versions of an actual human brain and are used primarily to study brain development and disorders like autism.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But minibrain research is progressing so quickly that scientists need to start thinking about the potential implications now, says \u003ca href=\"https://law.duke.edu/fac/farahany/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nita Farahany\u003c/a>, a professor of law and philosophy at Duke University and the director of Duke Science and Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it possible that an organoid far off in the future could develop something that looks like consciousness or any kind of sentience, the ability to feel something like pain,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farahaney and 16 other prominent scientists, ethicists and philosophers posed this question and many others in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/d41586-018-04813-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary\u003c/a> in this week’s issue of the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minibrains are usually created by transforming skin cells from a person into neural stem cells. These stem cells can grow into a range of structures like those found in the human brain, and even form networks of cells that communicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment these lab-grown minibrains are limited to a few million cells and don’t get much larger than a pea. In contrast, the human brain is thousands of times larger and contains about 85 billion cells.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now they’re pretty good proxies for being able to study how certain kinds of human neurons interact with each other and grow and develop over time,” Farahany says. “But they are still far from what an actual human brain would look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet already, minibrains are helping scientists do remarkable things, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about something like schizophrenia or autism, if you want to model those things, it is difficult to do so with animal models and it is ethically impossible in many instances to do so with living humans,” She says. But it is possible to grow a minibrain from cells with genetic mutations associated with like autism and watch how it develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minibrain experiments also helped scientists figure out how the Zika virus interferes with normal brain development, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just this month, a team at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif., published \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> that a human minibrain transplanted into a mouse brain could develop functioning blood vessels. That would, in theory, allow scientists to grow much larger minibrains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s clear the potential of the field is huge, Farahany says. But so are the ethical questions surrounding brain cells that live and grow outside the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One area of concern involves the practice of transplanting human brain tissue into animals. That could eventually lead to, say, mice with exceptional mental abilities, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now, she says, is when scientists and society needs to start asking questions like, “How comfortable are we with certain kinds of hybrids we’re creating and does that change the way we regard those animals or the kinds of protections that should be afforded to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, researchers may need some guidance on what research rules apply to enhanced lab mouse, Farahany says. Do they assume it’s like a typical lab mouse, which can be killed at the end of an experiment? Or do these mice enjoy the protections given to chimps, which are allowed to retire after their time in research is done?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commentary doesn’t offer answers to those questions, or any specific guidelines for research. Instead, it is intended as a way of guiding future discussions about minibrains and other efforts to replicate the functions of a human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really the time to get out ahead of these ethical issues before it becomes deeply problematic to proceed without having addressed them,” Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tiny+Lab-Grown+%27Brains%27+Raise+Big+Ethical+Questions&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1923166/what-happens-if-lab-grown-brains-start-to-think","authors":["byline_science_1923166"],"categories":["science_39","science_3424","science_40"],"tags":["science_2918","science_3543"],"featImg":"science_1923167","label":"source_science_1923166"},"science_1207350":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1207350","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1207350","score":null,"sort":[1481032804000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"rudolphs-antlers-could-help-restore-mobility-in-injured-humans","title":"Rudolph's Antlers Offer Clues for Regenerating Nerves","publishDate":1481032804,"format":"video","headTitle":"Rudolph’s Antlers Offer Clues for Regenerating Nerves | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Every year, male members of the deer family — and females too, in the case of reindeer — perform a feat no other adult mammal can do. In about three months they grow an entirely new set of antlers, their iconic crown of bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year the deer cast their antlers and they regenerate,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manuel_Nieto-Diaz\">Manuel Nieto-Díaz\u003c/a>, a paleontologist-turned-neuroscientist based at the National Paraplegics Hospital, in Toledo, Spain. “Among mammals, it’s a unique process of complete regeneration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nerves involved in this regeneration grow back at the same rate as the antlers. Their speed and ability to grow on their own make these nerves of great interest to scientists, who are investigating their ability to return mobility to damaged human limbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male deer, elk, reindeer, and all other members of the cervid family use their antlers to fend off competitors and woo females, then shed them once mating season is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217669\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217669\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"National Park Service wildlife ecologist David Press holds an antler shed by a tule elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, in West Marin County, California. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Park Service wildlife ecologist David Press holds an antler shed by a tule elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, in West Marin County, California. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New antlers start growing right away, sprouting from two knobs on the deer’s forehead called pedicles, and growing as heavy as 60 pounds in the case of moose. A fuzzy layer of skin and fur called velvet carries blood rich in calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Antlers grow every year out of knobs called pedicles. These elk antlers are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antlers grow every year out of knobs called pedicles. These elk antlers are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Antlers start out as special cells in the pedicles that grow into cartilage and finally bone. While they’re growing, the antlers are soft and vulnerable. Deer know to keep them out of harm’s way. That’s because nerves in the velvet give them sensation in their developing antlers and prevent them from banging or scratching them before they’ve branched out and hardened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t get in any fights and are very careful with their environment. If they touch something, it hurts them,” said neuroscientist \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang_Pita-Thomas\">Wolfgang Pita-Thomas\u003c/a>, at Washington University in St. Louis, co-author of a recent paper on antler development with Nieto-Díaz. “That’s the evolutionary advantage of having nerves in your antler.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the bone is completely sturdy after about three months, blood flow stops and the velvet cracks. The process makes the males itchy, so they scratch their antlers on leaves and branches and the velvet peels off in bloody sheets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217661\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"A close-up of the velvet peeling off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The velvet is a furry skin that envelops the antlers as they develop. Blood that flows through the velvet carries calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of the velvet peeling off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The velvet is a furry skin that envelops the antlers as they develop. Blood that flows through the velvet carries calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217663\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_SHREDS_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1217663\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_SHREDS_720.gif\" alt=\"Velvet peels off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch. Underneath the velvet is the hard bone that makes up the antlers.\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Velvet peels off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch. Underneath the velvet is the hard bone that makes up the antlers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the antlers are fully developed, they’re dead bones devoid of any sensation, which makes them pretty useful weapons — ones that can take a pummeling without hurting their owner. (By comparison, our bones always have nerves in them, which is why we feel pain if we break one).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male reindeer, elk, and all other cervids use their antlers to fight or keep other males away, or as a lure to attract females. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/tule_elk.htm\">Tule elk\u003c/a> on the Northern California coast, for example, use their antlers to tear up bushes, in an effort to keep competitors away from a group of females called a harem, which they try to mate with exclusively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_BULL_THRASHES_BUSH_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1217658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_BULL_THRASHES_BUSH_720.gif\" alt=\"dl_401antlers_bull_thrashes_bush_720\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a sign of dominance behavior,” said wildlife ecologist David Press of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/index.htm\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>, in West Marin County, where some 500 tule elk — once on the brink of extinction – now live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The part of the nerve that grows in the deer velvet while the antlers are developing is especially interesting to scientists. These long nerve sections are called axons, and they can grow to be more than three feet long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Axons are the wiring,” said Nieto-Díaz. “When we talk about nerves, we’re really talking about axons. They’re the part of the nerve that transmits information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The axons in developing antlers are unique because they regrow year after year and they do so very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually, in humans and most other animals, the formation of new nerves doesn’t happen. It happens some, but not to that extent,” said Pita-Thomas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it difficult for people whose limbs are crushed in an accident, or severed and reattached, to fully recover their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can sow the nerves together to help them heal, but the chances of improvement are limited,” said Nieto-Díaz. “It depends on how long the sections of the nerve remained separate from each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If doctors could get axons to grow consistently and quickly in humans who have suffered nerve damage to their limbs, this would help them recover mobility. Nieto-Díaz and Pita-Thomas believe that by figuring out what makes axons grow in antlers, they might be able to devise new treatments, or improve on existing treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ideally, we’d like to identify several factors that would act together to promote nerve growth,” said Nieto- Díaz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217662\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217662\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Bits of furry skin called velvet hang from the antlers of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The nerves that grow in the velvet of developing antlers are the focus of research by neuroscientists interested in developing treatments for people with damaged limbs. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bits of furry skin called velvet hang from the antlers of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The nerves that grow in the velvet of developing antlers are the focus of research by neuroscientists interested in developing treatments for people with damaged limbs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In research reported in the November edition of the journal Neuroscience, the neuroscientists identified three proteins in deer velvet that work together to help axons grow fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find these proteins, they cut off the tips of the developing antlers of live red deer that had been anesthetized, cultured them in the lab and collected the substances the velvet produced. Then they added these proteins to rat neurons in the lab and identified the ones that made the neurons grow faster. Finally, they tested several proteins acting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that the combination that best promoted the growth of the rat neurons was a mix of a protein called nerve growth factor and two other proteins — periostin and laminin — that serve as a surface for the nerves to grow on. The rat neurons in the lab grew about four times faster than they would naturally, but thousands of times slower than axons in developing antlers, which can grow three quarters of an inch per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a decent growth rate (in the rat neurons), but it’s not amazing,” said Nieto-Díaz. The fact that the rat neurons didn’t grow at the astounding rate of antler nerves leads him to believe there’s some sort of mechanical force at work stretching the axons in antler velvet, but he and his colleagues haven’t tested this out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step in the research is to try adding the three proteins to live rats, said Pita-Thomas, who is looking for funding to carry out this new experiment. He also would like to compare the success of the three proteins to existing treatments. Currently, when the nerves in a patient’s arm or leg are damaged, doctors can transplant nerves from another part of the patient’s body to the damaged area. This procedure is risky because extracting nerves can cause damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another treatment, a scaffold made out of collagen is sown between the two parts of a sectioned nerve, and nerves are allowed to grow through it. But nerves grow slowly. A treatment developed from fast-growing antler velvet nerves could help with this, said Pita-Thomas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helping patients with a spinal cord injury, caused for example by a traffic accident, would be much more difficult than helping patients with limb damage, said Nieto-Diaz, because the spinal cord secretes substances that impede nerve regrowth. Developing a treatment based on antler velvet nerves would require first inhibiting these substances. The need for spinal cord injury treatments is pressing, though: \u003ca href=\"https://www.christopherreeve.org/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/spinal-cord-injury\">a study from the Reeve Foundation\u003c/a> estimates that in the U.S. more than 1.2 million people are living with paralysis from spinal cord injuries, and there’s no cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As December comes around and the tule elk in Northern California lose their antlers, a new pair begins to grow right away. In that quick turnaround could lie the key to treatments for thousands of patients with limited mobility.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are investigating the potential of nerves in developing antlers to repair human limbs.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929331,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1507},"headData":{"title":"Rudolph's Antlers Offer Clues for Regenerating Nerves | KQED","description":"Scientists are investigating the potential of nerves in developing antlers to repair human limbs.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Rudolph's Antlers Offer Clues for Regenerating Nerves","datePublished":"2016-12-06T14:00:04.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:28:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/b7LINcDwl3o","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1207350/rudolphs-antlers-could-help-restore-mobility-in-injured-humans","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Every year, male members of the deer family — and females too, in the case of reindeer — perform a feat no other adult mammal can do. In about three months they grow an entirely new set of antlers, their iconic crown of bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year the deer cast their antlers and they regenerate,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manuel_Nieto-Diaz\">Manuel Nieto-Díaz\u003c/a>, a paleontologist-turned-neuroscientist based at the National Paraplegics Hospital, in Toledo, Spain. “Among mammals, it’s a unique process of complete regeneration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nerves involved in this regeneration grow back at the same rate as the antlers. Their speed and ability to grow on their own make these nerves of great interest to scientists, who are investigating their ability to return mobility to damaged human limbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male deer, elk, reindeer, and all other members of the cervid family use their antlers to fend off competitors and woo females, then shed them once mating season is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217669\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217669\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"National Park Service wildlife ecologist David Press holds an antler shed by a tule elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, in West Marin County, California. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Park Service wildlife ecologist David Press holds an antler shed by a tule elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, in West Marin County, California. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New antlers start growing right away, sprouting from two knobs on the deer’s forehead called pedicles, and growing as heavy as 60 pounds in the case of moose. A fuzzy layer of skin and fur called velvet carries blood rich in calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Antlers grow every year out of knobs called pedicles. These elk antlers are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antlers grow every year out of knobs called pedicles. These elk antlers are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Antlers start out as special cells in the pedicles that grow into cartilage and finally bone. While they’re growing, the antlers are soft and vulnerable. Deer know to keep them out of harm’s way. That’s because nerves in the velvet give them sensation in their developing antlers and prevent them from banging or scratching them before they’ve branched out and hardened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t get in any fights and are very careful with their environment. If they touch something, it hurts them,” said neuroscientist \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang_Pita-Thomas\">Wolfgang Pita-Thomas\u003c/a>, at Washington University in St. Louis, co-author of a recent paper on antler development with Nieto-Díaz. “That’s the evolutionary advantage of having nerves in your antler.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the bone is completely sturdy after about three months, blood flow stops and the velvet cracks. The process makes the males itchy, so they scratch their antlers on leaves and branches and the velvet peels off in bloody sheets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217661\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"A close-up of the velvet peeling off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The velvet is a furry skin that envelops the antlers as they develop. Blood that flows through the velvet carries calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of the velvet peeling off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The velvet is a furry skin that envelops the antlers as they develop. Blood that flows through the velvet carries calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217663\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_SHREDS_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1217663\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_SHREDS_720.gif\" alt=\"Velvet peels off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch. Underneath the velvet is the hard bone that makes up the antlers.\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Velvet peels off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch. Underneath the velvet is the hard bone that makes up the antlers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the antlers are fully developed, they’re dead bones devoid of any sensation, which makes them pretty useful weapons — ones that can take a pummeling without hurting their owner. (By comparison, our bones always have nerves in them, which is why we feel pain if we break one).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male reindeer, elk, and all other cervids use their antlers to fight or keep other males away, or as a lure to attract females. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/tule_elk.htm\">Tule elk\u003c/a> on the Northern California coast, for example, use their antlers to tear up bushes, in an effort to keep competitors away from a group of females called a harem, which they try to mate with exclusively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_BULL_THRASHES_BUSH_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1217658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_BULL_THRASHES_BUSH_720.gif\" alt=\"dl_401antlers_bull_thrashes_bush_720\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a sign of dominance behavior,” said wildlife ecologist David Press of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/index.htm\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>, in West Marin County, where some 500 tule elk — once on the brink of extinction – now live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The part of the nerve that grows in the deer velvet while the antlers are developing is especially interesting to scientists. These long nerve sections are called axons, and they can grow to be more than three feet long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Axons are the wiring,” said Nieto-Díaz. “When we talk about nerves, we’re really talking about axons. They’re the part of the nerve that transmits information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The axons in developing antlers are unique because they regrow year after year and they do so very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually, in humans and most other animals, the formation of new nerves doesn’t happen. It happens some, but not to that extent,” said Pita-Thomas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it difficult for people whose limbs are crushed in an accident, or severed and reattached, to fully recover their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can sow the nerves together to help them heal, but the chances of improvement are limited,” said Nieto-Díaz. “It depends on how long the sections of the nerve remained separate from each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If doctors could get axons to grow consistently and quickly in humans who have suffered nerve damage to their limbs, this would help them recover mobility. Nieto-Díaz and Pita-Thomas believe that by figuring out what makes axons grow in antlers, they might be able to devise new treatments, or improve on existing treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ideally, we’d like to identify several factors that would act together to promote nerve growth,” said Nieto- Díaz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217662\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217662\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Bits of furry skin called velvet hang from the antlers of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The nerves that grow in the velvet of developing antlers are the focus of research by neuroscientists interested in developing treatments for people with damaged limbs. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bits of furry skin called velvet hang from the antlers of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The nerves that grow in the velvet of developing antlers are the focus of research by neuroscientists interested in developing treatments for people with damaged limbs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In research reported in the November edition of the journal Neuroscience, the neuroscientists identified three proteins in deer velvet that work together to help axons grow fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find these proteins, they cut off the tips of the developing antlers of live red deer that had been anesthetized, cultured them in the lab and collected the substances the velvet produced. Then they added these proteins to rat neurons in the lab and identified the ones that made the neurons grow faster. Finally, they tested several proteins acting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that the combination that best promoted the growth of the rat neurons was a mix of a protein called nerve growth factor and two other proteins — periostin and laminin — that serve as a surface for the nerves to grow on. The rat neurons in the lab grew about four times faster than they would naturally, but thousands of times slower than axons in developing antlers, which can grow three quarters of an inch per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a decent growth rate (in the rat neurons), but it’s not amazing,” said Nieto-Díaz. The fact that the rat neurons didn’t grow at the astounding rate of antler nerves leads him to believe there’s some sort of mechanical force at work stretching the axons in antler velvet, but he and his colleagues haven’t tested this out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step in the research is to try adding the three proteins to live rats, said Pita-Thomas, who is looking for funding to carry out this new experiment. He also would like to compare the success of the three proteins to existing treatments. Currently, when the nerves in a patient’s arm or leg are damaged, doctors can transplant nerves from another part of the patient’s body to the damaged area. This procedure is risky because extracting nerves can cause damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another treatment, a scaffold made out of collagen is sown between the two parts of a sectioned nerve, and nerves are allowed to grow through it. But nerves grow slowly. A treatment developed from fast-growing antler velvet nerves could help with this, said Pita-Thomas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helping patients with a spinal cord injury, caused for example by a traffic accident, would be much more difficult than helping patients with limb damage, said Nieto-Diaz, because the spinal cord secretes substances that impede nerve regrowth. Developing a treatment based on antler velvet nerves would require first inhibiting these substances. The need for spinal cord injury treatments is pressing, though: \u003ca href=\"https://www.christopherreeve.org/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/spinal-cord-injury\">a study from the Reeve Foundation\u003c/a> estimates that in the U.S. more than 1.2 million people are living with paralysis from spinal cord injuries, and there’s no cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As December comes around and the tule elk in Northern California lose their antlers, a new pair begins to grow right away. In that quick turnaround could lie the key to treatments for thousands of patients with limited mobility.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1207350/rudolphs-antlers-could-help-restore-mobility-in-injured-humans","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_39","science_40"],"tags":["science_1970","science_2918"],"featImg":"science_1210758","label":"science_1935"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. Download Chris’s Song of the Week plus other highlights from the broadcast. Produced by American Public Media.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-8pm, SUN 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Live-From-Here-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.livefromhere.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"american public media"},"link":"/radio/program/live-from-here-highlights","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1167173941","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Live-from-Here-Highlights-p921744/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/a-prairie-home-companion-highlights/rss/rss"}},"marketplace":{"id":"marketplace","title":"Marketplace","info":"Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.","airtime":"SUN 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/money/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/planet-money","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"}},"politicalbreakdown":{"id":"politicalbreakdown","title":"Political Breakdown","tagline":"Politics from a personal perspective","info":"Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.","airtime":"THU 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Political Breakdown","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"11"},"link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5Nzk2MzI2MTEx","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"}},"pri-the-world":{"id":"pri-the-world","title":"PRI's The World: Latest Edition","info":"Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.","airtime":"MON-FRI 2pm-3pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world","meta":{"site":"news","source":"PRI"},"link":"/radio/program/pri-the-world","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/","rss":"http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"}},"radiolab":{"id":"radiolab","title":"Radiolab","info":"A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.","airtime":"SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/","meta":{"site":"science","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/radiolab","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/","rss":"https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"}},"reveal":{"id":"reveal","title":"Reveal","info":"Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.","airtime":"SAT 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/reveal","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/","rss":"http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"}},"says-you":{"id":"says-you","title":"Says You!","info":"Public radio's game show of bluff and bluster, words and whimsy. The warmest, wittiest cocktail party - it's spirited and civil, brainy and boisterous, peppered with musical interludes. Fast paced and playful, it's the most fun you can have with language without getting your mouth washed out with soap. Our motto: It's not important to know the answers, it's important to like the answers!","airtime":"SUN 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Says-You-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.saysyouradio.com/","meta":{"site":"comedy","source":"Pipit and Finch"},"link":"/radio/program/says-you","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/says-you!/id1050199826","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Says-You-p480/","rss":"https://saysyou.libsyn.com/rss"}},"science-friday":{"id":"science-friday","title":"Science Friday","info":"Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.","airtime":"FRI 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/science-friday","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"}},"science-podcast":{"id":"science-podcast","title":"KQED Science News","tagline":"From the lab, to your ears","info":"KQED Science explores science and environment news, trends, and events from the Bay Area and beyond.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-News-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/category/science-podcast/","meta":{"site":"science","source":"kqed","order":"17"},"link":"/science/category/science-podcast","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqed-science-news/id214663465","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2dzLmtxZWQub3JnL3NjaWVuY2UvZmVlZC8","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed-science-news","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/category/science-podcast/feed/podcast"}},"selected-shorts":{"id":"selected-shorts","title":"Selected Shorts","info":"Spellbinding short stories by established and emerging writers take on a new life when they are performed by stars of the stage and screen.","airtime":"SAT 8pm-9pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Selected-Shorts-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pri.org/programs/selected-shorts","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"pri"},"link":"/radio/program/selected-shorts","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=253191824&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Selected-Shorts-p31792/","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/selectedshorts"}},"snap-judgment":{"id":"snap-judgment","title":"Snap Judgment","info":"Snap Judgment (Storytelling, with a BEAT) mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic, kick-ass radio. Snap’s raw, musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. WNYC studios is the producer of leading podcasts including Radiolab, Freakonomics Radio, Note To Self, Here’s The Thing With Alec Baldwin, and more.","airtime":"SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/snapJudgement.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://snapjudgment.org","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/snap-judgment","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=283657561&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Snap-Judgment-p243817/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/snapjudgment-wnyc"}},"soldout":{"id":"soldout","title":"SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America","tagline":"A new future for housing","info":"Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/soldout","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":3},"link":"/podcasts/soldout","subscribe":{"npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing","apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america","tunein":"https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vc29sZG91dA"}},"ted-radio-hour":{"id":"ted-radio-hour","title":"TED Radio Hour","info":"The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.","airtime":"SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/ted-radio-hour","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"}},"tech-nation":{"id":"tech-nation","title":"Tech Nation Radio Podcast","info":"Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.","airtime":"FRI 10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://technation.podomatic.com/","meta":{"site":"science","source":"Tech Nation Media"},"link":"/radio/program/tech-nation","subscribe":{"rss":"https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"}},"thebay":{"id":"thebay","title":"The Bay","tagline":"Local news to keep you rooted","info":"Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED The Bay","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/thebay","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"6"},"link":"/podcasts/thebay","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM4MjU5Nzg2MzI3","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"}},"californiareport":{"id":"californiareport","title":"The California Report","tagline":"California, day by day","info":"KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED The California Report","officialWebsiteLink":"/californiareport","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"9"},"link":"/californiareport","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1MDAyODE4NTgz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"}},"californiareportmagazine":{"id":"californiareportmagazine","title":"The California Report Magazine","tagline":"Your state, your stories","info":"Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.","airtime":"FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/californiareportmagazine","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"10"},"link":"/californiareportmagazine","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"}},"theleap":{"id":"theleap","title":"The Leap","tagline":"What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?","info":"Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED The Leap","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/theleap","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"14"},"link":"/podcasts/theleap","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM0NTcwODQ2MjY2","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"}},"masters-of-scale":{"id":"masters-of-scale","title":"Masters of Scale","info":"Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.","airtime":"Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://mastersofscale.com/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WaitWhat"},"link":"/radio/program/masters-of-scale","subscribe":{"apple":"http://mastersofscale.app.link/","rss":"https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"}},"the-moth-radio-hour":{"id":"the-moth-radio-hour","title":"The Moth Radio Hour","info":"Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.","airtime":"SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://themoth.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"prx"},"link":"/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/","rss":"http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"}},"the-new-yorker-radio-hour":{"id":"the-new-yorker-radio-hour","title":"The New Yorker Radio Hour","info":"The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.","airtime":"SAT 10am-11am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"}},"the-takeaway":{"id":"the-takeaway","title":"The Takeaway","info":"The Takeaway is produced in partnership with its national audience. It delivers perspective and analysis to help us better understand the day’s news. Be a part of the American conversation on-air and online.","airtime":"MON-THU 12pm-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Takeaway-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/takeaway","meta":{"site":"news","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/the-takeaway","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-takeaway/id363143310?mt=2","tuneIn":"http://tunein.com/radio/The-Takeaway-p150731/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/takeawaypodcast"}},"this-american-life":{"id":"this-american-life","title":"This American Life","info":"This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.","airtime":"SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wbez"},"link":"/radio/program/this-american-life","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","rss":"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"}},"truthbetold":{"id":"truthbetold","title":"Truth Be Told","tagline":"Advice by and for people of color","info":"We’re the friend you call after a long day, the one who gets it. Through wisdom from some of the greatest thinkers of our time, host Tonya Mosley explores what it means to grow and thrive as a Black person in America, while discovering new ways of being that serve as a portal to more love, more healing, and more joy.","airtime":"","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Truth-Be-Told-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Truth Be Told with Tonya Mosley","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.kqed.ord/podcasts/truthbetold","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr","order":"12"},"link":"/podcasts/truthbetold","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/truth-be-told/id1462216572","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS90cnV0aC1iZS10b2xkLXBvZGNhc3QvZmVlZA","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/719210818/truth-be-told","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/s?fid=398170&refid=stpr","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/587DhwTBxke6uvfwDfaV5N"}},"wait-wait-dont-tell-me":{"id":"wait-wait-dont-tell-me","title":"Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!","info":"Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.","airtime":"SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"}},"washington-week":{"id":"washington-week","title":"Washington Week","info":"For 50 years, Washington Week has been the most intelligent and up to date conversation about the most important news stories of the week. Washington Week is the longest-running news and public affairs program on PBS and features journalists -- not pundits -- lending insight and perspective to the week's important news stories.","airtime":"SAT 1:30am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/washington-week.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/washington-week","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/washington-week-audio-pbs/id83324702?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Current-Affairs/Washington-Week-p693/","rss":"http://feeds.pbs.org/pbs/weta/washingtonweek-audio"}},"weekend-edition-saturday":{"id":"weekend-edition-saturday","title":"Weekend Edition Saturday","info":"Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.","airtime":"SAT 5am-10am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"},"weekend-edition-sunday":{"id":"weekend-edition-sunday","title":"Weekend Edition Sunday","info":"Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.","airtime":"SUN 5am-10am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"},"world-affairs":{"id":"world-affairs","title":"World Affairs","info":"The world as we knew it is undergoing a rapid transformation…so what's next? Welcome to WorldAffairs, your guide to a changing world. We give you the context you need to navigate across borders and ideologies. Through sound-rich stories and in-depth interviews, we break down what it means to be a global citizen on a hot, crowded planet. Our hosts, Ray Suarez, Teresa Cotsirilos and Philip Yun help you make sense of an uncertain world, one story at a time.","airtime":"MON 10pm, TUE 1am, SAT 3am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/World-Affairs-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg ","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.worldaffairs.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"World Affairs"},"link":"/radio/program/world-affairs","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/world-affairs/id101215657?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/WorldAffairs-p1665/","rss":"https://worldaffairs.libsyn.com/rss"}},"on-shifting-ground":{"id":"on-shifting-ground","title":"On Shifting Ground with Ray Suarez","info":"Geopolitical turmoil. A warming planet. Authoritarians on the rise. We live in a chaotic world that’s rapidly shifting around us. “On Shifting Ground with Ray Suarez” explores international fault lines and how they impact us all. Each week, NPR veteran Ray Suarez hosts conversations with journalists, leaders and policy experts to help us read between the headlines – and give us hope for human resilience.","airtime":"MON 10pm, TUE 1am, SAT 3am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/12/onshiftingground-600x600-1.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://worldaffairs.org/radio-podcast/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"On Shifting Ground"},"link":"/radio/program/on-shifting-ground","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/on-shifting-ground/id101215657","rss":"https://feeds.libsyn.com/36668/rss"}},"hidden-brain":{"id":"hidden-brain","title":"Hidden Brain","info":"Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain","airtime":"SUN 7pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"NPR"},"link":"/radio/program/hidden-brain","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"}},"city-arts":{"id":"city-arts","title":"City Arts & Lectures","info":"A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.cityarts.net/","airtime":"SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am","meta":{"site":"news","source":"City Arts & Lectures"},"link":"https://www.cityarts.net","subscribe":{"tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/","rss":"https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"}},"white-lies":{"id":"white-lies","title":"White Lies","info":"In 1965, Rev. James Reeb was murdered in Selma, Alabama. Three men were tried and acquitted, but no one was ever held to account. Fifty years later, two journalists from Alabama return to the city where it happened, expose the lies that kept the murder from being solved and uncover a story about guilt and memory that says as much about America today as it does about the past.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/White-Lies-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510343/white-lies","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/white-lies","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/whitelies","apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1462650519?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM0My9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/12yZ2j8vxqhc0QZyRES3ft?si=LfWYEK6URA63hueKVxRLAw","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510343/podcast.xml"}},"rightnowish":{"id":"rightnowish","title":"Rightnowish","tagline":"Art is where you find it","info":"Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/rightnowish","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"kqed","order":"5"},"link":"/podcasts/rightnowish","subscribe":{"npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast","apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"}},"jerrybrown":{"id":"jerrybrown","title":"The Political Mind of Jerry Brown","tagline":"Lessons from a lifetime in politics","info":"The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/jerrybrown","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"16"},"link":"/podcasts/jerrybrown","subscribe":{"npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/","tuneIn":"http://tun.in/pjGcK","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9zZXJpZXMvamVycnlicm93bi9mZWVkL3BvZGNhc3Qv"}},"the-splendid-table":{"id":"the-splendid-table","title":"The Splendid Table","info":"\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.splendidtable.org/","airtime":"SUN 10-11 pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/the-splendid-table"}},"racesReducer":{"5921":{"id":"5921","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 7","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":158422,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.97,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Doris Matsui","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":89456,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tom Silva","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":48920,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"David Mandel","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":20046,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-09T01:00:38.194Z"},"5922":{"id":"5922","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 8","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Rudy Recile","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"John Garamendi","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5924":{"id":"5924","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 10","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":185034,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.07,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mark DeSaulnier","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":121265,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Katherine Piccinini","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34883,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Nolan Chen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":19459,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joe Sweeney","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":7606,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mohamed Elsherbini","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":1821,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-09T01:02:32.415Z"},"5926":{"id":"5926","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 12","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":153801,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.88,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:41 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lateefah Simon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":85905,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jennifer Tran","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":22964,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tony Daysog","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":17197,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Stephen Slauson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":9699,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Glenn Kaplan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":6785,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eric Wilson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":4243,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Abdur Sikder","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2847,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ned Nuerge","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2532,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Andre Todd","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1629,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-16T00:22:36.062Z"},"5928":{"id":"5928","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 14","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":125831,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.14,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:41 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Eric Swalwell","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":83989,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Vin Kruttiventi","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":22106,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Alison Hayden","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":11928,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Luis Reynoso","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":7808,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:51:36.366Z"},"5930":{"id":"5930","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 16","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":182135,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.91,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","timeUpdated":"3:04 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Sam Liccardo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":38489,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Evan Low","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":30249,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joe Simitian","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":30249,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Peter Ohtaki","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":23275,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Peter Dixon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":14673,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Rishi Kumar","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":12377,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Karl Ryan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":11557,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Julie Lythcott-Haims","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":11383,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ahmed Mostafa","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":5811,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Greg Tanaka","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2421,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joby Bernstein","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1651,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:32:05.002Z"},"5931":{"id":"5931","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 17","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":117534,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.92,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Ro Khanna","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":73941,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Anita Chen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":31539,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Ritesh Tandon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":5728,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mario Ramirez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":4491,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joe Dehn","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Lib","voteCount":1835,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-08T01:50:53.956Z"},"5932":{"id":"5932","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 18","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":96302,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.93,"eevp":98.83,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Zoe Lofgren","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":49323,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Peter Hernandez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":31622,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Charlene Nijmeh","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":10614,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Lawrence Milan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2712,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Luele Kifle","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2031,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:26:02.706Z"},"5963":{"id":"5963","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 2","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":139085,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.62,"eevp":98.6,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Greer","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":38079,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Chris Rogers","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":27126,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Rusty Hicks","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":25615,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ariel Kelley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":19483,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Frankie Myers","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":17694,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ted Williams","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":9550,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Cynthia Click","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1538,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-22T21:38:36.711Z"},"5972":{"id":"5972","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 11","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":99775,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lori Wilson","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":50085,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Dave Ennis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":26074,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Wanda Wallis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":14638,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jeffrey Flack","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":8978,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-08T02:01:24.524Z"},"5973":{"id":"5973","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 12","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":143532,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.19,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:38 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Damon Connolly","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":111275,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Andy Podshadley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":17240,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Eryn Cervantes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":15017,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-21T00:25:32.262Z"},"5975":{"id":"5975","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 14","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":106997,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.06,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Buffy Wicks","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":78678,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Margot Smith","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":18251,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Utkarsh Jain","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":10068,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-15T01:30:34.539Z"},"5976":{"id":"5976","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 15","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":97144,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.98,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Sonia Ledo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":30946,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Anamarie Farias","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":29512,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Monica Wilson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":24775,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Karen Mitchoff","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":11911,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-14T00:19:38.858Z"},"5977":{"id":"5977","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 16","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Joseph Rubay","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Rebecca Bauer-Kahan","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5978":{"id":"5978","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 17","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":111003,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"8:25 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Matt Haney","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":90915,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Manuel Noris-Barrera","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":13843,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Otto Duke","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":6245,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:36:19.697Z"},"5979":{"id":"5979","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 18","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":86008,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.1,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:41 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mia Bonta","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":73040,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Andre Sandford","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"AIP","voteCount":4575,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mindy Pechenuk","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":4389,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Cheyenne Kenney","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":4004,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T08:03:23.729Z"},"5980":{"id":"5980","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 19","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":113959,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.8,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Catherine Stefani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":64960,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"David Lee","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":33035,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Nadia Flamenco","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":8335,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Arjun Sodhani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":7629,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-11T23:50:23.109Z"},"5981":{"id":"5981","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 20","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:36 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Liz Ortega","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5982":{"id":"5982","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 21","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mark Gilham","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Diane Papan","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5984":{"id":"5984","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 23","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":116963,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.91,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Marc Berman","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":67106,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Lydia Kou","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":23699,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Gus Mattammal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":13277,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Allan Marson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":12881,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T01:13:06.280Z"},"5987":{"id":"5987","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 26","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":72753,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.19,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Patrick Ahrens","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":25036,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tara Sreekrishnan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":19600,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Sophie Song","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":15954,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Omar Din","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":8772,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Bob Goodwyn","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Lib","voteCount":2170,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ashish Garg","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":1221,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-13T21:06:29.070Z"},"5989":{"id":"5989","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 28","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:10 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Gail Pellerin","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Liz Lawler","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6010":{"id":"6010","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 49","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:36 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Fong","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Long Liu","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6018":{"id":"6018","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 2","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":229348,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.05,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:38 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jared Huffman","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":169005,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Chris Coulombe","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":37372,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tief Gibbs","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":18437,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jolian Kangas","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":3166,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jason Brisendine","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":1368,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:46:10.103Z"},"6020":{"id":"6020","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 4","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":187640,"precinctsReportPercentage":96.32,"eevp":96.36,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Thompson","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":118147,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"John Munn","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":56232,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Andrew Engdahl","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":11202,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Niket Patwardhan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":2059,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-07T00:30:57.980Z"},"6025":{"id":"6025","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 9","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":121271,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.17,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:10 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Josh Harder","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":60396,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Kevin Lincoln","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":36346,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"John McBride","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":15525,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Khalid Jafri","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":9004,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:49:44.113Z"},"6031":{"id":"6031","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 15","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Anna Kramer","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Kevin Mullin","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6035":{"id":"6035","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 19","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":203670,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.11,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jimmy Panetta","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":132540,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jason Anderson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":58120,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Sean Dougherty","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Grn","voteCount":13010,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-07T00:23:46.779Z"},"6066":{"id":"6066","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 3","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:10 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jamie Gallagher","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Aaron Draper","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6067":{"id":"6067","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 4","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Cecilia Aguiar-Curry","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6087":{"id":"6087","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 24","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":66643,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.19,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Alex Lee","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":45544,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Bob Brunton","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":14951,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marti Souza","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":6148,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-14T23:23:49.770Z"},"6088":{"id":"6088","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 25","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":69560,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.31,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Ash Kalra","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":35821,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Ted Stroll","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":18255,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Lan Ngo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":15484,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-14T02:40:57.200Z"},"6092":{"id":"6092","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 29","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Robert Rivas","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"J.W. Paine","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6223":{"id":"6223","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 46","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:16 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lou Correa","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"David Pan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6530":{"id":"6530","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 3","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":222193,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Thom Bogue","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":61776,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Christopher Cabaldon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":59041,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Rozzana Verder-Aliga","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":45546,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jackie Elward","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":41127,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jimih Jones","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":14703,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-15T01:24:31.539Z"},"6531":{"id":"6531","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 5","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":171623,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.09,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:10 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jim Shoemaker","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":74935,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jerry McNerney","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":57040,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Carlos Villapudua","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":39648,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-13T20:07:46.382Z"},"6532":{"id":"6532","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 7","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":192446,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.72,"eevp":98.78,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jesse Arreguín","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":61837,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jovanka Beckles","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":34025,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Dan Kalb","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":28842,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Kathryn Lybarger","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":28041,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sandre Swanson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":22862,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jeanne Solnordal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":16839,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-16T00:58:11.533Z"},"6533":{"id":"6533","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 9","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Tim Grayson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marisol Rubio","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6534":{"id":"6534","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 11","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":228260,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.09,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Scott Wiener","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":166592,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Yvette Corkrean","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34438,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Cynthia Cravens","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":18513,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jing Xiong","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":8717,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T02:01:51.597Z"},"6535":{"id":"6535","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 13","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":227191,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.88,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Josh Becker","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":167127,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Alexander Glew","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":42788,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Christina Laskowski","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":17276,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T01:56:24.964Z"},"6536":{"id":"6536","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 15","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":180231,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.81,"eevp":98.95,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Dave Cortese","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":124440,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Robert Howell","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34173,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tony Loaiza","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":21618,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-13T01:15:45.365Z"},"6548":{"id":"6548","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 39","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:55 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Akilah Weber","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Bob Divine","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6611":{"id":"6611","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 11","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":188732,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.89,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"8:25 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Nancy Pelosi","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":138285,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Bruce Lou","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":16285,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marjorie Mikels","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":9363,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Bianca Von Krieg","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":7634,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jason Zeng","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":6607,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jason Boyce","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":4325,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Larry Nichelson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3482,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eve Del Castello","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2751,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:31:55.445Z"},"8589":{"id":"8589","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. Senate, Class I","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":7276537,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Adam Schiff","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2299507,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Steve Garvey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2292414,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Katie Porter","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1115606,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Barbara Lee","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":714408,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eric Early","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":240723,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"James Bradley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":98180,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Christina Pascucci","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":61755,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sharleta Bassett","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":54422,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sarah Liew","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":38483,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Laura Garza ","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":34320,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jonathan Reiss","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34283,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sepi Gilani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":34056,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Gail Lightfoot","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Lib","voteCount":33046,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Denice Gary-Pandol","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":25494,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"James Macauley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":23168,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Harmesh Kumar","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":21522,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"David Peterson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":21076,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Douglas Pierce","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":19371,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Major Singh","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":16965,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"John Rose","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":14577,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Perry Pound","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":14134,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Raji Rab","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":13558,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mark Ruzon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":13429,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Forrest Jones","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"AIP","voteCount":13027,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Stefan Simchowitz","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":12717,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Martin Veprauskas","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":9714,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Don Grundmann","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":6582,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T05:01:46.589Z"},"8686":{"id":"8686","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"President,","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top1","totalVotes":3589127,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:48 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Joe Biden","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":3200188,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marianne Williamson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":145690,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Dean Phillips","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":99981,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Armando Perez-Serrato","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":42925,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Gabriel Cornejo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":41261,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"President Boddie","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":25373,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Stephen Lyons","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":21008,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eban Cambridge","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":12701,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:12:27.559Z"},"8688":{"id":"8688","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"President,","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top1","totalVotes":2466569,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Donald Trump","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":1953947,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Nikki Haley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":430792,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ron DeSantis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":35581,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Chris Christie","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":20164,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Vivek Ramaswamy","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":11069,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Rachel Swift","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":4231,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"David Stuckenberg","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3895,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ryan Binkley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3563,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Asa Hutchinson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3327,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:13:19.766Z"},"81993":{"id":"81993","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. Senate, Class I Unexpired Term","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":7358837,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Steve Garvey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2444940,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Adam Schiff","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2155146,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Katie Porter","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1269194,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Barbara Lee","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":863278,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eric Early","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":448788,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Christina Pascucci","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":109421,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sepi Gilani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":68070,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:31:08.186Z"},"82014":{"id":"82014","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"Proposition, 1 - Behavioral Health Services Program","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top1","totalVotes":7221972,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":null,"voteCount":3624998,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":null,"voteCount":3596974,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-21T00:11:06.265Z"},"timeLoaded":"April 26, 2024 6:00 AM","nationalRacesLoaded":true,"localRacesLoaded":true,"overrides":[{"id":"5921","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 7","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5922","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 8","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5924","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 10","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5926","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 12","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/congress-12th-district"},{"id":"5928","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 14","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5930","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 16","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/congress-16th-district"},{"id":"5931","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 17","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5932","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 18","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5963","raceName":"State Assembly, District 2","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5972","raceName":"State Assembly, District 11","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5973","raceName":"State Assembly, District 12","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5975","raceName":"State Assembly, District 14","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5976","raceName":"State Assembly, District 15","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/contracosta/state-assembly"},{"id":"5977","raceName":"State Assembly, District 16","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5978","raceName":"State Assembly, District 17","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5979","raceName":"State Assembly, District 18","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5980","raceName":"State Assembly, District 19","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5981","raceName":"State Assembly, District 20","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5982","raceName":"State Assembly, District 21","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5984","raceName":"State Assembly, District 23","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/state-assembly-23rd-district"},{"id":"5987","raceName":"State Assembly, District 26","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/santaclara/state-assembly-26th-district"},{"id":"5989","raceName":"State Assembly, District 28","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6010","raceName":"State Assembly, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6018","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 2","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6020","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6025","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 9","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6031","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 15","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6035","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 19","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6067","raceName":"State Assembly, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6087","raceName":"State Assembly, District 24","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6088","raceName":"State Assembly, District 25","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6092","raceName":"State Assembly, District 29","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6223","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6530","raceName":"State Senate, District 3","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/state-senate-3rd-district"},{"id":"6531","raceName":"State Senate, District 5","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6532","raceName":"State Senate, District 7","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/state-senate-7th-district"},{"id":"6533","raceName":"State Senate, District 9","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6534","raceName":"State Senate, District 11","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6535","raceName":"State Senate, District 13","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6536","raceName":"State Senate, District 15","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6611","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 11","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"8589","raceName":"U.S. Senate (Full Term)","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/senator"},{"id":"8686","raceName":"California Democratic Presidential Primary","raceDescription":"Candidates are competing for 496 delegates.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/president/democrat"},{"id":"8688","raceName":"California Republican Presidential Primary","raceDescription":"Candidates are competing for 169 delegates.","raceReadTheStory":"https://kqed.org/elections/results/president/republican"},{"id":"81993","raceName":"U.S. Senate (Partial/Unexpired Term)","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election."},{"id":"82014","raceName":"Proposition 1","raceDescription":"Bond and mental health reforms. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/proposition-1"}],"AlamedaJudge5":{"id":"AlamedaJudge5","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 5","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":200601,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Terry Wiley","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":200601}]},"AlamedaJudge12":{"id":"AlamedaJudge12","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 12","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":240853,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mark Fickes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":133009},{"candidateName":"Michael P. Johnson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":107844}]},"AlamedaBoard2":{"id":"AlamedaBoard2","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Education, Trustee Area 2","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":33580,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"John Lewis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6943},{"candidateName":"Angela Normand","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":26637}]},"AlamedaBoard5":{"id":"AlamedaBoard5","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Education, Trustee Area 5","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":26072,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Guadalupe \"Lupe\" Angulo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7521},{"candidateName":"Janevette Cole","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13338},{"candidateName":"Joe Orlando Ramos","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5213}]},"AlamedaBoard6":{"id":"AlamedaBoard6","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Education, Trustee Area 6","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":30864,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"John Guerrero","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9989},{"candidateName":"Eileen McDonald","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":20875}]},"AlamedaSup1":{"id":"AlamedaSup1","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":41038,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"David Haubert","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":41038}]},"AlamedaSup2":{"id":"AlamedaSup2","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":31034,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Elisa Márquez","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":31034}]},"AlamedaSup4":{"id":"AlamedaSup4","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/supervisor-4th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":57007,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jennifer Esteen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":22400},{"candidateName":"Nate Miley","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":34607}]},"AlamedaSup5":{"id":"AlamedaSup5","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":81059,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Ben Bartlett","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13518},{"candidateName":"Nikki Fortunato Bas","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":27597},{"candidateName":"John J. Bauters","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":16783},{"candidateName":"Ken Berrick","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7520},{"candidateName":"Omar Farmer","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1240},{"candidateName":"Gregory Hodge","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3419},{"candidateName":"Chris Moore","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7428},{"candidateName":"Gerald Pechenuk","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":305},{"candidateName":"Lorrel Plimier","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3249}]},"AlamedaBoard7":{"id":"AlamedaBoard7","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Flood Control & Water Conservation District Director, Zone 7, Full Term","raceDescription":"Top three candidates win seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top3","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":134340,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Alan Burnham","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":15723},{"candidateName":"Sandy Figuers","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":22454},{"candidateName":"Laurene K. Green","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":30343},{"candidateName":"Kathy Narum","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23833},{"candidateName":"Seema Badar","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7468},{"candidateName":"Catherine Brown","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":34519}]},"AlamedaAuditor":{"id":"AlamedaAuditor","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Oakland Auditor","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":59227,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Houston","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":59227}]},"AlamedaMeasureA":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Alameda County. Civil service. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":282335,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":167903},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":114432}]},"AlamedaMeasureB":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Alameda County. Recall rules. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/measure-b","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":282683,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":182200},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":100483}]},"AlamedaMeasureD":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Oakland. Appropriations limit. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":79797,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":59852},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":19945}]},"AlamedaMeasureE":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Alameda Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":22692,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":17280},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5412}]},"AlamedaMeasureF":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureF","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure F","raceDescription":"Piedmont. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":4855,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3673},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1182}]},"AlamedaMeasureG":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Albany Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote. ","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":5898,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4651},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1247}]},"AlamedaMeasureH":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"Berkeley Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":33331,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":29418},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3913}]},"AlamedaMeasureI":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureI","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure I","raceDescription":"Hayward Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":21929,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14151},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7778}]},"AlamedaMeasureJ":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureJ","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure J","raceDescription":"San Leandro Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":12338,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7784},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4554}]},"CCD2":{"id":"CCD2","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":45776,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Candace Andersen","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":45776}]},"CCD3":{"id":"CCD3","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":25120,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Diane Burgis","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":25120}]},"CCD5":{"id":"CCD5","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/contracosta/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":37045,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Barbanica","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14338},{"candidateName":"Jelani Killings","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5683},{"candidateName":"Shanelle Scales-Preston","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":12993},{"candidateName":"Iztaccuauhtli Hector Gonzalez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4031}]},"CCMeasureA":{"id":"CCMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Martinez. Appoint City Clerk. Passes with a majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":11513,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7554},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3959}]},"CCMeasureB":{"id":"CCMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Antioch Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":17971,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10397},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7574}]},"CCMeasureC":{"id":"CCMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Martinez Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":9230,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6917},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2313}]},"CCMeasureD":{"id":"CCMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Moraga School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":6007,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4052},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1955}]},"MarinD2":{"id":"MarinD2","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/marin/supervisor-2nd-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":18466,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Brian Colbert","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7971},{"candidateName":"Heather McPhail Sridharan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4851},{"candidateName":"Ryan O'Neil","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2647},{"candidateName":"Gabe Paulson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2997}]},"MarinD3":{"id":"MarinD3","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":13274,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Stephanie Moulton-Peters","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13274}]},"MarinD4":{"id":"MarinD4","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":12986,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Dennis Rodoni","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10086},{"candidateName":"Francis Drouillard","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2900}]},"MarinLarkspurCC":{"id":"MarinLarkspurCC","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Larkspur City Council (Short Term)","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":4176,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Stephanie Andre","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2514},{"candidateName":"Claire Paquette","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1008},{"candidateName":"Lana Scott","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":654}]},"MarinRossCouncil":{"id":"MarinRossCouncil","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Ross Town Council","raceDescription":"Top three candidates win seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top3","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":1740,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Charles William \"Bill\" Kircher, Jr.","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":536},{"candidateName":"Mathew Salter","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":502},{"candidateName":"Shadi Aboukhater","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":187},{"candidateName":"Teri Dowling","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":515}]},"MarinMeasureA":{"id":"MarinMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Tamalpais Union High School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":45345,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":24376},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":20969}]},"MarinMeasureB":{"id":"MarinMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Petaluma Joint Union High School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":132,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":62},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":70}]},"MarinMeasureC":{"id":"MarinMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Belvedere. Appropriation limit. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":870,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":679},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":191}]},"MarinMeasureD":{"id":"MarinMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Larkspur. Rent stabilization. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/marin/measure-d","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":4955,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2573},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2382}]},"MarinMeasureE":{"id":"MarinMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Ross. Special tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/marin/measure-e","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":874,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":683},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":191}]},"MarinMeasureF":{"id":"MarinMeasureF","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure F","raceDescription":"San Anselmo. Flood Control and Water Conservation District. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":5193,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3083},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2110}]},"MarinMeasureG":{"id":"MarinMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Bel Marin Keys Community Services District. Special tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":830,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":661},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":169}]},"MarinMeasureH":{"id":"MarinMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"Marinwood Community Services District. Appropriations limit, fire protection. Passes with a majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":1738,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1369},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":369}]},"MarinMeasureI":{"id":"MarinMeasureI","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure I","raceDescription":"Marinwood Community Services District. Appropriations limit, parks. Passes with a majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":1735,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1336},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":399}]},"NapaD2":{"id":"NapaD2","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":8351,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Liz Alessio","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6340},{"candidateName":"Doris Gentry","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2011}]},"NapaD4":{"id":"NapaD4","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/napa/supervisor-4th-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":7306,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Amber Manfree","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3913},{"candidateName":"Pete Mott","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3393}]},"NapaD5":{"id":"NapaD5","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/napa/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":5356,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mariam Aboudamous","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2379},{"candidateName":"Belia Ramos","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2977}]},"NapaMeasureD":{"id":"NapaMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Howell Mountain Elementary School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":741,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":367},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":374}]},"NapaMeasureU":{"id":"NapaMeasureU","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Measure U","raceDescription":"Lake Berryessa Resort Improvement District. Appropriations limit. Passes with majority vote. ","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":86,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":63},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23}]},"NapaMeasureU1":{"id":"NapaMeasureU1","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Measure U","raceDescription":"Yountville. Appropriations limit. Passes with majority vote. ","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":925,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":793},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":132}]},"SFJudge1":{"id":"SFJudge1","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Seat 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/superior-court-seat-1","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":202960,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Begert","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":124943},{"candidateName":"Chip Zecher","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":78017}]},"SFJudge13":{"id":"SFJudge13","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Seat 13","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/superior-court-seat-13","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":202386,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jean Myungjin Roland","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":90012},{"candidateName":"Patrick S. Thompson","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":112374}]},"SFPropA":{"id":"SFPropA","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition A","raceDescription":"Housing bond. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/proposition-a","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":225187,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":158497},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":66690}]},"SFPropB":{"id":"SFPropB","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition B","raceDescription":"Police staffing. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222954,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":61580},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":161374}]},"SFPropC":{"id":"SFPropC","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition C","raceDescription":"Transfer tax exemption. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":220349,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":116311},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":104038}]},"SFPropD":{"id":"SFPropD","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition D","raceDescription":"Ethics laws. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222615,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":198584},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":24031}]},"SFPropE":{"id":"SFPropE","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition E","raceDescription":"Police policies. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/proposition-e","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222817,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":120529},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":102288}]},"SFPropF":{"id":"SFPropF","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition F","raceDescription":"Drug screening. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/proposition-f","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":224004,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":130214},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":93790}]},"SFPropG":{"id":"SFPropG","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition G","raceDescription":"Eighth-grade algebra. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222704,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":182066},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":40638}]},"SMJudge4":{"id":"SMJudge4","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":108919,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Sarah Burdick","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":108919}]},"SMD1":{"id":"SMD1","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanmateo/supervisor-1st-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":29650,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jackie Speier","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":20353},{"candidateName":"Ann Schneider","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9297}]},"SMD4":{"id":"SMD4","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanmateo/supervisor-4th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":22725,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Antonio Lopez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5730},{"candidateName":"Lisa Gauthier","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10358},{"candidateName":"Celeste Brevard","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1268},{"candidateName":"Paul Bocanegra","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1909},{"candidateName":"Maggie Cornejo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3460}]},"SMD5":{"id":"SMD5","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":19937,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"David Canepa","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":19937}]},"SMMeasureB":{"id":"SMMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"County Service Area #1 (Highlands). Special tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":1549,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1360},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":189}]},"SMMeasureC":{"id":"SMMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Jefferson Elementary School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":12234,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8543},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3691}]},"SMMeasureE":{"id":"SMMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Woodside Elementary School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":1392,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":910},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":482}]},"SMMeasureG":{"id":"SMMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Pacifica School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":11548,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7067},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4481}]},"SMMeasureH":{"id":"SMMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"San Carlos School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":9938,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6283},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3655}]},"SCJudge5":{"id":"SCJudge5","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":301953,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jay Boyarsky","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":142549},{"candidateName":"Nicole M. Ford","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":52147},{"candidateName":"Johnene Linda Stebbins","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":107257}]},"SCD2":{"id":"SCD2","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/santaclara/supervisor-2nd-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":44059,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Corina Herrera-Loera","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10519},{"candidateName":"Jennifer Margaret Celaya","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2394},{"candidateName":"Madison Nguyen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":12794},{"candidateName":"Betty Duong","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14031},{"candidateName":"Nelson McElmurry","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4321}]},"SCD3":{"id":"SCD3","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":42549,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Otto Lee","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":42549}]},"SCD5":{"id":"SCD5","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/santaclara/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":88712,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Margaret Abe-Koga","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":37172},{"candidateName":"Sally J. Lieber","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":21962},{"candidateName":"Barry Chang","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6164},{"candidateName":"Peter C. Fung","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":17892},{"candidateName":"Sandy Sans","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5522}]},"SCSJMayor":{"id":"SCSJMayor","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José Mayor","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":167064,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Matt Mahan","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":144701},{"candidateName":"Tyrone Wade","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":22363}]},"SCSJD2":{"id":"SCSJD2","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":14131,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Joe Lopez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4950},{"candidateName":"Pamela Campos","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3436},{"candidateName":"Vanessa Sandoval","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2719},{"candidateName":"Babu Prasad","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3026}]},"SCSJD4":{"id":"SCSJD4","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":14322,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Kansen Chu","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5931},{"candidateName":"David Cohen","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8391}]},"SCSJD6":{"id":"SCSJD6","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 6","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":25108,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"David Cohen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9875},{"candidateName":"Alex Shoor","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3850},{"candidateName":"Angelo \"A.J.\" Pasciuti","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2688},{"candidateName":"Michael Mulcahy","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8695}]},"SCSJD8":{"id":"SCSJD8","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 8","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":21462,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Tam Truong","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6982},{"candidateName":"Domingo Candelas","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8466},{"candidateName":"Sukhdev Singh Bainiwal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5513},{"candidateName":"Surinder Kaur Dhaliwal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":501}]},"SCSJD10":{"id":"SCSJD10","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 10","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":22799,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"George Casey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8805},{"candidateName":"Arjun Batra","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8354},{"candidateName":"Lenka Wright","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5640}]},"SCMeasureA":{"id":"SCMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Santa Clara. Appointed city clerk. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":20315,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6580},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13735}]},"SCMeasureB":{"id":"SCMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Santa Clara. Appointed police chief. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":20567,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5680},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14887}]},"SCMeasureC":{"id":"SCMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Sunnyvale School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":14656,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10261},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4395}]},"SolanoD15":{"id":"SolanoD15","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Department 15","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":81709,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Thompson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":36844},{"candidateName":"Bryan J. Kim","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":44865}]},"SolanoD1":{"id":"SolanoD1","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/solano/supervisor-1st-district","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":13786,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Wilson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6401},{"candidateName":"Cassandra James","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7385}]},"SolanoD2":{"id":"SolanoD2","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":19903,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Monica Brown","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10951},{"candidateName":"Nora Dizon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3135},{"candidateName":"Rochelle Sherlock","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5817}]},"SolanoD5":{"id":"SolanoD5","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":17888,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mitch Mashburn","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":11210},{"candidateName":"Chadwick J. Ledoux","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6678}]},"SolanoEducation":{"id":"SolanoEducation","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Sacramento County Board of Education","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":3650,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Heather Davis","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2960},{"candidateName":"Shazleen Khan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":690}]},"SolanoMeasureA":{"id":"SolanoMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Benicia. Hotel tax. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/solano/measure-a","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":10136,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7869},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2267}]},"SolanoMeasureB":{"id":"SolanoMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Benicia. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/solano/measure-b","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":10164,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7335},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2829}]},"SolanoMeasureC":{"id":"SolanoMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Benicia Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":10112,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6316},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3796}]},"SolanoMeasureN":{"id":"SolanoMeasureN","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure N","raceDescription":"Davis Joint Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":15,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10}]},"SonomaJudge3":{"id":"SonomaJudge3","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":115405,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Kristine M. Burk","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":79498},{"candidateName":"Beki Berrey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":35907}]},"SonomaJudge4":{"id":"SonomaJudge4","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":86789,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Paul J. Lozada","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":86789}]},"SonomaJudge6":{"id":"SonomaJudge6","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 6","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":117990,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Omar Figueroa","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":42236},{"candidateName":"Kenneth English","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":75754}]},"SonomaD1":{"id":"SonomaD1","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":30348,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Rebecca Hermosillo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23958},{"candidateName":"Jonathan Mathieu","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6390}]},"SonomaD3":{"id":"SonomaD3","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sonoma/supervisor-3rd-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":16312,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Chris Coursey","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":11346},{"candidateName":"Omar Medina","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4966}]},"SonomaD5":{"id":"SonomaD5","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":23356,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lynda Hopkins","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23356}]},"SonomaMeasureA":{"id":"SonomaMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Cotati-Rohnert Park Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":13756,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10320},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3436}]},"SonomaMeasureB":{"id":"SonomaMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Petaluma Joint Union High School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":24877,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":15795},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9082}]},"SonomaMeasureC":{"id":"SonomaMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Fort Ross School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":286,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":159},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":127}]},"SonomaMeasureD":{"id":"SonomaMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Harmony Union School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":1925,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1089},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":836}]},"SonomaMeasureE":{"id":"SonomaMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Petaluma City (Elementary) School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":11133,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7622},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3511}]},"SonomaMeasureG":{"id":"SonomaMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Rincon Valley Union School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":14577,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8668},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5909}]},"SonomaMeasureH":{"id":"SonomaMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"Sonoma County. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sonoma/measure-h","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":145261,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":89646},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":55615}]}},"radioSchedulesReducer":{},"listsReducer":{"posts/science?tag=medicine":{"isFetching":false,"latestQuery":{"from":0,"postsToRender":9},"tag":null,"vitalsOnly":true,"totalRequested":7,"isLoading":false,"isLoadingMore":false,"total":7,"items":["science_1991871","science_1984507","science_1982342","science_1948645","science_1925639","science_1923166","science_1207350"]}},"recallGuideReducer":{"intros":{},"policy":{},"candidates":{}},"savedPostsReducer":{},"pfsSessionReducer":{},"siteSettingsReducer":{},"subscriptionsReducer":{},"termsReducer":{"about":{"name":"About","type":"terms","id":"about","slug":"about","link":"/about","taxonomy":"site"},"arts":{"name":"Arts & Culture","grouping":["arts","pop","trulyca"],"description":"KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.","type":"terms","id":"arts","slug":"arts","link":"/arts","taxonomy":"site"},"artschool":{"name":"Art School","parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"artschool","slug":"artschool","link":"/artschool","taxonomy":"site"},"bayareabites":{"name":"KQED food","grouping":["food","bayareabites","checkplease"],"parent":"food","type":"terms","id":"bayareabites","slug":"bayareabites","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"bayareahiphop":{"name":"Bay Area Hiphop","type":"terms","id":"bayareahiphop","slug":"bayareahiphop","link":"/bayareahiphop","taxonomy":"site"},"campaign21":{"name":"Campaign 21","type":"terms","id":"campaign21","slug":"campaign21","link":"/campaign21","taxonomy":"site"},"checkplease":{"name":"KQED food","grouping":["food","bayareabites","checkplease"],"parent":"food","type":"terms","id":"checkplease","slug":"checkplease","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"education":{"name":"Education","grouping":["education"],"type":"terms","id":"education","slug":"education","link":"/education","taxonomy":"site"},"elections":{"name":"Elections","type":"terms","id":"elections","slug":"elections","link":"/elections","taxonomy":"site"},"events":{"name":"Events","type":"terms","id":"events","slug":"events","link":"/events","taxonomy":"site"},"event":{"name":"Event","alias":"events","type":"terms","id":"event","slug":"event","link":"/event","taxonomy":"site"},"filmschoolshorts":{"name":"Film School Shorts","type":"terms","id":"filmschoolshorts","slug":"filmschoolshorts","link":"/filmschoolshorts","taxonomy":"site"},"food":{"name":"KQED food","grouping":["food","bayareabites","checkplease"],"type":"terms","id":"food","slug":"food","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"forum":{"name":"Forum","relatedContentQuery":"posts/forum?","parent":"news","type":"terms","id":"forum","slug":"forum","link":"/forum","taxonomy":"site"},"futureofyou":{"name":"Future of You","grouping":["science","futureofyou"],"parent":"science","type":"terms","id":"futureofyou","slug":"futureofyou","link":"/futureofyou","taxonomy":"site"},"jpepinheart":{"name":"KQED food","relatedContentQuery":"trending/food,bayareabites,checkplease","parent":"food","type":"terms","id":"jpepinheart","slug":"jpepinheart","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"liveblog":{"name":"Live Blog","type":"terms","id":"liveblog","slug":"liveblog","link":"/liveblog","taxonomy":"site"},"livetv":{"name":"Live TV","parent":"tv","type":"terms","id":"livetv","slug":"livetv","link":"/livetv","taxonomy":"site"},"lowdown":{"name":"The Lowdown","relatedContentQuery":"posts/lowdown?","parent":"news","type":"terms","id":"lowdown","slug":"lowdown","link":"/lowdown","taxonomy":"site"},"mindshift":{"name":"Mindshift","parent":"news","description":"MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.","type":"terms","id":"mindshift","slug":"mindshift","link":"/mindshift","taxonomy":"site"},"news":{"name":"News","grouping":["news","forum"],"type":"terms","id":"news","slug":"news","link":"/news","taxonomy":"site"},"perspectives":{"name":"Perspectives","parent":"radio","type":"terms","id":"perspectives","slug":"perspectives","link":"/perspectives","taxonomy":"site"},"podcasts":{"name":"Podcasts","type":"terms","id":"podcasts","slug":"podcasts","link":"/podcasts","taxonomy":"site"},"pop":{"name":"Pop","parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"pop","slug":"pop","link":"/pop","taxonomy":"site"},"pressroom":{"name":"Pressroom","type":"terms","id":"pressroom","slug":"pressroom","link":"/pressroom","taxonomy":"site"},"quest":{"name":"Quest","parent":"science","type":"terms","id":"quest","slug":"quest","link":"/quest","taxonomy":"site"},"radio":{"name":"Radio","grouping":["forum","perspectives"],"description":"Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.","type":"terms","id":"radio","slug":"radio","link":"/radio","taxonomy":"site"},"root":{"name":"KQED","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","imageWidth":1200,"imageHeight":630,"headData":{"title":"KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California","description":"KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."},"type":"terms","id":"root","slug":"root","link":"/root","taxonomy":"site"},"science":{"name":"Science","grouping":["science","futureofyou"],"description":"KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.","type":"terms","id":"science","slug":"science","link":"/science","taxonomy":"site"},"stateofhealth":{"name":"State of Health","parent":"science","type":"terms","id":"stateofhealth","slug":"stateofhealth","link":"/stateofhealth","taxonomy":"site"},"support":{"name":"Support","type":"terms","id":"support","slug":"support","link":"/support","taxonomy":"site"},"thedolist":{"name":"The Do List","parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"thedolist","slug":"thedolist","link":"/thedolist","taxonomy":"site"},"trulyca":{"name":"Truly CA","grouping":["arts","pop","trulyca"],"parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"trulyca","slug":"trulyca","link":"/trulyca","taxonomy":"site"},"tv":{"name":"TV","type":"terms","id":"tv","slug":"tv","link":"/tv","taxonomy":"site"},"voterguide":{"name":"Voter Guide","parent":"elections","alias":"elections","type":"terms","id":"voterguide","slug":"voterguide","link":"/voterguide","taxonomy":"site"},"science_2918":{"type":"terms","id":"science_2918","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"2918","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"medicine","slug":"medicine","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"medicine Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null,"imageData":{"ogImageSize":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","width":1200,"height":630},"twImageSize":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"},"twitterCard":"summary_large_image"}},"ttid":2918,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/medicine"},"source_science_1984507":{"type":"terms","id":"source_science_1984507","meta":{"override":true},"name":"STAT","link":"https://www.statnews.com/","isLoading":false},"source_science_1982342":{"type":"terms","id":"source_science_1982342","meta":{"override":true},"name":"Kaiser Health News","isLoading":false},"source_science_1948645":{"type":"terms","id":"source_science_1948645","meta":{"override":true},"name":"Nobel Prize","isLoading":false},"source_science_1925639":{"type":"terms","id":"source_science_1925639","meta":{"override":true},"name":"Health","isLoading":false},"source_science_1923166":{"type":"terms","id":"source_science_1923166","meta":{"override":true},"name":"Environment","isLoading":false},"science_39":{"type":"terms","id":"science_39","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"39","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Health","slug":"health","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Health Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":41,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/health"},"science_40":{"type":"terms","id":"science_40","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"40","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"News","slug":"news","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"News Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":42,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/news"},"science_4450":{"type":"terms","id":"science_4450","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"4450","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Science","slug":"science","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Science Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":4450,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/science"},"science_4414":{"type":"terms","id":"science_4414","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"4414","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"featured-science","slug":"featured-science","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"featured-science Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":4414,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/featured-science"},"science_1648":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1648","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1648","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"hospital","slug":"hospital","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"hospital Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1657,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/hospital"},"science_5259":{"type":"terms","id":"science_5259","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"5259","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"insurance","slug":"insurance","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"insurance Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":5259,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/insurance"},"science_5226":{"type":"terms","id":"science_5226","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"5226","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Health","slug":"health","taxonomy":"interest","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Health Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":5226,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/interest/health"},"science_31":{"type":"terms","id":"science_31","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"31","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Climate","slug":"climate","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Climate Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":33,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/climate"},"science_35":{"type":"terms","id":"science_35","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"35","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Environment","slug":"environment","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Environment Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":37,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/environment"},"science_1627":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1627","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1627","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"carbon emissions","slug":"carbon-emissions","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"carbon emissions Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1636,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/carbon-emissions"},"science_3541":{"type":"terms","id":"science_3541","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"3541","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"drugs","slug":"drugs","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"drugs Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":3541,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/drugs"},"science_354":{"type":"terms","id":"science_354","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"354","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"emissions","slug":"emissions","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"emissions Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":360,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/emissions"},"science_4154":{"type":"terms","id":"science_4154","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"4154","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Medical science","slug":"medical-science","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Medical science Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":4154,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/medical-science"},"science_1050":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1050","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1050","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"FDA","slug":"fda","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"FDA Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1058,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/fda"},"science_5181":{"type":"terms","id":"science_5181","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"5181","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"health","slug":"health","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"health Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":5181,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/health"},"science_697":{"type":"terms","id":"science_697","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"697","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"social media","slug":"social-media","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"social media Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":704,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/social-media"},"science_30":{"type":"terms","id":"science_30","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"30","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Biology","slug":"biology","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Biology Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":32,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/biology"},"science_29":{"type":"terms","id":"science_29","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"29","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Chemistry","slug":"chemistry","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Chemistry Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":31,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/chemistry"},"science_32":{"type":"terms","id":"science_32","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"32","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Education","slug":"education","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Education Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":34,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/education"},"science_16":{"type":"terms","id":"science_16","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"16","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Import","slug":"import","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Import Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":17,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/import"},"science_3890":{"type":"terms","id":"science_3890","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"3890","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Medical Science","slug":"medical-science","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Medical Science Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":3890,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/medical-science"},"science_3370":{"type":"terms","id":"science_3370","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"3370","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"featured","slug":"featured","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"featured Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":3370,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/featured"},"science_3838":{"type":"terms","id":"science_3838","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"3838","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"ingest","slug":"ingest","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"ingest Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":3838,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/ingest"},"science_1943":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1943","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1943","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Nobel Prize","slug":"nobel-prize","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Nobel Prize Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1954,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/nobel-prize"},"science_3424":{"type":"terms","id":"science_3424","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"3424","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"KQED Future of You","slug":"kqed-future-of-you","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"KQED Future of You Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":3424,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/kqed-future-of-you"},"science_3543":{"type":"terms","id":"science_3543","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"3543","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"research","slug":"research","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"research Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":3543,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/research"},"science_1935":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1935","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1935","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Deep Look","slug":"deep-look","taxonomy":"series","description":"[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mpAc7SyETD4?rel=0&w=640&h=360]\r\n\r\n\u003cbr/>\r\n\r\n\u003ch2>About Deep Look\u003c/h2>\r\n\r\n[dl_subscribe]\r\n\r\n\u003cp>See the unseen at the very edge of our visible world. Get a new perspective on our place in the universe and meet extraordinary new friends. Explore big scientific mysteries by going incredibly small with Deep Look, a new ultra-HD (4K) short video series created by KQED San Francisco and presented by PBS Digital Studios.\u003c/p>\r\n\r\n\u003cp>Don't miss an episode! \u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/8NwXqt\">SUBSCRIBE to Deep Look on YouTube.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\r\n","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Deep Look Archives | KQED Science","description":"[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mpAc7SyETD4?rel=0&w=640&h=360] About Deep Look [dl_subscribe] See the unseen at the very edge of our visible world. Get a new perspective on our place in the universe and meet extraordinary new friends. Explore big scientific mysteries by going incredibly small with Deep Look, a new ultra-HD (4K) short video series created by KQED San Francisco and presented by PBS Digital Studios. Don't miss an episode! SUBSCRIBE to Deep Look on YouTube.","ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1946,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/series/deep-look"},"science_2874":{"type":"terms","id":"science_2874","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"2874","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Animals","slug":"animals","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Animals Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":2874,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/animals"},"science_1970":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1970","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1970","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"deep look","slug":"deep-look-2","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"deep look Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1981,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/deep-look-2"}},"userAgentReducer":{"userAgent":"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)","isBot":true},"userPermissionsReducer":{"wpLoggedIn":false},"localStorageReducer":{},"browserHistoryReducer":[],"eventsReducer":{},"fssReducer":{},"tvDailyScheduleReducer":{},"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer":{},"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer":{},"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer":{},"userAccountReducer":{"routeTo":"","showDeleteConfirmModal":false,"user":{"userId":"","isFound":false,"firstName":"","lastName":"","phoneNumber":"","email":"","articles":[]}},"youthMediaReducer":{},"checkPleaseReducer":{"filterData":{},"restaurantData":[]},"reframeReducer":{"attendee":null},"location":{"pathname":"/science/tag/medicine","previousPathname":"/"}}