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After receiving his BS in Wildlife Biology from Ohio University, he went on to participate in marine mammal research for NOAA, USGS and the Intersea Foundation. He also served as the president of The Pacific Cetacean Group, a nonprofit organization dedicated to teaching students K-6 about whales. Josh studied science and natural history filmmaking at San Francisco State University and Montana State University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["author","edit_others_posts"]}],"headData":{"title":"Josh Cassidy | KQED","description":"Digital Video Producer","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/joshua-cassidy"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal 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FM","link":"/"}},"science_1966098":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1966098","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1966098","score":null,"sort":[1593203047000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-plans-to-use-lunar-flashlight-in-search-for-moon-water","title":"NASA Plans to Use 'Lunar Flashlight' in Search for Moon Water","publishDate":1593203047,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Plans to Use ‘Lunar Flashlight’ in Search for Moon Water | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s goal of returning humans, including a female astronaut, to the moon with the 2024 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/\">Artemis\u003c/a> mission is approaching, and engineers are \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5hTARS0f2A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">getting ready\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ll land on the lunar surface from an orbiting spacecraft called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/johnson/exploration/gateway\">Gateway\u003c/a>, which will serve as a lunar outpost, then embark on a search for water ice and other resources. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Artemis is also part of a larger plan to travel to Mars from a lunar way station. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1965826\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/LunarGateway-and-Orion-NASA-ac-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/LunarGateway-and-Orion-NASA-ac-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/LunarGateway-and-Orion-NASA-ac-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/LunarGateway-and-Orion-NASA-ac-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/LunarGateway-and-Orion-NASA-ac.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Lunar Gateway spacecraft (front) that will orbit the moon and serve as a way station for excursions to the lunar surface. In the background, an Orion spacecraft, which will shuttle astronauts from Earth to lunar orbit, approaches the Gateway for docking. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Looking for Water With a ‘Lunar Flashlight’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the tools NASA will use to explore the moon is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/lunar-flashlight/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lunar Flashlight,\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a low-cost spacecraft no bigger than an airline carry-on bag. The small satellite will launch in November 2021 as part of an advance, uncrewed mission. \u003c/span>It\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> will probe the cold, permanently shaded floors of the moon’s polar craters for signs of ice. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finding lunar ice would be extremely exciting, because of its scientific value as a potential source of chemical clues to the history and formation of our solar system. It’s possible the ice could also be tapped as a source of drinking water and breathable oxygen, or mined as raw material to power hydrogen fuel cells or to make rocket fuel in long-term expeditions or moon bases.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Lunar Flashlight will loop around the moon in an elliptical pole-to-pole orbit. The spacecraft \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7647\">will use infrared lasers\u003c/a> and a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sciencing.com/spectrometer-work-5256312.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">spectrometer \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">to probe the shadowed floors of craters as it swoops to within 20 kilometers of the south pole, where hints of water ice have been detected by previous missions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965828\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1965828\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-illuminationmap-nasalro-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-illuminationmap-nasalro-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-illuminationmap-nasalro-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-illuminationmap-nasalro-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-illuminationmap-nasalro-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-illuminationmap-nasalro.jpg 1214w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An “illumination map” of the moon’s south pole, produced from images taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. This composite of images taken over the course of a full lunar day (about four weeks) indicates how much sunlight each point on the surface receives over time. Black areas indicate deep places, like the bottoms of crater floors, into which the sun’s grazing light never shines, cold places where water ice has been detected. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">From its orbit above, Lunar Flashlight’s laser beams will rake across the cold crater floors, reflecting \u003c/span>off\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> materials on the surface and bouncing back to the spacecraft. A spectrometer will measure the spectral “fingerprints” of substances in the reflected light, mapping the location and composition of concentrations of ice with an accuracy of 1-2 kilometers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though the presence of water was confirmed by an earlier mission in 2009, we know little about what form it might exist in. Sheets or blocks of solid ice? Permafrost mixed in with the lunar soil? Frozen “cocktails” of different volatile compounds?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Shadowy Polar Craters\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Apollo missions of the late 1960s landed in the moon’s equatorial regions and found no traces of water. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But measurements made from orbit by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunar-prospector/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lunar Prospector\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 1999 indicated the presence of concentrated hydrogen within shadowy polar craters, a hint that frozen water (or other hydrogen-bearing volatiles) might exist in cold recesses untouched by sunlight. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The discovery raised the possibility that lunar “cold traps” have, over time, captured molecules of water originating from comets and asteroids, interactions between lunar soil and solar wind and perhaps lunar volcanic activity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965830\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1965830\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-neutroncountrate-LEND-LRO-nasagsfc-800x270.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-neutroncountrate-LEND-LRO-nasagsfc-800x270.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-neutroncountrate-LEND-LRO-nasagsfc-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-neutroncountrate-LEND-LRO-nasagsfc-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-neutroncountrate-LEND-LRO-nasagsfc-1020x344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-neutroncountrate-LEND-LRO-nasagsfc.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shades of blue in this map of the moon’s south pole show areas where NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter “LEND” instrument detected reduced numbers of neutron particles normally emitted from the moon’s surface. This suggests that the missing neutrons, which are produced by interactions of cosmic rays with lunar rock and soil, are being absorbed, possibly by concentrations of hydrogen atoms there. These areas coincide with permanently shadowed crater and valley floors believed to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 2009 Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite mission \u003ca href=\"https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4057\">confirmed the presence of water\u003c/a>, after flying to the moon on a Centaur rocket. NASA used the rocket stage as a high-speed impact projectile, sending it crashing into the shadows of a\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc_20091117_cabeus.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> crater \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">at the moon’s south pole. The satellite, following only minutes behind the rocket, used its spectrometer to search for the chemical signature of water in the dust cloud of the blast, and it made a successful detection before crashing into the moon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>All Eyes on the Lunar Flashlight, a CubeSat\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lunar Flashlight will be configured from six standard, 10-centimeter cube modules. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966109 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Lunar-Flashlight-diagram-NASA-800x1015.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1015\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Lunar-Flashlight-diagram-NASA-800x1015.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Lunar-Flashlight-diagram-NASA-160x203.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Lunar-Flashlight-diagram-NASA-768x974.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Lunar-Flashlight-diagram-NASA.jpg 910w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of NASA’s Lunar Flashlight spacecraft, a “6U” CubeSat constructed from six, 10-centimeter cube base modules arranged in a 2×3 building-block layout (inside the housing). At 10x20x30 centimeters in size, the Lunar Flashlight is no bigger than a briefcase or airplane carry-on bag. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The low-cost, modular \u003ca href=\"https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/History_of_the_CubeSat_999.html\">CubeSat design was developed\u003c/a> as an alternative to considerably more expensive conventional satellites, so that universities, private companies and other entities could test technology and conduct scientific research from space.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Because they are small, CubeSats can piggyback as secondary payloads on other missions. This puts short-term proof of concept tests and narrowly scoped scientific experiments within the financial reach of many organizations and groups.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1965823\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/artemislanding-nasa-ac-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/artemislanding-nasa-ac-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/artemislanding-nasa-ac-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/artemislanding-nasa-ac-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/artemislanding-nasa-ac.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA astronauts on an Artemis mission landing, which will return humans to the moon by 2024, including the first woman astronaut to go there. A target of future moon landings are permanently shadowed polar craters where water has been detected. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Lunar Flashlight planned for launch in 2021 will be the first CubeSat to travel to the moon, and the first spacecraft of any kind to look for water using a laser. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And if it finds some, the first female astronaut to walk on the moon as part of the Artemis mission might just collect a sample and bring it back to Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA plans to return humans, including a female astronaut, to the moon in 2024, to embark on a search for water-ice and other resources. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847263,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1036},"headData":{"title":"NASA Plans to Use 'Lunar Flashlight' in Search for Moon Water | KQED","description":"NASA plans to return humans, including a female astronaut, to the moon in 2024, to embark on a search for water-ice and other resources. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA Plans to Use 'Lunar Flashlight' in Search for Moon Water","datePublished":"2020-06-26T20:24:07.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:41:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1966098/nasa-plans-to-use-lunar-flashlight-in-search-for-moon-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s goal of returning humans, including a female astronaut, to the moon with the 2024 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/\">Artemis\u003c/a> mission is approaching, and engineers are \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5hTARS0f2A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">getting ready\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ll land on the lunar surface from an orbiting spacecraft called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/johnson/exploration/gateway\">Gateway\u003c/a>, which will serve as a lunar outpost, then embark on a search for water ice and other resources. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Artemis is also part of a larger plan to travel to Mars from a lunar way station. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1965826\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/LunarGateway-and-Orion-NASA-ac-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/LunarGateway-and-Orion-NASA-ac-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/LunarGateway-and-Orion-NASA-ac-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/LunarGateway-and-Orion-NASA-ac-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/LunarGateway-and-Orion-NASA-ac.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Lunar Gateway spacecraft (front) that will orbit the moon and serve as a way station for excursions to the lunar surface. In the background, an Orion spacecraft, which will shuttle astronauts from Earth to lunar orbit, approaches the Gateway for docking. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Looking for Water With a ‘Lunar Flashlight’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the tools NASA will use to explore the moon is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/lunar-flashlight/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lunar Flashlight,\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a low-cost spacecraft no bigger than an airline carry-on bag. The small satellite will launch in November 2021 as part of an advance, uncrewed mission. \u003c/span>It\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> will probe the cold, permanently shaded floors of the moon’s polar craters for signs of ice. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finding lunar ice would be extremely exciting, because of its scientific value as a potential source of chemical clues to the history and formation of our solar system. It’s possible the ice could also be tapped as a source of drinking water and breathable oxygen, or mined as raw material to power hydrogen fuel cells or to make rocket fuel in long-term expeditions or moon bases.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Lunar Flashlight will loop around the moon in an elliptical pole-to-pole orbit. The spacecraft \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7647\">will use infrared lasers\u003c/a> and a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sciencing.com/spectrometer-work-5256312.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">spectrometer \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">to probe the shadowed floors of craters as it swoops to within 20 kilometers of the south pole, where hints of water ice have been detected by previous missions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965828\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1965828\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-illuminationmap-nasalro-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-illuminationmap-nasalro-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-illuminationmap-nasalro-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-illuminationmap-nasalro-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-illuminationmap-nasalro-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-illuminationmap-nasalro.jpg 1214w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An “illumination map” of the moon’s south pole, produced from images taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. This composite of images taken over the course of a full lunar day (about four weeks) indicates how much sunlight each point on the surface receives over time. Black areas indicate deep places, like the bottoms of crater floors, into which the sun’s grazing light never shines, cold places where water ice has been detected. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">From its orbit above, Lunar Flashlight’s laser beams will rake across the cold crater floors, reflecting \u003c/span>off\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> materials on the surface and bouncing back to the spacecraft. A spectrometer will measure the spectral “fingerprints” of substances in the reflected light, mapping the location and composition of concentrations of ice with an accuracy of 1-2 kilometers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though the presence of water was confirmed by an earlier mission in 2009, we know little about what form it might exist in. Sheets or blocks of solid ice? Permafrost mixed in with the lunar soil? Frozen “cocktails” of different volatile compounds?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Shadowy Polar Craters\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Apollo missions of the late 1960s landed in the moon’s equatorial regions and found no traces of water. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But measurements made from orbit by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunar-prospector/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lunar Prospector\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 1999 indicated the presence of concentrated hydrogen within shadowy polar craters, a hint that frozen water (or other hydrogen-bearing volatiles) might exist in cold recesses untouched by sunlight. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The discovery raised the possibility that lunar “cold traps” have, over time, captured molecules of water originating from comets and asteroids, interactions between lunar soil and solar wind and perhaps lunar volcanic activity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965830\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1965830\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-neutroncountrate-LEND-LRO-nasagsfc-800x270.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-neutroncountrate-LEND-LRO-nasagsfc-800x270.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-neutroncountrate-LEND-LRO-nasagsfc-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-neutroncountrate-LEND-LRO-nasagsfc-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-neutroncountrate-LEND-LRO-nasagsfc-1020x344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/southpole-neutroncountrate-LEND-LRO-nasagsfc.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shades of blue in this map of the moon’s south pole show areas where NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter “LEND” instrument detected reduced numbers of neutron particles normally emitted from the moon’s surface. This suggests that the missing neutrons, which are produced by interactions of cosmic rays with lunar rock and soil, are being absorbed, possibly by concentrations of hydrogen atoms there. These areas coincide with permanently shadowed crater and valley floors believed to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 2009 Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite mission \u003ca href=\"https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4057\">confirmed the presence of water\u003c/a>, after flying to the moon on a Centaur rocket. NASA used the rocket stage as a high-speed impact projectile, sending it crashing into the shadows of a\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc_20091117_cabeus.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> crater \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">at the moon’s south pole. The satellite, following only minutes behind the rocket, used its spectrometer to search for the chemical signature of water in the dust cloud of the blast, and it made a successful detection before crashing into the moon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>All Eyes on the Lunar Flashlight, a CubeSat\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lunar Flashlight will be configured from six standard, 10-centimeter cube modules. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966109 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Lunar-Flashlight-diagram-NASA-800x1015.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1015\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Lunar-Flashlight-diagram-NASA-800x1015.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Lunar-Flashlight-diagram-NASA-160x203.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Lunar-Flashlight-diagram-NASA-768x974.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Lunar-Flashlight-diagram-NASA.jpg 910w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of NASA’s Lunar Flashlight spacecraft, a “6U” CubeSat constructed from six, 10-centimeter cube base modules arranged in a 2×3 building-block layout (inside the housing). At 10x20x30 centimeters in size, the Lunar Flashlight is no bigger than a briefcase or airplane carry-on bag. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The low-cost, modular \u003ca href=\"https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/History_of_the_CubeSat_999.html\">CubeSat design was developed\u003c/a> as an alternative to considerably more expensive conventional satellites, so that universities, private companies and other entities could test technology and conduct scientific research from space.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Because they are small, CubeSats can piggyback as secondary payloads on other missions. This puts short-term proof of concept tests and narrowly scoped scientific experiments within the financial reach of many organizations and groups.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1965823\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/artemislanding-nasa-ac-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/artemislanding-nasa-ac-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/artemislanding-nasa-ac-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/artemislanding-nasa-ac-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/artemislanding-nasa-ac.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA astronauts on an Artemis mission landing, which will return humans to the moon by 2024, including the first woman astronaut to go there. A target of future moon landings are permanently shadowed polar craters where water has been detected. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Lunar Flashlight planned for launch in 2021 will be the first CubeSat to travel to the moon, and the first spacecraft of any kind to look for water using a laser. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And if it finds some, the first female astronaut to walk on the moon as part of the Artemis mission might just collect a sample and bring it back to Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1966098/nasa-plans-to-use-lunar-flashlight-in-search-for-moon-water","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_2088","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1965825","label":"source_science_1966098"},"science_1931502":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1931502","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1931502","score":null,"sort":[1537205272000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-satellite-will-measure-earths-ice-changes-to-assess-sea-level-rise","title":"NASA Satellite Will Measure Ice Changes to Assess Sea Level Rise","publishDate":1537205272,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Satellite Will Measure Ice Changes to Assess Sea Level Rise | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A NASA satellite designed to precisely measure changes in Earth’s ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice and vegetation was launched into polar orbit from California early Saturday.[contextly_sidebar id=”71Hsym9NR8r2XGPya0FaDAhGtdvkpuSO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Delta 2 rocket carrying ICESat-2 lifted off from Vandenberg Air Force Base at 6:02 a.m. and headed over the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Earth Science Division director Michael Freilich says that the mission in particular will advance knowledge of how the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica contribute to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melt from those ice sheets alone has raised global sea level by more than 1 millimeter (0.04 inch) a year recently, according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mission is a successor to the original Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite that operated from 2003 to 2009. Measurements continued since then with airborne instruments in NASA’s Operation IceBridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Built by Northrop Grumman, ICESat-2 carries a single instrument, a laser altimeter that measures height by determining how long it takes photons to travel from the spacecraft to Earth and back. According to NASA, it will collect more than 250 times as many measurements as the first ICESat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The laser is designed to fire 10,000 times per second, divided into six beams of hundreds of trillions of photons. The round trip is timed to a billionth of a second.[contextly_sidebar id=”rzS3b4iwm3DqF5guoxGRsjDYLNTZAWnl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to ice, the satellite’s other measurements, such as the tops of trees, snow and river heights, may help with research into the amount of carbon stored in forests, flood and drought planning and wildfire behavior, among other uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The launch was the last for a Delta 2 rocket, United Launch Alliance said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Delta 2 lifted off on Feb. 14, 1989, and since then it has been the launch vehicle for Global Positioning System orbiters, Earth observing and commercial satellites, and interplanetary missions including the twin Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The satellite, launched from California, is designed to measure changes in Earth’s ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice and vegetation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927482,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":330},"headData":{"title":"NASA Satellite Will Measure Ice Changes to Assess Sea Level Rise | KQED","description":"The satellite, launched from California, is designed to measure changes in Earth’s ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice and vegetation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA Satellite Will Measure Ice Changes to Assess Sea Level Rise","datePublished":"2018-09-17T17:27:52.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:58:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate Change","sticky":false,"nprByline":"The Associated Press","path":"/science/1931502/nasa-satellite-will-measure-earths-ice-changes-to-assess-sea-level-rise","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A NASA satellite designed to precisely measure changes in Earth’s ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice and vegetation was launched into polar orbit from California early Saturday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Delta 2 rocket carrying ICESat-2 lifted off from Vandenberg Air Force Base at 6:02 a.m. and headed over the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Earth Science Division director Michael Freilich says that the mission in particular will advance knowledge of how the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica contribute to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melt from those ice sheets alone has raised global sea level by more than 1 millimeter (0.04 inch) a year recently, according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mission is a successor to the original Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite that operated from 2003 to 2009. Measurements continued since then with airborne instruments in NASA’s Operation IceBridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Built by Northrop Grumman, ICESat-2 carries a single instrument, a laser altimeter that measures height by determining how long it takes photons to travel from the spacecraft to Earth and back. According to NASA, it will collect more than 250 times as many measurements as the first ICESat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The laser is designed to fire 10,000 times per second, divided into six beams of hundreds of trillions of photons. The round trip is timed to a billionth of a second.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to ice, the satellite’s other measurements, such as the tops of trees, snow and river heights, may help with research into the amount of carbon stored in forests, flood and drought planning and wildfire behavior, among other uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The launch was the last for a Delta 2 rocket, United Launch Alliance said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Delta 2 lifted off on Feb. 14, 1989, and since then it has been the launch vehicle for Global Positioning System orbiters, Earth observing and commercial satellites, and interplanetary missions including the twin Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1931502/nasa-satellite-will-measure-earths-ice-changes-to-assess-sea-level-rise","authors":["byline_science_1931502"],"categories":["science_28","science_31","science_89","science_35","science_37","science_40"],"tags":["science_182","science_192","science_2088","science_5175","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1931506","label":"source_science_1931502"},"science_1930419":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1930419","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1930419","score":null,"sort":[1536001309000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lunar-ice-and-martian-mud-whetting-our-appetite-for-extraterrestrial-water","title":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water","publishDate":1536001309,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 20 NASA announced the confirmation of water ice on the Moon, reinforcing our understanding that it is not merely a dry lump of volcanic rock, dust, and meteorite debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on July 25 came an announcement of the discovery of a possible sub-surface lake on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discoveries add to an already impressive list of water-bearing locales in our solar system, and have whetted the appetites of scientists on a quest to find life-friendly environments beyond the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/ice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\">The confirmation\u003c/a> of lunar ice came from analysis of data collected by NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/moon-mineralogy-mapper-m3/\">Moon Mineralogy Mapper\u003c/a> (M3) instrument aboard the \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c11-chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1\u003c/a> spacecraft, which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930432\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon's north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon’s north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>M3 was able to distinguish patches of water ice on the Moon by the way that it reflects visible light and absorbs infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice exists at both of the Moon’s poles, where there are places never exposed to direct sunlight. At the poles, the sun never gets more than a few degrees above the horizon, so the floors of some deep impact craters and other polar nooks and crannies are in permanent shade and the temperatures never rise above about -250 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Martian Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected by a ground-penetrating radar instrument, \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/mars-express/34826-design/?fbodylongid=1601\">MARSIS\u003c/a>, aboard ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft has convinced mission scientists that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/07/news-lake-found-mars-water-polar-cap-life-space/\">body of liquid water\u003c/a>, 12 miles across, exists a mile deep beneath a crater near Mars’ southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years of data collection and over 29 south pole flyovers for the picture to develop, but the characteristics of the radar waves bouncing back to the spacecraft strongly indicate a patch of salty liquid: either a mass of brine-saturated mud, or an actual lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars' southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-520x325.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars’ southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \u003ccite>(NASA/Viking/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University/ESA/ASI/U. of Rome/R. Orosei et al 2018)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whichever the case, the discovery has scientists eager for a follow-up investigation. Not only would reservoirs of water offer a vital resource to future human missions on Mars, a liquid water environment protected from the frigid, radiation-exposed surface above could provide a suitable habitat for microbial Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And mission scientists point out that there is no reason there could not be more subsurface lakes on Mars awaiting discovery, either by future missions or further analysis of data already collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirming liquid water beneath Mars’ surface may also help us to understand what happened to the vast seas of surface water believed to exist on Mars long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Follow the Water,” Says \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>NASA \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is not exceedingly rare in the Universe. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/comets\">Comets\u003c/a> are full of water ice, and many moons in the outer solar system are well known for their surface ice or frozen water crusts. We’ve long known of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-radar-finds-ice-age-record-in-mars-polar-cap\">Mars’ polar ice caps\u003c/a>. Water, in its frozen form, is commonplace out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mix water ice with a source of heat (sunlight or \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/resources/52/europa-tide-movie/\">gravitational tidal energy\u003c/a>, for examples) and adequate pressure and you get a liquid water cocktail that makes scientists’ mouths water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is liquid water essential for life as we know it, we also know that life on Earth can adapt to and thrive in extremely harsh conditions. “\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">Extremophiles\u003c/a>” are terrestrial life forms, mostly microbial, that we find in environments of extreme heat, cold, and toxicity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1200x782.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-375x244.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507.jpg 1804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \u003ccite>(OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP) NOAA-Bild)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extremophiles have taught us that looking for extraterrestrial life in harsh conditions on other worlds is not a futile effort, especially where liquid water is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else Do We Find Liquid Water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two recent revelations of found water (even though the Moon’s crater-shaded oases consist of ice) add to a tantalizing list of wet places found across our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outer solar system—the realm of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—was once thought to be too cold for hopes of finding liquid water. But decades of robotic exploration have revealed that there is probably far more water out there than in the inner solar system, Earth included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970’s and 1980’s the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft detected what may be a vast ocean hidden beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/europas-ocean-may-have-an-earthlike-chemical-balance\">Europa\u003c/a>. Patterns in the cracks of its frozen crust suggest the outer icy shell is floating on an ocean of liquid, much like sheets of sea ice surrounding parts of Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice-topped ocean is probably global in extent and, remarkably, may be a hundred miles deep. Europa alone may possess twice as much water as in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also evidence that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-s-hubble-observations-suggest-underground-ocean-on-jupiters-largest-moon\">subcrustal liquid water ocean\u003c/a> exists in another of Jupiter’s moons, the largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede. In fact, Ganymede’s ocean may contain more water than Europa’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg\" alt=\"Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn's moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it's flights through the water plumes. \" width=\"800\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-768x324.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1020x430.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1200x506.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1180x498.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-960x405.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-520x219.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it’s flights through the water plumes. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the Cassini spacecraft began exploring the Saturn system in 2004, scientists have observed clear signs of water within the moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/cassini-finds-global-ocean-in-saturns-moon-enceladus\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, and possibly the large moon \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/28jun_titanocean\">Titan\u003c/a>. In the case of Enceladus, Cassini detected plumes of water vapor and ammonia spewing out of large cracks in the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements by the Dawn spacecraft have turned up evidence of possible liquid water on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6982\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a>. White-looking mineral deposits — which appear to have been left behind by fluid eruptions in craters and cinder-cone-like structures — support speculation that at some time in the past, Ceres had a subcrustal ocean. It may still have one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Beyond the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprinkling of so many watery places across our solar system gives us hope not only for finding life-friendly environments close to home, but across our galaxy as well. We now know of several thousand \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> orbiting hundreds of other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oceans are as common as our solar system indicates (Earth, young Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, Enceladus, and Ceres, to name the known or suspected wet spots), then extrasolar oceans probably are as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life is as eager to arise in those exo-oceans as it was on the primordial Earth, we may have a lot of company in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water: ice on the Moon and a subsurface lake on Mars. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927532,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1192},"headData":{"title":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water | KQED","description":"The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water: ice on the Moon and a subsurface lake on Mars. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water","datePublished":"2018-09-03T19:01:49.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:58:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1930419/lunar-ice-and-martian-mud-whetting-our-appetite-for-extraterrestrial-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 20 NASA announced the confirmation of water ice on the Moon, reinforcing our understanding that it is not merely a dry lump of volcanic rock, dust, and meteorite debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on July 25 came an announcement of the discovery of a possible sub-surface lake on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discoveries add to an already impressive list of water-bearing locales in our solar system, and have whetted the appetites of scientists on a quest to find life-friendly environments beyond the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/ice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\">The confirmation\u003c/a> of lunar ice came from analysis of data collected by NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/moon-mineralogy-mapper-m3/\">Moon Mineralogy Mapper\u003c/a> (M3) instrument aboard the \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c11-chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1\u003c/a> spacecraft, which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930432\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon's north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon’s north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>M3 was able to distinguish patches of water ice on the Moon by the way that it reflects visible light and absorbs infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice exists at both of the Moon’s poles, where there are places never exposed to direct sunlight. At the poles, the sun never gets more than a few degrees above the horizon, so the floors of some deep impact craters and other polar nooks and crannies are in permanent shade and the temperatures never rise above about -250 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Martian Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected by a ground-penetrating radar instrument, \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/mars-express/34826-design/?fbodylongid=1601\">MARSIS\u003c/a>, aboard ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft has convinced mission scientists that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/07/news-lake-found-mars-water-polar-cap-life-space/\">body of liquid water\u003c/a>, 12 miles across, exists a mile deep beneath a crater near Mars’ southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years of data collection and over 29 south pole flyovers for the picture to develop, but the characteristics of the radar waves bouncing back to the spacecraft strongly indicate a patch of salty liquid: either a mass of brine-saturated mud, or an actual lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars' southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-520x325.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars’ southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \u003ccite>(NASA/Viking/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University/ESA/ASI/U. of Rome/R. Orosei et al 2018)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whichever the case, the discovery has scientists eager for a follow-up investigation. Not only would reservoirs of water offer a vital resource to future human missions on Mars, a liquid water environment protected from the frigid, radiation-exposed surface above could provide a suitable habitat for microbial Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And mission scientists point out that there is no reason there could not be more subsurface lakes on Mars awaiting discovery, either by future missions or further analysis of data already collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirming liquid water beneath Mars’ surface may also help us to understand what happened to the vast seas of surface water believed to exist on Mars long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Follow the Water,” Says \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>NASA \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is not exceedingly rare in the Universe. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/comets\">Comets\u003c/a> are full of water ice, and many moons in the outer solar system are well known for their surface ice or frozen water crusts. We’ve long known of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-radar-finds-ice-age-record-in-mars-polar-cap\">Mars’ polar ice caps\u003c/a>. Water, in its frozen form, is commonplace out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mix water ice with a source of heat (sunlight or \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/resources/52/europa-tide-movie/\">gravitational tidal energy\u003c/a>, for examples) and adequate pressure and you get a liquid water cocktail that makes scientists’ mouths water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is liquid water essential for life as we know it, we also know that life on Earth can adapt to and thrive in extremely harsh conditions. “\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">Extremophiles\u003c/a>” are terrestrial life forms, mostly microbial, that we find in environments of extreme heat, cold, and toxicity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1200x782.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-375x244.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507.jpg 1804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \u003ccite>(OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP) NOAA-Bild)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extremophiles have taught us that looking for extraterrestrial life in harsh conditions on other worlds is not a futile effort, especially where liquid water is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else Do We Find Liquid Water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two recent revelations of found water (even though the Moon’s crater-shaded oases consist of ice) add to a tantalizing list of wet places found across our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outer solar system—the realm of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—was once thought to be too cold for hopes of finding liquid water. But decades of robotic exploration have revealed that there is probably far more water out there than in the inner solar system, Earth included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970’s and 1980’s the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft detected what may be a vast ocean hidden beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/europas-ocean-may-have-an-earthlike-chemical-balance\">Europa\u003c/a>. Patterns in the cracks of its frozen crust suggest the outer icy shell is floating on an ocean of liquid, much like sheets of sea ice surrounding parts of Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice-topped ocean is probably global in extent and, remarkably, may be a hundred miles deep. Europa alone may possess twice as much water as in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also evidence that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-s-hubble-observations-suggest-underground-ocean-on-jupiters-largest-moon\">subcrustal liquid water ocean\u003c/a> exists in another of Jupiter’s moons, the largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede. In fact, Ganymede’s ocean may contain more water than Europa’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg\" alt=\"Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn's moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it's flights through the water plumes. \" width=\"800\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-768x324.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1020x430.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1200x506.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1180x498.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-960x405.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-520x219.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it’s flights through the water plumes. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the Cassini spacecraft began exploring the Saturn system in 2004, scientists have observed clear signs of water within the moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/cassini-finds-global-ocean-in-saturns-moon-enceladus\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, and possibly the large moon \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/28jun_titanocean\">Titan\u003c/a>. In the case of Enceladus, Cassini detected plumes of water vapor and ammonia spewing out of large cracks in the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements by the Dawn spacecraft have turned up evidence of possible liquid water on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6982\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a>. White-looking mineral deposits — which appear to have been left behind by fluid eruptions in craters and cinder-cone-like structures — support speculation that at some time in the past, Ceres had a subcrustal ocean. It may still have one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Beyond the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprinkling of so many watery places across our solar system gives us hope not only for finding life-friendly environments close to home, but across our galaxy as well. We now know of several thousand \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> orbiting hundreds of other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oceans are as common as our solar system indicates (Earth, young Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, Enceladus, and Ceres, to name the known or suspected wet spots), then extrasolar oceans probably are as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life is as eager to arise in those exo-oceans as it was on the primordial Earth, we may have a lot of company in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1930419/lunar-ice-and-martian-mud-whetting-our-appetite-for-extraterrestrial-water","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1216","science_19","science_584","science_2088","science_5179","science_351","science_5175","science_843","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1930437","label":"source_science_1930419"},"science_1930318":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1930318","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1930318","score":null,"sort":[1535126447000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"some-of-the-oldest-ice-in-the-arctic-is-now-breaking-apart","title":"Some Of The Oldest Ice In The Arctic Is Now Breaking Apart","publishDate":1535126447,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Some Of The Oldest Ice In The Arctic Is Now Breaking Apart | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A huge pack of floating ice along the northern Greenland coastline is breaking up and drifting apart into the Arctic Ocean — another consequence, scientists say, of global warming caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.[contextly_sidebar id=”VWXEuaK2RWs52WZ3Pm3x5TCDM4WNyw5K”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen anything this large in terms of an opening north of Greenland,” says polar scientist \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/research/bios/scambos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ted Scambos\u003c/a> of the National Snow and Ice Data Center, which collaborates with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sea ice is some of the oldest and thickest in the Arctic. Wind and currents normally shove lots of ice up against the northern coast of Greenland, where it stacks up and clings for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a crowd entering a stadium,” Scambos says. “It’s sort of pushed by the ice behind it until it’s packed really tight, and that’s made it thick and durable.” Think of those long-lasting mounds of ice left on city streets by snowplows — but up to 30 feet thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming, however, has finally \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">begun to break up this ice\u003c/a>, Scambos says. The Arctic is warming faster than any other part of the planet; last February saw remarkably warm winter temperatures there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The normally year-round frozen ice “kind of rattles around in the Arctic now,” he says. “And [in] this area north of Greenland, what we’re seeing is that the ice is so thin and sort of loosely packed that a few days of strong winds in an unusual direction can push the ice away from the coast that it always collided with in its drift pattern.”[contextly_sidebar id=”jdqGorv5cOMSL6tx0kuM0M3fNqR8XDog”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar scientists have watched the duration and extent of Arctic Ocean ice decline for many years as a result of warming. But the loss of the Greenland section shows that warming is also changing how ice moves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the Greenland ice breakup may be out of sight, for polar scientists, it’s not out of mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s another shift in the Arctic environment caused by warming. And scientists point out that the Arctic environment — its ocean currents, ice floes and wind patterns — affects the jet stream, which in turn influences the weather that people get across the Northern Hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Of+The+Oldest+Ice+In+The+Arctic+Is+Now+Breaking+Apart&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A massive ice pack that normally clings to northern Greenland's coastline is splitting apart and floating out to sea. Climate change is to blame, scientists say.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927547,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":411},"headData":{"title":"Some Of The Oldest Ice In The Arctic Is Now Breaking Apart | KQED","description":"A massive ice pack that normally clings to northern Greenland's coastline is splitting apart and floating out to sea. Climate change is to blame, scientists say.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Some Of The Oldest Ice In The Arctic Is Now Breaking Apart","datePublished":"2018-08-24T16:00:47.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:59:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Christopher Joyce, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Mario Tama/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"641285739","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=641285739&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/23/641285739/some-of-the-oldest-ice-in-the-arctic-is-now-breaking-apart?ft=nprml&f=641285739","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 23 Aug 2018 19:22:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 23 Aug 2018 16:25:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 23 Aug 2018 17:58:01 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/08/20180823_atc_greenland_ice_pack_disintegrates.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=119&p=2&story=641285739&ft=nprml&f=641285739","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1641359769-e257dd.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=119&p=2&story=641285739&ft=nprml&f=641285739","audioTrackLength":120,"path":"/science/1930318/some-of-the-oldest-ice-in-the-arctic-is-now-breaking-apart","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/08/20180823_atc_greenland_ice_pack_disintegrates.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=119&p=2&story=641285739&ft=nprml&f=641285739","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A huge pack of floating ice along the northern Greenland coastline is breaking up and drifting apart into the Arctic Ocean — another consequence, scientists say, of global warming caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen anything this large in terms of an opening north of Greenland,” says polar scientist \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/research/bios/scambos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ted Scambos\u003c/a> of the National Snow and Ice Data Center, which collaborates with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sea ice is some of the oldest and thickest in the Arctic. Wind and currents normally shove lots of ice up against the northern coast of Greenland, where it stacks up and clings for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a crowd entering a stadium,” Scambos says. “It’s sort of pushed by the ice behind it until it’s packed really tight, and that’s made it thick and durable.” Think of those long-lasting mounds of ice left on city streets by snowplows — but up to 30 feet thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming, however, has finally \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">begun to break up this ice\u003c/a>, Scambos says. The Arctic is warming faster than any other part of the planet; last February saw remarkably warm winter temperatures there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The normally year-round frozen ice “kind of rattles around in the Arctic now,” he says. “And [in] this area north of Greenland, what we’re seeing is that the ice is so thin and sort of loosely packed that a few days of strong winds in an unusual direction can push the ice away from the coast that it always collided with in its drift pattern.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar scientists have watched the duration and extent of Arctic Ocean ice decline for many years as a result of warming. But the loss of the Greenland section shows that warming is also changing how ice moves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the Greenland ice breakup may be out of sight, for polar scientists, it’s not out of mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s another shift in the Arctic environment caused by warming. And scientists point out that the Arctic environment — its ocean currents, ice floes and wind patterns — affects the jet stream, which in turn influences the weather that people get across the Northern Hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Of+The+Oldest+Ice+In+The+Arctic+Is+Now+Breaking+Apart&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1930318/some-of-the-oldest-ice-in-the-arctic-is-now-breaking-apart","authors":["byline_science_1930318"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_2873","science_98"],"tags":["science_194","science_3370","science_556","science_2088","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1930319","label":"source_science_1930318"},"science_1925716":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1925716","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1925716","score":null,"sort":[1528924932000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"antarctica-has-lost-more-than-3-trillion-tons-of-ice-in-25-years","title":"Antarctica Has Lost More Than 3 Trillion Tons Of Ice In 25 Years","publishDate":1528924932,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Antarctica Has Lost More Than 3 Trillion Tons Of Ice In 25 Years | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Scientists have completed the most exhaustive assessment of changes in Antarctica’s ice sheet to date. And they found that it’s melting faster than they thought.[contextly_sidebar id=”z99Sivlx9eVZ5dNVpnDqhORco4XkaD6X”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice losses totaling 3 trillion tonnes (or more than 3.3 trillion tons) since 1992 have caused global sea levels to rise by 7.6 mm, nearly one third of an inch, according to a study \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0179-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a> on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2010, Antarctica was contributing a relatively small proportion of the melting that is causing global sea levels to rise, says study co-leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.shepherd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Shepherd of the University of Leeds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that has changed. “Since around 2010, 2012, we can see that there’s been a sharp increase in the rate of ice loss from Antarctica. And the ice sheet is now losing three times as much ice,” Shepherd adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual sea level rise that’s attributed to Antarctica has tripled, from 0.2mm to 0.6mm, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a big jump, and it did catch us all by surprise,” Shepherd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melting is caused by rising ocean temperatures due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says they’ve seen the most dramatic effects in West Antarctica, where the ice sheet rests on the sea bed. “When we look into the ocean we find that it’s too warm and the ice sheet can’t withstand the temperatures that are surrounding it in the sea,” he says. That’s causing glaciers to flow more quickly into the sea.[contextly_sidebar id=”9wO7jBGuAtFyFodqyKBdH39yIDxejDIg”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Antarctica, which is home to the South Pole, has seen considerably less melting because most of its ice is above sea level. That’s “an important distinction, because it means it’s insulated from changes in the ocean’s temperature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This assessment, conducted by 84 scientists from 44 international organizations, is known as the Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many other estimates of how much ice has melted in Antarctica. And many of those papers showed different results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the estimates covered different proportions of the ice sheets, some of them covered different time periods, and all of them used different methods and so it became difficult for people who are not specialists to try to pick them apart,” says Shepherd. “So that was the motivation for originally setting up the project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists combined 24 different satellite surveys, which Shepherd says provides a more complete picture of the overall ice sheet change than previous studies. “We believe that we’ve captured all of the different satellite records that exist on the planet,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To analyze the ice, the researchers use three different kinds of measurements. Satellite altimeters measure the height of the ice sheets, to see how much they are thinning or thickening over time. Another measurement records the speed of the glaciers and how they’re moving into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the scientists are recording gravity measurements for Antarctica. These “tell us about changes in the earth’s gravitational attraction over time and that can be related to the mass of the ice sheets overall,” Shepherd says, “and they are really powerful measurements because they can add up everything across Antarctica.”[contextly_sidebar id=”eUQPZA3bgd7aPP1WzwXjFcrlNWtocdb4”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what accounts for the apparent three-fold speed up in Antarctica’s melting in the last five years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says that actually, their data shows a “a progressive increase in ice loss throughout the whole 25 year time period.” However, a period of heavy snowfall between 2005 and 2010 masked some of the immediate effects of the ice loss, accounting for the sudden, steep increase in more recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new data creates a much starker picture of the future than previous estimates. Shepherd says until 2010, the data had been tracking a lower scenario which estimated that Antarctica “wouldn’t make much of a contribution to sea level rise at all” because of the effects of higher snowfall. However, he says that now the data is tracking a higher scenario, which could mean nearly 6 inches of additional sea level rise in the next century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be a big deal, he says, “for anybody who lives, works and governs a coastal region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding the rate of Antarctica’s melting is crucial for these communities. If all of the ice in Antarctica melted, global sea levels would rise by more than 190 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Antarctica+Has+Lost+More+Than+3+Trillion+Tons+Of+Ice+In+25+Years+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Antarctica's ice is melting faster than was thought, say scientists who recently completed the most exhaustive assessment of the ice sheet to date.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927806,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":794},"headData":{"title":"Antarctica Has Lost More Than 3 Trillion Tons Of Ice In 25 Years | KQED","description":"Antarctica's ice is melting faster than was thought, say scientists who recently completed the most exhaustive assessment of the ice sheet to date.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Antarctica Has Lost More Than 3 Trillion Tons Of Ice In 25 Years","datePublished":"2018-06-13T21:22:12.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:03:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Merrit Kennedy, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Ian Joughin, University of Washington ","nprStoryId":"619543532","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=619543532&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/13/619543532/antarctica-has-lost-more-than-3-trillion-tons-of-ice-in-25-years?ft=nprml&f=619543532","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 13 Jun 2018 16:59:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 13 Jun 2018 14:52:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 13 Jun 2018 16:59:13 -0400","path":"/science/1925716/antarctica-has-lost-more-than-3-trillion-tons-of-ice-in-25-years","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have completed the most exhaustive assessment of changes in Antarctica’s ice sheet to date. And they found that it’s melting faster than they thought.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice losses totaling 3 trillion tonnes (or more than 3.3 trillion tons) since 1992 have caused global sea levels to rise by 7.6 mm, nearly one third of an inch, according to a study \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0179-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a> on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2010, Antarctica was contributing a relatively small proportion of the melting that is causing global sea levels to rise, says study co-leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.shepherd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Shepherd of the University of Leeds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that has changed. “Since around 2010, 2012, we can see that there’s been a sharp increase in the rate of ice loss from Antarctica. And the ice sheet is now losing three times as much ice,” Shepherd adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual sea level rise that’s attributed to Antarctica has tripled, from 0.2mm to 0.6mm, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a big jump, and it did catch us all by surprise,” Shepherd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melting is caused by rising ocean temperatures due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says they’ve seen the most dramatic effects in West Antarctica, where the ice sheet rests on the sea bed. “When we look into the ocean we find that it’s too warm and the ice sheet can’t withstand the temperatures that are surrounding it in the sea,” he says. That’s causing glaciers to flow more quickly into the sea.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Antarctica, which is home to the South Pole, has seen considerably less melting because most of its ice is above sea level. That’s “an important distinction, because it means it’s insulated from changes in the ocean’s temperature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This assessment, conducted by 84 scientists from 44 international organizations, is known as the Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many other estimates of how much ice has melted in Antarctica. And many of those papers showed different results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the estimates covered different proportions of the ice sheets, some of them covered different time periods, and all of them used different methods and so it became difficult for people who are not specialists to try to pick them apart,” says Shepherd. “So that was the motivation for originally setting up the project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists combined 24 different satellite surveys, which Shepherd says provides a more complete picture of the overall ice sheet change than previous studies. “We believe that we’ve captured all of the different satellite records that exist on the planet,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To analyze the ice, the researchers use three different kinds of measurements. Satellite altimeters measure the height of the ice sheets, to see how much they are thinning or thickening over time. Another measurement records the speed of the glaciers and how they’re moving into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the scientists are recording gravity measurements for Antarctica. These “tell us about changes in the earth’s gravitational attraction over time and that can be related to the mass of the ice sheets overall,” Shepherd says, “and they are really powerful measurements because they can add up everything across Antarctica.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what accounts for the apparent three-fold speed up in Antarctica’s melting in the last five years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says that actually, their data shows a “a progressive increase in ice loss throughout the whole 25 year time period.” However, a period of heavy snowfall between 2005 and 2010 masked some of the immediate effects of the ice loss, accounting for the sudden, steep increase in more recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new data creates a much starker picture of the future than previous estimates. Shepherd says until 2010, the data had been tracking a lower scenario which estimated that Antarctica “wouldn’t make much of a contribution to sea level rise at all” because of the effects of higher snowfall. However, he says that now the data is tracking a higher scenario, which could mean nearly 6 inches of additional sea level rise in the next century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be a big deal, he says, “for anybody who lives, works and governs a coastal region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding the rate of Antarctica’s melting is crucial for these communities. If all of the ice in Antarctica melted, global sea levels would rise by more than 190 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Antarctica+Has+Lost+More+Than+3+Trillion+Tons+Of+Ice+In+25+Years+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1925716/antarctica-has-lost-more-than-3-trillion-tons-of-ice-in-25-years","authors":["byline_science_1925716"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_3424","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_194","science_556","science_2088"],"featImg":"science_1925717","label":"source_science_1925716"},"science_1259313":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1259313","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1259313","score":null,"sort":[1482347284000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-does-a-frozen-lake-sound-like-a-star-wars-blaster","title":"Why Does A Frozen Lake Sound Like A Star Wars Blaster?","publishDate":1482347284,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Why Does A Frozen Lake Sound Like A Star Wars Blaster? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>This winter brings the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/12/15/505734218/rogue-one-the-force-will-be-with-those-who-love-battle-scenes\">latest installment\u003c/a> of the Star Wars franchise, full of familiar costumes, familiar villains, and the familiar “pew pew pew” of space guns. But you can skip the movie theatre and still hear those iconic blaster sounds if you visit a frozen lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cory Williams discovered this natural phenomenon back in 2014, when he moved from California to Alaska. He tried skipping rocks across the icy surface of Edmonds Lake, just up the road from Anchorage. His \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIHF5EoEixc&list=PLdhXxdF8pgd4moYg2gdqJGiTQvYOaJBjc\">YouTube video\u003c/a> of the space age twanging that ensued was viewed 11 million times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/OC7_zpyqCrU\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Williams returned to Edmonds Lake and made another discovery. The lake was \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5UqOJ0gwDE\">singing on its own\u003c/a>. Why? And how? The latest video from \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/skunkbear\">Skunk Bear\u003c/a>, NPR’s science youtube channel, reveals the origin of that iconic sci-fi sound effect and explains why it can be heard every year in the frigid wilds.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got your own science-y questions for us? Use \u003ca href=\"http://skunkbear.tumblr.com/ask/\">this form\u003c/a> to send them our way. We’ll do our best to answer on Skunk Bear’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/skunkbear\">YouTube channel\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can follow Cory Williams’ Alaskan adventures on his YouTube channel, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/DudeLikeHELLA\">LiveEachDay\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Does+A+Frozen+Lake+Sound+Like+A+Star+Wars+Blaster%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Visitors to icy lakes are sometimes treated to the sounds of a space age battle. Why? NPR's Skunk Bear takes on the cold case in their latest video.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929275,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":209},"headData":{"title":"Why Does A Frozen Lake Sound Like A Star Wars Blaster? | KQED","description":"Visitors to icy lakes are sometimes treated to the sounds of a space age battle. Why? NPR's Skunk Bear takes on the cold case in their latest video.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why Does A Frozen Lake Sound Like A Star Wars Blaster?","datePublished":"2016-12-21T19:08:04.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:27:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Cory Williams","nprByline":"Adam Cole\u003c/br>NPR","nprImageAgency":"LiveEachDay","nprStoryId":"506305383","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=506305383&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/2016/12/21/506305383/why-does-a-frozen-lake-sound-like-a-star-wars-blaster?ft=nprml&f=506305383","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 21 Dec 2016 11:07:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 21 Dec 2016 10:26:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 21 Dec 2016 11:07:41 -0500","path":"/science/1259313/why-does-a-frozen-lake-sound-like-a-star-wars-blaster","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This winter brings the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/12/15/505734218/rogue-one-the-force-will-be-with-those-who-love-battle-scenes\">latest installment\u003c/a> of the Star Wars franchise, full of familiar costumes, familiar villains, and the familiar “pew pew pew” of space guns. But you can skip the movie theatre and still hear those iconic blaster sounds if you visit a frozen lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cory Williams discovered this natural phenomenon back in 2014, when he moved from California to Alaska. He tried skipping rocks across the icy surface of Edmonds Lake, just up the road from Anchorage. His \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIHF5EoEixc&list=PLdhXxdF8pgd4moYg2gdqJGiTQvYOaJBjc\">YouTube video\u003c/a> of the space age twanging that ensued was viewed 11 million times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/OC7_zpyqCrU\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Williams returned to Edmonds Lake and made another discovery. The lake was \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5UqOJ0gwDE\">singing on its own\u003c/a>. Why? And how? The latest video from \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/skunkbear\">Skunk Bear\u003c/a>, NPR’s science youtube channel, reveals the origin of that iconic sci-fi sound effect and explains why it can be heard every year in the frigid wilds.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got your own science-y questions for us? Use \u003ca href=\"http://skunkbear.tumblr.com/ask/\">this form\u003c/a> to send them our way. We’ll do our best to answer on Skunk Bear’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/skunkbear\">YouTube channel\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can follow Cory Williams’ Alaskan adventures on his YouTube channel, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/DudeLikeHELLA\">LiveEachDay\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Does+A+Frozen+Lake+Sound+Like+A+Star+Wars+Blaster%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1259313/why-does-a-frozen-lake-sound-like-a-star-wars-blaster","authors":["byline_science_1259313"],"categories":["science_40","science_42"],"tags":["science_2088","science_672"],"featImg":"science_1259314","label":"science"},"science_493068":{"type":"posts","id":"science_493068","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"493068","score":null,"sort":[1453906825000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-drones-could-advance-polar-science-and-navigation-once-they-work-out-the-kinks","title":"How Drones Could Advance Polar Science and Navigation (Once They Work Out the Kinks)","publishDate":1453906825,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How Drones Could Advance Polar Science and Navigation (Once They Work Out the Kinks) | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":2827,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>The sixth in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/breaking-the-ice/\">series of dispatches\u003c/a> from freelance writer Brandon Reynolds aboard the USCG icebreaker Polar Star, on its annual resupply mission to the research base, McMurdo Station. It’s a critical task imperiled by the nation’s aging, shrinking fleet of ice-breaking ships.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the lost continent of Antarctica, what has been discovered most are superlatives. Antarctica is the coldest, driest, windiest, highest continent on Earth. It can also be one of the most treacherous, as the recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/26/world/europe/henry-worsley-british-explorer.html?_r=0\">death of British explorer Henry Worsley\u003c/a> underscores. Since the days of \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration\">Amundsen, Scott and Shackleton\u003c/a>, science here has been a matter of feel as much as anything else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowadays science is more bureaucratic. It’s to be expected when many nations converge on a continent and all stand around pretending they don’t want to take it over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_493682\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-493682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668.jpg\" alt=\"Antarctic wildlife turns out to greet Polar Star when she reaches the pack ice.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Take us to your leader:” Antarctic wildlife turns out to greet Polar Star when she reaches the pack ice. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/03/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Polar Star\u003c/a> once supported science on its missions: releasing weather balloons and buoys to measure oceanic tides and temperatures, that esoteric stuff that’s seeking answers to questions you never thought to ask. The National Science Foundation pays for the Polar Star’s mission once it drops below the Antarctic Circle, and its priorities now have stripped the science off Polar Star so that now the icebreaker’s only job is to clear the channel for the ships to bring food and fuel and booze and equipment and t-shirts, the raw materials needed not just to run a research station and the science that goes on there, but to connect an entire continent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So science doesn’t much happen on Polar Star anymore. The shipping container that once housed all the science equipment has become a cigar lounge of the apocalypse, and the onboard lab is used to store bicycles. But science has stowed away, and it looks like toys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_493524\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-493524 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs.jpg\" alt=\"Todd Jacobs of NOAA holds the Puma down against high winds.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Todd Jacobs of NOAA holds the Puma down against high winds. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has attached a delegation to this year’s Deep Freeze. The Coast Guard, just like any American in any public park these days, is fascinated by all the drones flying around, and wondered: How the hell can we make these things useful?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s been exploring the use of drones, or “unmanned aerial vehicles,” depending on your sensitivity to the word “drone,” for counting marine mammals and birds, tracking oil spills, and surveilling protected fisheries. “Aha!,” said the Coast Guard. The two agencies have been partnering for the last few years on using drones for those “dirty, dull, and dangerous” jobs, says Todd Jacobs, Project Manager for \u003ca href=\"http://uas.noaa.gov/\">NOAA’s Unmanned Aircraft Systems Program\u003c/a> Office. Send the drones to those places where the risk of boredom or death is high. “These are places that you couldn’t otherwise get to without unmanned aircraft,” says Jacobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this trip, the Coast Guard was interested in using drones to scout ice conditions ahead of the ship. In the past, there have been helicopters, which are far more costly to operate. Jacobs and a team from UAV-maker Aerovironment brought some \u003ca href=\"http://www.avinc.com/uas/small_uas/puma/\">electric-motor-driven gliders\u003c/a> with nine-foot wingspans, traditionally used to assess battlefield conditions or silently track, say, suspected terrorists. “I see it as a swords-to-ploughshares kind of conversion,” Jacobs says. “To get another life out of them I think is kind of a big win for the American public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aerovironment Puma is the big brother of the militarily popular Raven. It can be hand-launched, flown manually or auto-piloted, fly up to four hours, and land on water, which is how NOAA retrieves it after many flights. On Polar Star, a prototype net-capture system has been set up on the flight deck to catch the thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_493528\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 853px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-493528 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fishing2.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin Volbrecht of Aerovironment fishes the Puma out of the drink.\" width=\"853\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fishing2.jpg 853w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fishing2-400x600.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fishing2-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fishing2-768x1152.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 853px) 100vw, 853px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin Volbrecht of Aerovironment fishes the Puma out of the drink. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the Coast Guard’s Arctic icebreaker Healy last summer, the team reports that the Puma flew well and true. On Polar Star, it hasn’t done so great. There have been crashes on ice and water caused by wind and other, as-yet-undiagnosed problems, and delays and cancellations due to scheduling issues with the research base at \u003ca href=\"http://www.coolantarctica.com/Bases/McMurdo/mcmurdo-base-antarctica.php\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>. The NOAA and Aerovironment teams are frustrated, but they keep patching the birds back together and sending them aloft. They got it out to 25 nautical miles on one run, which is a pioneering first for Antarctic unmanned flight. If they figure it all out, drone technology could at least supplement some of the dangerous/boring things the helos tend to do and expand the ability to map the continent in real-time. On the lost continent, they continue the Antarctic tradition of discovering perseverance in a place that pretty much wants to destroy all of man’s puny works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backing up the Puma mission is another bit of ice science, led by Pablo Clemente-Colón of NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.natice.noaa.gov/\">National Ice Center\u003c/a> in Suitland, Maryland. Clemente-Colón is chief scientist at NIC and an expert in sea ice, a satellite oceanographer who scopes out the ice condition from far above. NIC analyst Chris Readinger is also aboard. He provides satellite photos to help the crew make navigational decisions, but this is the first time in a few years that there have been people aboard who can read that information and interpret, say, how old the ice is, or how stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_493525\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-493525\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo.jpg\" alt=\"Pablo Clemente-Colón, chief scientist of NOAA's National Ice Center.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pablo Clemente-Colón, chief scientist of NOAA’s National Ice Center. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clemente-Colón has been at it since 1979. He’s spent most of the last decade summering in the Arctic with NOAA, NSF, and the Coast Guard, studying the age and melting patterns of ice. It’s not enough to look at how much ice there is. As with most things, the truth is below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First-year” ice, the two-meter stuff that we’re crashing through here, will often melt during the summers, creating open water before refreezing in the winter. Multiyear sea ice, which can be a decade old, is much thicker and less prone to melting, generally. It’s more stable. So looking at the \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/sea_ice_south.php\">extent of surface ice\u003c/a> won’t tell the whole story, says Clemente-Colón. Sea ice could extend farther than in previous years, but if it’s first-year, it’s thinner, so the total volume of ice out there is less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which means that for the next summer it could melt much more rapidly and you would have \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86822\">more weeks or months of open water\u003c/a> during the summer than if the cover contained a significantly larger volume of multiyear ice.” That creates positive feedback, he says. “The more the cover retreats during the summer, the more heat is absorbed by the ocean, the more there is a delay in the next freezing, and the less opportunity for the ice to really sustain itself through the years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_493603\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-493603\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279.jpg\" alt=\"Sea ice around Antarctica reached its annual peak in October, 2015. The extent was a retreat from recent record highs.\" width=\"720\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sea ice around Antarctica reached its annual peak in October, 2015. The extent was a retreat from recent record highs. \u003ccite>(NASA Earth Observatory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Arctic, these changes are more readily apparent, because it’s all ice and no land. In Antarctica, \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/sea_ice_south.php\">the giant cap of ice\u003c/a> on the continent, plus the circulating Southern Ocean, keeps the system more stable. Don’t look here for answers to what all this will do to your local weather. Clemente-Colón says it raises a lot of questions, which are challenges, which seems to be the primary export of the polar regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What are the changes in that system? How are those changes affecting the planetary climate? I don’t think we’re there yet,” he says. “Even in the Arctic where we know that the changes are real, it’s sometimes difficult to link those changes to what’s happening in lower latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Next: Where to From Here?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Brandon R. Reynolds lives in Los Angeles but currently summers in the Antarctic Circle. He has written for San Francisco Magazine, SF Weekly, The Atlantic, and Oxford American (not the dictionary).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One thing we know: the Antarctic is a very different animal than the Arctic when it comes to interpreting ice patterns.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930724,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1431},"headData":{"title":"How Drones Could Advance Polar Science and Navigation (Once They Work Out the Kinks) | KQED","description":"One thing we know: the Antarctic is a very different animal than the Arctic when it comes to interpreting ice patterns.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Drones Could Advance Polar Science and Navigation (Once They Work Out the Kinks)","datePublished":"2016-01-27T15:00:25.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:52:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003cstrong>Brandon R. Reynolds\u003c/strong>","path":"/science/493068/how-drones-could-advance-polar-science-and-navigation-once-they-work-out-the-kinks","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>The sixth in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/breaking-the-ice/\">series of dispatches\u003c/a> from freelance writer Brandon Reynolds aboard the USCG icebreaker Polar Star, on its annual resupply mission to the research base, McMurdo Station. It’s a critical task imperiled by the nation’s aging, shrinking fleet of ice-breaking ships.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the lost continent of Antarctica, what has been discovered most are superlatives. Antarctica is the coldest, driest, windiest, highest continent on Earth. It can also be one of the most treacherous, as the recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/26/world/europe/henry-worsley-british-explorer.html?_r=0\">death of British explorer Henry Worsley\u003c/a> underscores. Since the days of \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration\">Amundsen, Scott and Shackleton\u003c/a>, science here has been a matter of feel as much as anything else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowadays science is more bureaucratic. It’s to be expected when many nations converge on a continent and all stand around pretending they don’t want to take it over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_493682\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-493682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668.jpg\" alt=\"Antarctic wildlife turns out to greet Polar Star when she reaches the pack ice.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01668-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Take us to your leader:” Antarctic wildlife turns out to greet Polar Star when she reaches the pack ice. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/03/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Polar Star\u003c/a> once supported science on its missions: releasing weather balloons and buoys to measure oceanic tides and temperatures, that esoteric stuff that’s seeking answers to questions you never thought to ask. The National Science Foundation pays for the Polar Star’s mission once it drops below the Antarctic Circle, and its priorities now have stripped the science off Polar Star so that now the icebreaker’s only job is to clear the channel for the ships to bring food and fuel and booze and equipment and t-shirts, the raw materials needed not just to run a research station and the science that goes on there, but to connect an entire continent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So science doesn’t much happen on Polar Star anymore. The shipping container that once housed all the science equipment has become a cigar lounge of the apocalypse, and the onboard lab is used to store bicycles. But science has stowed away, and it looks like toys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_493524\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-493524 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs.jpg\" alt=\"Todd Jacobs of NOAA holds the Puma down against high winds.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/jacobs-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Todd Jacobs of NOAA holds the Puma down against high winds. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has attached a delegation to this year’s Deep Freeze. The Coast Guard, just like any American in any public park these days, is fascinated by all the drones flying around, and wondered: How the hell can we make these things useful?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s been exploring the use of drones, or “unmanned aerial vehicles,” depending on your sensitivity to the word “drone,” for counting marine mammals and birds, tracking oil spills, and surveilling protected fisheries. “Aha!,” said the Coast Guard. The two agencies have been partnering for the last few years on using drones for those “dirty, dull, and dangerous” jobs, says Todd Jacobs, Project Manager for \u003ca href=\"http://uas.noaa.gov/\">NOAA’s Unmanned Aircraft Systems Program\u003c/a> Office. Send the drones to those places where the risk of boredom or death is high. “These are places that you couldn’t otherwise get to without unmanned aircraft,” says Jacobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this trip, the Coast Guard was interested in using drones to scout ice conditions ahead of the ship. In the past, there have been helicopters, which are far more costly to operate. Jacobs and a team from UAV-maker Aerovironment brought some \u003ca href=\"http://www.avinc.com/uas/small_uas/puma/\">electric-motor-driven gliders\u003c/a> with nine-foot wingspans, traditionally used to assess battlefield conditions or silently track, say, suspected terrorists. “I see it as a swords-to-ploughshares kind of conversion,” Jacobs says. “To get another life out of them I think is kind of a big win for the American public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aerovironment Puma is the big brother of the militarily popular Raven. It can be hand-launched, flown manually or auto-piloted, fly up to four hours, and land on water, which is how NOAA retrieves it after many flights. On Polar Star, a prototype net-capture system has been set up on the flight deck to catch the thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_493528\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 853px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-493528 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fishing2.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin Volbrecht of Aerovironment fishes the Puma out of the drink.\" width=\"853\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fishing2.jpg 853w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fishing2-400x600.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fishing2-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fishing2-768x1152.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 853px) 100vw, 853px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin Volbrecht of Aerovironment fishes the Puma out of the drink. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the Coast Guard’s Arctic icebreaker Healy last summer, the team reports that the Puma flew well and true. On Polar Star, it hasn’t done so great. There have been crashes on ice and water caused by wind and other, as-yet-undiagnosed problems, and delays and cancellations due to scheduling issues with the research base at \u003ca href=\"http://www.coolantarctica.com/Bases/McMurdo/mcmurdo-base-antarctica.php\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>. The NOAA and Aerovironment teams are frustrated, but they keep patching the birds back together and sending them aloft. They got it out to 25 nautical miles on one run, which is a pioneering first for Antarctic unmanned flight. If they figure it all out, drone technology could at least supplement some of the dangerous/boring things the helos tend to do and expand the ability to map the continent in real-time. On the lost continent, they continue the Antarctic tradition of discovering perseverance in a place that pretty much wants to destroy all of man’s puny works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backing up the Puma mission is another bit of ice science, led by Pablo Clemente-Colón of NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.natice.noaa.gov/\">National Ice Center\u003c/a> in Suitland, Maryland. Clemente-Colón is chief scientist at NIC and an expert in sea ice, a satellite oceanographer who scopes out the ice condition from far above. NIC analyst Chris Readinger is also aboard. He provides satellite photos to help the crew make navigational decisions, but this is the first time in a few years that there have been people aboard who can read that information and interpret, say, how old the ice is, or how stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_493525\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-493525\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo.jpg\" alt=\"Pablo Clemente-Colón, chief scientist of NOAA's National Ice Center.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/pablo-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pablo Clemente-Colón, chief scientist of NOAA’s National Ice Center. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clemente-Colón has been at it since 1979. He’s spent most of the last decade summering in the Arctic with NOAA, NSF, and the Coast Guard, studying the age and melting patterns of ice. It’s not enough to look at how much ice there is. As with most things, the truth is below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First-year” ice, the two-meter stuff that we’re crashing through here, will often melt during the summers, creating open water before refreezing in the winter. Multiyear sea ice, which can be a decade old, is much thicker and less prone to melting, generally. It’s more stable. So looking at the \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/sea_ice_south.php\">extent of surface ice\u003c/a> won’t tell the whole story, says Clemente-Colón. Sea ice could extend farther than in previous years, but if it’s first-year, it’s thinner, so the total volume of ice out there is less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which means that for the next summer it could melt much more rapidly and you would have \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86822\">more weeks or months of open water\u003c/a> during the summer than if the cover contained a significantly larger volume of multiyear ice.” That creates positive feedback, he says. “The more the cover retreats during the summer, the more heat is absorbed by the ocean, the more there is a delay in the next freezing, and the less opportunity for the ice to really sustain itself through the years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_493603\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-493603\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279.jpg\" alt=\"Sea ice around Antarctica reached its annual peak in October, 2015. The extent was a retreat from recent record highs.\" width=\"720\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/spseaice_am2_2015279-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sea ice around Antarctica reached its annual peak in October, 2015. The extent was a retreat from recent record highs. \u003ccite>(NASA Earth Observatory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Arctic, these changes are more readily apparent, because it’s all ice and no land. In Antarctica, \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/sea_ice_south.php\">the giant cap of ice\u003c/a> on the continent, plus the circulating Southern Ocean, keeps the system more stable. Don’t look here for answers to what all this will do to your local weather. Clemente-Colón says it raises a lot of questions, which are challenges, which seems to be the primary export of the polar regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What are the changes in that system? How are those changes affecting the planetary climate? I don’t think we’re there yet,” he says. “Even in the Arctic where we know that the changes are real, it’s sometimes difficult to link those changes to what’s happening in lower latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Next: Where to From Here?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Brandon R. Reynolds lives in Los Angeles but currently summers in the Antarctic Circle. He has written for San Francisco Magazine, SF Weekly, The Atlantic, and Oxford American (not the dictionary).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/493068/how-drones-could-advance-polar-science-and-navigation-once-they-work-out-the-kinks","authors":["byline_science_493068"],"series":["science_2827"],"categories":["science_31","science_89","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_386","science_2088","science_2818"],"featImg":"science_493522","label":"science_2827"},"science_24399":{"type":"posts","id":"science_24399","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"24399","score":null,"sort":[1417528806000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-hidden-perils-of-permafrost","title":"The Hidden Perils of Permafrost","publishDate":1417528806,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Hidden Perils of Permafrost | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]There’s something buried in the Arctic soil that could have a huge effect on the future of our planet’s climate. Scientists from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> have descended on Barrow, Alaska to study permafrost — soil that remains frozen throughout the seasons, often for thousands of years. They’re interested in permafrost because it has the potential to release an enormous amount of greenhouse gases in a short amount of time if rising temperatures cause the permafrost to thaw. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard and Alessio Gusmeroli collecting ground penetrating radar data. \" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24402\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard driving and Alessio Gusmeroli (UA Fairbanks) collecting ground penetrating radar data. Photo: John Peterson/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly one quarter of the land in the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere is permafrost, and the decaying plant matter within it contains about twice as much carbon as is presently in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24409\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard, LBNL’s representative on the NGEE-Arctic project exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation present at the Barrow, AK field site.\u003cbr>Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003cbr>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">The Next Generation Ecosystem Experiment – Arctic\u003c/a>, is a collaborative project between Lawrence Berkeley Lab and seven other institutions to study this ecosystem in incredible detail. The researchers began work in 2012, and plan to continue their research through 2022. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24404\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite.\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They aim to combine information from a wide range of techniques – from \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsound.ie/electrical-resistivity-tomography.html\">Electrical Resistance Tomography\u003c/a> that measures the soil’s moisture, salinity and texture, to a kite outfitted with a camera that reveals the surface vegetation and topography. By bringing together a variety of techniques, they hope to learn all they can about this one specific location. The team plans to use the knowledge to create more accurate computer models of our planet’s climate, which will allow scientists to better understand how permafrost everywhere will react to changes in temperature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The combination of above and below ground geophysical imaging of the Arctic tundra has enabled us to, for the first time, ‘see’ complex interactions occurring between land surface, active layer, and permafrost processes that contribute to carbon cycling,” says Susan Hubbard, Director of the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to predict how large swaths of permafrost will react to changing conditions, the researchers must learn exactly what the soils are made of — down to the microscopic level. They need to know where the permafrost is and how deep it goes. They need to know what minerals it contains, including how much water and gas, and what tiny organisms live there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1836px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\" alt=\"Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\" width=\"1836\" height=\"3264\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One aspect of the project requires the researchers to drill down from the surface and extract long solid cylinders of frozen soil. They ship the frozen samples back to research labs for a battery of tests. At Lawrence Berkeley Lab, they’re using a CT scanner, similar to those found in hospitals, to measure and examine the makeup of the cores, because different substances react differently to changing temperatures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3840px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24412\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the “active layer” near the soil’s surface can freeze each fall and thaw each summer, the permafrost layer further below may stay frozen for thousands of years. Within it lays the remnants of ancient plants and bacteria that have stayed dormant, trapped in the frozen soil. It also contains greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, which are the waste products created by bacteria as they break down the dead plant matter buried in the soil. If the soil thaws, the ancient bacteria will get to work decomposing the plant matter and releasing greenhouse gases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24403\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data using sensors buried in the Alaskan soil. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The extra greenhouse gases could trap heat in the atmosphere, which would in turn thaw more permafrost. This could result in a catastrophic feedback loop that would accelerate the warming of the planet. Another possibility is that a warming climate might create longer growing seasons in the summer, which would allow more plants to grow at the surface. As the plants grow, they could trap more carbon out of the atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast size, the Arctic tundra is also extremely complex. The different geological features make it difficult to predict how the large swaths of land will react to warming, researchers say. Current models suggest that between 7 percent and 90 percent of permafrost may thaw by the year 2100. That wide range shows that scientists need to gain a more detailed understanding of the systems at play in order to achieve more precise predictions about the future.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For thousands of years, mysterious bacteria have remained dormant in the Arctic permafrost. Now, a warming climate threatens to bring them back to life. What does that mean for the rest of us?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932560,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":808},"headData":{"title":"The Hidden Perils of Permafrost | KQED","description":"For thousands of years, mysterious bacteria have remained dormant in the Arctic permafrost. Now, a warming climate threatens to bring them back to life. What does that mean for the rest of us?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Hidden Perils of Permafrost","datePublished":"2014-12-02T14:00:06.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:22:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxABO84gol8&autohide=2&rel=0","sticky":false,"path":"/science/24399/the-hidden-perils-of-permafrost","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>There’s something buried in the Arctic soil that could have a huge effect on the future of our planet’s climate. Scientists from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> have descended on Barrow, Alaska to study permafrost — soil that remains frozen throughout the seasons, often for thousands of years. They’re interested in permafrost because it has the potential to release an enormous amount of greenhouse gases in a short amount of time if rising temperatures cause the permafrost to thaw. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard and Alessio Gusmeroli collecting ground penetrating radar data. \" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24402\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard driving and Alessio Gusmeroli (UA Fairbanks) collecting ground penetrating radar data. Photo: John Peterson/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly one quarter of the land in the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere is permafrost, and the decaying plant matter within it contains about twice as much carbon as is presently in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24409\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard, LBNL’s representative on the NGEE-Arctic project exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation present at the Barrow, AK field site.\u003cbr>Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003cbr>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">The Next Generation Ecosystem Experiment – Arctic\u003c/a>, is a collaborative project between Lawrence Berkeley Lab and seven other institutions to study this ecosystem in incredible detail. The researchers began work in 2012, and plan to continue their research through 2022. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24404\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite.\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They aim to combine information from a wide range of techniques – from \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsound.ie/electrical-resistivity-tomography.html\">Electrical Resistance Tomography\u003c/a> that measures the soil’s moisture, salinity and texture, to a kite outfitted with a camera that reveals the surface vegetation and topography. By bringing together a variety of techniques, they hope to learn all they can about this one specific location. The team plans to use the knowledge to create more accurate computer models of our planet’s climate, which will allow scientists to better understand how permafrost everywhere will react to changes in temperature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The combination of above and below ground geophysical imaging of the Arctic tundra has enabled us to, for the first time, ‘see’ complex interactions occurring between land surface, active layer, and permafrost processes that contribute to carbon cycling,” says Susan Hubbard, Director of the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to predict how large swaths of permafrost will react to changing conditions, the researchers must learn exactly what the soils are made of — down to the microscopic level. They need to know where the permafrost is and how deep it goes. They need to know what minerals it contains, including how much water and gas, and what tiny organisms live there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1836px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\" alt=\"Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\" width=\"1836\" height=\"3264\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One aspect of the project requires the researchers to drill down from the surface and extract long solid cylinders of frozen soil. They ship the frozen samples back to research labs for a battery of tests. At Lawrence Berkeley Lab, they’re using a CT scanner, similar to those found in hospitals, to measure and examine the makeup of the cores, because different substances react differently to changing temperatures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3840px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24412\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the “active layer” near the soil’s surface can freeze each fall and thaw each summer, the permafrost layer further below may stay frozen for thousands of years. Within it lays the remnants of ancient plants and bacteria that have stayed dormant, trapped in the frozen soil. It also contains greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, which are the waste products created by bacteria as they break down the dead plant matter buried in the soil. If the soil thaws, the ancient bacteria will get to work decomposing the plant matter and releasing greenhouse gases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24403\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data using sensors buried in the Alaskan soil. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The extra greenhouse gases could trap heat in the atmosphere, which would in turn thaw more permafrost. This could result in a catastrophic feedback loop that would accelerate the warming of the planet. Another possibility is that a warming climate might create longer growing seasons in the summer, which would allow more plants to grow at the surface. As the plants grow, they could trap more carbon out of the atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast size, the Arctic tundra is also extremely complex. The different geological features make it difficult to predict how the large swaths of land will react to warming, researchers say. Current models suggest that between 7 percent and 90 percent of permafrost may thaw by the year 2100. That wide range shows that scientists need to gain a more detailed understanding of the systems at play in order to achieve more precise predictions about the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/24399/the-hidden-perils-of-permafrost","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_31","science_35","science_38","science_86"],"tags":["science_1665","science_182","science_64","science_556","science_2088","science_309"],"featImg":"science_24418","label":"science_1935"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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