2015 Was the Warmest Year on Record Globally (But Not in California)
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The Great 1815 Tambora Eruption: What if This Volcano Blew Today?
U.S. and China Greenhouse Gas Deal: Landmark Move or More Hot Air?
Soil Science May Be Important Key to Tackling Climate Change
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He has broken major stories about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/135682/amid-a-series-of-vallejo-police-shootings-one-officers-name-stands-out\">police use of deadly force\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10454955/racist-texts-prompt-sfpd-internal-investigation\">officer misconduct\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11712239/terrorist-or-troll-judge-to-weigh-whether-oakland-man-really-intended-to-attack-bay-area\">other\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11221414/hayward-paid-159000-to-husband-of-retired-police-chief-documents-show\">high\u003c/a>-\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10622762/the-forgotten-tracking-two-homicides-in-san-francisco-public-housing\">profile\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11624516/federal-agency-promoted-ranger-just-months-after-his-gun-was-stolen-and-used-in-steinle-killing\">cases\u003c/a>. 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His \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/147854/half-of-those-killed-by-san-francisco-police-are-mentally-ill\">reporting\u003c/a> on police killings of people in psychiatric crisis was cited in amicus briefs before the U.S. Supreme Court.\r\n\r\nAlex now enjoys mentoring the next generation of journalists at KQED.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e691e65209f20e9da202bd730ead5663?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"SFNewsReporter","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"mindshift","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Alex Emslie | KQED","description":"KQED Senior Editor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e691e65209f20e9da202bd730ead5663?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e691e65209f20e9da202bd730ead5663?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aemslie"},"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"sharolembry":{"type":"authors","id":"6328","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6328","found":true},"name":"Sharol Nelson-Embry","firstName":"Sharol","lastName":"Nelson-Embry","slug":"sharolembry","email":"bobsharol@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Sharol Nelson-Embry is the Supervising Naturalist at the Crab Cove Visitor Center & Aquarium on San Francisco Bay in Alameda. Crab Cove is part of the East Bay Regional Park District, one of the largest and oldest regional park agencies in the nation. She graduated from Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo with a degree in Natural Resources Management and an epiphany that connecting kids with nature was her destiny. She's been rooted in the Bay Area since 1991 after working at nature centers and outdoor science schools around our fair state. She loves the great variety of habitats stretching from the Bay shoreline to the redwoods, lakes, and hills. Sharol enjoys connecting people to nature with articles in local newspapers and online forums.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/sharolembry/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sharol Nelson-Embry | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sharolembry"},"dventon":{"type":"authors","id":"11088","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11088","found":true},"name":"Danielle Venton","firstName":"Danielle","lastName":"Venton","slug":"dventon","email":"dventon@kqed.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Science reporter","bio":"Danielle Venton is a reporter for KQED Science. She covers wildfires, space and oceans (though she is prone to sea sickness).\r\n\r\nBefore joining KQED in 2015, Danielle was a staff reporter at KRCB in Sonoma County and a freelancer. She studied science communication at UC Santa Cruz and formerly worked at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland where she wrote about computing. She lives in Sonoma County and enjoys backpacking.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"DanielleVenton","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Danielle Venton | KQED","description":"Science reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dventon"},"ekennerson":{"type":"authors","id":"11090","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11090","found":true},"name":"Elliott Kennerson","firstName":"Elliott","lastName":"Kennerson","slug":"ekennerson","email":"ekennerson@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Elliott Kennerson joined KQED Science as a Digital Media Producer in 2015. Before joining KQED, he produced the Kickstarter-funded series “Animal R&R” for KPBS in San Diego. Elliott received his M.F.A. training in wildlife documentary at Montana State in Bozeman and holds a B.A. from Yale in archaeology. In his former life as an actor, he was an associate artist with LightBox Theater Company in New York. Elliott is the recipient of a 2017 Regional Emmy for his work as a producer on “Deep Look.\"","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/90ebfa58055409e54c8f8a4c120ecf91?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"edorank","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Elliott Kennerson | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/90ebfa58055409e54c8f8a4c120ecf91?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/90ebfa58055409e54c8f8a4c120ecf91?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ekennerson"},"ninglis":{"type":"authors","id":"11376","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11376","found":true},"name":"Nikki Inglis","firstName":null,"lastName":null,"slug":"ninglis","email":"ninglis@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Nikki Inglis is a graduate student in Applied Marine and Watershed Science at California State University Monterey Bay and a summer intern at KQED Science. She grew up on an organic farm in Upstate New York and received undergraduate degrees in psychology and journalism from the University of Colorado Boulder. She has worked as a reporter and editor at the Steamboat Pilot & Today and as a deckhand on fishing boats in the Sea of Cortez. When she's not studying environmental policy, she can be found mountain biking, skiing, surfing, camping and exploring California's public lands.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/503f794e4c31d126adc2bdf2322264b3?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Nikki Inglis | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/503f794e4c31d126adc2bdf2322264b3?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/503f794e4c31d126adc2bdf2322264b3?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ninglis"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1922038":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922038","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922038","score":null,"sort":[1523970008000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-mystery-of-the-upside-down-catfish","title":"The Mystery of the Upside-Down Catfish","publishDate":1523970008,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Mystery of the Upside-Down Catfish | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Normally, an upside-down fish in your tank is bad news. As in, it’s time for a new goldfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because most fish have an internal air sac called a swim bladder that allows them to control their buoyancy and orientation. They fill the bladder with air when they want to rise, and deflate it when they want to sink. Fish without swim bladders, like sharks, have to swim constantly to keep from dropping to the bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an aquarium fish is listing to one side or flops over on its back, it often means it has swim bladder disease, a potentially life-threatening condition usually brought on by parasites, overfeeding or high nitrate levels in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922046\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922046\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blotched upside-down catfish is one of seven species that swim in an inverted position. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But for a few remarkable fish, being upside down means everything is great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, seven species of catfish native to Central Africa live most of their lives upended. These topsy-turvy swimmers are anatomically identical to their right-side-up cousins, despite having such an unusual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People’s fascination with the odd alignment of these fish goes back centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our sense of where we are in space evolved very early in vertebrates,” said John Friel, director of the Alabama Museum of Natural History, and a catfish specialist. “When you have something that kind of bucks that trend, you have to wonder why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside-down catfish have been carved into Egyptian tomb walls dating back 4,000 years. Today, they’re more often found in aquariums, where they can live up to 15 years and grow to be 4 inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies of these quizzical fish have found a number of reasons why swimming upside down makes a lot of sense — and there’s even a climate change angle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whiskers, called barbels, help the catfish sense food near the surface. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Robert Blake, a biology professor at the University of British Columbia, showed that, for fish, it’s just as efficient to swim upside down as it is to swim right side up. Blake, who died in 2016, found “no significant difference” in the two postures, as long as the fish was far enough below the waterline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the picture changes near the surface. Whether you’re a fish or an Olympic swimmer, that’s when “wave drag” comes into play. Wave drag is the turbulence produced by friction — basically, splashing — which makes it harder to swim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an upside-down position, fish produce a lot less wave drag, according to Blake’s research. That means upside-down catfish do a better job feeding on insect larvae at the waterline than their right-side-up counterparts, which have to return to deeper water to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s something else at the surface that’s even more important to a fish’s survival than food: oxygen. The gas essential to life readily dissolves from the air into the water, where it becomes concentrated in a thin layer at the waterline — right where the upside-down catfish’s mouth and gills are perfectly positioned to get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That ability can be critical for survival when the water becomes depleted of oxygen, a condition called hypoxia — which occurs naturally in some river systems, especially if they are marked by low light and dense vegetation, as in swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The upside-down catfish seems to have a whole suite of adaptations that make life at the surface more tenable,” said Lauren Chapman, a biology professor at McGill University who has been studying for more than two decades how fish respond to hypoxia in African river systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922082\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_wide-swimming.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922082\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_wide-swimming.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An upside-down catfish swims near the waterline. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one experiment, Chapman compared how upside-down and right-side-up catfish performed under low-oxygen conditions in a laboratory. She found that their swimming positions allowed the upside-down fish to breathe at the surface more easily, while the right-side-up ones had to work harder for the same benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside-down swimming didn’t necessarily evolve in response to hypoxia, Chapman said. But for many fish in the wild, oxygen levels in the water can have a big impact, including increased gill size and smaller egg numbers, which eventually could lead to the formation of separate species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When human activity, such as industrial pollution or farm runoff, causes hypoxia, the results are more catastrophic. The contamination feeds algal blooms and ultimately bacteria that consume the water’s oxygen. In places as far-flung as the Gulf of Mexico and Africa’s Lake Victoria, human-caused hypoxia has led to large-scale die-offs of marine life, called dead zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just a little local issue,” said Chapman. “We have a very serious global issue with increasingly frequent and intense hypoxic events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922081\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The upside-down catfish is marked by its dark underbelly. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate change has brought the issue of hypoxia further into focus, in part because warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen. For many fish species, it could be a case of adapt quickly or perish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists estimate that upside-down catfish have been working out their own survival strategy for as long at 35 million years. Besides their breathing and feeding behavior, the blotched upside-down catfish from the Congo Basin has also evolved a dark patch on its underside to make it harder to see against dark water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That coloration is remarkable because it’s the opposite of most sea creatures, which tend to be darker on top and lighter on the bottom, a common adaptation called countershading that offsets the effects of sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blotched upside-down catfish’s reverse countershading has earned it the scientific name \u003cem>nigriventris\u003c/em>, which means black-bellied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have been unable to pinpoint much in the catfish’s anatomy to explain why it swims the way it does. Researchers at Nara Medical University School of Medicine in Japan, led by Ken Ohnishi, even looked at the fish’s inner ear, site of the bones that control orientation in vertebrates, and found nothing unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922047\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_barrel-roll.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_barrel-roll.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While these unusual catfish sometimes turn right side up to feed, they soon return to their preferred position.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the mystery of the upside-down catfish persists, for now, as a puzzle for future scientists. “These catfish have always been interesting to people who are looking for things that are out of the ordinary,” said Friel.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You might think this upside-down catfish is sick or confused, but swimming this way makes a lot of sense.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927993,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1127},"headData":{"title":"The Mystery of the Upside-Down Catfish | KQED","description":"You might think this upside-down catfish is sick or confused, but swimming this way makes a lot of sense.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Mystery of the Upside-Down Catfish","datePublished":"2018-04-17T13:00:08.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:06:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/eurCBOJMrsE","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1922038/the-mystery-of-the-upside-down-catfish","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Normally, an upside-down fish in your tank is bad news. As in, it’s time for a new goldfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because most fish have an internal air sac called a swim bladder that allows them to control their buoyancy and orientation. They fill the bladder with air when they want to rise, and deflate it when they want to sink. Fish without swim bladders, like sharks, have to swim constantly to keep from dropping to the bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an aquarium fish is listing to one side or flops over on its back, it often means it has swim bladder disease, a potentially life-threatening condition usually brought on by parasites, overfeeding or high nitrate levels in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922046\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922046\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blotched upside-down catfish is one of seven species that swim in an inverted position. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But for a few remarkable fish, being upside down means everything is great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, seven species of catfish native to Central Africa live most of their lives upended. These topsy-turvy swimmers are anatomically identical to their right-side-up cousins, despite having such an unusual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People’s fascination with the odd alignment of these fish goes back centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our sense of where we are in space evolved very early in vertebrates,” said John Friel, director of the Alabama Museum of Natural History, and a catfish specialist. “When you have something that kind of bucks that trend, you have to wonder why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside-down catfish have been carved into Egyptian tomb walls dating back 4,000 years. Today, they’re more often found in aquariums, where they can live up to 15 years and grow to be 4 inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies of these quizzical fish have found a number of reasons why swimming upside down makes a lot of sense — and there’s even a climate change angle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whiskers, called barbels, help the catfish sense food near the surface. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Robert Blake, a biology professor at the University of British Columbia, showed that, for fish, it’s just as efficient to swim upside down as it is to swim right side up. Blake, who died in 2016, found “no significant difference” in the two postures, as long as the fish was far enough below the waterline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the picture changes near the surface. Whether you’re a fish or an Olympic swimmer, that’s when “wave drag” comes into play. Wave drag is the turbulence produced by friction — basically, splashing — which makes it harder to swim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an upside-down position, fish produce a lot less wave drag, according to Blake’s research. That means upside-down catfish do a better job feeding on insect larvae at the waterline than their right-side-up counterparts, which have to return to deeper water to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s something else at the surface that’s even more important to a fish’s survival than food: oxygen. The gas essential to life readily dissolves from the air into the water, where it becomes concentrated in a thin layer at the waterline — right where the upside-down catfish’s mouth and gills are perfectly positioned to get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That ability can be critical for survival when the water becomes depleted of oxygen, a condition called hypoxia — which occurs naturally in some river systems, especially if they are marked by low light and dense vegetation, as in swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The upside-down catfish seems to have a whole suite of adaptations that make life at the surface more tenable,” said Lauren Chapman, a biology professor at McGill University who has been studying for more than two decades how fish respond to hypoxia in African river systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922082\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_wide-swimming.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922082\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_wide-swimming.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An upside-down catfish swims near the waterline. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one experiment, Chapman compared how upside-down and right-side-up catfish performed under low-oxygen conditions in a laboratory. She found that their swimming positions allowed the upside-down fish to breathe at the surface more easily, while the right-side-up ones had to work harder for the same benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside-down swimming didn’t necessarily evolve in response to hypoxia, Chapman said. But for many fish in the wild, oxygen levels in the water can have a big impact, including increased gill size and smaller egg numbers, which eventually could lead to the formation of separate species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When human activity, such as industrial pollution or farm runoff, causes hypoxia, the results are more catastrophic. The contamination feeds algal blooms and ultimately bacteria that consume the water’s oxygen. In places as far-flung as the Gulf of Mexico and Africa’s Lake Victoria, human-caused hypoxia has led to large-scale die-offs of marine life, called dead zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just a little local issue,” said Chapman. “We have a very serious global issue with increasingly frequent and intense hypoxic events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922081\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The upside-down catfish is marked by its dark underbelly. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate change has brought the issue of hypoxia further into focus, in part because warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen. For many fish species, it could be a case of adapt quickly or perish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists estimate that upside-down catfish have been working out their own survival strategy for as long at 35 million years. Besides their breathing and feeding behavior, the blotched upside-down catfish from the Congo Basin has also evolved a dark patch on its underside to make it harder to see against dark water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That coloration is remarkable because it’s the opposite of most sea creatures, which tend to be darker on top and lighter on the bottom, a common adaptation called countershading that offsets the effects of sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blotched upside-down catfish’s reverse countershading has earned it the scientific name \u003cem>nigriventris\u003c/em>, which means black-bellied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have been unable to pinpoint much in the catfish’s anatomy to explain why it swims the way it does. Researchers at Nara Medical University School of Medicine in Japan, led by Ken Ohnishi, even looked at the fish’s inner ear, site of the bones that control orientation in vertebrates, and found nothing unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922047\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_barrel-roll.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_barrel-roll.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While these unusual catfish sometimes turn right side up to feed, they soon return to their preferred position.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the mystery of the upside-down catfish persists, for now, as a puzzle for future scientists. “These catfish have always been interesting to people who are looking for things that are out of the ordinary,” said Friel.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922038/the-mystery-of-the-upside-down-catfish","authors":["11090","11376"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_35","science_86"],"tags":["science_3253","science_3370","science_248","science_1490"],"featImg":"science_1922041","label":"science_1935"},"science_1920922":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1920922","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1920922","score":null,"sort":[1520865059000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"arctic-sea-ice-ulmer","title":"A \"New Ocean\" Is Emerging at the Top of the World","publishDate":1520865059,"format":"image","headTitle":"A “New Ocean” Is Emerging at the Top of the World | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>As the planet warms, the Arctic is warming more than twice as fast. As ice cover is disappearing, average summer sea ice has declined by more than a third since 1979. That’s roughly equal to the entire area of the Western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means more than rising sea levels and troubled polar bears. It is also shifting global trade routes and altering the balance of power between countries surrounding the Arctic. KQED’s Brian Watt spoke about this with \u003ca href=\"https://www.arctic.gov/ulmer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fran Ulmer\u003c/a>, chair of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arctic.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United States Arctic Research Commission\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"https://pangea.stanford.edu/news/current-visiting-scholars-ess\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visiting professor\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1920938 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Ice_ANIM_V05_180308.gif\" alt=\"A gif showing shriking Arctic sea ice from 1979 to 2017.\" width=\"500\" height=\"566\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You have been to the North Pole in the summertime, last summer, I understand. Am I correct?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: Summer of 2017, I went to the North Pole on a Russian nuclear icebreaker, and the day we got to the North Pole, it rained, which was stunning to me, and also to the captain of the icebreaker, who had not seen that before. It was another reminder of how rapidly things are changing in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What have you heard about the weather this winter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920936\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"A woman stands next to a sign reading 'North Pole'.\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fran Ulmer visiting the North Pole in July 2017. \u003ccite>(Fran Ulmer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: This winter has been completely crazy, completely outside the bounds of what has been experienced before. Unfortunately, it has been extraordinarily warm, and we’ve lost a lot of sea ice, so on average, the temperature around the north over the last couple of weeks has been about 36 degrees above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: For people who live here in Northern California, how is this affecting them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: Sea level rise is important to the Bay Area, and you’re already experiencing both sea level rise and subsidence. You are in one of those vulnerable zones, where the amount of sea level rise you get is going to have a big impact on people, and on infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”X4TAX1jpwSUqdewv5B1jqzzTIiAzSDsF”]It also has a big impact on the extent to which our global weather is changing. As the Arctic, which kind of serves as an air conditioner for the planet, gets warmer, and warmer, so will the planet. Ice in the Arctic is not just important to polar bears. It’s important to humans, humans who live on the shore, because of sea level rise, and (it also) affects the opportunity for people to use the Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Russia is a lot closer to this than we are. Why is this so important to Russia?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: About 80 percent of all of the oil and gas resources that Russia has is in the Arctic, so it’s important for them to be able to develop those resources, and get them to market. Russia has been promoting the northern sea route, which is the stretch of ocean about the northern coast of Russia, as kind of the new Suez Canal. It’s shorter as an alternative for the future. So, the Russian interests . . . national security, oil and gas, potential economic development associated with the shipping and, I would say, positioning itself as a global power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1920925\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Watt: Does this worry the United States?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gVEMT6oxM5fHxDVFBHEvH1lvOLHL1IbA”]Ulmer: It worries some people, who look to the vulnerabilities if our relationship deteriorates with Russia. The eight Arctic nations have gotten along pretty well, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.state.gov/e/oes/ocns/opa/arc/ac/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arctic Council\u003c/a> has been the intergovernmental forum that has kept people talking, and focused on things like environmental protection and sustainable development. But as Russia increases its Arctic presence through more icebreakers, more submarines, more military installations, more military exercises, it makes some people nervous. I hope we can maintain a fairly good relationship with Russia in the Arctic, because at least to date, the Arctic has been a zone of peace.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As the planet warms, the Arctic is warming more than twice as fast. Ice cover is disappearing. This is raising sea levels, changing weather and shifting the balance of powers between Arctic nations.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928128,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":633},"headData":{"title":"A \"New Ocean\" Is Emerging at the Top of the World | KQED","description":"As the planet warms, the Arctic is warming more than twice as fast. Ice cover is disappearing. This is raising sea levels, changing weather and shifting the balance of powers between Arctic nations.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A \"New Ocean\" Is Emerging at the Top of the World","datePublished":"2018-03-12T14:30:59.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:08:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate Change","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1920922/arctic-sea-ice-ulmer","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/03/FORWEBArcticIce2way.mp3","audioDuration":284000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the planet warms, the Arctic is warming more than twice as fast. As ice cover is disappearing, average summer sea ice has declined by more than a third since 1979. That’s roughly equal to the entire area of the Western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means more than rising sea levels and troubled polar bears. It is also shifting global trade routes and altering the balance of power between countries surrounding the Arctic. KQED’s Brian Watt spoke about this with \u003ca href=\"https://www.arctic.gov/ulmer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fran Ulmer\u003c/a>, chair of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arctic.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United States Arctic Research Commission\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"https://pangea.stanford.edu/news/current-visiting-scholars-ess\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visiting professor\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1920938 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Ice_ANIM_V05_180308.gif\" alt=\"A gif showing shriking Arctic sea ice from 1979 to 2017.\" width=\"500\" height=\"566\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You have been to the North Pole in the summertime, last summer, I understand. Am I correct?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: Summer of 2017, I went to the North Pole on a Russian nuclear icebreaker, and the day we got to the North Pole, it rained, which was stunning to me, and also to the captain of the icebreaker, who had not seen that before. It was another reminder of how rapidly things are changing in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What have you heard about the weather this winter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920936\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"A woman stands next to a sign reading 'North Pole'.\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fran Ulmer visiting the North Pole in July 2017. \u003ccite>(Fran Ulmer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: This winter has been completely crazy, completely outside the bounds of what has been experienced before. Unfortunately, it has been extraordinarily warm, and we’ve lost a lot of sea ice, so on average, the temperature around the north over the last couple of weeks has been about 36 degrees above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: For people who live here in Northern California, how is this affecting them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: Sea level rise is important to the Bay Area, and you’re already experiencing both sea level rise and subsidence. You are in one of those vulnerable zones, where the amount of sea level rise you get is going to have a big impact on people, and on infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>It also has a big impact on the extent to which our global weather is changing. As the Arctic, which kind of serves as an air conditioner for the planet, gets warmer, and warmer, so will the planet. Ice in the Arctic is not just important to polar bears. It’s important to humans, humans who live on the shore, because of sea level rise, and (it also) affects the opportunity for people to use the Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Russia is a lot closer to this than we are. Why is this so important to Russia?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: About 80 percent of all of the oil and gas resources that Russia has is in the Arctic, so it’s important for them to be able to develop those resources, and get them to market. Russia has been promoting the northern sea route, which is the stretch of ocean about the northern coast of Russia, as kind of the new Suez Canal. It’s shorter as an alternative for the future. So, the Russian interests . . . national security, oil and gas, potential economic development associated with the shipping and, I would say, positioning itself as a global power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1920925\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Watt: Does this worry the United States?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Ulmer: It worries some people, who look to the vulnerabilities if our relationship deteriorates with Russia. The eight Arctic nations have gotten along pretty well, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.state.gov/e/oes/ocns/opa/arc/ac/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arctic Council\u003c/a> has been the intergovernmental forum that has kept people talking, and focused on things like environmental protection and sustainable development. But as Russia increases its Arctic presence through more icebreakers, more submarines, more military installations, more military exercises, it makes some people nervous. I hope we can maintain a fairly good relationship with Russia in the Arctic, because at least to date, the Arctic has been a zone of peace.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1920922/arctic-sea-ice-ulmer","authors":["11088"],"categories":["science_31"],"tags":["science_194","science_3370","science_1490","science_813","science_2818"],"featImg":"science_1920935","label":"source_science_1920922"},"science_481497":{"type":"posts","id":"science_481497","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"481497","score":null,"sort":[1453310837000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"2015-was-the-warmest-year-on-record-globally-but-not-in-california","title":"2015 Was the Warmest Year on Record Globally (But Not in California)","publishDate":1453310837,"format":"standard","headTitle":"2015 Was the Warmest Year on Record Globally (But Not in California) | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>2015 goes into the books as the warmest year the Earth has experienced since 1880, when official records began. And the record was not merely set, but shattered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combining land and ocean surface temperatures, the global average for the year was 1.62°F (0.9°C) above the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century average, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/summary-info/global/201512\">data gathered by federal climate scientists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-482846\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-800x943.jpg\" alt=\"California_-map_temps copy\" width=\"394\" height=\"465\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-800x943.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-400x472.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-768x906.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-1440x1698.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-1920x2264.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-1180x1391.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-960x1132.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy.jpg 1949w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 394px) 100vw, 394px\">The extreme temperatures were evenly distributed worldwide and part of the “long-term trend,” says Gavin Schmidt of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and would have been unprecedented even without the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/tag/el-nino/\">warm El Niño conditions\u003c/a> that have prevailed in the Pacific Ocean for much of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both sea and land temperatures set new highs individually, but land temperatures in particular were way out into record territory, surpassing the previous record of 2007 by 0.45°F (0.25°C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the fourth time since 2000 that the global temperature record has been broken. Only two months — January and April — did not set temperature records globally, the first time that 10 months of any given year have all set high-temperature marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2015 was also the year that Earth officially reached one degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels (about 250 years ago), exactly halfway to the 2-degree international target established for halting global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California did not set a new mark for high temperatures, contrary to some expectations. 2015 clocked in as California’s second-warmest calendar year. Averaged over the state as a whole, 2015 fell about one degree (Fahrenheit) shy of the record set in 2014, and came in\u003cbr>\nabout one degree above the 3rd-warmest year, 1934.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" columns=\"1\" ids=\"482587\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was actually surprised that it was as warm as it was,” says Kelly Redmond, climatologist at the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California might’ve seen a new record were it not for a series of cold storms from the Gulf of Alaska that swept across Northern California in December. Kelly says temperatures for much of the year hovered around the normal range. The first three months of the year were all warmer than normal, setting expectations that 2015 might punch through the record-warm year of 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual years aside, scientists say they expect the general warming trend to continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The factors that are causing this long-term trend are continuing to accelerate,” says Schmidt, referring to the worldwide burning of fossil fuels that generates greenhouse gases, and the deforestation that reduces the land’s ability to absorb them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re gonna be betting,” adds Thomas Karl, director of NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, “I’d bet that 2016 will be warmer than 2015.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"2015 goes into the books as California's second-warmest year, topped only by 2014. Scientists say the warming trend will continue.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930763,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":478},"headData":{"title":"2015 Was the Warmest Year on Record Globally (But Not in California) | KQED","description":"2015 goes into the books as California's second-warmest year, topped only by 2014. Scientists say the warming trend will continue.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"2015 Was the Warmest Year on Record Globally (But Not in California)","datePublished":"2016-01-20T17:27:17.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:52:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/481497/2015-was-the-warmest-year-on-record-globally-but-not-in-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>2015 goes into the books as the warmest year the Earth has experienced since 1880, when official records began. And the record was not merely set, but shattered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combining land and ocean surface temperatures, the global average for the year was 1.62°F (0.9°C) above the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century average, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/summary-info/global/201512\">data gathered by federal climate scientists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-482846\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-800x943.jpg\" alt=\"California_-map_temps copy\" width=\"394\" height=\"465\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-800x943.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-400x472.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-768x906.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-1440x1698.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-1920x2264.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-1180x1391.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy-960x1132.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/California_-map_temps-copy.jpg 1949w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 394px) 100vw, 394px\">The extreme temperatures were evenly distributed worldwide and part of the “long-term trend,” says Gavin Schmidt of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and would have been unprecedented even without the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/tag/el-nino/\">warm El Niño conditions\u003c/a> that have prevailed in the Pacific Ocean for much of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both sea and land temperatures set new highs individually, but land temperatures in particular were way out into record territory, surpassing the previous record of 2007 by 0.45°F (0.25°C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the fourth time since 2000 that the global temperature record has been broken. Only two months — January and April — did not set temperature records globally, the first time that 10 months of any given year have all set high-temperature marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2015 was also the year that Earth officially reached one degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels (about 250 years ago), exactly halfway to the 2-degree international target established for halting global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California did not set a new mark for high temperatures, contrary to some expectations. 2015 clocked in as California’s second-warmest calendar year. Averaged over the state as a whole, 2015 fell about one degree (Fahrenheit) shy of the record set in 2014, and came in\u003cbr>\nabout one degree above the 3rd-warmest year, 1934.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"type":"slideshow","columns":"1","ids":"482587","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was actually surprised that it was as warm as it was,” says Kelly Redmond, climatologist at the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California might’ve seen a new record were it not for a series of cold storms from the Gulf of Alaska that swept across Northern California in December. Kelly says temperatures for much of the year hovered around the normal range. The first three months of the year were all warmer than normal, setting expectations that 2015 might punch through the record-warm year of 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual years aside, scientists say they expect the general warming trend to continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The factors that are causing this long-term trend are continuing to accelerate,” says Schmidt, referring to the worldwide burning of fossil fuels that generates greenhouse gases, and the deforestation that reduces the land’s ability to absorb them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re gonna be betting,” adds Thomas Karl, director of NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, “I’d bet that 2016 will be warmer than 2015.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/481497/2015-was-the-warmest-year-on-record-globally-but-not-in-california","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_31","science_40"],"tags":["science_1490","science_556","science_3811"],"featImg":"science_482593","label":"science"},"science_152652":{"type":"posts","id":"science_152652","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"152652","score":null,"sort":[1438384109000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-happens-when-the-birds-and-the-bees-dont-show-up-on-time","title":"What Happens When The Birds And The Bees Don't Show Up On Time","publishDate":1438384109,"format":"standard","headTitle":"What Happens When The Birds And The Bees Don’t Show Up On Time | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">High summer, with its brown hills and warm bay waters, beckons insects to blooming chaparral plants and songbirds to nest. It all runs according to a complex but precise natural clock. Or at least it’s supposed to.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Scientists are mobilizing platoons of volunteers to track the timing of all this, known as phenology — the study of seasonal events such as flowering and fruiting plants and the migration and reproduction of butterflies, birds, and other animals. Data about these seasonal phenomena will help scientists stay ahead of changes that may be coming with global climate change. As the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usanpn.org/about/why-phenology\">USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN)\u003c/a> puts it, phenology is “taking the pulse of our planet.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The changing climate can potentially create mismatches in the timing of plant blooms and presence of pollinators. That’s a concern, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usanpn.org/node/21457\">especially for migratory pollinators \u003c/a>and those in northern latitudes with a narrower time frame for matching up. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_153507\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Baccharispilularis-bloom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Baccharispilularis-bloom-800x1066.jpg\" alt=\"Coyotebrush is one of the plants studied in the California Phenology Project. It's dioecious with separate plants having the male and female flower parts.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1066\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-153507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Baccharispilularis-bloom-800x1066.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Baccharispilularis-bloom-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Baccharispilularis-bloom-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Baccharispilularis-bloom.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coyotebrush is one of the plants studied in the California Phenology Project. It’s dioecious with separate plants having the male and female flower parts. \u003ccite>(Miguel Vieira/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds, for example, depend on certain flowers as way stations along their migration to northern nesting grounds. If the flowers weren’t blooming to support the intensive energy needs of the hummingbirds on their journey, it could spell disaster. Likewise, many of the crops that humans depend on for food and fiber can suffer if the proper pollinators aren’t in the neighborhood at the right time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.usanpn.org/cpp/about\">California Phenology Project\u003c/a> was launched in 2010 with support of from the National Park Service in partnership with USA-NPN at 19 sites across the state. They rolled out the project to test data-collection methods and mobilize a volunteer corps of citizen scientists. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Three years of refining training and protocols produced enough data for\u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/10.1890/ES14-00433.1\"> a paper\u003c/a> published in the journal Ecosphere in June. The study tracked four plant species — coyote brush, valley oak, blue elderberry, and California buckwheat — across a variety of habitats. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They monitored each species through leaf budding, flowering, fruiting, and leaf drop and correlated it with climate drivers such as temperature and rainfall. The study determined that the methods and data collected by staff and trained volunteers was sufficient to detect phenological variability across the state and should be replicated in more areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_153506\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Citizen scientist volunteers just completed a training at Redwood Regional Park and will be going out on the trail to monitor plant phenology.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-153506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Citizen scientist volunteers just completed a training at Redwood Regional Park and will be going out on the trail to monitor plant phenology. \u003ccite>(Deborah Zierten/Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/\">Save the Redwoods League \u003c/a> have just partnered on a new project at Redwood Regional Park to monitor the plants there and contribute the data through the Nature’s Notebook monitoring program, part of USA-NPN. Fifteen new citizen scientists just completed the initial training and will be going out to collect data about what’s happening with the plants seasonally. The status of each marked plant will be recorded, from fruiting to the winter leaf drop, early spring leaf budding and spring flowers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If you’re inspired to join the growing group of volunteers watching the plants and animals and their phenology, you can join Nature’s Notebook and go \u003ca href=\"https://www.usanpn.org/about/approach\">online for the training materials on the USA-NPN website\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To join the Regional Park District or Redwoods League, watch for the next \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/\">Redwood Regional Park training\u003c/a> later this fall. You can monitor the plants and animals in your yard or local park and report your findings on the national database. Now, how cool is that? \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Citizen scientists are mobilizing to track the local phenology, the timing of seasonal changes in the natural world. Here's why it matters.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931489,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":615},"headData":{"title":"What Happens When The Birds And The Bees Don't Show Up On Time | KQED","description":"Citizen scientists are mobilizing to track the local phenology, the timing of seasonal changes in the natural world. Here's why it matters.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Happens When The Birds And The Bees Don't Show Up On Time","datePublished":"2015-07-31T23:08:29.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:04:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/152652/what-happens-when-the-birds-and-the-bees-dont-show-up-on-time","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">High summer, with its brown hills and warm bay waters, beckons insects to blooming chaparral plants and songbirds to nest. It all runs according to a complex but precise natural clock. Or at least it’s supposed to.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Scientists are mobilizing platoons of volunteers to track the timing of all this, known as phenology — the study of seasonal events such as flowering and fruiting plants and the migration and reproduction of butterflies, birds, and other animals. Data about these seasonal phenomena will help scientists stay ahead of changes that may be coming with global climate change. As the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usanpn.org/about/why-phenology\">USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN)\u003c/a> puts it, phenology is “taking the pulse of our planet.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The changing climate can potentially create mismatches in the timing of plant blooms and presence of pollinators. That’s a concern, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usanpn.org/node/21457\">especially for migratory pollinators \u003c/a>and those in northern latitudes with a narrower time frame for matching up. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_153507\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Baccharispilularis-bloom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Baccharispilularis-bloom-800x1066.jpg\" alt=\"Coyotebrush is one of the plants studied in the California Phenology Project. It's dioecious with separate plants having the male and female flower parts.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1066\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-153507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Baccharispilularis-bloom-800x1066.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Baccharispilularis-bloom-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Baccharispilularis-bloom-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Baccharispilularis-bloom.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coyotebrush is one of the plants studied in the California Phenology Project. It’s dioecious with separate plants having the male and female flower parts. \u003ccite>(Miguel Vieira/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds, for example, depend on certain flowers as way stations along their migration to northern nesting grounds. If the flowers weren’t blooming to support the intensive energy needs of the hummingbirds on their journey, it could spell disaster. Likewise, many of the crops that humans depend on for food and fiber can suffer if the proper pollinators aren’t in the neighborhood at the right time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.usanpn.org/cpp/about\">California Phenology Project\u003c/a> was launched in 2010 with support of from the National Park Service in partnership with USA-NPN at 19 sites across the state. They rolled out the project to test data-collection methods and mobilize a volunteer corps of citizen scientists. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Three years of refining training and protocols produced enough data for\u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/10.1890/ES14-00433.1\"> a paper\u003c/a> published in the journal Ecosphere in June. The study tracked four plant species — coyote brush, valley oak, blue elderberry, and California buckwheat — across a variety of habitats. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They monitored each species through leaf budding, flowering, fruiting, and leaf drop and correlated it with climate drivers such as temperature and rainfall. The study determined that the methods and data collected by staff and trained volunteers was sufficient to detect phenological variability across the state and should be replicated in more areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_153506\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Citizen scientist volunteers just completed a training at Redwood Regional Park and will be going out on the trail to monitor plant phenology.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-153506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Redwood-Phenology-Volunteers-2015.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Citizen scientist volunteers just completed a training at Redwood Regional Park and will be going out on the trail to monitor plant phenology. \u003ccite>(Deborah Zierten/Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/\">Save the Redwoods League \u003c/a> have just partnered on a new project at Redwood Regional Park to monitor the plants there and contribute the data through the Nature’s Notebook monitoring program, part of USA-NPN. Fifteen new citizen scientists just completed the initial training and will be going out to collect data about what’s happening with the plants seasonally. The status of each marked plant will be recorded, from fruiting to the winter leaf drop, early spring leaf budding and spring flowers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If you’re inspired to join the growing group of volunteers watching the plants and animals and their phenology, you can join Nature’s Notebook and go \u003ca href=\"https://www.usanpn.org/about/approach\">online for the training materials on the USA-NPN website\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To join the Regional Park District or Redwoods League, watch for the next \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/\">Redwood Regional Park training\u003c/a> later this fall. You can monitor the plants and animals in your yard or local park and report your findings on the national database. Now, how cool is that? \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/152652/what-happens-when-the-birds-and-the-bees-dont-show-up-on-time","authors":["6328"],"categories":["science_30","science_31"],"tags":["science_1490"],"featImg":"science_153508","label":"science"},"science_29080":{"type":"posts","id":"science_29080","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"29080","score":null,"sort":[1428591622000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-great-1815-tambora-eruption-what-if-this-volcano-blew-today","title":"The Great 1815 Tambora Eruption: What if This Volcano Blew Today?","publishDate":1428591622,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Great 1815 Tambora Eruption: What if This Volcano Blew Today? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/tambora.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/tambora.jpg\" alt=\"Tambora today\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Tambora blew its top, 200 years ago this week, it left a smoking caldera behind that measures 6 kilometers across. (Jialiang Gao/Wikimedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tambora was once a tall and graceful mountain, as high as Hawaii’s great volcanoes, with a shape as classic as Fujiyama’s. Then, in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora\">a series of great eruptions\u003c/a> 200 years ago this week, it lost more than one-third of its height and covered a wide swath of today’s Indonesia in choking, toxic ash. It was the most powerful eruption of the last 1000 years, as far as we can tell—our knowledge is far from complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, no one in the world was called a scientist. Electricity was a laboratory curiosity. The steam engine was bleeding-edge technology. Indonesia did not have a volcano agency, and it took months before ships brought word from the colonial Dutch East Indies to the rest of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news that emerged was apocalyptic. The eruption’s roar was heard a thousand miles away. The sun was entirely blotted out for days within about 400 miles of the volcano. Acid rain and layers of fine ash killed the crops, causing widespread famine and disease. Tens of thousands of people were sickened by caustic ash and sulfuric gases. Great sea waves had flooded harbors and coastlines across the East Indies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine ash particles and clouds of sulfuric acid droplets were injected nearly 30 miles up into the stratosphere and carried around the world. The summer of 1815 was marked by persistent red skies and cold days in Europe, North America and China. The weather was even worse in 1816, recorded by history as the year without a summer. Famine in Europe continued for several years more. The decade of the 1810s, as a result, is the coldest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanologists rank Tambora’s eruption as a category 7 in their \u003ca href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/vei.php\">Volcanic Eruptivity Index scale\u003c/a>. It’s the only clear-cut example on the books—so far. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans might picture this eruption happening in, say, the Pacific Northwest states among the Cascades volcanoes. Imagine the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980, multiplied by 100 times. We have a fairly good idea of what happened, because \u003ca href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/crater_lake/crater_lake_geo_hist_135.html\">it really did happen about 7700 years ago\u003c/a> to a volcano in southern Oregon called Mount Mazama. The remains of that peak are now the center of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/crla/index.htm\">Crater Lake National Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another Tambora will happen one day, as surely as Earth is an active planet. Eruptions that size are estimated to occur roughly every thousand years, on average. The next one could happen to some other lovely large volcano tomorrow. What will be different the next time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>We’ll have a better idea of the coming eruption in advance. The eruption of Bardarbunga last year, in Iceland, was a good example. In the weeks beforehand, scientists followed the magma as it moved underground and shared their data online. One by one, major volcanoes like Fujiyama are being studied with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/02/06/scientists-tune-in-to-the-earths-ambient-hum/\">ambient seismic techniques\u003c/a>. As volcano scientists learn more about their subject, our foresight will increase.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>We’ll have a better idea of the eruption’s effects. \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/project-updates/fire-in-the-hole-recreating-volcanic-eruptions-with-cannon-blasts\">Ingenious experiments\u003c/a> are helping us define fast ways to predict things like ashfall and plug the information into robust weather models. With sound methods in place, for instance, airlines can safely avoid \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_9\">engine-killing ash clouds\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Word will get out fast. Today satellites, seismic networks and \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/infrasound-takes-a-bow/\">infrasound observatories\u003c/a> will help us characterize the eruption within hours. Even before live video links are re-established from the scene, we’ll have a good idea of what’s happened.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\nThe world will help with rescue, relief and recovery. The United Nations, the Red Cross/Red Crescent, \u003ca href=\"http://www.directrelief.org/tag/volcano/\">Direct Relief\u003c/a> and many more agencies like them did not exist in 1815.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will be the same?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Many thousands of people will die. The local inhabitants, whoever they are, will take the brunt of the disaster. Nearly all of the world’s large volcanoes are in populated areas, and the world population has grown tenfold since 1815. No nation will ever be able to weather such an eruption with impunity. Total evacuation is impossible.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Effects will be felt for years and around the world. Neighboring nations will suffer as displaced people pour over their borders. (Consider how Mexico City being wiped out by Popocatépetl would affect the U.S.) Climate disturbance will combine with economic disruption to cause misery and political instability of global extent. It will hurt all of us.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Tambora brought the world a taste of apocalypse 200 years ago. Today we have better tools to monitor volcanoes like it, but the next eruption of its size will still challenge civilization.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932020,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":769},"headData":{"title":"The Great 1815 Tambora Eruption: What if This Volcano Blew Today? | KQED","description":"Tambora brought the world a taste of apocalypse 200 years ago. Today we have better tools to monitor volcanoes like it, but the next eruption of its size will still challenge civilization.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Great 1815 Tambora Eruption: What if This Volcano Blew Today?","datePublished":"2015-04-09T15:00:22.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:13:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/29080/the-great-1815-tambora-eruption-what-if-this-volcano-blew-today","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/tambora.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/tambora.jpg\" alt=\"Tambora today\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Tambora blew its top, 200 years ago this week, it left a smoking caldera behind that measures 6 kilometers across. (Jialiang Gao/Wikimedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tambora was once a tall and graceful mountain, as high as Hawaii’s great volcanoes, with a shape as classic as Fujiyama’s. Then, in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora\">a series of great eruptions\u003c/a> 200 years ago this week, it lost more than one-third of its height and covered a wide swath of today’s Indonesia in choking, toxic ash. It was the most powerful eruption of the last 1000 years, as far as we can tell—our knowledge is far from complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, no one in the world was called a scientist. Electricity was a laboratory curiosity. The steam engine was bleeding-edge technology. Indonesia did not have a volcano agency, and it took months before ships brought word from the colonial Dutch East Indies to the rest of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news that emerged was apocalyptic. The eruption’s roar was heard a thousand miles away. The sun was entirely blotted out for days within about 400 miles of the volcano. Acid rain and layers of fine ash killed the crops, causing widespread famine and disease. Tens of thousands of people were sickened by caustic ash and sulfuric gases. Great sea waves had flooded harbors and coastlines across the East Indies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine ash particles and clouds of sulfuric acid droplets were injected nearly 30 miles up into the stratosphere and carried around the world. The summer of 1815 was marked by persistent red skies and cold days in Europe, North America and China. The weather was even worse in 1816, recorded by history as the year without a summer. Famine in Europe continued for several years more. The decade of the 1810s, as a result, is the coldest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanologists rank Tambora’s eruption as a category 7 in their \u003ca href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/vei.php\">Volcanic Eruptivity Index scale\u003c/a>. It’s the only clear-cut example on the books—so far. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans might picture this eruption happening in, say, the Pacific Northwest states among the Cascades volcanoes. Imagine the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980, multiplied by 100 times. We have a fairly good idea of what happened, because \u003ca href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/crater_lake/crater_lake_geo_hist_135.html\">it really did happen about 7700 years ago\u003c/a> to a volcano in southern Oregon called Mount Mazama. The remains of that peak are now the center of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/crla/index.htm\">Crater Lake National Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another Tambora will happen one day, as surely as Earth is an active planet. Eruptions that size are estimated to occur roughly every thousand years, on average. The next one could happen to some other lovely large volcano tomorrow. What will be different the next time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>We’ll have a better idea of the coming eruption in advance. The eruption of Bardarbunga last year, in Iceland, was a good example. In the weeks beforehand, scientists followed the magma as it moved underground and shared their data online. One by one, major volcanoes like Fujiyama are being studied with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/02/06/scientists-tune-in-to-the-earths-ambient-hum/\">ambient seismic techniques\u003c/a>. As volcano scientists learn more about their subject, our foresight will increase.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>We’ll have a better idea of the eruption’s effects. \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/project-updates/fire-in-the-hole-recreating-volcanic-eruptions-with-cannon-blasts\">Ingenious experiments\u003c/a> are helping us define fast ways to predict things like ashfall and plug the information into robust weather models. With sound methods in place, for instance, airlines can safely avoid \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_9\">engine-killing ash clouds\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Word will get out fast. Today satellites, seismic networks and \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/infrasound-takes-a-bow/\">infrasound observatories\u003c/a> will help us characterize the eruption within hours. Even before live video links are re-established from the scene, we’ll have a good idea of what’s happened.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\nThe world will help with rescue, relief and recovery. The United Nations, the Red Cross/Red Crescent, \u003ca href=\"http://www.directrelief.org/tag/volcano/\">Direct Relief\u003c/a> and many more agencies like them did not exist in 1815.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will be the same?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Many thousands of people will die. The local inhabitants, whoever they are, will take the brunt of the disaster. Nearly all of the world’s large volcanoes are in populated areas, and the world population has grown tenfold since 1815. No nation will ever be able to weather such an eruption with impunity. Total evacuation is impossible.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Effects will be felt for years and around the world. Neighboring nations will suffer as displaced people pour over their borders. (Consider how Mexico City being wiped out by Popocatépetl would affect the U.S.) Climate disturbance will combine with economic disruption to cause misery and political instability of global extent. It will hurt all of us.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/29080/the-great-1815-tambora-eruption-what-if-this-volcano-blew-today","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_35","science_38"],"tags":["science_1490","science_1999","science_944"],"featImg":"science_29081","label":"science"},"science_23656":{"type":"posts","id":"science_23656","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"23656","score":null,"sort":[1415846710000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"u-s-and-china-greenhouse-gas-deal-landmark-move-or-more-hot-air","title":"U.S. and China Greenhouse Gas Deal: Landmark Move or More Hot Air?","publishDate":1415846710,"format":"aside","headTitle":"U.S. and China Greenhouse Gas Deal: Landmark Move or More Hot Air? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23674\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Obama-Jinping.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Obama-Jinping.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. President Barack Obama looks on as Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during a joint press conference in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 12, 2014. Obama began a one-day state visit after the closing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. (Greg Baker/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"837\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23674\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. President Barack Obama looks on as Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during a joint press conference in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 12, 2014. Obama began a one-day state visit after the closing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. (Greg Baker/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The world woke up to excited buzz Wednesday announcing a tentative emission-cutting deal between the U.S. and China, the world’s worst two polluters that together account for almost half of all greenhouse gas emissions on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House trumpteted the agreement that by 2025 would cut U.S. CO2 emissions by 26 to 28 percent from 2005 levels. For its part, China agreed to cap its growth in emissions by 2030 or earlier, and to increase the share of renewable fuels to 20 percent by 2030. The rest of the world today began wondering how, exactly, the non-binding pact would be realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are at cross-purposes,” said former U.S. Security Official Jamie Metzl, speaking on KQED’s \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/programs/forum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/em> today. “President Obama and Xi Jinping are today saying that this climate pre-agreement — because nothing has been put down on paper — shows what’s possible when we work together. But at the same time, both countries are very aggressively working to advance their position relative to the other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Metzl said, the U.S. is moving forward with the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade agreement that doesn’t currently include China. And China is pursuing its own free trade agreements in the region, while building up its military presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s scaring the bejesus, if that’s a San Francisco word, out of its neighbors — Japan, others in the South China Sea,” Metzl said. “And the U.S. is having its so-called pivot to Asia, where we’re talking about trade but also increasing our military presence in the region. So there’s a huge amount of competition and potential room for conflict, and there’s this other story of trying to find a means of cooperation. So climate change — this is certainly very positive, but it doesn’t erase the overall framework, which is one that’s quite concerning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brinksmanship is also playing out domestically, with Republican leaders in the House and Senate decrying the climate deal as a “continuation of the president’s job-crushing policies” and an “unrealistic plan the president would dump on his successor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their ire is directed at the pace of emission reductions that would be required to reach the goal. The U.S. is currently aiming for a 17 percent reduction by 2020, a goal that will have taken 15 years. The deal with China calls for an additional reduction of 10 percent in five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From 2020 to 2025, for the United States to achieve the goals that the President put forward, we would need to double the pace of the reductions to greenhouse gas emissions that we’re currently on track to do,” L.A. Times reporter Neela Banerjee said on \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>. “There’s going to be a political backlash, and it’ll probably take the form of legislation that will be introduced, lawsuits, and — like anything else that’s put forward by this administration — it’s somewhat of a gamble. Will it survive those challenges?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banerjee said it’s not just Republicans who may try to stall the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of Democrats from fossil fuel states who may accept that climate change is happening,” she said. “They just don’t want to act on it anytime soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the effort to reduce greenhouse gases also has allies, and Banerjee some may be found in big business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are more and more companies, including major Fortune 500 multinationals, that are seeing their bottom lines affected by climate change and by threats that are expected from climate change,” she said. “So they might find support in unexpected quarters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a bit a of damper buried in the announcement for anyone celebrating the news as landmark international environmental progress on a subject that’s been intractable. That is, what will replace the coal plants currently generating energy, and pollution, in the two global powers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this ‘agreement,’ when [China] talks about going to 20 percent renewables by 2030, the only way they’re going to do that, it’s not by composting, it’s by nuclear,” Metzl said. “We’re also moving, shifting our energy use away from coal a little bit, and towards natural gas – fracking [hydraulic fracturing]. In China, nuclear’s a big part of this story. In the United States, fracking is a part of this story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to the \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em> segment below:\u003cbr>\n[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176622110″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"President Obama sets ambitious goals for greenhouse gas reductions, but the deal faces political battles here and overseas.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932628,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":898},"headData":{"title":"U.S. and China Greenhouse Gas Deal: Landmark Move or More Hot Air? | KQED","description":"President Obama sets ambitious goals for greenhouse gas reductions, but the deal faces political battles here and overseas.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"U.S. and China Greenhouse Gas Deal: Landmark Move or More Hot Air?","datePublished":"2014-11-13T02:45:10.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:23:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/23656/u-s-and-china-greenhouse-gas-deal-landmark-move-or-more-hot-air","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23674\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Obama-Jinping.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Obama-Jinping.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. President Barack Obama looks on as Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during a joint press conference in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 12, 2014. Obama began a one-day state visit after the closing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. (Greg Baker/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"837\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23674\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. President Barack Obama looks on as Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during a joint press conference in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 12, 2014. Obama began a one-day state visit after the closing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. (Greg Baker/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The world woke up to excited buzz Wednesday announcing a tentative emission-cutting deal between the U.S. and China, the world’s worst two polluters that together account for almost half of all greenhouse gas emissions on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House trumpteted the agreement that by 2025 would cut U.S. CO2 emissions by 26 to 28 percent from 2005 levels. For its part, China agreed to cap its growth in emissions by 2030 or earlier, and to increase the share of renewable fuels to 20 percent by 2030. The rest of the world today began wondering how, exactly, the non-binding pact would be realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are at cross-purposes,” said former U.S. Security Official Jamie Metzl, speaking on KQED’s \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/programs/forum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/em> today. “President Obama and Xi Jinping are today saying that this climate pre-agreement — because nothing has been put down on paper — shows what’s possible when we work together. But at the same time, both countries are very aggressively working to advance their position relative to the other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Metzl said, the U.S. is moving forward with the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade agreement that doesn’t currently include China. And China is pursuing its own free trade agreements in the region, while building up its military presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s scaring the bejesus, if that’s a San Francisco word, out of its neighbors — Japan, others in the South China Sea,” Metzl said. “And the U.S. is having its so-called pivot to Asia, where we’re talking about trade but also increasing our military presence in the region. So there’s a huge amount of competition and potential room for conflict, and there’s this other story of trying to find a means of cooperation. So climate change — this is certainly very positive, but it doesn’t erase the overall framework, which is one that’s quite concerning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brinksmanship is also playing out domestically, with Republican leaders in the House and Senate decrying the climate deal as a “continuation of the president’s job-crushing policies” and an “unrealistic plan the president would dump on his successor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their ire is directed at the pace of emission reductions that would be required to reach the goal. The U.S. is currently aiming for a 17 percent reduction by 2020, a goal that will have taken 15 years. The deal with China calls for an additional reduction of 10 percent in five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From 2020 to 2025, for the United States to achieve the goals that the President put forward, we would need to double the pace of the reductions to greenhouse gas emissions that we’re currently on track to do,” L.A. Times reporter Neela Banerjee said on \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>. “There’s going to be a political backlash, and it’ll probably take the form of legislation that will be introduced, lawsuits, and — like anything else that’s put forward by this administration — it’s somewhat of a gamble. Will it survive those challenges?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banerjee said it’s not just Republicans who may try to stall the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of Democrats from fossil fuel states who may accept that climate change is happening,” she said. “They just don’t want to act on it anytime soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the effort to reduce greenhouse gases also has allies, and Banerjee some may be found in big business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are more and more companies, including major Fortune 500 multinationals, that are seeing their bottom lines affected by climate change and by threats that are expected from climate change,” she said. “So they might find support in unexpected quarters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a bit a of damper buried in the announcement for anyone celebrating the news as landmark international environmental progress on a subject that’s been intractable. That is, what will replace the coal plants currently generating energy, and pollution, in the two global powers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this ‘agreement,’ when [China] talks about going to 20 percent renewables by 2030, the only way they’re going to do that, it’s not by composting, it’s by nuclear,” Metzl said. “We’re also moving, shifting our energy use away from coal a little bit, and towards natural gas – fracking [hydraulic fracturing]. In China, nuclear’s a big part of this story. In the United States, fracking is a part of this story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to the \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em> segment below:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176622110″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176622110″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/23656/u-s-and-china-greenhouse-gas-deal-landmark-move-or-more-hot-air","authors":["3206"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1490"],"featImg":"science_23674","label":"science"},"science_16375":{"type":"posts","id":"science_16375","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"16375","score":null,"sort":[1397224809000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-science-of-soil-may-be-important-key-to-tackling-climate-change","title":"Soil Science May Be Important Key to Tackling Climate Change","publishDate":1397224809,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Soil Science May Be Important Key to Tackling Climate Change | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16376\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Oak_tree_with_moon_and_wildflowers.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16376\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16376\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Oak_tree_with_moon_and_wildflowers.jpg\" alt=\"Healthy grassland has the potential to absorb enough carbon to offset carbon emmissions from electrical and industrial activities in California. (Almonroth/Wikimedia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Healthy grassland has the potential to offset carbon emissions from electrical and industrial activities in California. (\u003ca title=\"Almonroth, Oak tree with moon and wildflowers photo\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oak_tree_with_moon_and_wildflowers.jpg\" class=\"nofancybox\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Almonroth/Wikimedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s a groundswell movement afoot that author \u003ca title=\"Kristin Ohlson's website\" href=\"http://www.kristinohlson.com/books/soil-will-save-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristin Ohlson\u003c/a> brings to light in her new book, “The Soil Will Save Us: How Scientists, Farmers, and Foodies Are Healing the Soil to Save the Planet.” Kristin was part of a panel discussion this past Wednesday that included local soil experts Al Courchesne of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuesa.org/seller/frog-hollow-farm\">Frog Hollow Farm\u003c/a> and Jeff Creque, co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project \u003c/a>. The panel was hosted by \u003ca title=\"Center for Urban Education about Sustainable Agriculture\" href=\"http://www.cuesa.org/about-cuesa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CUESA \u003c/a>and sponsored by Book Passage in San Francisco’s Ferry Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohlson shared with the audience that one possible solution to global climate change could be as simple as healing the land beneath our feet and encouraging the plants to do what they do best: sequester carbon in the soil. She originally wanted to call her book, “Heroes of the Underground,” in recognition of the multitude of biota found in the soil as well as the farmers, range managers and foodies working to make a difference. In her book, Ohlson recounts the fascinating stories of visionaries at the forefront of soil science and land management who are working to improve soil and rangeland management practices to encourage greater soil fertility and plant diversity. With better care of our soil, it’s possible that our excess atmospheric carbon could be sequestered in the soil, bringing our atmosphere back into balance and reversing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Real_Compost-242x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16377\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16377\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Real_Compost-242x162.jpg\" alt=\"Compost added to rangeland in two experiments increased the soil's ability to absorb carbon as well as better retain water. (Kessner Photography/Wikimedia)\" width=\"242\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Compost added to rangeland in two experiments increased the soil’s ability to absorb carbon as well as better retain water. (\u003ca title=\"Real Compost by Kessner Photography, Wikimedia\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Real_Compost.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"nofancybox\" rel=\"noopener\">Kessner Photography/Wikimedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Locally, we have our own visionaries working on this strategy including the two speakers on this panel. The Marin Carbon Project has three-year-long carbon farming test projects underway on three farms in West Marin: Stemple Creek Ranch (700 acres), Straus Dairy (500 acres) and Corda Ranch (in the San Antonio Creek watershed). Rangelands, Jeff Creque noted, store 1/3 of the world’s carbon. Al Courchesne discussed his comprehensive approach to producing Frog Hollow Farm’s legendary organic fruit: compost and soil health. He noted that California produces 80,000 tons of food waste per day with 30 million metric tons buried in landfills. Many Bay Area municipal waste programs are in place now to divert food waste from landfills and into compost, but it’s up to each of us to do our part (see \u003ca title=\"StopWaste.org\" href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/home/index.asp?page=528\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">StopWaste.org\u003c/a> for Alameda County).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 105px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/9781609615543-105x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16378\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16378\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/9781609615543-105x162.jpg\" alt=\"Kristin Ohlson's new book gives hopeful insight into the soil's ability to absorb carbon and highlights inspiring visionaries working to save us from climate change.\" width=\"105\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristin Ohlson’s new book gives hopeful insight into the soil’s ability to absorb carbon and highlights inspiring visionaries working to save us from climate change.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohlson and the other panelists also confirmed the promising message that citizens can all be part of the solution. From managing vast swaths of rangeland, caretaking our backyard gardens and supporting government initiatives for good soil management, communities can all participate. Ohlson emphasized that she wants people to have a feeling of wonder about the soil with awe for the billions of microorganisms at work. Maybe more of them exist under San Francisco than there are stars in the universe!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also wants us to be inspired and support farmers participating in “regenerative agriculture”; working with nature, not against it. For some practical ideas, \u003ca title=\"C2ES Take Action\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/years-of-living-dangerously-resources\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Center for Climate and Energy Solutions\u003c/a> – an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization working to advance strong policy and action to address the twin challenges of energy and climate change — has a good list of actions we can all take to reduce our energy use and carbon in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a good primer about carbon sequestration, see the TED talk “\u003ca title=\"Putting Carbon Back Where it Belongs: In the Earth, Tony Lovell TED Talk\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgmssrVInP0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Putting Carbon Back Where it Belongs: In the Earth\u003c/a>” by Tony Lovell, Australia, a country hard at work on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Studying the important partnership between soil and plants may lead to some solutions for the ongoing problems arising from climate change. The East Bay Regional Park District's Sharol Nelson-Embry highlights a recent panel discussion in San Francisco with local soil scientists and author Kristin Ohlson on carbon sequestration. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933851,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":650},"headData":{"title":"Soil Science May Be Important Key to Tackling Climate Change | KQED","description":"Studying the important partnership between soil and plants may lead to some solutions for the ongoing problems arising from climate change. The East Bay Regional Park District's Sharol Nelson-Embry highlights a recent panel discussion in San Francisco with local soil scientists and author Kristin Ohlson on carbon sequestration. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Soil Science May Be Important Key to Tackling Climate Change","datePublished":"2014-04-11T14:00:09.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:44:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/16375/the-science-of-soil-may-be-important-key-to-tackling-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16376\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Oak_tree_with_moon_and_wildflowers.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16376\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16376\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Oak_tree_with_moon_and_wildflowers.jpg\" alt=\"Healthy grassland has the potential to absorb enough carbon to offset carbon emmissions from electrical and industrial activities in California. (Almonroth/Wikimedia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Healthy grassland has the potential to offset carbon emissions from electrical and industrial activities in California. (\u003ca title=\"Almonroth, Oak tree with moon and wildflowers photo\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oak_tree_with_moon_and_wildflowers.jpg\" class=\"nofancybox\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Almonroth/Wikimedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s a groundswell movement afoot that author \u003ca title=\"Kristin Ohlson's website\" href=\"http://www.kristinohlson.com/books/soil-will-save-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristin Ohlson\u003c/a> brings to light in her new book, “The Soil Will Save Us: How Scientists, Farmers, and Foodies Are Healing the Soil to Save the Planet.” Kristin was part of a panel discussion this past Wednesday that included local soil experts Al Courchesne of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuesa.org/seller/frog-hollow-farm\">Frog Hollow Farm\u003c/a> and Jeff Creque, co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project \u003c/a>. The panel was hosted by \u003ca title=\"Center for Urban Education about Sustainable Agriculture\" href=\"http://www.cuesa.org/about-cuesa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CUESA \u003c/a>and sponsored by Book Passage in San Francisco’s Ferry Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohlson shared with the audience that one possible solution to global climate change could be as simple as healing the land beneath our feet and encouraging the plants to do what they do best: sequester carbon in the soil. She originally wanted to call her book, “Heroes of the Underground,” in recognition of the multitude of biota found in the soil as well as the farmers, range managers and foodies working to make a difference. In her book, Ohlson recounts the fascinating stories of visionaries at the forefront of soil science and land management who are working to improve soil and rangeland management practices to encourage greater soil fertility and plant diversity. With better care of our soil, it’s possible that our excess atmospheric carbon could be sequestered in the soil, bringing our atmosphere back into balance and reversing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Real_Compost-242x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16377\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16377\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Real_Compost-242x162.jpg\" alt=\"Compost added to rangeland in two experiments increased the soil's ability to absorb carbon as well as better retain water. (Kessner Photography/Wikimedia)\" width=\"242\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Compost added to rangeland in two experiments increased the soil’s ability to absorb carbon as well as better retain water. (\u003ca title=\"Real Compost by Kessner Photography, Wikimedia\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Real_Compost.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"nofancybox\" rel=\"noopener\">Kessner Photography/Wikimedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Locally, we have our own visionaries working on this strategy including the two speakers on this panel. The Marin Carbon Project has three-year-long carbon farming test projects underway on three farms in West Marin: Stemple Creek Ranch (700 acres), Straus Dairy (500 acres) and Corda Ranch (in the San Antonio Creek watershed). Rangelands, Jeff Creque noted, store 1/3 of the world’s carbon. Al Courchesne discussed his comprehensive approach to producing Frog Hollow Farm’s legendary organic fruit: compost and soil health. He noted that California produces 80,000 tons of food waste per day with 30 million metric tons buried in landfills. Many Bay Area municipal waste programs are in place now to divert food waste from landfills and into compost, but it’s up to each of us to do our part (see \u003ca title=\"StopWaste.org\" href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/home/index.asp?page=528\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">StopWaste.org\u003c/a> for Alameda County).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 105px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/9781609615543-105x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16378\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16378\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/9781609615543-105x162.jpg\" alt=\"Kristin Ohlson's new book gives hopeful insight into the soil's ability to absorb carbon and highlights inspiring visionaries working to save us from climate change.\" width=\"105\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristin Ohlson’s new book gives hopeful insight into the soil’s ability to absorb carbon and highlights inspiring visionaries working to save us from climate change.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohlson and the other panelists also confirmed the promising message that citizens can all be part of the solution. From managing vast swaths of rangeland, caretaking our backyard gardens and supporting government initiatives for good soil management, communities can all participate. Ohlson emphasized that she wants people to have a feeling of wonder about the soil with awe for the billions of microorganisms at work. Maybe more of them exist under San Francisco than there are stars in the universe!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also wants us to be inspired and support farmers participating in “regenerative agriculture”; working with nature, not against it. For some practical ideas, \u003ca title=\"C2ES Take Action\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/years-of-living-dangerously-resources\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Center for Climate and Energy Solutions\u003c/a> – an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization working to advance strong policy and action to address the twin challenges of energy and climate change — has a good list of actions we can all take to reduce our energy use and carbon in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a good primer about carbon sequestration, see the TED talk “\u003ca title=\"Putting Carbon Back Where it Belongs: In the Earth, Tony Lovell TED Talk\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgmssrVInP0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Putting Carbon Back Where it Belongs: In the Earth\u003c/a>” by Tony Lovell, Australia, a country hard at work on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/16375/the-science-of-soil-may-be-important-key-to-tackling-climate-change","authors":["6328"],"categories":["science_31"],"tags":["science_1490","science_1201"],"featImg":"science_16376","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.","airtime":"SAT 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/reveal","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/","rss":"http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"}},"says-you":{"id":"says-you","title":"Says You!","info":"Public radio's game show of bluff and bluster, words and whimsy. 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