How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past
Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet
Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016
Now That Philae Has Landed, a Wealth of Data is Forthcoming
A Historic First: Rosetta Spacecraft Plans to Land Its Probe on a Comet
ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft Makes a First-Ever Comet Rendezvous
Rosetta Wakes Up for Final Approach to a Comet
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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_826631":{"type":"posts","id":"science_826631","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"826631","score":null,"sort":[1467982858000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-a-passing-comet-can-unlock-secrets-from-earths-past","title":"How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past","publishDate":1467982858,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for almost two years, will conclude its mission in September when it collides with the comet, gathering as much data as it can along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency craft arrived at its target in August 2014, and launched a landing probe, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30100-comet-landing-discoveries-rosetta-philae-lander.html\">Philae\u003c/a>, to the comet’s surface that November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair made headlines since Rosetta is the first spacecraft to orbit a comet and Philae is the first probe to land on a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, sort of. Philae bounced a couple of times before coming to rest in a shady spot where its solar panels could not generate enough electricity to keep it going — but it did send back some valuable pictures and data before its batteries died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-826738\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Philae’s hiccup, the overall mission has been a remarkable success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s given us a detailed look into a comet, which is essentially a celestial time capsule frozen in ice. Comets preserve information about the early conditions of our solar system and the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta observed chemicals that may even give us a clearer understanding of the origin of life on Earth. In addition to finding hydrocarbon compounds and molecular oxygen (the stuff we breath), Rosetta \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_comet_contains_ingredients_for_life\">detected the amino acid glycine,\u003c/a> as well as phosphorus, an element critical to the structure of DNA molecules in life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prevailing theory about life and our oceans is that both may have been supplied with materials delivered by comets and asteroids. We have learned that not only do comets contain large amounts of water ice, but individuals like 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko tell us that there are organic compounds — the chemical building-blocks of life — to be found in the leftover debris of the solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young Earth was at one time a hot ball of molten lava, but at some point as it cooled it acquired oceans of liquid water, and maybe soon after this, its first life forms. Questions for a long time have been, where did the oceans’ waters come from, and how did life arise? Did water and organic compounds form directly from the cooling materials on Earth, or were those materials added by the impacts of comets and asteroids? Or both?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826844\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 615px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-826844 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \" width=\"615\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The water in some comets is a nearly perfect chemical match for the water in our oceans today — a very clear “smoking gun” that comets and asteroids may have served as a sort of “bucket brigade” to deliver those waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s water is not a match to Earth’s, so comets of its type would have contributed less to Earth’s oceans than others. But 67P’s organic compounds, like glycine, support the idea of the cosmic origins of life’s raw materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.euronews.com/2016/07/05/spacecraft-rosetta-prepares-to-crash-land-on-comet-67p/\">Rosetta’s planned collision\u003c/a> with the comet? Do its controllers back on Earth just want to see a big crash? Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deliberate collisions of spacecraft with natural celestial bodies are done for more than one reason. The fiery burn-up of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft in Jupiter’s atmosphere was done simply to prevent a soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft and its radiogenic fuel from flying around uncontrolled. In this case it was done to eliminate the possibility of a future collision with the moon Europa, on which Galileo discovered an ocean of liquid water — a potential home for life. The same fate awaits the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft which will crash into Saturn in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Rosetta’s case, the spacecraft would’ve died a natural death anyway, when the comet moves too far from the sun for Rosetta’s solar panels to maintain power. A final flight straight to the comet’s surface will let scientists collect data on the comet’s surface and coma (the shroud of gas and dust surrounding the nucleus), hopefully right up to the point of contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta won’t be plummeting into the comet in a fiery explosion, but easing in slowly. After this, Rosetta, along with Philae, will become permanent fixtures on the comet, a sort of monument and time capsule for the mission.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Rosetta spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko will conclude its mission in September when it collides into the comet.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929956,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":782},"headData":{"title":"How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past | KQED","description":"The Rosetta spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko will conclude its mission in September when it collides into the comet.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/826631/how-a-passing-comet-can-unlock-secrets-from-earths-past","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for almost two years, will conclude its mission in September when it collides with the comet, gathering as much data as it can along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency craft arrived at its target in August 2014, and launched a landing probe, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30100-comet-landing-discoveries-rosetta-philae-lander.html\">Philae\u003c/a>, to the comet’s surface that November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair made headlines since Rosetta is the first spacecraft to orbit a comet and Philae is the first probe to land on a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, sort of. Philae bounced a couple of times before coming to rest in a shady spot where its solar panels could not generate enough electricity to keep it going — but it did send back some valuable pictures and data before its batteries died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-826738\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Philae’s hiccup, the overall mission has been a remarkable success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s given us a detailed look into a comet, which is essentially a celestial time capsule frozen in ice. Comets preserve information about the early conditions of our solar system and the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta observed chemicals that may even give us a clearer understanding of the origin of life on Earth. In addition to finding hydrocarbon compounds and molecular oxygen (the stuff we breath), Rosetta \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_comet_contains_ingredients_for_life\">detected the amino acid glycine,\u003c/a> as well as phosphorus, an element critical to the structure of DNA molecules in life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prevailing theory about life and our oceans is that both may have been supplied with materials delivered by comets and asteroids. We have learned that not only do comets contain large amounts of water ice, but individuals like 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko tell us that there are organic compounds — the chemical building-blocks of life — to be found in the leftover debris of the solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young Earth was at one time a hot ball of molten lava, but at some point as it cooled it acquired oceans of liquid water, and maybe soon after this, its first life forms. Questions for a long time have been, where did the oceans’ waters come from, and how did life arise? Did water and organic compounds form directly from the cooling materials on Earth, or were those materials added by the impacts of comets and asteroids? Or both?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826844\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 615px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-826844 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \" width=\"615\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The water in some comets is a nearly perfect chemical match for the water in our oceans today — a very clear “smoking gun” that comets and asteroids may have served as a sort of “bucket brigade” to deliver those waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s water is not a match to Earth’s, so comets of its type would have contributed less to Earth’s oceans than others. But 67P’s organic compounds, like glycine, support the idea of the cosmic origins of life’s raw materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.euronews.com/2016/07/05/spacecraft-rosetta-prepares-to-crash-land-on-comet-67p/\">Rosetta’s planned collision\u003c/a> with the comet? Do its controllers back on Earth just want to see a big crash? Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deliberate collisions of spacecraft with natural celestial bodies are done for more than one reason. The fiery burn-up of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft in Jupiter’s atmosphere was done simply to prevent a soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft and its radiogenic fuel from flying around uncontrolled. In this case it was done to eliminate the possibility of a future collision with the moon Europa, on which Galileo discovered an ocean of liquid water — a potential home for life. The same fate awaits the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft which will crash into Saturn in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Rosetta’s case, the spacecraft would’ve died a natural death anyway, when the comet moves too far from the sun for Rosetta’s solar panels to maintain power. A final flight straight to the comet’s surface will let scientists collect data on the comet’s surface and coma (the shroud of gas and dust surrounding the nucleus), hopefully right up to the point of contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta won’t be plummeting into the comet in a fiery explosion, but easing in slowly. After this, Rosetta, along with Philae, will become permanent fixtures on the comet, a sort of monument and time capsule for the mission.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/826631/how-a-passing-comet-can-unlock-secrets-from-earths-past","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1216","science_1220","science_843","science_1821","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_826737","label":"science"},"science_199897":{"type":"posts","id":"science_199897","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"199897","score":null,"sort":[1440165637000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"flying-past-the-sun-rosetta-spacecraft-hitches-a-ride-on-a-comet","title":"Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet","publishDate":1440165637,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>On Aug. 13, 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko achieved perihelion–its closest approach to the sun–accompanied by Europe’s Rosetta spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta arrived at the comet a year ago, and last Fall launched the Philae lander, which detected 16 different nitrogen- and carbon-rich organic compounds, four of which had never been found on a comet before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The composition of comets, in particular their mix of organic compounds, is an intriguing subject of investigation, since one of the theories for the emergence of life on Earth involves the contribution of organic compounds by comets, asteroids, and protoplanets early in the formation of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199900\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199900\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg\" alt=\"Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation.\" width=\"400\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg 735w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/Philae/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Rosetta launched Philae in November 2014, the small spacecraft became the first ever to \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Touchdown!_Rosetta_s_Philae_probe_lands_on_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">land on a comet\u003c/a>. And though that landing did not go as planned–systems designed to pin down and hold fast to the comet failed–Philae was able to collect and transmit a useful load of data from near and on the comet’s surface before its batteries wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that encounter, and up to and beyond perihelion on August 13, Rosetta’s mission has been to observe the effects of increasing solar radiation on comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C-G) over a year that brought it three times closer to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago when Rosetta arrived, the comet was quietly exuding water vapor under the relatively gentle rays of the more distant sun. Picture a cube of ice that you just took out of the freezer and set on the counter: a light breath of vapor rolls gently from the cube’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, toss that ice cube onto a hot griddle. It sizzles energetically, spewing out jets of steam as the ice vaporizes under the heat.\u003cbr>\nIt’s something like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of first encounter, well outside of Mars’ orbit, comet C-G gassed off a couple of drinking glass’ worth of water each second, a wisp of moisture supplied by its couple dozen square miles of surface area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199905\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg\" alt=\"Series of images captured by ESA's Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun.\" width=\"400\" height=\"134\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Series of images captured by ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_big_day_in_the_Sun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">At perihelion\u003c/a>, activity had increased a thousand-fold. The comet was blasting off over 130 pounds of water and almost 500 pounds of dust per second into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta captured many images of water and dust jets issuing from the comet over the months. One image in particular, taken only an hour before perihelion, shows a prominent plume bursting out energetically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this activity, as ices vaporize and blow away into space carrying dust with it, is what builds up the comet’s atmosphere—or coma. In some comets–usually those that get closer to the sun than C-G ever does—this coma is blown by the solar wind into the long, iconic tail we generally associate with the image of a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that the drained batteries of the Philae lander might recharge as sunlight levels increased—and this has in fact occurred. Philae has sent a few spurious signals to be relayed to Earth by the orbiting Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199901\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, though, intermittent pings are all that have come from the comet’s surface. Mission operators are still hopeful that Philae may yet deliver more data, but since the comet and its two tag-along spacecraft are moving farther from the sun each day, the chances will diminish with the sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Science_on_the_surface_of_a_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Philae obtained very useful data\u003c/a> from its instruments upon landing and, as it turned out, during a couple of slow-speed “hops” it made after inadvertently bouncing off of its initial landing spot. Philae lighted upon two other locations before finally coming to rest at a site named Abydos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will continue observing comet C-G’s activity in the aftermath of its solar close encounter, studying the effects of post-perihelion retreat as the comet cools and heads back to the other end of its orbit, aphelion—just beyond the orbit of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On August 13th 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko made its closest approach to the sun (perihelion), carrying Europe's Rosetta spacecraft along for the ride.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931414,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":738},"headData":{"title":"Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet | KQED","description":"On August 13th 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko made its closest approach to the sun (perihelion), carrying Europe's Rosetta spacecraft along for the ride.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/199897/flying-past-the-sun-rosetta-spacecraft-hitches-a-ride-on-a-comet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Aug. 13, 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko achieved perihelion–its closest approach to the sun–accompanied by Europe’s Rosetta spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta arrived at the comet a year ago, and last Fall launched the Philae lander, which detected 16 different nitrogen- and carbon-rich organic compounds, four of which had never been found on a comet before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The composition of comets, in particular their mix of organic compounds, is an intriguing subject of investigation, since one of the theories for the emergence of life on Earth involves the contribution of organic compounds by comets, asteroids, and protoplanets early in the formation of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199900\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199900\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg\" alt=\"Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation.\" width=\"400\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg 735w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/Philae/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Rosetta launched Philae in November 2014, the small spacecraft became the first ever to \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Touchdown!_Rosetta_s_Philae_probe_lands_on_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">land on a comet\u003c/a>. And though that landing did not go as planned–systems designed to pin down and hold fast to the comet failed–Philae was able to collect and transmit a useful load of data from near and on the comet’s surface before its batteries wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that encounter, and up to and beyond perihelion on August 13, Rosetta’s mission has been to observe the effects of increasing solar radiation on comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C-G) over a year that brought it three times closer to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago when Rosetta arrived, the comet was quietly exuding water vapor under the relatively gentle rays of the more distant sun. Picture a cube of ice that you just took out of the freezer and set on the counter: a light breath of vapor rolls gently from the cube’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, toss that ice cube onto a hot griddle. It sizzles energetically, spewing out jets of steam as the ice vaporizes under the heat.\u003cbr>\nIt’s something like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of first encounter, well outside of Mars’ orbit, comet C-G gassed off a couple of drinking glass’ worth of water each second, a wisp of moisture supplied by its couple dozen square miles of surface area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199905\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg\" alt=\"Series of images captured by ESA's Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun.\" width=\"400\" height=\"134\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Series of images captured by ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_big_day_in_the_Sun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">At perihelion\u003c/a>, activity had increased a thousand-fold. The comet was blasting off over 130 pounds of water and almost 500 pounds of dust per second into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta captured many images of water and dust jets issuing from the comet over the months. One image in particular, taken only an hour before perihelion, shows a prominent plume bursting out energetically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this activity, as ices vaporize and blow away into space carrying dust with it, is what builds up the comet’s atmosphere—or coma. In some comets–usually those that get closer to the sun than C-G ever does—this coma is blown by the solar wind into the long, iconic tail we generally associate with the image of a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that the drained batteries of the Philae lander might recharge as sunlight levels increased—and this has in fact occurred. Philae has sent a few spurious signals to be relayed to Earth by the orbiting Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199901\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, though, intermittent pings are all that have come from the comet’s surface. Mission operators are still hopeful that Philae may yet deliver more data, but since the comet and its two tag-along spacecraft are moving farther from the sun each day, the chances will diminish with the sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Science_on_the_surface_of_a_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Philae obtained very useful data\u003c/a> from its instruments upon landing and, as it turned out, during a couple of slow-speed “hops” it made after inadvertently bouncing off of its initial landing spot. Philae lighted upon two other locations before finally coming to rest at a site named Abydos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will continue observing comet C-G’s activity in the aftermath of its solar close encounter, studying the effects of post-perihelion retreat as the comet cools and heads back to the other end of its orbit, aphelion—just beyond the orbit of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/199897/flying-past-the-sun-rosetta-spacecraft-hitches-a-ride-on-a-comet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1220","science_541","science_1821","science_1215","science_542"],"featImg":"science_199898","label":"science"},"science_73371":{"type":"posts","id":"science_73371","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"73371","score":null,"sort":[1435327240000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"europes-rosetta-mission-extended-philae-lander-re-energizing","title":"Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016","publishDate":1435327240,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016 | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>In June, the European Space Agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta mission\u003c/a> operators received a welcome surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s landing probe Philae has been silent since November when it set down awkwardly on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this month, Philae sent signals to its mothership Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta and Philae were launched in 2004 on a ten-year journey to reach and explore 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73375\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-73375 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces-400x266.jpg\" alt=\"Philae's awkward bouncy landing on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces.jpg 615w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Philae’s awkward bouncy landing on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Philae is the first spacecraft ever to have contacted a comet, and the fact that it functioned after landing and sent back observations from the surface qualify the landing as successful, even if things did not go as planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key systems on Philae that were designed to “make it stick” to the comet upon landing failed to go off as designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A thruster that was supposed to push the robot firmly onto the surface and prevent it from bouncing off did not function, and a harpoon system, intended to anchor it permanently to the comet, failed to deploy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Philae bounced in the comet’s extremely low gravity environment—bounced more than once, in fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it finally came to rest, mission controllers did not know exactly where it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make matters worse, Philae settled down in the shadow of a cliff, with its solar panels turned to an unfavorable angle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-seven hours after its final landing, Philae’s battery power was depleted, and it went silent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-73378 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Surface close-up of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surface close-up of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that, as comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko got closer to the sun, and perhaps Philae’s solar panels achieved a more productive face-off with the sun’s light, its batteries might recharge to the point where it could come out of its accidental hibernation—\u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/philae-comet-lander-back-in-touch-with-mothership-150622.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">which has now happened\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae’s first “pings” came on June 13 and 14, and, following a brief relapse into silence, June 19. Mission operators are assessing Philae’s state, but are hopeful that its historic mission is not over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, mothership Rosetta has been tagging along with the comet since it arrived there in August 2014, making observations and measurements of the comet’s nucleus and the shroud of gas and dust it has developed as it heats up in the increasingly intense sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comet will reach perihelion, its closest approach to the sun, on August 13th, and afterward will move away from the sun again, toward the more distant end of its six-and-a-half year elliptical orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_75772\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 5333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-75772 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg\" alt=\"Map of different terrain types of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"5333\" height=\"3333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg 5333w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-1180x737.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5333px) 100vw, 5333px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of different terrain types of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the time since its arrival, Rosetta has shown us \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Getting_to_know_Rosetta_s_comet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the nature of the comet\u003c/a> in unprecedented detail. Some of the highlights of its discoveries are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The comet’s surface has been mapped into 19 different regions with distinct boundaries comprising five diverse types of terrain: dust-coated areas; rugged terrain filled with pits and other depressions; smoother patches; and different exposed rocky zones, including localities of exposed water ice.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The comet’s average density is 470 kilograms per cubic meter—which tells scientists that if, as it is believed, the comet’s overall composition is mostly water ice, then the comet is highly porous, with as much as 70 to 80 percent of its volume dominated by small empty chambers.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Jets of gas and dust erupting from within the warming comet emerge largely from the “neck” region between Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s distinctive two-lobed shape.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>All of the data and discoveries acquired from this comet provide insight into the conditions under which it formed over 4.5 billion years ago, when our solar system was young and the planets still in their infancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been said that primordial objects like comets are like time capsules of information about the early formation of the solar system, and missions like Rosetta hold the key to unlocking them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s continued study of Churyumov-Gerasimenko will only increase our understanding of our planet’s origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is more good news than Philae’s hopeful resuscitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever Philae is able to achieve in the days or months ahead, the Rosetta mission itself \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_mission_extended\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been extended \u003c/a>nine months beyond the nominal December 2015 end time, giving scientists the opportunity to observe the comet’s behavior over a longer stretch of its orbital cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta has observed the comet since it was relatively far from the sun, and has been monitoring the effects of rising solar radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how the comet behaves as it moves back toward the colder environment farther from the sun will give us a more comprehensive view of its evolution.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In June, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta mission operators received a welcome surprise. The landing probe Philae, which set down awkwardly on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko last November and soon after was lost from contact, transmitted signals to its orbiting mothership, Rosetta.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931648,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":820},"headData":{"title":"Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016 | KQED","description":"In June, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta mission operators received a welcome surprise. The landing probe Philae, which set down awkwardly on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko last November and soon after was lost from contact, transmitted signals to its orbiting mothership, Rosetta.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/73371/europes-rosetta-mission-extended-philae-lander-re-energizing","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In June, the European Space Agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta mission\u003c/a> operators received a welcome surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s landing probe Philae has been silent since November when it set down awkwardly on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this month, Philae sent signals to its mothership Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta and Philae were launched in 2004 on a ten-year journey to reach and explore 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73375\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-73375 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces-400x266.jpg\" alt=\"Philae's awkward bouncy landing on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces.jpg 615w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Philae’s awkward bouncy landing on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Philae is the first spacecraft ever to have contacted a comet, and the fact that it functioned after landing and sent back observations from the surface qualify the landing as successful, even if things did not go as planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key systems on Philae that were designed to “make it stick” to the comet upon landing failed to go off as designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A thruster that was supposed to push the robot firmly onto the surface and prevent it from bouncing off did not function, and a harpoon system, intended to anchor it permanently to the comet, failed to deploy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Philae bounced in the comet’s extremely low gravity environment—bounced more than once, in fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it finally came to rest, mission controllers did not know exactly where it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make matters worse, Philae settled down in the shadow of a cliff, with its solar panels turned to an unfavorable angle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-seven hours after its final landing, Philae’s battery power was depleted, and it went silent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-73378 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Surface close-up of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surface close-up of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that, as comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko got closer to the sun, and perhaps Philae’s solar panels achieved a more productive face-off with the sun’s light, its batteries might recharge to the point where it could come out of its accidental hibernation—\u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/philae-comet-lander-back-in-touch-with-mothership-150622.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">which has now happened\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae’s first “pings” came on June 13 and 14, and, following a brief relapse into silence, June 19. Mission operators are assessing Philae’s state, but are hopeful that its historic mission is not over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, mothership Rosetta has been tagging along with the comet since it arrived there in August 2014, making observations and measurements of the comet’s nucleus and the shroud of gas and dust it has developed as it heats up in the increasingly intense sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comet will reach perihelion, its closest approach to the sun, on August 13th, and afterward will move away from the sun again, toward the more distant end of its six-and-a-half year elliptical orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_75772\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 5333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-75772 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg\" alt=\"Map of different terrain types of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"5333\" height=\"3333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg 5333w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-1180x737.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5333px) 100vw, 5333px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of different terrain types of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the time since its arrival, Rosetta has shown us \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Getting_to_know_Rosetta_s_comet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the nature of the comet\u003c/a> in unprecedented detail. Some of the highlights of its discoveries are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The comet’s surface has been mapped into 19 different regions with distinct boundaries comprising five diverse types of terrain: dust-coated areas; rugged terrain filled with pits and other depressions; smoother patches; and different exposed rocky zones, including localities of exposed water ice.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The comet’s average density is 470 kilograms per cubic meter—which tells scientists that if, as it is believed, the comet’s overall composition is mostly water ice, then the comet is highly porous, with as much as 70 to 80 percent of its volume dominated by small empty chambers.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Jets of gas and dust erupting from within the warming comet emerge largely from the “neck” region between Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s distinctive two-lobed shape.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>All of the data and discoveries acquired from this comet provide insight into the conditions under which it formed over 4.5 billion years ago, when our solar system was young and the planets still in their infancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been said that primordial objects like comets are like time capsules of information about the early formation of the solar system, and missions like Rosetta hold the key to unlocking them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s continued study of Churyumov-Gerasimenko will only increase our understanding of our planet’s origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is more good news than Philae’s hopeful resuscitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever Philae is able to achieve in the days or months ahead, the Rosetta mission itself \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_mission_extended\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been extended \u003c/a>nine months beyond the nominal December 2015 end time, giving scientists the opportunity to observe the comet’s behavior over a longer stretch of its orbital cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta has observed the comet since it was relatively far from the sun, and has been monitoring the effects of rising solar radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how the comet behaves as it moves back toward the colder environment farther from the sun will give us a more comprehensive view of its evolution.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/73371/europes-rosetta-mission-extended-philae-lander-re-energizing","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1216","science_1220","science_1821","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_73373","label":"science"},"science_23712":{"type":"posts","id":"science_23712","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"23712","score":null,"sort":[1415911895000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"now-that-philae-has-landed-a-wealth-of-data-is-forthcoming","title":"Now That Philae Has Landed, a Wealth of Data is Forthcoming","publishDate":1415911895,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Now That Philae Has Landed, a Wealth of Data is Forthcoming | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23716\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/philaehaslanded.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23716\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/philaehaslanded.jpg\" alt=\"Montage of first image from Philae (left), first panorama (center), and location of the initial landing location. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Montage of first image from Philae (left), first panorama (center), and location of the initial landing location. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wednesday, November 12, 2014, 8:03 AM PST, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft successfully launched the landing probe, Philae, to a landing on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a historic first. Cheers, Rosetta and Philae!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the Rosetta spacecraft, in orbit around the comet, relayed from Philae the first-ever image from the surface of a comet—an extreme close-up of ancient terrain that goes back four and a half billion years, to the earliest times in our solar system. That picture, to me, is worth the entire 20 year effort to deliver Philae to the spot it now rests—and a wealth of data from other instruments on Philae is yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This was a moment more than 20 years in the making; the last ten years were spent just traveling to the comet.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Exactly where the lander sits is not presently known. There were unexpected challenges during the landing operation, starting before Philae was even launched from its mothership, Rosetta, when it was discovered that a thruster on top the lander had failed. The thruster’s function was to help prevent the probe from bouncing off the comet’s surface upon landing. In the low gravity environment of the comet, a bounce speed of only three feet per second could send it floating back into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ESA operators decided to proceed with the landing despite the lost thruster, relying on other systems designed to make the lander stick to the comet: a harpoon anchor, shock absorbers and fastening augers in its landing gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”wmjSZm2FfVWcOCJFNeSF2HcgUjYvpv5D”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after midnight on Wednesday, Philae separated from Rosetta and spent the next seven hours coasting at about two miles per hour to its target landing spot on the comet, landing site J. All that ESA operators could do was watch telemetry come in and wait, hoping for a textbook landing—although, this being a first-ever event, it’s not in any textbooks, yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 8:03 AM PST, ESA received confirmation that Philae had landed on schedule, setting off a cathartic explosion of cheers around the ESOC control room in Darmstadt, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground images from Philae did not come in immediately, for the Rosetta spacecraft, Philae’s relay station with Earth, soon set below the horizon of the comet, and would not emerge for another twelve hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When communication was reestablished, and data from Philae’s ROMAP instrument was analyzed, it was learned that the probe had experienced not one, but three distinct landings. The first landing reported by the data coincided with the initial landing confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, almost two hours later, a second landing event was indicated. The harpoon system, designed to fire an anchor into the comet to tether Philae down, had not functioned, and Philae had bounced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven minutes after the second landing, a third was reported by the data, the lander apparently having bounced a second time. This time, however, it appeared that Philae had come to rest somewhere on the surface. ESA scientists are attempting to triangulate its exact position with instruments on Philae and Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first pictures came in they showed what looks like a jagged, dusty, even gravely cliff face, and no framing horizon. Philae was not level with the ground, but resting at a tilted angle. Later, additional images sent back were assembled into the \u003ca title=\"First panoramic view from Philae\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Highlights/Panoramic_postcard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first panoramic view\u003c/a> from the comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the excursions from a perfect landing scenario, Philae has landed, and we are there, thanks to the telepresence the washing-machine-sized robot has given us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was a moment more than 20 years in the making; the last ten years were spent just traveling to the comet. And though a great deal of careful design, planning, and testing took place to help ensure success, in remote space exploration there is always the specter of a critical failure that can make the entire expedition come to naught–particularly with robotic spacecraft operating hundreds of millions of miles from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is still an adventure in progress, and Philae may not be completely out of the woods just yet. Its tilted landing orientation could mean that it is perched on the edge of a cliff, or in a pit. It may also present problems when the lander’s initial 60-hour battery life runs out and it needs to switch to its solar-charged battery system. If the tilt of Philae’s solar panels does not provide adequate energy, it could run out of power sooner than planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, both Philae and the orbiter Rosetta are bound to the comet’s sun-approaching trajectory, which will carry them to a closest point to the sun next August. As the drama of Philae’s uncertain life ahead unfolds, so will that of the comet as it heats up and becomes more active–and we have a front row seat.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Yesterday morning, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft successfully launched the landing probe, Philae, to a landing on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a historic first. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932625,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":857},"headData":{"title":"Now That Philae Has Landed, a Wealth of Data is Forthcoming | KQED","description":"Yesterday morning, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft successfully launched the landing probe, Philae, to a landing on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a historic first. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/23712/now-that-philae-has-landed-a-wealth-of-data-is-forthcoming","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23716\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/philaehaslanded.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23716\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/philaehaslanded.jpg\" alt=\"Montage of first image from Philae (left), first panorama (center), and location of the initial landing location. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Montage of first image from Philae (left), first panorama (center), and location of the initial landing location. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wednesday, November 12, 2014, 8:03 AM PST, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft successfully launched the landing probe, Philae, to a landing on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a historic first. Cheers, Rosetta and Philae!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the Rosetta spacecraft, in orbit around the comet, relayed from Philae the first-ever image from the surface of a comet—an extreme close-up of ancient terrain that goes back four and a half billion years, to the earliest times in our solar system. That picture, to me, is worth the entire 20 year effort to deliver Philae to the spot it now rests—and a wealth of data from other instruments on Philae is yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This was a moment more than 20 years in the making; the last ten years were spent just traveling to the comet.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Exactly where the lander sits is not presently known. There were unexpected challenges during the landing operation, starting before Philae was even launched from its mothership, Rosetta, when it was discovered that a thruster on top the lander had failed. The thruster’s function was to help prevent the probe from bouncing off the comet’s surface upon landing. In the low gravity environment of the comet, a bounce speed of only three feet per second could send it floating back into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ESA operators decided to proceed with the landing despite the lost thruster, relying on other systems designed to make the lander stick to the comet: a harpoon anchor, shock absorbers and fastening augers in its landing gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after midnight on Wednesday, Philae separated from Rosetta and spent the next seven hours coasting at about two miles per hour to its target landing spot on the comet, landing site J. All that ESA operators could do was watch telemetry come in and wait, hoping for a textbook landing—although, this being a first-ever event, it’s not in any textbooks, yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 8:03 AM PST, ESA received confirmation that Philae had landed on schedule, setting off a cathartic explosion of cheers around the ESOC control room in Darmstadt, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground images from Philae did not come in immediately, for the Rosetta spacecraft, Philae’s relay station with Earth, soon set below the horizon of the comet, and would not emerge for another twelve hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When communication was reestablished, and data from Philae’s ROMAP instrument was analyzed, it was learned that the probe had experienced not one, but three distinct landings. The first landing reported by the data coincided with the initial landing confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, almost two hours later, a second landing event was indicated. The harpoon system, designed to fire an anchor into the comet to tether Philae down, had not functioned, and Philae had bounced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven minutes after the second landing, a third was reported by the data, the lander apparently having bounced a second time. This time, however, it appeared that Philae had come to rest somewhere on the surface. ESA scientists are attempting to triangulate its exact position with instruments on Philae and Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first pictures came in they showed what looks like a jagged, dusty, even gravely cliff face, and no framing horizon. Philae was not level with the ground, but resting at a tilted angle. Later, additional images sent back were assembled into the \u003ca title=\"First panoramic view from Philae\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Highlights/Panoramic_postcard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first panoramic view\u003c/a> from the comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the excursions from a perfect landing scenario, Philae has landed, and we are there, thanks to the telepresence the washing-machine-sized robot has given us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was a moment more than 20 years in the making; the last ten years were spent just traveling to the comet. And though a great deal of careful design, planning, and testing took place to help ensure success, in remote space exploration there is always the specter of a critical failure that can make the entire expedition come to naught–particularly with robotic spacecraft operating hundreds of millions of miles from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is still an adventure in progress, and Philae may not be completely out of the woods just yet. Its tilted landing orientation could mean that it is perched on the edge of a cliff, or in a pit. It may also present problems when the lander’s initial 60-hour battery life runs out and it needs to switch to its solar-charged battery system. If the tilt of Philae’s solar panels does not provide adequate energy, it could run out of power sooner than planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, both Philae and the orbiter Rosetta are bound to the comet’s sun-approaching trajectory, which will carry them to a closest point to the sun next August. As the drama of Philae’s uncertain life ahead unfolds, so will that of the comet as it heats up and becomes more active–and we have a front row seat.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/23712/now-that-philae-has-landed-a-wealth-of-data-is-forthcoming","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1216","science_1220","science_1821","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_23716","label":"science"},"science_23114":{"type":"posts","id":"science_23114","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"23114","score":null,"sort":[1414764058000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-historic-first-rosetta-spacecraft-plans-to-land-its-probe-on-a-comet","title":"A Historic First: Rosetta Spacecraft Plans to Land Its Probe on a Comet","publishDate":1414764058,"format":"aside","headTitle":"A Historic First: Rosetta Spacecraft Plans to Land Its Probe on a Comet | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/philae_after_landing1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23117\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/philae_after_landing1.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After 10 years of travel and three months orbiting the comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) \u003ca title=\"ESA, Rosetta\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft is poised to deliver its landing probe, Philae, to the comet’s surface — a first in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can witness this historic event in the making through a \u003ca title=\"ESA Live Stream\" href=\"http://www.livestream.com/eurospaceagency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">live stream\u003c/a> of the event from ESA. Tune in to ESA’s webcast, or come up to \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space & Science Center Comet Landing Event\" href=\"https://14884.blackbaudhosting.com/14884/page.aspx?pid=196&tab=2&txobjid=61e6e728-f26d-4311-a589-61d880fa56d3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> to share the experience on the planetarium dome. Philae’s expected landing time is around 8:00 AM PST on Wednesday, November 12. Chabot’s doors will open at 6:00 AM.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Almost there…\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About seven hours before landing, Philae will be released by its mothership, Rosetta, and then coast the 14 miles to the comet at a leisurely 2 miles per hour. If you are an insomniac, you can watch the live stream at home from midnight to 8:00 AM, though the most exciting moments will likely be around launch and landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the moment from Star Wars when the rebel pilot drones, “Almost there…” as he prepares to fire torpedoes into the Death Star—and though the nearly three-mile-long comet would be a death star of a sort if it collided with Earth, in this case its orbit never carries it close enough to us to be that kind of a concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon contact with the comet’s surface, Philae will fire two harpoons to bind itself to the comet. Its landing legs will also absorb the impact of touchdown to prevent the small probe from bouncing back into space. The comet’s surface gravity is so weak that the velocity needed to escape its pull is only 3 feet per second—about the same speed Philae will have upon landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae packs a number of \u003ca title=\"Philae's instrumentation\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/rosetta/31445-instruments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scientific instruments\u003c/a> into its three-foot-wide body, including an X-ray spectrometer, a combination gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, infrared and visual imagers, a radiowave sounding system, an electrical sounder, an acoustic monitor, a magnetic and plasma monitor, and a drill for taking soil samples. The suite of instrumentation is geared to tell us as much about this comet specimen and in as much detail as possible, fueling a major leap forward in our understanding of one of these time capsules of the solar system. [contextly_sidebar id=”dBesX3aV09j8Niz16u6I1368H0RcJk3o”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rosetta mission’s goal is to investigate evidence locked up in cold sleep in the comet’s ices and soil for billions of years, from the formation of the solar system, and decode the ancient secrets. Being bits of material left over from the earliest times of our solar system, \u003ca title=\"Comets, Space.com\" href=\"http://www.space.com/53-comets-formation-discovery-and-exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">comets \u003c/a>enable us to see deep into the past and learn about the conditions in which the planets, including Earth, formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Rosetta was named for the Rosetta Stone, the Egyptian stele bearing a text written in three ancient languages that enabled archaeologists to decode ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, thereby giving us a better understanding of that ancient civilization. The smaller landing probe, Philae, is named after the island in the Nile River on which the Rosetta Stone was found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta was launched in March of 2004, and has spent the past decade maneuvering into an orbit that matches its target. It spent a number of months in hibernation, when its trajectory carried it too far from the sun for its solar panels to supply much electricity. After a successful wakeup call last January, Rosetta has spent the months since making observations of 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it made its final approach. Then in August it maneuvered itself into a tenuous orbit around the comet, surveying the surface in search of a landing site for Philae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, landing….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After 10 years of travel and three months orbiting the comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft is poised to deliver its landing probe, Philae, to the comet's surface -- a first in history.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932689,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":658},"headData":{"title":"A Historic First: Rosetta Spacecraft Plans to Land Its Probe on a Comet | KQED","description":"After 10 years of travel and three months orbiting the comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft is poised to deliver its landing probe, Philae, to the comet's surface -- a first in history.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/23114/a-historic-first-rosetta-spacecraft-plans-to-land-its-probe-on-a-comet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/philae_after_landing1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23117\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/philae_after_landing1.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After 10 years of travel and three months orbiting the comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) \u003ca title=\"ESA, Rosetta\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft is poised to deliver its landing probe, Philae, to the comet’s surface — a first in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can witness this historic event in the making through a \u003ca title=\"ESA Live Stream\" href=\"http://www.livestream.com/eurospaceagency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">live stream\u003c/a> of the event from ESA. Tune in to ESA’s webcast, or come up to \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space & Science Center Comet Landing Event\" href=\"https://14884.blackbaudhosting.com/14884/page.aspx?pid=196&tab=2&txobjid=61e6e728-f26d-4311-a589-61d880fa56d3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> to share the experience on the planetarium dome. Philae’s expected landing time is around 8:00 AM PST on Wednesday, November 12. Chabot’s doors will open at 6:00 AM.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Almost there…\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About seven hours before landing, Philae will be released by its mothership, Rosetta, and then coast the 14 miles to the comet at a leisurely 2 miles per hour. If you are an insomniac, you can watch the live stream at home from midnight to 8:00 AM, though the most exciting moments will likely be around launch and landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the moment from Star Wars when the rebel pilot drones, “Almost there…” as he prepares to fire torpedoes into the Death Star—and though the nearly three-mile-long comet would be a death star of a sort if it collided with Earth, in this case its orbit never carries it close enough to us to be that kind of a concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon contact with the comet’s surface, Philae will fire two harpoons to bind itself to the comet. Its landing legs will also absorb the impact of touchdown to prevent the small probe from bouncing back into space. The comet’s surface gravity is so weak that the velocity needed to escape its pull is only 3 feet per second—about the same speed Philae will have upon landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae packs a number of \u003ca title=\"Philae's instrumentation\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/rosetta/31445-instruments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scientific instruments\u003c/a> into its three-foot-wide body, including an X-ray spectrometer, a combination gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, infrared and visual imagers, a radiowave sounding system, an electrical sounder, an acoustic monitor, a magnetic and plasma monitor, and a drill for taking soil samples. The suite of instrumentation is geared to tell us as much about this comet specimen and in as much detail as possible, fueling a major leap forward in our understanding of one of these time capsules of the solar system. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rosetta mission’s goal is to investigate evidence locked up in cold sleep in the comet’s ices and soil for billions of years, from the formation of the solar system, and decode the ancient secrets. Being bits of material left over from the earliest times of our solar system, \u003ca title=\"Comets, Space.com\" href=\"http://www.space.com/53-comets-formation-discovery-and-exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">comets \u003c/a>enable us to see deep into the past and learn about the conditions in which the planets, including Earth, formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Rosetta was named for the Rosetta Stone, the Egyptian stele bearing a text written in three ancient languages that enabled archaeologists to decode ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, thereby giving us a better understanding of that ancient civilization. The smaller landing probe, Philae, is named after the island in the Nile River on which the Rosetta Stone was found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta was launched in March of 2004, and has spent the past decade maneuvering into an orbit that matches its target. It spent a number of months in hibernation, when its trajectory carried it too far from the sun for its solar panels to supply much electricity. After a successful wakeup call last January, Rosetta has spent the months since making observations of 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it made its final approach. Then in August it maneuvered itself into a tenuous orbit around the comet, surveying the surface in search of a landing site for Philae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, landing….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/23114/a-historic-first-rosetta-spacecraft-plans-to-land-its-probe-on-a-comet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1216","science_1220","science_1821","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_23117","label":"science"},"science_20740":{"type":"posts","id":"science_20740","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"20740","score":null,"sort":[1408716049000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"esas-rosetta-spacecraft-makes-a-first-ever-comet-rendezvous","title":"ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft Makes a First-Ever Comet Rendezvous","publishDate":1408716049,"format":"aside","headTitle":"ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft Makes a First-Ever Comet Rendezvous | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20743\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/comet-churyumov-gerasimenko.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20743\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/comet-churyumov-gerasimenko.jpg\" alt=\"Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency’s (ESA) \u003ca title=\"ESA - Rosetta\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_arrives_at_comet_destination\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta has reached its target\u003c/a> — the Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko — becoming the first spacecraft in history to rendezvous with a comet. And in November, it will accomplish another first when it drops a small probe, Philae, to a soft landing on the comet’s surface!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Churyumov-Gerasimenko, along with its new tagalong companion Rosetta, is presently moving toward the inner solar system and will reach perihelion (closest approach to the sun) in August 2015. Rosetta’s mission is to make a detailed study of the comet’s structure, composition and the effects of increasing solar heating as it warms up. A comprehensive campaign of observation with its array of instruments will offer us unprecedented insights into the conditions in which the comet formed in the earliest annals of the young solar system, as well as the evolutionary path it has taken since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”5LrNwVyccbKOfzp9GMHuCH8LIdgDWN3i”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as Rosetta made its gradual approach to the comet during the summer, it began to detect some unusual — and in some cases unexpected — characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, \u003ca title=\"Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/08150814-finding-my-way-around-cg.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the comet’s shape\u003c/a>; generic preconceptions for the comet’s structure and surface appearance were “typical”: a roughly round, mountain-sized blob of ice with some bumps, a jagged edge here and there and maybe some surface cratering. We haven’t seen many comets up close, so expectations must be based on a handful of examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Churyumov-Gerasimenko, like its name, has a double-lobed structure, looking a lot like two comets that have been fused together and connected by a bridge-like neck (perhaps each lobe can be named for one of the co-discoverers.) Whether this comet is a “contact binary” (two comets that joined together) or was a single comet whose shape has been sculpted by the vaporizing chisel of sunlight over eons is yet to be determined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comet is also warmer than expected: a balmy negative 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Sounds pretty cold, but calculations based on the comet’s distance from the sun and the reflectivity of water ice predicted that it would be colder. A likely explanation is that the comet’s surface is coated with dust, making it darker and more able to absorb the heat in sunlight — not unlike how a dark t-shirt warms you up more than a light-colored one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average density of this comet is only one-tenth that of water ice, so a sample of its material would be light, airy and as feather-weight as powder snow. In other words, an ice cube tray amount of material from the comet would weigh as much as a single solid ice cube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempting this first-of-its-kind mission to orbit a comet required a first-of-its-kind maneuvering tactic. Only about two miles across and weighing a mere three billion tons, the comet’s gravity is incredibly feeble. If you were standing on its surface, it would take little more than a light hop to break free of the comet’s gravity and propel yourself into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the ESA operators of Rosetta have been maneuvering the spacecraft through a series of thrust impulses designed to drive it around and ever closer to the comet in calculated bursts. This “powered orbit” maneuver — a lurching, rocket-driven zig-zag in the space surrounding the comet — reminds me of the one (and only) time I went bungee jumping. After I had stopped bouncing at the end of the bungee, they sent a powerboat out to grab me with a long, hand-operated hook. As I swung about over the river, the boat driver had to gun the engine, turn the boat in bursts and fight with the river’s current while trying to get close enough to hook me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Rosetta circles and closes in on the comet, it is also mapping the entire surface from every direction looking for the best landing site for its drop-probe: Philae. The preferred landing sites are flat areas that offer the best chance for Philae to land upright, but investigators also want to send it to the most scientifically interesting place — for instance, at the site where one of the comet’s gas plumes might emerge from as it heats up and becomes more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Rosetta will move to within about twenty miles — and possibly closer — where the comet’s gravity is strong enough (or more accurately, not too feeble) to tether it into a true orbit. Even then the spacecraft’s orbital velocity will be only a few inches per second — literally an insect’s crawl. Any faster than that, Rosetta would fly off into space again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past comet encounters by spacecraft — \u003ca title=\"NASA Deep Impact\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/main/#.U_T658VdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Impact\u003c/a>/EPOXI, Giotto, \u003ca title=\"NASA - Stardust\" href=\"http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stardust\u003c/a> and a handful of others — have been fly-bys with only brief hours in which to examine their targets before flying off into space again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will fly along with Churyumov-Gerasimenko for the next year, studying the effects of solar heating as it swings through its closest approach to the sun, between the orbits of Earth and Mars and the aftermath as the comet cruises back toward Jupiter’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned. Rosetta only just arrived at its destination, and after the 10-year journey it took to get it there, only now does the adventure really begin.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Rosetta has reached its target -- the Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko -- becoming the first spacecraft in history to rendezvous with a comet. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933106,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":948},"headData":{"title":"ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft Makes a First-Ever Comet Rendezvous | KQED","description":"The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Rosetta has reached its target -- the Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko -- becoming the first spacecraft in history to rendezvous with a comet. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/20740/esas-rosetta-spacecraft-makes-a-first-ever-comet-rendezvous","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20743\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/comet-churyumov-gerasimenko.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20743\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/comet-churyumov-gerasimenko.jpg\" alt=\"Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency’s (ESA) \u003ca title=\"ESA - Rosetta\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_arrives_at_comet_destination\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta has reached its target\u003c/a> — the Comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko — becoming the first spacecraft in history to rendezvous with a comet. And in November, it will accomplish another first when it drops a small probe, Philae, to a soft landing on the comet’s surface!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Churyumov-Gerasimenko, along with its new tagalong companion Rosetta, is presently moving toward the inner solar system and will reach perihelion (closest approach to the sun) in August 2015. Rosetta’s mission is to make a detailed study of the comet’s structure, composition and the effects of increasing solar heating as it warms up. A comprehensive campaign of observation with its array of instruments will offer us unprecedented insights into the conditions in which the comet formed in the earliest annals of the young solar system, as well as the evolutionary path it has taken since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as Rosetta made its gradual approach to the comet during the summer, it began to detect some unusual — and in some cases unexpected — characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, \u003ca title=\"Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/08150814-finding-my-way-around-cg.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the comet’s shape\u003c/a>; generic preconceptions for the comet’s structure and surface appearance were “typical”: a roughly round, mountain-sized blob of ice with some bumps, a jagged edge here and there and maybe some surface cratering. We haven’t seen many comets up close, so expectations must be based on a handful of examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Churyumov-Gerasimenko, like its name, has a double-lobed structure, looking a lot like two comets that have been fused together and connected by a bridge-like neck (perhaps each lobe can be named for one of the co-discoverers.) Whether this comet is a “contact binary” (two comets that joined together) or was a single comet whose shape has been sculpted by the vaporizing chisel of sunlight over eons is yet to be determined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comet is also warmer than expected: a balmy negative 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Sounds pretty cold, but calculations based on the comet’s distance from the sun and the reflectivity of water ice predicted that it would be colder. A likely explanation is that the comet’s surface is coated with dust, making it darker and more able to absorb the heat in sunlight — not unlike how a dark t-shirt warms you up more than a light-colored one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average density of this comet is only one-tenth that of water ice, so a sample of its material would be light, airy and as feather-weight as powder snow. In other words, an ice cube tray amount of material from the comet would weigh as much as a single solid ice cube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempting this first-of-its-kind mission to orbit a comet required a first-of-its-kind maneuvering tactic. Only about two miles across and weighing a mere three billion tons, the comet’s gravity is incredibly feeble. If you were standing on its surface, it would take little more than a light hop to break free of the comet’s gravity and propel yourself into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the ESA operators of Rosetta have been maneuvering the spacecraft through a series of thrust impulses designed to drive it around and ever closer to the comet in calculated bursts. This “powered orbit” maneuver — a lurching, rocket-driven zig-zag in the space surrounding the comet — reminds me of the one (and only) time I went bungee jumping. After I had stopped bouncing at the end of the bungee, they sent a powerboat out to grab me with a long, hand-operated hook. As I swung about over the river, the boat driver had to gun the engine, turn the boat in bursts and fight with the river’s current while trying to get close enough to hook me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Rosetta circles and closes in on the comet, it is also mapping the entire surface from every direction looking for the best landing site for its drop-probe: Philae. The preferred landing sites are flat areas that offer the best chance for Philae to land upright, but investigators also want to send it to the most scientifically interesting place — for instance, at the site where one of the comet’s gas plumes might emerge from as it heats up and becomes more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Rosetta will move to within about twenty miles — and possibly closer — where the comet’s gravity is strong enough (or more accurately, not too feeble) to tether it into a true orbit. Even then the spacecraft’s orbital velocity will be only a few inches per second — literally an insect’s crawl. Any faster than that, Rosetta would fly off into space again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past comet encounters by spacecraft — \u003ca title=\"NASA Deep Impact\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/main/#.U_T658VdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Impact\u003c/a>/EPOXI, Giotto, \u003ca title=\"NASA - Stardust\" href=\"http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stardust\u003c/a> and a handful of others — have been fly-bys with only brief hours in which to examine their targets before flying off into space again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will fly along with Churyumov-Gerasimenko for the next year, studying the effects of solar heating as it swings through its closest approach to the sun, between the orbits of Earth and Mars and the aftermath as the comet cruises back toward Jupiter’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned. Rosetta only just arrived at its destination, and after the 10-year journey it took to get it there, only now does the adventure really begin.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/20740/esas-rosetta-spacecraft-makes-a-first-ever-comet-rendezvous","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1216","science_1220","science_1821","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_20743","label":"science"},"science_13469":{"type":"posts","id":"science_13469","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"13469","score":null,"sort":[1390575653000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"rosetta-wakes-up-for-final-approach-to-a-comet","title":"Rosetta Wakes Up for Final Approach to a Comet","publishDate":1390575653,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Rosetta Wakes Up for Final Approach to a Comet | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13471\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/rosetta-illustration.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13471\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/rosetta-illustration.jpg\" alt=\"The ESA's Rosetta Spacecraft\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday, far beyond the orbit of Mars, an alarm clock went off and a robot began the slow process of waking up after a long, cold sleep. The European Space Agency’s \u003ca title=\"ESA/Rosetta Mission\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft is now awake and on final approach to its target, the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, which it will catch up with this May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta was launched back in 2004 and has spent\u003ca title=\"Where is Rosetta?\" href=\"https://util1.estec.esa.int/rosetta/where_is_rosetta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the last ten years \u003c/a>conducting fancy “gravitational slingshot” maneuvers around the Inner Solar System designed to boost its speed. By making a series of close flybys of planets (three of Earth and one of Mars), Rosetta acquired some of their momentum—not unlike how a discus thrower flings a discus to higher speed by imparting a bit of their own momentum as they spin around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boost to Rosetta’s velocity was sufficient to fling it almost to the orbit of Jupiter, about five hundred million miles from the Sun. \u003ca title=\"Rosetta Spots the Comet Before Going into Hibernation\" href=\"http://www.space.com/12013-comet-photo-rosetta-spacecraft-hibernation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">It was at this point\u003c/a>, in 2011, when the solar-powered Rosetta spacecraft went into hibernation, the strength of sunlight at that distance not sufficient maintain full power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s mission in the months ahead will feature feats of comet exploration that have never been done before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Rosetta is over 5 million miles from the comet, but will close the gap to little over a million miles by May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, Rosetta will be the first spacecraft to orbit a comet, giving us a much longer close-up look at one of these icy bodies than \u003ca title=\"Best Comet Fly-By Missions\" href=\"http://www.space.com/11801-amazing-comet-encounters-robot-spacecraft.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other spacecraft have achieved on fly-by missions\u003c/a> in recent years. Those fly-by missions were exciting and we learned a lot from them, but their close approaches lasted only minutes. Rosetta will spend over a year in close proximity, studying the comet with its 11 scientific instruments—\u003ca title=\"NASA/JPL-provided instruments on Rosetta\" href=\"http://rosetta.jpl.nasa.gov/us-instruments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">three of which\u003c/a> were provided by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more exciting, Rosetta carries a probe that will be launched sometime in November, and if all goes well will set down and give us the first “boots on the ground” image from the surface of a comet. I’m a junky for otherworldly landscapes, so I’m particularly interested in the returns from Rosetta, and its landing probe Philae. To date we have achieved surface views from only a handful of bodies: the moon, Mars, the asteroid Eros, and Saturn’s moon Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (say that five times fast) orbits the sun every 6.45 years. At the end of its orbit when it’s farthest from the sun (aphelion), the comet is farther out than Jupiter, but on closest approach (perihelion) it will be only slightly farther from the sun than we are. Rosetta will accompany the comet as it approaches perihelion in December 2015, giving us a front-row seat to a comet as it heats up. If only a tag-along spacecraft could have followed comet ISON to its perihelion, and demise, last Thanksgiving; what a show that would have been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve long been interested in comets, not only for the beauty of the rare one that comes close enough to the sun to be seen, but for the fact that comets are preserved specimens of materials from the very early times in the solar system. Think of them as time capsules, or fossils, or ice core samples from ancient ice sheets; the information preserved in their composition and structure can give us insight into the past, when the sun and planets were quite young, four and half billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta still has some miles to go before it gets close to the comet, so set your alarm clock for next August when we should wake up to a fresh vision of these ancient and mysterious celestial objects.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On Monday, far beyond the orbit of Mars, an alarm clock went off and a robot began the slow process of waking up after a long, cold sleep. The European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft is now approaching the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, which it will catch up with this May.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934330,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":656},"headData":{"title":"Rosetta Wakes Up for Final Approach to a Comet | KQED","description":"On Monday, far beyond the orbit of Mars, an alarm clock went off and a robot began the slow process of waking up after a long, cold sleep. The European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft is now approaching the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, which it will catch up with this May.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/13469/rosetta-wakes-up-for-final-approach-to-a-comet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13471\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/rosetta-illustration.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13471\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/rosetta-illustration.jpg\" alt=\"The ESA's Rosetta Spacecraft\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday, far beyond the orbit of Mars, an alarm clock went off and a robot began the slow process of waking up after a long, cold sleep. The European Space Agency’s \u003ca title=\"ESA/Rosetta Mission\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft is now awake and on final approach to its target, the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, which it will catch up with this May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta was launched back in 2004 and has spent\u003ca title=\"Where is Rosetta?\" href=\"https://util1.estec.esa.int/rosetta/where_is_rosetta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the last ten years \u003c/a>conducting fancy “gravitational slingshot” maneuvers around the Inner Solar System designed to boost its speed. By making a series of close flybys of planets (three of Earth and one of Mars), Rosetta acquired some of their momentum—not unlike how a discus thrower flings a discus to higher speed by imparting a bit of their own momentum as they spin around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boost to Rosetta’s velocity was sufficient to fling it almost to the orbit of Jupiter, about five hundred million miles from the Sun. \u003ca title=\"Rosetta Spots the Comet Before Going into Hibernation\" href=\"http://www.space.com/12013-comet-photo-rosetta-spacecraft-hibernation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">It was at this point\u003c/a>, in 2011, when the solar-powered Rosetta spacecraft went into hibernation, the strength of sunlight at that distance not sufficient maintain full power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s mission in the months ahead will feature feats of comet exploration that have never been done before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Rosetta is over 5 million miles from the comet, but will close the gap to little over a million miles by May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, Rosetta will be the first spacecraft to orbit a comet, giving us a much longer close-up look at one of these icy bodies than \u003ca title=\"Best Comet Fly-By Missions\" href=\"http://www.space.com/11801-amazing-comet-encounters-robot-spacecraft.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other spacecraft have achieved on fly-by missions\u003c/a> in recent years. Those fly-by missions were exciting and we learned a lot from them, but their close approaches lasted only minutes. Rosetta will spend over a year in close proximity, studying the comet with its 11 scientific instruments—\u003ca title=\"NASA/JPL-provided instruments on Rosetta\" href=\"http://rosetta.jpl.nasa.gov/us-instruments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">three of which\u003c/a> were provided by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more exciting, Rosetta carries a probe that will be launched sometime in November, and if all goes well will set down and give us the first “boots on the ground” image from the surface of a comet. I’m a junky for otherworldly landscapes, so I’m particularly interested in the returns from Rosetta, and its landing probe Philae. To date we have achieved surface views from only a handful of bodies: the moon, Mars, the asteroid Eros, and Saturn’s moon Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (say that five times fast) orbits the sun every 6.45 years. At the end of its orbit when it’s farthest from the sun (aphelion), the comet is farther out than Jupiter, but on closest approach (perihelion) it will be only slightly farther from the sun than we are. Rosetta will accompany the comet as it approaches perihelion in December 2015, giving us a front-row seat to a comet as it heats up. If only a tag-along spacecraft could have followed comet ISON to its perihelion, and demise, last Thanksgiving; what a show that would have been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve long been interested in comets, not only for the beauty of the rare one that comes close enough to the sun to be seen, but for the fact that comets are preserved specimens of materials from the very early times in the solar system. Think of them as time capsules, or fossils, or ice core samples from ancient ice sheets; the information preserved in their composition and structure can give us insight into the past, when the sun and planets were quite young, four and half billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta still has some miles to go before it gets close to the comet, so set your alarm clock for next August when we should wake up to a fresh vision of these ancient and mysterious celestial objects.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/13469/rosetta-wakes-up-for-final-approach-to-a-comet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1216","science_64","science_1220","science_5188","science_5175","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_13471","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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