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They’re giving away\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/09/08/recycled-waste-water-program-keeps-east-bay-gardens-alive\"> recycled wastewater\u003c/a>. They’ve pumped \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-flooding-fields-could-alleviate-water-supply-stress/\">deeper and deeper underground\u003c/a>. They’ve even refined a technique to try to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding/\">squeeze rain out of the clouds\u003c/a>. But what if they could harness the power of tiny mosses that can survive for decades without a single drop of water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such mosses do exist and many of them are hidden in plain sight in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73250\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-73250\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Caleb Caswell-Levy uses a hand lens to identify tiny mosses on a tree in Berkeley, California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Caleb Caswell-Levy uses a hand lens to identify tiny mosses on a tree in Berkeley, California. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biologist Caleb Caswell-Levy, a doctoral student at the University of California, Berkeley, carries a small hand lens as he walks among the trees in Strawberry Canyon, near campus. Every so often, he leans his lens –which looks like a monocle– against a tree and examines a brownish, dried-up clump stuck to its bark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He spritzes some water on a clump and in seconds its leaves, curled up like a corkscrew, unfurl. A look under the microscope reveals bright green leaves arranged as a tiny star. It’s a moss belonging to a group called Tortula. (You can watch Tortula mosses unfurl at 0:49 and 1:09 in the video above).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Plants that live without water\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73254\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-73254\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Tortula moss unfurls after being dry for several weeks. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tortula moss unfurls after being dry for several weeks. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73248\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-73248\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Genes in Tortula mosses like these could help crops rebound after a dry spell. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genes in Tortula mosses like these could help crops rebound after a dry spell. \u003ccite>(Brent Mishler/University of California, Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These mosses’ unique ability to survive months, or even years, without water and then spring back to life when it rains has led scientists at UC Berkeley and around the country to study them carefully. Researchers call them “resurrection plants.” They hope to use their genes to create crops that could survive dry periods, like California’s current historic drought, with minimal water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mosses dry out so completely that it’s as if they had been placed in an oven, said \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/people/mishler.html\">Brent Mishler\u003c/a>, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">University and Jepson Herbaria\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley and \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/bryolab/Bryolab.html\">the lab where Caswell-Levy studies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Isn’t it amazing?” said Mishler. “We humans die without water way before we completely dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When there’s no rain, Tortula mosses dry out completely and stop photosynthesizing. That is, they stop using carbon dioxide and the light of the sun to grow. They’re virtually dead, reduced to a pile of chemicals, and can stay that way for years. Researchers have found dry, 100-year-old moss samples in a museum that came back to life when water was added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mosses are very good at repairing their damaged cells, and that’s a skill that would serve crops well, experts say. Right before they dry out, the mosses write themselves a set of genetic instructions, so that if they ever get water again they can start growing right away. Their ability to prepare themselves beforehand and repair themselves after a dry spell reminds Mishler of what humans do to prepare for natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-73355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Brent Mishler examines a moss sample under the microscope at the University of California, Berkeley. He studies mosses that have the ability to live without water for decades and spring back to life when it rains. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brent Mishler examines a moss sample under the microscope at the University of California, Berkeley. He studies mosses that have the ability to live without water for decades and spring back to life when it rains. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If people know there’s a hurricane coming, there are things they can do to prepare ahead of time, like boarding up the windows,” said Mishler. “But you also have to be able to survive after the storm and fix any damage, so you buy disaster supplies ahead of time. The moss likewise tries both to limit the damage during drying and does other things to repair itself upon rewetting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trying to make crops that can survive a drought\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ipg.missouri.edu/faculty/oliver.cfm\">Mel Oliver\u003c/a>, a research geneticist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the University of Missouri, Columbia, has identified close to 80 genes from Tortula that allow the mosses to write genetic instructions and repair themselves. He calls these genes rehydrins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have some very good gene candidates,” said Oliver. “By studying how the moss handles losing water and how it repairs damage, if we can understand those processes, we can look at new ways to improve drought tolerance in crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have looked inside the crops themselves to see if they don’t already contain some of these moss genes, left over from 450 million years ago, when a common ancestor of mosses and crop plants moved onto land and acquired the ability to live without water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“By studying how the moss handles losing water and how it repairs damage, if we can understand those processes, we can look at new ways to improve drought tolerance in crops.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Mel Oliver, U.S. Department of Agriculture and University of Missouri, Columbia\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But using moss genes to make crop plants better able to survive dry spells is a big challenge, in part because this ability comes not from a single gene, but likely from a group of genes, said Mishler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge is balancing drought-protection with the need for high yield. It turns out that there really is no free lunch: mosses’ useful ability to live without water makes it hard for them to grow very big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What happens in evolution is trade-offs,” said Mishler. “If you do one thing well, you can’t do another. It’s hard for one organism to be able to do everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cellular mechanism that a plant needs in order to live without water slows down its productivity, measured by the amount of new green tissue a plant can grow. That’s why many plants shed their ability to live without water in favor of an increased ability to grow big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73360\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-73360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When there’s no rain, mosses like this Orthotricum dry out completely and stop photosynthesizing. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When there’s no rain, mosses like this Orthotricum dry out completely and stop photosynthesizing. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73362\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-73362\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Mosses, such as this Orthotricum, don’t have roots to transport water. Instead, moss’ porous cells absorb water like a sponge whenever it’s available. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosses, such as this Orthotricum, don’t have roots to transport water. Instead, moss’ porous cells absorb water like a sponge whenever it’s available. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Productivity is a good thing in evolution,” said Mishler. “The plants that grow faster outgrow the ones that grow slower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants that can hold water inside their bodies are able to grow big. So if you try to make a crop plant more like a moss its yield will decrease. That’s why researchers’ goal isn’t to make a crop that can live entirely without water, like a moss, but rather a plant that could repair itself after a dry period, even if some yield were lost in the process, said Oliver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d hope that the plants would at least survive severe droughts,” he said. “The idea would be to get the crops to recover as fast as possible so that they can get back to generating biomass or seeds as quickly as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists say the genes in these “resurrection plants” could one day protect crops from drought.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931650,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1208},"headData":{"title":"These 'Resurrection Plants' Spring Back to Life in Seconds | KQED","description":"Scientists say the genes in these “resurrection plants” could one day protect crops from drought.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"These 'Resurrection Plants' Spring Back to Life in Seconds","datePublished":"2015-06-25T19:45:04.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:07:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoFGKlZMo2g","source":"Deep Look","sticky":false,"path":"/science/73151/these-resurrection-plants-spring-back-to-life-in-seconds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>California’s drought has sent researchers, policymakers, and farmers looking for water in farfetched places. They’re giving away\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/09/08/recycled-waste-water-program-keeps-east-bay-gardens-alive\"> recycled wastewater\u003c/a>. They’ve pumped \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-flooding-fields-could-alleviate-water-supply-stress/\">deeper and deeper underground\u003c/a>. They’ve even refined a technique to try to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding/\">squeeze rain out of the clouds\u003c/a>. But what if they could harness the power of tiny mosses that can survive for decades without a single drop of water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such mosses do exist and many of them are hidden in plain sight in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73250\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-73250\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Caleb Caswell-Levy uses a hand lens to identify tiny mosses on a tree in Berkeley, California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Caleb_Caswell-Levy_resized.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Caleb Caswell-Levy uses a hand lens to identify tiny mosses on a tree in Berkeley, California. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biologist Caleb Caswell-Levy, a doctoral student at the University of California, Berkeley, carries a small hand lens as he walks among the trees in Strawberry Canyon, near campus. Every so often, he leans his lens –which looks like a monocle– against a tree and examines a brownish, dried-up clump stuck to its bark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He spritzes some water on a clump and in seconds its leaves, curled up like a corkscrew, unfurl. A look under the microscope reveals bright green leaves arranged as a tiny star. It’s a moss belonging to a group called Tortula. (You can watch Tortula mosses unfurl at 0:49 and 1:09 in the video above).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Plants that live without water\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73254\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-73254\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Tortula moss unfurls after being dry for several weeks. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-princeps-unfurling-CU_resized2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tortula moss unfurls after being dry for several weeks. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73248\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-73248\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Genes in Tortula mosses like these could help crops rebound after a dry spell. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Tortula-ruralis_Brent_Mishler_resized_2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genes in Tortula mosses like these could help crops rebound after a dry spell. \u003ccite>(Brent Mishler/University of California, Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These mosses’ unique ability to survive months, or even years, without water and then spring back to life when it rains has led scientists at UC Berkeley and around the country to study them carefully. Researchers call them “resurrection plants.” They hope to use their genes to create crops that could survive dry periods, like California’s current historic drought, with minimal water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mosses dry out so completely that it’s as if they had been placed in an oven, said \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/people/mishler.html\">Brent Mishler\u003c/a>, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">University and Jepson Herbaria\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley and \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/bryolab/Bryolab.html\">the lab where Caswell-Levy studies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Isn’t it amazing?” said Mishler. “We humans die without water way before we completely dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When there’s no rain, Tortula mosses dry out completely and stop photosynthesizing. That is, they stop using carbon dioxide and the light of the sun to grow. They’re virtually dead, reduced to a pile of chemicals, and can stay that way for years. Researchers have found dry, 100-year-old moss samples in a museum that came back to life when water was added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mosses are very good at repairing their damaged cells, and that’s a skill that would serve crops well, experts say. Right before they dry out, the mosses write themselves a set of genetic instructions, so that if they ever get water again they can start growing right away. Their ability to prepare themselves beforehand and repair themselves after a dry spell reminds Mishler of what humans do to prepare for natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-73355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Brent Mishler examines a moss sample under the microscope at the University of California, Berkeley. He studies mosses that have the ability to live without water for decades and spring back to life when it rains. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Brent_Mishler_1_resized.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brent Mishler examines a moss sample under the microscope at the University of California, Berkeley. He studies mosses that have the ability to live without water for decades and spring back to life when it rains. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If people know there’s a hurricane coming, there are things they can do to prepare ahead of time, like boarding up the windows,” said Mishler. “But you also have to be able to survive after the storm and fix any damage, so you buy disaster supplies ahead of time. The moss likewise tries both to limit the damage during drying and does other things to repair itself upon rewetting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trying to make crops that can survive a drought\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ipg.missouri.edu/faculty/oliver.cfm\">Mel Oliver\u003c/a>, a research geneticist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the University of Missouri, Columbia, has identified close to 80 genes from Tortula that allow the mosses to write genetic instructions and repair themselves. He calls these genes rehydrins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have some very good gene candidates,” said Oliver. “By studying how the moss handles losing water and how it repairs damage, if we can understand those processes, we can look at new ways to improve drought tolerance in crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have looked inside the crops themselves to see if they don’t already contain some of these moss genes, left over from 450 million years ago, when a common ancestor of mosses and crop plants moved onto land and acquired the ability to live without water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“By studying how the moss handles losing water and how it repairs damage, if we can understand those processes, we can look at new ways to improve drought tolerance in crops.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Mel Oliver, U.S. Department of Agriculture and University of Missouri, Columbia\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But using moss genes to make crop plants better able to survive dry spells is a big challenge, in part because this ability comes not from a single gene, but likely from a group of genes, said Mishler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge is balancing drought-protection with the need for high yield. It turns out that there really is no free lunch: mosses’ useful ability to live without water makes it hard for them to grow very big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What happens in evolution is trade-offs,” said Mishler. “If you do one thing well, you can’t do another. It’s hard for one organism to be able to do everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cellular mechanism that a plant needs in order to live without water slows down its productivity, measured by the amount of new green tissue a plant can grow. That’s why many plants shed their ability to live without water in favor of an increased ability to grow big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73360\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-73360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When there’s no rain, mosses like this Orthotricum dry out completely and stop photosynthesizing. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-dried-out_resized.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When there’s no rain, mosses like this Orthotricum dry out completely and stop photosynthesizing. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73362\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-73362\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Mosses, such as this Orthotricum, don’t have roots to transport water. Instead, moss’ porous cells absorb water like a sponge whenever it’s available. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Orthotricum-rewetted-1_resized.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosses, such as this Orthotricum, don’t have roots to transport water. Instead, moss’ porous cells absorb water like a sponge whenever it’s available. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Productivity is a good thing in evolution,” said Mishler. “The plants that grow faster outgrow the ones that grow slower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants that can hold water inside their bodies are able to grow big. So if you try to make a crop plant more like a moss its yield will decrease. That’s why researchers’ goal isn’t to make a crop that can live entirely without water, like a moss, but rather a plant that could repair itself after a dry period, even if some yield were lost in the process, said Oliver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d hope that the plants would at least survive severe droughts,” he said. “The idea would be to get the crops to recover as fast as possible so that they can get back to generating biomass or seeds as quickly as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/73151/these-resurrection-plants-spring-back-to-life-in-seconds","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935","science_1151"],"categories":["science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_572","science_791","science_201"],"featImg":"science_75466","label":"source_science_73151"},"science_22613":{"type":"posts","id":"science_22613","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"22613","score":null,"sort":[1413900047000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-research-shows-targeted-antioxidants-help-mice-live-longer-healthier-lives","title":"New Research Shows Targeted Antioxidants Help Mice Live Longer, Healthier Lives","publishDate":1413900047,"format":"aside","headTitle":"New Research Shows Targeted Antioxidants Help Mice Live Longer, Healthier Lives | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22615\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Scid_mouse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22615\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Scid_mouse.jpg\" alt=\"The frailty that often comes with old age may one day be delayed by targeting antioxidants to the mitochondria. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mice can avoid the frailty that comes with old age when antioxidants are targeted to their mitochondria. One day perhaps a similar treatment can help people have a healthier old age. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scid_mouse.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can’t go to a health website without reading about the praises of antioxidants. These miracle chemicals found in foods such as various berries, beans and artichokes are touted to help you lose weight, give you younger-looking skin, help fight off infections and so much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many of the benefits of antioxidants are undoubtedly oversold, we do know that if given at high enough levels and targeted to the right place, antioxidants can help a mouse live 10-20% longer. If this holds up in people, that is equivalent to an extra 7-14 years for people here in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that isn’t all. These mice not only live longer but as Umanskya and coworkers show in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25288763\">new study\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> (PNAS), they also stay stronger and healthier for longer too. So the antioxidant treatment isn’t just adding extra time at the end of the mouse’s life. It is adding better, more productive years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22618\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/MitochondriaFlashCard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22618\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/MitochondriaFlashCard.jpg\" alt=\"Protecting the mitochondria of mice with antioxidants helps the mice live longer, healthier lives. (Flickr)\" width=\"300\" height=\"429\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protecting the mitochondria of mice with antioxidants helps the mice live longer, healthier lives. (\u003ca href=\"https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3613/3439703502_1ecb115c2b_z.jpg?zz=1\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now don’t think that you can get the same effects from eating truckloads of blueberries (although they are both tasty and good for you). You can’t. These mice were genetically engineered to make antioxidants in the key part of the cell that needs protection—the mitochondria. They lived longer not because of what they ate but because of genetic modification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that we need to wait until scientists figure out how to package antioxidants and deliver them specifically to the mitochondria to cash in on these benefits. And luckily for us, scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567724913000627\">are working furiously on this right now\u003c/a>. Not only would this sort of targeting help with aging, but it would help treat many other devastating mitochondrial diseases as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And who knows? Maybe in the not too distant future, scientists will be able to genetically engineer the mitochondria in human eggs so that the resulting child lives a longer, healthier life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, scientists are able to replace diseased mitochondria with healthy ones in the eggs of women suffering from mitochondrial disease (although they are being \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/21/controversial-technique-can-prevent-fatal-illnesses-in-children/\">prevented from doing this right now for ethical reasons\u003c/a>). So it may not be too long before they can do the same with genetically engineered mitochondria. It won’t be happening tomorrow but the technology could be closer than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Energy Produces Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Targeting the mitochondria makes sense because these poor things take a beating during our lifetime. Mitochondria are the energy plants of the cells. After our food gets digested, the remains are sent to mitochondria to be turned into ATP, the main source of cellular energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like burning fossil fuels for energy creates all sorts of pollutants, making energy in the mitochondria does too. But instead of carbon dioxide, particulates and acid rain, the byproducts of making energy in the mitochondria are free radicals. And these are very, very nasty little chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22621\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PowerPlant.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22621\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PowerPlant.jpg\" alt=\"The pollution from making energy in mitochondria are free radicals. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pollution from making energy in mitochondria are free radicals. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Power_plant_in_P%C4%85tn%C3%B3w.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Free radicals tend to quickly react with and so damage whatever is close by and in cells, that means the mitochondria and their DNA. These wounded mitochondria can no longer do their jobs properly and this is thought to be one of the big reasons we age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given this, it made perfect sense for the scientists to try to have mice live longer by adding something to the mitochondria that can defuse those free radicals. In this case, they added the catalase gene whose product is responsible for turning hydrogen peroxide (a precursor to free radicals) into water and oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mice that had catalase added to their mitochondria lived longer. They also had fewer problems with age-related insulin resistance and energy imbalance. Overall, these mice did much better than their untreated littermates as they aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the current study, Umanskya and coworkers found that the genetically engineered mice also suffered less age-related muscle weakness than regular old mice. This is more evidence that dealing with free radicals in the mitochondria can have a profound effect on the quality of life in old age. At least if you are a mouse…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stronger Muscles, Better Old Age\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows that as you get older, your body slowly starts to break down. For example, your muscles can weaken as you age and this can have profound consequences in terms of falling and loss of independence. Something like \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23395245\">30-50% of 80 year olds suffer from age-related muscle weakness\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously it would be a boon to an aging population if we could somehow prevent this from happening. And this is apparently what happened when the mitochondria in mice were protected from damage. The protected mice suffered from less muscle weakness, were more willing to exercise and were generally stronger than their unprotected litter mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if we can figure out how to safely and effectively get antioxidants to our mitochondria, we may end up living longer and healthier lives. Sure beats the idea of \u003ca href=\"http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/274929.php\">protecting our mitochondria by starving ourselves\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While many of the benefits of antioxidants are undoubtedly oversold, we do know that if given at high enough levels and targeted to the right place, antioxidants can help a mouse live 10-20% longer. If this holds up in people, that is equivalent to an extra 7-14 years for people here in the U.S.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932740,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":913},"headData":{"title":"New Research Shows Targeted Antioxidants Help Mice Live Longer, Healthier Lives | KQED","description":"While many of the benefits of antioxidants are undoubtedly oversold, we do know that if given at high enough levels and targeted to the right place, antioxidants can help a mouse live 10-20% longer. If this holds up in people, that is equivalent to an extra 7-14 years for people here in the U.S.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Research Shows Targeted Antioxidants Help Mice Live Longer, Healthier Lives","datePublished":"2014-10-21T14:00:47.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:25:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/22613/new-research-shows-targeted-antioxidants-help-mice-live-longer-healthier-lives","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22615\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Scid_mouse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22615\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Scid_mouse.jpg\" alt=\"The frailty that often comes with old age may one day be delayed by targeting antioxidants to the mitochondria. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mice can avoid the frailty that comes with old age when antioxidants are targeted to their mitochondria. One day perhaps a similar treatment can help people have a healthier old age. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scid_mouse.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can’t go to a health website without reading about the praises of antioxidants. These miracle chemicals found in foods such as various berries, beans and artichokes are touted to help you lose weight, give you younger-looking skin, help fight off infections and so much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many of the benefits of antioxidants are undoubtedly oversold, we do know that if given at high enough levels and targeted to the right place, antioxidants can help a mouse live 10-20% longer. If this holds up in people, that is equivalent to an extra 7-14 years for people here in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that isn’t all. These mice not only live longer but as Umanskya and coworkers show in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25288763\">new study\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> (PNAS), they also stay stronger and healthier for longer too. So the antioxidant treatment isn’t just adding extra time at the end of the mouse’s life. It is adding better, more productive years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22618\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/MitochondriaFlashCard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22618\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/MitochondriaFlashCard.jpg\" alt=\"Protecting the mitochondria of mice with antioxidants helps the mice live longer, healthier lives. (Flickr)\" width=\"300\" height=\"429\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protecting the mitochondria of mice with antioxidants helps the mice live longer, healthier lives. (\u003ca href=\"https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3613/3439703502_1ecb115c2b_z.jpg?zz=1\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now don’t think that you can get the same effects from eating truckloads of blueberries (although they are both tasty and good for you). You can’t. These mice were genetically engineered to make antioxidants in the key part of the cell that needs protection—the mitochondria. They lived longer not because of what they ate but because of genetic modification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that we need to wait until scientists figure out how to package antioxidants and deliver them specifically to the mitochondria to cash in on these benefits. And luckily for us, scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567724913000627\">are working furiously on this right now\u003c/a>. Not only would this sort of targeting help with aging, but it would help treat many other devastating mitochondrial diseases as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And who knows? Maybe in the not too distant future, scientists will be able to genetically engineer the mitochondria in human eggs so that the resulting child lives a longer, healthier life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, scientists are able to replace diseased mitochondria with healthy ones in the eggs of women suffering from mitochondrial disease (although they are being \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/21/controversial-technique-can-prevent-fatal-illnesses-in-children/\">prevented from doing this right now for ethical reasons\u003c/a>). So it may not be too long before they can do the same with genetically engineered mitochondria. It won’t be happening tomorrow but the technology could be closer than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Energy Produces Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Targeting the mitochondria makes sense because these poor things take a beating during our lifetime. Mitochondria are the energy plants of the cells. After our food gets digested, the remains are sent to mitochondria to be turned into ATP, the main source of cellular energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like burning fossil fuels for energy creates all sorts of pollutants, making energy in the mitochondria does too. But instead of carbon dioxide, particulates and acid rain, the byproducts of making energy in the mitochondria are free radicals. And these are very, very nasty little chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22621\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PowerPlant.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22621\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PowerPlant.jpg\" alt=\"The pollution from making energy in mitochondria are free radicals. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pollution from making energy in mitochondria are free radicals. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Power_plant_in_P%C4%85tn%C3%B3w.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Free radicals tend to quickly react with and so damage whatever is close by and in cells, that means the mitochondria and their DNA. These wounded mitochondria can no longer do their jobs properly and this is thought to be one of the big reasons we age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given this, it made perfect sense for the scientists to try to have mice live longer by adding something to the mitochondria that can defuse those free radicals. In this case, they added the catalase gene whose product is responsible for turning hydrogen peroxide (a precursor to free radicals) into water and oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mice that had catalase added to their mitochondria lived longer. They also had fewer problems with age-related insulin resistance and energy imbalance. Overall, these mice did much better than their untreated littermates as they aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the current study, Umanskya and coworkers found that the genetically engineered mice also suffered less age-related muscle weakness than regular old mice. This is more evidence that dealing with free radicals in the mitochondria can have a profound effect on the quality of life in old age. At least if you are a mouse…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stronger Muscles, Better Old Age\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows that as you get older, your body slowly starts to break down. For example, your muscles can weaken as you age and this can have profound consequences in terms of falling and loss of independence. Something like \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23395245\">30-50% of 80 year olds suffer from age-related muscle weakness\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously it would be a boon to an aging population if we could somehow prevent this from happening. And this is apparently what happened when the mitochondria in mice were protected from damage. The protected mice suffered from less muscle weakness, were more willing to exercise and were generally stronger than their unprotected litter mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if we can figure out how to safely and effectively get antioxidants to our mitochondria, we may end up living longer and healthier lives. Sure beats the idea of \u003ca href=\"http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/274929.php\">protecting our mitochondria by starving ourselves\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/22613/new-research-shows-targeted-antioxidants-help-mice-live-longer-healthier-lives","authors":["6177"],"categories":["science_30","science_39"],"tags":["science_791"],"featImg":"science_22615","label":"science"},"science_19865":{"type":"posts","id":"science_19865","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"19865","score":null,"sort":[1406386854000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-quest-for-vegan-cheese-that-actually-tastes-like-cheese","title":"A Quest for Vegan Cheese That Actually Tastes Like Cheese","publishDate":1406386854,"format":"aside","headTitle":"A Quest for Vegan Cheese That Actually Tastes Like Cheese | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The problem with a lot of vegan cheese is that it’s just not very cheesy. You know: gooey, melty, bubbly. Vegan cheese, with a few notable exceptions (Kite Hill, for example) tends toward rubbery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, now a team of a dozen Bay Area scientists is working to biohack a vegan cheese that can be made into a wide variety of flavors and textures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team, composed of people from \u003ca href=\"http://biocurious.org/\">BioCurious\u003c/a> in Sunnyvale and\u003ca href=\"https://counterculturelabs.org/\"> Counter Culture Labs\u003c/a> in Oakland, is engineering baker’s yeast to produce what they call \u003ca href=\"https://realvegancheese.org/\">Real Vegan Cheese\u003c/a>. Unlike other vegan cheeses, which are usually made from vegetable products, Real Vegan Cheese would be exactly the same as milk-based cheese on a molecular level. The idea is to engineer baker’s yeast to produce protein molecules that are identical to the protein molecules from milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19867\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 718px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/marc_in_lab.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19867\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/marc_in_lab.jpg\" alt=\"marc_in_lab\" width=\"718\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marc Juul, a biohacker with a background in synthetic biology, came up with the idea for Real Vegan Cheese. (Courtesy of Real Vegan Cheese)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cheese starts off when you increase the acidity of milk by adding acids or bacteria. Then add the enzyme rennet to the sour milk, and the milk will form curds and release the liquid as whey. The curds are made into cheese after being pressed into shapes, aged, and processed in a variety of different ways. This is where the art of cheese making comes into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method for making Real Vegan Cheese would be almost identical. The proteins usually found in milk would be produced synthetically using baker’s yeast, and then combined with water, sugars and vegetable fats to come up with a substitute milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would be able to make all the same kinds of cheeses that you can make with regular milk,” says Patrik D’haeseleer, a mentor for the team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>D’haeseleer says modifying baker’s yeast to create milk protein is a straightforward scientific process. And it won’t involve any animals, or even any milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team gets synthetic genes that are replicas of the genes responsible for making milk proteins. Then it’s a genetic engineering job that involves injecting those synthetic genes into the cells of baker’s yeast. The yeast will then make that same protein normally made in milk.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We have some vegetarians who wish they could be vegan if there was better cheese around.’\u003ccite>— Patrik D’haeseleer, team mentor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“If we do our job well we could make something that’s chemically indistinguishable from actual cheese,” D’haeseleer says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be of interest to people who are unable to eat cheese; some genetically predisposed individuals lack the enzyme lactase that is responsible for breaking down the lactose in dairy products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as there is no lactose in it,” says UC Davis nutritionist Francene Steinberg, “it may very well be a very good alternative for those who are lactose intolerant.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end product will also be GMO-free. The baker’s yeast itself will be modified to host the genes that grow the proteins, but the protein product of those genes will be pure — the same protein product, the same molecules, that the genes produce in milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>D’heaseleer notes a very similar process is already used to produce the enzyme rennet artificially — rennet is found naturally in calves’ stomachs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19870\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 286px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/craig_first_cloning.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19870\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/craig_first_cloning.jpg\" alt=\"craig_first_cloning\" width=\"286\" height=\"384\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Team member Craig Rouskey is a molecular biologist, immunologist and biohacker. (Real Vegan Cheese)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>D’haeseleer says he was surprised at first that the project received strong support from the vegan community. “You tend to think of vegans, organic, anti-GMO in the same sentence” he said, “but I think this community simply has a much higher fraction of people who are used to thinking about what they eat in a very rational and scientific way.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not to mention people who think about what they eat in terms of taste. “We have some vegetarians who wish they could be vegan if there was better cheese around,” D’haeseleer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is a contribution to \u003ca href=\"http://igem.org/Main_Page\">iGEM\u003c/a>, an international synthetic biology competition traditionally held for undergraduate teams. This year, the competition was opened to community teams without an academic affiliation, and the Real Vegan Cheese team decided to use the competition as motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the project is funded by donations through Indiegogo. After it gets past the first stages, the team will need to find a way to produce artificial proteins on a large scale, D’haeseleer says. “Once we show that we can actually make these proteins in the lab we will have to do a lot of work scaling up that project and making it economically feasible.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially if, as is their hope, Real Vegan Cheese is to be on grocery store shelves in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A team of Bay Area scientists is biohacking baker's yeast, in an effort to produce proteins that are just like milk proteins, only they're aren't from milk.\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933228,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":827},"headData":{"title":"A Quest for Vegan Cheese That Actually Tastes Like Cheese | KQED","description":"A team of Bay Area scientists is biohacking baker's yeast, in an effort to produce proteins that are just like milk proteins, only they're aren't from milk.\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Quest for Vegan Cheese That Actually Tastes Like Cheese","datePublished":"2014-07-26T15:00:54.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:33:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/19865/a-quest-for-vegan-cheese-that-actually-tastes-like-cheese","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The problem with a lot of vegan cheese is that it’s just not very cheesy. You know: gooey, melty, bubbly. Vegan cheese, with a few notable exceptions (Kite Hill, for example) tends toward rubbery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, now a team of a dozen Bay Area scientists is working to biohack a vegan cheese that can be made into a wide variety of flavors and textures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team, composed of people from \u003ca href=\"http://biocurious.org/\">BioCurious\u003c/a> in Sunnyvale and\u003ca href=\"https://counterculturelabs.org/\"> Counter Culture Labs\u003c/a> in Oakland, is engineering baker’s yeast to produce what they call \u003ca href=\"https://realvegancheese.org/\">Real Vegan Cheese\u003c/a>. Unlike other vegan cheeses, which are usually made from vegetable products, Real Vegan Cheese would be exactly the same as milk-based cheese on a molecular level. The idea is to engineer baker’s yeast to produce protein molecules that are identical to the protein molecules from milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19867\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 718px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/marc_in_lab.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19867\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/marc_in_lab.jpg\" alt=\"marc_in_lab\" width=\"718\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marc Juul, a biohacker with a background in synthetic biology, came up with the idea for Real Vegan Cheese. (Courtesy of Real Vegan Cheese)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cheese starts off when you increase the acidity of milk by adding acids or bacteria. Then add the enzyme rennet to the sour milk, and the milk will form curds and release the liquid as whey. The curds are made into cheese after being pressed into shapes, aged, and processed in a variety of different ways. This is where the art of cheese making comes into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method for making Real Vegan Cheese would be almost identical. The proteins usually found in milk would be produced synthetically using baker’s yeast, and then combined with water, sugars and vegetable fats to come up with a substitute milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would be able to make all the same kinds of cheeses that you can make with regular milk,” says Patrik D’haeseleer, a mentor for the team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>D’haeseleer says modifying baker’s yeast to create milk protein is a straightforward scientific process. And it won’t involve any animals, or even any milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team gets synthetic genes that are replicas of the genes responsible for making milk proteins. Then it’s a genetic engineering job that involves injecting those synthetic genes into the cells of baker’s yeast. The yeast will then make that same protein normally made in milk.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We have some vegetarians who wish they could be vegan if there was better cheese around.’\u003ccite>— Patrik D’haeseleer, team mentor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“If we do our job well we could make something that’s chemically indistinguishable from actual cheese,” D’haeseleer says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be of interest to people who are unable to eat cheese; some genetically predisposed individuals lack the enzyme lactase that is responsible for breaking down the lactose in dairy products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as there is no lactose in it,” says UC Davis nutritionist Francene Steinberg, “it may very well be a very good alternative for those who are lactose intolerant.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end product will also be GMO-free. The baker’s yeast itself will be modified to host the genes that grow the proteins, but the protein product of those genes will be pure — the same protein product, the same molecules, that the genes produce in milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>D’heaseleer notes a very similar process is already used to produce the enzyme rennet artificially — rennet is found naturally in calves’ stomachs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19870\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 286px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/craig_first_cloning.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19870\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/craig_first_cloning.jpg\" alt=\"craig_first_cloning\" width=\"286\" height=\"384\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Team member Craig Rouskey is a molecular biologist, immunologist and biohacker. (Real Vegan Cheese)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>D’haeseleer says he was surprised at first that the project received strong support from the vegan community. “You tend to think of vegans, organic, anti-GMO in the same sentence” he said, “but I think this community simply has a much higher fraction of people who are used to thinking about what they eat in a very rational and scientific way.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not to mention people who think about what they eat in terms of taste. “We have some vegetarians who wish they could be vegan if there was better cheese around,” D’haeseleer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is a contribution to \u003ca href=\"http://igem.org/Main_Page\">iGEM\u003c/a>, an international synthetic biology competition traditionally held for undergraduate teams. This year, the competition was opened to community teams without an academic affiliation, and the Real Vegan Cheese team decided to use the competition as motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the project is funded by donations through Indiegogo. After it gets past the first stages, the team will need to find a way to produce artificial proteins on a large scale, D’haeseleer says. “Once we show that we can actually make these proteins in the lab we will have to do a lot of work scaling up that project and making it economically feasible.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially if, as is their hope, Real Vegan Cheese is to be on grocery store shelves in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/19865/a-quest-for-vegan-cheese-that-actually-tastes-like-cheese","authors":["6564"],"categories":["science_30","science_29","science_36","science_40"],"tags":["science_791"],"featImg":"science_19879","label":"science"},"science_17481":{"type":"posts","id":"science_17481","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"17481","score":null,"sort":[1400508044000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dna-adding-two-letters-to-lifes-alphabet","title":"DNA 2.0: Adding Two Letters to Life’s Alphabet","publishDate":1400508044,"format":"aside","headTitle":"DNA 2.0: Adding Two Letters to Life’s Alphabet | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17483\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/StainedGlassDNA.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17483\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17483\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/StainedGlassDNA.jpg\" alt=\"The DNA in this stained glass may need two new colors to represent two new bases. (Wikimedia Commons/Schutz)\" width=\"640\" height=\"328\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The DNA in this stained glass may need two new colors to represent two new bases. (Wikimedia Commons/\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crick-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg\">Schutz\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most everyone has heard of the A’s, G’s, C’s, and T’s of DNA. These four letters form the alphabet for the instructions for all life on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a group of scientists at Scripps in San Diego have taken the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13314.html\">first steps to adding two more letters\u003c/a>, d5SICS and dNaM, to this universal genetic code. No catchy single letter code for these unnatural bases yet though. Maybe S and N?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big deal here isn’t that they have found some unnatural new bases they can add to DNA. These have been around for a decade or so. No what makes this astonishing is that a bacterium didn’t mind too much them being there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a tweak that allowed the bacteria to take up the new bases, the researchers found that the bacteria happily copied the DNA containing these bases and passed them on to the next generation. And they did a pretty good job of it too. Despite a billions of years of optimizing everything for these four letters, the bacteria shrugged off the new ones and just kept going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, maybe shrugged off is a bit strong. The bacteria ran into problems if there were too many new letters in a row. But still, the mind boggles at the flexibility of the cellular machinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17487\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/ET.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17487\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/ET.jpg\" alt=\"A first step towards having six base pairs in our DNA just like E.T. (Wikimedia Commons/Denis Bourez)\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A first step towards having six base pairs in our DNA just like E.T. (Wikimedia Commons/\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Denis_Bourez_-_Madame_Tussauds,_London_(8747016335).jpg\">Denis Bourez\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The next step will be to get the cell to read these new letters. Right now, they are copied but not understood. It’s akin to a medieval monk carefully copying Arabic text he doesn’t understand. This will not be easy to teach a cell but it is doable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/central-dogma.html\">complicated machinery\u003c/a> in a cell that allows it to read what’s written in DNA. Some of this will have to be redesigned so new words can be added to the cell’s dictionary, but this is a technical not a theoretical hurdle. With enough tinkering, it will get done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now that we will finally have achieved E.T.’s biology (does anyone else remember he had six bases in his DNA?), the next question is whether this is worth it. Is this the best approach to rejiggering the genetic code? And can these types of changes improve on the current code?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Words vs. New Definitions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All life on Earth uses the same genetic code for its instructions. It’s a very simple language made up of 64 three-letter words made out of a four-letter alphabet. And it isn’t really even that complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 64 words of the language only have around 21 definitions or so. What this means is that a lot of the words have the exact same definition. For example, TAG, TAA, and TGA all mean the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work here wants to expand the words of the code by adding new letters. All the words will still be three letters long (that is way too hard to change), but now instead of the usual 64 we could have up to 216 words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/GeneticCode275.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17489\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17489\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/GeneticCode275.jpg\" alt=\"Lots of room for making the language of life more complicated. (Wikimedia Commons/NIH)\" width=\"275\" height=\"241\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lots of room for making the language of life more complicated. (Wikimedia Commons/\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:06_chart_pu3.gif\">NIH\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, since life isn’t getting its full bang for the buck with the 64 words it already has, we may not need such a huge expansion of life’s dictionary. Maybe a better approach is to simply give some of the old words new definitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an example, maybe all the TAG’s could be changed into TAA’s and then TAG could be given a new definition. Now we can add something new without changing the alphabet. George Church’s lab is already doing this sort of thing in bacteria and is\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/original_news/news144\"> making real progress\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is an open question which is the better approach. If your goal is to genetically engineer some protein with never before seen parts, the new letter approach might be easier. Since life doesn’t already have that word, you don’t need to change it in all of the bacterium’s genes. You would just need to do it in the piece of DNA you are working on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you want to make a larger scale change, then it might be better to change the meaning of an old word. With enough changes, this approach gives the added bonus of being resistant to the viruses that use that old, natural genetic code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course the new letters aren’t just to form words. They make fundamentally new DNA that can be used by scientists to detect viral infections, make molecules that can better speed up reactions, be used as drugs, and probably lots and lots of other cool things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these applications will be incredibly useful but probably aren’t the only driving force behind these experiments. No, the real reasons go much deeper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of these is undoubtedly a thirst to understand in detail how the current genetic code works. In the process of creating a new language, we will need to completely understand how the old one works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way we may even be able to improve on what Mother Nature has managed to cobble together with billions of years of evolution. After all, while DNA is a marvel, it is far from perfect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Good vs. Good Enough\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17492\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 257px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DNAbasePairs.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17492\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17492\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DNAbasePairs.jpg\" alt=\"Is this the best you can do Mother Nature? (Wikimedia Commons/Madprime)\" width=\"257\" height=\"299\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Is this the best you can do Mother Nature? (Wikimedia Commons/\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_chemical_structure.svg\">Madprime\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DNA is a great little molecule. It is very stable which is important for storing information for the long haul. And because of its double stranded structure, it is very easily copied and passed on from generation to generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to this last point is base pairing. Every A pairs up with a T and vice versa. The same thing is true for G and C. This arrangement makes it easy to separate the two strands and make a copy by matching up these letters. (This was a key finding from \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids:_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acid\">Watson and Crick’s original work\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why these researchers had to add two new letters. The S and the N pair up with each other like the G and the C or the A and the T do. But the unnatural bases pair up in a different way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural bases use a fairly weak force called hydrogen bonds to line up with one another. Turns out this may not be ideal since water pretty easily disrupts these bonds and cells are filled with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new bases use hydrophobic forces which are actually strengthened in the presence of water. This should stabilize the pairing of these bases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once scientists swap out a lot of a cell’s natural bases for unnatural ones, then maybe we can learn if the weak hydrogen bonds were actually a good idea or if they were the first thing that worked well all those eons ago and life has simply stuck with it. And this won’t be the only thing we might be able to improve upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA has a few other properties that at first blush look like they could be improved upon. Scientists may be able to intelligently redesign life so that it has a sturdier and more reliable genetic code. Or it may be that none of our tweaks improves anything much at all. We’ll have to wait and see.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For the last few billion years, all life has used just four letters to spell out its instructions. Now a group in San Diego has added two new letters.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933637,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1331},"headData":{"title":"DNA 2.0: Adding Two Letters to Life’s Alphabet | KQED","description":"For the last few billion years, all life has used just four letters to spell out its instructions. Now a group in San Diego has added two new letters.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"DNA 2.0: Adding Two Letters to Life’s Alphabet","datePublished":"2014-05-19T14:00:44.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:40:37.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/17481/dna-adding-two-letters-to-lifes-alphabet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17483\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/StainedGlassDNA.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17483\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17483\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/StainedGlassDNA.jpg\" alt=\"The DNA in this stained glass may need two new colors to represent two new bases. (Wikimedia Commons/Schutz)\" width=\"640\" height=\"328\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The DNA in this stained glass may need two new colors to represent two new bases. (Wikimedia Commons/\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crick-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg\">Schutz\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most everyone has heard of the A’s, G’s, C’s, and T’s of DNA. These four letters form the alphabet for the instructions for all life on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a group of scientists at Scripps in San Diego have taken the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13314.html\">first steps to adding two more letters\u003c/a>, d5SICS and dNaM, to this universal genetic code. No catchy single letter code for these unnatural bases yet though. Maybe S and N?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big deal here isn’t that they have found some unnatural new bases they can add to DNA. These have been around for a decade or so. No what makes this astonishing is that a bacterium didn’t mind too much them being there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a tweak that allowed the bacteria to take up the new bases, the researchers found that the bacteria happily copied the DNA containing these bases and passed them on to the next generation. And they did a pretty good job of it too. Despite a billions of years of optimizing everything for these four letters, the bacteria shrugged off the new ones and just kept going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, maybe shrugged off is a bit strong. The bacteria ran into problems if there were too many new letters in a row. But still, the mind boggles at the flexibility of the cellular machinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17487\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/ET.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17487\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/ET.jpg\" alt=\"A first step towards having six base pairs in our DNA just like E.T. (Wikimedia Commons/Denis Bourez)\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A first step towards having six base pairs in our DNA just like E.T. (Wikimedia Commons/\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Denis_Bourez_-_Madame_Tussauds,_London_(8747016335).jpg\">Denis Bourez\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The next step will be to get the cell to read these new letters. Right now, they are copied but not understood. It’s akin to a medieval monk carefully copying Arabic text he doesn’t understand. This will not be easy to teach a cell but it is doable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/central-dogma.html\">complicated machinery\u003c/a> in a cell that allows it to read what’s written in DNA. Some of this will have to be redesigned so new words can be added to the cell’s dictionary, but this is a technical not a theoretical hurdle. With enough tinkering, it will get done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now that we will finally have achieved E.T.’s biology (does anyone else remember he had six bases in his DNA?), the next question is whether this is worth it. Is this the best approach to rejiggering the genetic code? And can these types of changes improve on the current code?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Words vs. New Definitions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All life on Earth uses the same genetic code for its instructions. It’s a very simple language made up of 64 three-letter words made out of a four-letter alphabet. And it isn’t really even that complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 64 words of the language only have around 21 definitions or so. What this means is that a lot of the words have the exact same definition. For example, TAG, TAA, and TGA all mean the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work here wants to expand the words of the code by adding new letters. All the words will still be three letters long (that is way too hard to change), but now instead of the usual 64 we could have up to 216 words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/GeneticCode275.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17489\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17489\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/GeneticCode275.jpg\" alt=\"Lots of room for making the language of life more complicated. (Wikimedia Commons/NIH)\" width=\"275\" height=\"241\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lots of room for making the language of life more complicated. (Wikimedia Commons/\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:06_chart_pu3.gif\">NIH\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, since life isn’t getting its full bang for the buck with the 64 words it already has, we may not need such a huge expansion of life’s dictionary. Maybe a better approach is to simply give some of the old words new definitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an example, maybe all the TAG’s could be changed into TAA’s and then TAG could be given a new definition. Now we can add something new without changing the alphabet. George Church’s lab is already doing this sort of thing in bacteria and is\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/original_news/news144\"> making real progress\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is an open question which is the better approach. If your goal is to genetically engineer some protein with never before seen parts, the new letter approach might be easier. Since life doesn’t already have that word, you don’t need to change it in all of the bacterium’s genes. You would just need to do it in the piece of DNA you are working on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you want to make a larger scale change, then it might be better to change the meaning of an old word. With enough changes, this approach gives the added bonus of being resistant to the viruses that use that old, natural genetic code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course the new letters aren’t just to form words. They make fundamentally new DNA that can be used by scientists to detect viral infections, make molecules that can better speed up reactions, be used as drugs, and probably lots and lots of other cool things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these applications will be incredibly useful but probably aren’t the only driving force behind these experiments. No, the real reasons go much deeper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of these is undoubtedly a thirst to understand in detail how the current genetic code works. In the process of creating a new language, we will need to completely understand how the old one works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way we may even be able to improve on what Mother Nature has managed to cobble together with billions of years of evolution. After all, while DNA is a marvel, it is far from perfect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Good vs. Good Enough\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17492\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 257px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DNAbasePairs.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17492\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17492\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DNAbasePairs.jpg\" alt=\"Is this the best you can do Mother Nature? (Wikimedia Commons/Madprime)\" width=\"257\" height=\"299\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Is this the best you can do Mother Nature? (Wikimedia Commons/\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_chemical_structure.svg\">Madprime\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DNA is a great little molecule. It is very stable which is important for storing information for the long haul. And because of its double stranded structure, it is very easily copied and passed on from generation to generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to this last point is base pairing. Every A pairs up with a T and vice versa. The same thing is true for G and C. This arrangement makes it easy to separate the two strands and make a copy by matching up these letters. (This was a key finding from \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids:_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acid\">Watson and Crick’s original work\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why these researchers had to add two new letters. The S and the N pair up with each other like the G and the C or the A and the T do. But the unnatural bases pair up in a different way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural bases use a fairly weak force called hydrogen bonds to line up with one another. Turns out this may not be ideal since water pretty easily disrupts these bonds and cells are filled with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new bases use hydrophobic forces which are actually strengthened in the presence of water. This should stabilize the pairing of these bases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once scientists swap out a lot of a cell’s natural bases for unnatural ones, then maybe we can learn if the weak hydrogen bonds were actually a good idea or if they were the first thing that worked well all those eons ago and life has simply stuck with it. And this won’t be the only thing we might be able to improve upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA has a few other properties that at first blush look like they could be improved upon. Scientists may be able to intelligently redesign life so that it has a sturdier and more reliable genetic code. Or it may be that none of our tweaks improves anything much at all. We’ll have to wait and see.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/17481/dna-adding-two-letters-to-lifes-alphabet","authors":["6177"],"categories":["science_30"],"tags":["science_305","science_791","science_327"],"featImg":"science_17483","label":"science"},"science_10129":{"type":"posts","id":"science_10129","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"10129","score":null,"sort":[1382367643000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"controversial-technique-can-prevent-fatal-illnesses-in-children","title":"Controversial Genetic Engineering Technique Could Prevent Fatal Illnesses in Children","publishDate":1382367643,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Controversial Genetic Engineering Technique Could Prevent Fatal Illnesses in Children | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10140\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/NuclearTransferMod.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10140\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10140\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/NuclearTransferMod.jpg\" alt=\"Transferring the nucleus of a couple's fertilized egg to a donated egg can result in a healthy baby who shares mom's DNA. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transferring the nucleus of a couple’s fertilized egg to a donated egg can result in a healthy baby who shares mom’s DNA. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Microinjection_of_a_human_egg.svg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If scientists are allowed to perform a simple genetic engineering procedure, they will be able to offer a reprieve to a small group of women who are condemned to pass certain fatal genetic diseases to each and every one of their children. This relatively straightforward procedure will allow a woman with one of these diseases to have a healthy baby with whom she will pretty much share half of her DNA. Only the tiniest snippet of DNA would come from an egg donor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This procedure isn’t for all women in this situation though; it can only help women who carry certain \u003ca href=\"http://www.umdf.org/site/pp.aspx?c=8qKOJ0MvF7LUG&b=7934627\">mitochondrial diseases\u003c/a>. People with these genetic diseases suffer because they have \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mitochondria-14053590\">mitochondria\u003c/a> that don’t work properly. Since the mitochondria are the organelles in the cell responsible for making the energy that keeps each of us running, defective mitochondria can have pretty severe effects. In some cases, it causes death at a very early age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10142\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/NuclearTransfer.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10142\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10142\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/NuclearTransfer.jpg\" alt=\"Switching out nuclei is a relatively straightforward procedure.\" width=\"250\" height=\"422\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Switching out nuclei is a relatively straightforward procedure.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As you can see in the image on the right, the procedure to deal with this swaps out the defective mitochondria in a woman’s egg for the functioning mitochondria of a donated egg. It really is just taking a perfectly healthy nucleus from the fertilized egg and putting it into an egg with perfectly healthy mitochondria. The newly combined fertilized egg is then put back into mom where it can go on to develop into a mitochondrial disease-free baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, not every woman carrying a mitochondrial disease can be helped with this procedure. Only those who carry a mitochondrial disease caused by mutation(s) in her mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondria are unique in animal cells because they \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask165\">have a tiny bit of their own DNA\u003c/a> (probably an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-origin-of-mitochondria-14232356\">evolutionary leftover\u003c/a> from when they were free living beasts hundreds of millions of years ago). This mtDNA only makes up about 1/300,000th of our total DNA and has only about 37 genes, but it can still cause problems when it is damaged. And it is this DNA that also makes this procedure so controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since scientists have been able to tinker with people’s DNA, it has been strictly taboo for them to engineer any DNA in egg or sperm cells. This made perfect sense in the past because the tweaking they were doing involved actually changing a patient’s DNA. They didn’t want any unintended side effects that resulted from their genetic engineering to be passed on to the next generation. Their genetic tinkering was meant to stop with the patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic engineering here is done on an egg and does involve tinkering that could be passed on to the next generation and so would seem to be taboo as well. But this sort of genetic engineering is fundamentally different from procedures done in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no real changes in a patient’s DNA with this procedure. No one is mutating a gene or inserting a new gene in some random place in a patient’s DNA. Instead they are simply exchanging a complete, bundled set of DNA for a nearly identical, bundled set of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is like replacing your Firefox browser for the Chrome browser on your computer as opposed to tweaking the Firefox browser so it is more like Chrome. In the first case, there is very little risk of any issues but in the second, there is a real chance for some sort of fatal bug (especially since we don’t have a good grasp of the programming language we are playing with).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Mitochondrion.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10144\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Mitochondrion.jpg\" alt=\"These mitochondria have their own bit of DNA that can cause problems if mutated. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These mitochondria have their own bit of DNA that can cause problems if mutated. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Given that this is such a simple and straightforward switch, it is hard to come up with why exchanging mitochondria would pose a safety issue. There is no risk of causing cancer (as has happened with adding a gene in the wrong place) or creating some never before seen trait or anything like that. It is a clean swap of a discrete bit of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in fact, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask70\">this procedure was used over a decade ago\u003c/a> with the end result being at least twenty healthy babies being born. There have been no reports of any issues with any of these children. Thus far it appears to be safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this taken together means it is extremely unlikely that children conceived this way will have any adverse side effects to pass on to the next generation. But if the worry about passing on this mtDNA is the major hurdle to letting these women give birth to healthy babies, then maybe a good compromise might be to let these women only have sons with this procedure. \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/mtdna-comes-only-mom\">Men do not pass on their mtDNA\u003c/a>, only women do. (The egg destroys any sperm mitochondria lurking around after fertilization). The genetic engineering would stop with the engineered child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the safety of future generations is not the only concern. Bioethicists are concerned that these children might be confused as to their identity as they technically have three parents. Yes, this might be a concern but it seems like lots of kids are dealing with very similar issues these days. For example, if the couple had used an egg donor then the child would have to deal with the fact that their mom isn’t their biological mom. The same sorts of issues arise with same sex couples, adoptions and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another objection is that these women should not take even this small risk and should instead elect to adopt. Undoubtedly many women would choose this option but they probably shouldn’t be forced to. If it is important to a woman that her child share her DNA and there is a safe way to do it, then she should probably have the option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will be interesting to see how this all shakes out. Replacing malfunctioning mitochondria is fundamentally different than any other genetic engineering that has been done in the past and so would seem to be exempt from the previous taboo. If any genetic engineering is ever allowed in the egg, this is probably the one that should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read more about this in this \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/10/09/229167219/proposed-treatment-to-fix-genetic-diseases-raising-ethics-issues\">NPR story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If scientists are allowed to perform a simple genetic engineering procedure, they will be able to offer a reprieve to a small group of women who are condemned to pass certain fatal genetic diseases to each and every one of their children.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934845,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":1093},"headData":{"title":"Controversial Genetic Engineering Technique Could Prevent Fatal Illnesses in Children | KQED","description":"If scientists are allowed to perform a simple genetic engineering procedure, they will be able to offer a reprieve to a small group of women who are condemned to pass certain fatal genetic diseases to each and every one of their children.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Controversial Genetic Engineering Technique Could Prevent Fatal Illnesses in Children","datePublished":"2013-10-21T15:00:43.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:00:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/10129/controversial-technique-can-prevent-fatal-illnesses-in-children","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10140\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/NuclearTransferMod.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10140\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10140\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/NuclearTransferMod.jpg\" alt=\"Transferring the nucleus of a couple's fertilized egg to a donated egg can result in a healthy baby who shares mom's DNA. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transferring the nucleus of a couple’s fertilized egg to a donated egg can result in a healthy baby who shares mom’s DNA. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Microinjection_of_a_human_egg.svg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If scientists are allowed to perform a simple genetic engineering procedure, they will be able to offer a reprieve to a small group of women who are condemned to pass certain fatal genetic diseases to each and every one of their children. This relatively straightforward procedure will allow a woman with one of these diseases to have a healthy baby with whom she will pretty much share half of her DNA. Only the tiniest snippet of DNA would come from an egg donor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This procedure isn’t for all women in this situation though; it can only help women who carry certain \u003ca href=\"http://www.umdf.org/site/pp.aspx?c=8qKOJ0MvF7LUG&b=7934627\">mitochondrial diseases\u003c/a>. People with these genetic diseases suffer because they have \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mitochondria-14053590\">mitochondria\u003c/a> that don’t work properly. Since the mitochondria are the organelles in the cell responsible for making the energy that keeps each of us running, defective mitochondria can have pretty severe effects. In some cases, it causes death at a very early age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10142\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/NuclearTransfer.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10142\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10142\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/NuclearTransfer.jpg\" alt=\"Switching out nuclei is a relatively straightforward procedure.\" width=\"250\" height=\"422\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Switching out nuclei is a relatively straightforward procedure.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As you can see in the image on the right, the procedure to deal with this swaps out the defective mitochondria in a woman’s egg for the functioning mitochondria of a donated egg. It really is just taking a perfectly healthy nucleus from the fertilized egg and putting it into an egg with perfectly healthy mitochondria. The newly combined fertilized egg is then put back into mom where it can go on to develop into a mitochondrial disease-free baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, not every woman carrying a mitochondrial disease can be helped with this procedure. Only those who carry a mitochondrial disease caused by mutation(s) in her mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondria are unique in animal cells because they \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask165\">have a tiny bit of their own DNA\u003c/a> (probably an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-origin-of-mitochondria-14232356\">evolutionary leftover\u003c/a> from when they were free living beasts hundreds of millions of years ago). This mtDNA only makes up about 1/300,000th of our total DNA and has only about 37 genes, but it can still cause problems when it is damaged. And it is this DNA that also makes this procedure so controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since scientists have been able to tinker with people’s DNA, it has been strictly taboo for them to engineer any DNA in egg or sperm cells. This made perfect sense in the past because the tweaking they were doing involved actually changing a patient’s DNA. They didn’t want any unintended side effects that resulted from their genetic engineering to be passed on to the next generation. Their genetic tinkering was meant to stop with the patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic engineering here is done on an egg and does involve tinkering that could be passed on to the next generation and so would seem to be taboo as well. But this sort of genetic engineering is fundamentally different from procedures done in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no real changes in a patient’s DNA with this procedure. No one is mutating a gene or inserting a new gene in some random place in a patient’s DNA. Instead they are simply exchanging a complete, bundled set of DNA for a nearly identical, bundled set of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is like replacing your Firefox browser for the Chrome browser on your computer as opposed to tweaking the Firefox browser so it is more like Chrome. In the first case, there is very little risk of any issues but in the second, there is a real chance for some sort of fatal bug (especially since we don’t have a good grasp of the programming language we are playing with).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Mitochondrion.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10144\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Mitochondrion.jpg\" alt=\"These mitochondria have their own bit of DNA that can cause problems if mutated. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These mitochondria have their own bit of DNA that can cause problems if mutated. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Given that this is such a simple and straightforward switch, it is hard to come up with why exchanging mitochondria would pose a safety issue. There is no risk of causing cancer (as has happened with adding a gene in the wrong place) or creating some never before seen trait or anything like that. It is a clean swap of a discrete bit of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in fact, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask70\">this procedure was used over a decade ago\u003c/a> with the end result being at least twenty healthy babies being born. There have been no reports of any issues with any of these children. Thus far it appears to be safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this taken together means it is extremely unlikely that children conceived this way will have any adverse side effects to pass on to the next generation. But if the worry about passing on this mtDNA is the major hurdle to letting these women give birth to healthy babies, then maybe a good compromise might be to let these women only have sons with this procedure. \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/mtdna-comes-only-mom\">Men do not pass on their mtDNA\u003c/a>, only women do. (The egg destroys any sperm mitochondria lurking around after fertilization). The genetic engineering would stop with the engineered child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the safety of future generations is not the only concern. Bioethicists are concerned that these children might be confused as to their identity as they technically have three parents. Yes, this might be a concern but it seems like lots of kids are dealing with very similar issues these days. For example, if the couple had used an egg donor then the child would have to deal with the fact that their mom isn’t their biological mom. The same sorts of issues arise with same sex couples, adoptions and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another objection is that these women should not take even this small risk and should instead elect to adopt. Undoubtedly many women would choose this option but they probably shouldn’t be forced to. If it is important to a woman that her child share her DNA and there is a safe way to do it, then she should probably have the option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will be interesting to see how this all shakes out. Replacing malfunctioning mitochondria is fundamentally different than any other genetic engineering that has been done in the past and so would seem to be exempt from the previous taboo. If any genetic engineering is ever allowed in the egg, this is probably the one that should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read more about this in this \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/10/09/229167219/proposed-treatment-to-fix-genetic-diseases-raising-ethics-issues\">NPR story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/10129/controversial-technique-can-prevent-fatal-illnesses-in-children","authors":["6177"],"categories":["science_30","science_39"],"tags":["science_791"],"featImg":"science_10140","label":"science"},"science_9679":{"type":"posts","id":"science_9679","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"9679","score":null,"sort":[1381158033000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"your-car-could-run-on-gasoline-made-from-bacteria-in-the-future","title":"Your Car Could Run On Gasoline Made From Bacteria in the Future","publishDate":1381158033,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Your Car Could Run On Gasoline Made From Bacteria in the Future | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9684\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/GasPump.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9684\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9684\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/GasPump.jpg\" alt=\"Maybe someday the gas in these pumps will come from bacteria instead of out of the ground.\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maybe someday the gas in these pumps will come from bacteria instead of out of the ground. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gas-pump-Indiana-USA.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine if instead of digging oil up out of the ground and refining it into gasoline, we could just have bacteria make it for us in a big vat somewhere. Since we would grow the food that the bacteria turn into gasoline, this would be a very low carbon fuel option that lets us keep the current internal combustion technology and the vast distribution system already in place. In other words, this approach would greatly decrease our carbon footprint with minimal retooling of the existing infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The downside is that for now, the bacteria need the food we eat to make the gasoline. We got a taste back in 2008 and 2011 for what happens when we try to lower carbon emissions by using food to make biofuels—\u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2012/07/28/the-coming-food-crisis-blame-ethanol/\">food price spikes and their accompanying riots\u003c/a>. Ideally, we will want to be able to feed the bacteria stuff we can’t eat so that making gas doesn’t cause starvation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is all relevant because researchers from South Korea have \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24077097\">engineered bacteria to make gasoline\u003c/a>. Through a series of genetic tweaks and add-ons, they have coaxed the laboratory workhorse, \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, to make around 580 milligrams (mg) of gasoline per liter of culture. While this is an amazing bioengineering feat, 580 mg is as little as it sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecalculatorsite.com/conversions/substances/oil.php\">handy calculator\u003c/a>, it looks like there are 2.9 million or so mg per gallon of gas. A little algebra shows that we would need around 5000 liters of bacterial culture to get a gallon of gas. Even with the best gas mileage, this wouldn’t be competitive. And these researchers know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/BioReactor.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9689\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9689\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/BioReactor.jpg\" alt=\"Gas might come from here one day instead of a hole in the ground. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas might come from here one day instead of a hole in the ground. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jninternational4.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/09/30/south-korean-research-team-turns-e-coli-into-gasoline/\">They claim\u003c/a> that if they can boost the bacteria so that it makes 10 or 20 grams of gasoline per liter, then it will become competitive with gasoline obtained the old-fashioned way. They can get away with this still relatively low level of production because unlike oil or tar sands, the bacterial gasoline doesn’t need any refining. The bacteria produce it ready-to-go!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting from half a gram to ten or twenty grams will not be trivial and will probably need some significant breakthrough. These are hard to predict which means we can’t know if they can get bacteria to this level in a year, a decade or a century. But if it happens, it may be one piece of the puzzle in dealing with global warming while maintaining our current standard of living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important to note that bacterial production of biofuels is not the only game in town. One of the most viable alternatives currently is biodiesel. It isn’t great in the cold but at around $2.00-2.50 per gallon to produce, it is getting pretty competitive with petroleum based diesel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now large scale production of biodiesel suffers from the same issues as bacterially made gasoline—food has to be used to make it. The numbers I have seen are that it takes something like \u003ca href=\"http://www.card.iastate.edu/iowa_ag_review/winter_08/article3.aspx\">7.6 pounds of soybeans to make a single gallon of biodiesel\u003c/a>. Given that the U.S. uses around 60 billion gallons of diesel each year, it would take a whole lot of soybeans just to match our current needs. Keep in mind this number doesn’t include any increased diesel needs as more and more cars are converted to diesel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how this compares to the bacterially produced gasoline is no picnic! I tried a back of the napkin calculation to figure out how much food it takes for these bacteria to make a gallon of gas but it may be a bit off. Still, it does give a number that is probably in the right ballpark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9692\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/LotsOfCorn.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9692\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9692\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/LotsOfCorn.jpg\" alt=\"Right now it takes a lot of corn to make a gallon of gas. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Right now it takes a lot of corn to make a gallon of gas. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornheap.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A little digging found that \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_syrup\">3,360 pounds of corn can yield about 2000 pounds of a 90% glucose solution\u003c/a> or about 1800 pounds of glucose. Since the researchers used 5000 liters of a 20 gram per liter culture to get one gallon of gas, that means each gallon of gas would take 100,000 grams of glucose. A little algebra and we come up with 220 pounds of glucose per gallon of gas which translates to a mind boggling 411 or so pounds of corn. Suddenly biodiesel is looking pretty reasonable!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they can really get the bacteria to produce 20 grams of gasoline per liter of culture, the amount of corn needed for each gallon of gas falls to 11.9 pounds. This is getting pretty close to the ball park of biodiesel but is still an awful lot of corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the soybean based biodiesel and the bacterial based gasoline simply need too much food to be useful as a substitute for petroleum based diesel and gasoline. Scientists need to find ways to use inedible plants to make biodiesel or to feed these bacteria. This is obviously an active area of research with great strides being made in turning cellulose into the gasoline additive ethanol. If scientists can get similar results with a cellulose to glucose conversion, then this bacterially produced gasoline may yet let us live happily ever after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more in this g\u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/06/130626-drop-in-biofuels-making-gasoline-from-plants/\">reat article on other fuels that will not require a change in infrastructure.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Imagine if instead of digging oil up out of the ground and refining it into gasoline, we could just have bacteria make it for us in a big vat somewhere. Researchers from South Korea have done just that -- engineered bacteria to make gasoline -- but many challenges remain before large scale production becomes viable.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934926,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":939},"headData":{"title":"Your Car Could Run On Gasoline Made From Bacteria in the Future | KQED","description":"Imagine if instead of digging oil up out of the ground and refining it into gasoline, we could just have bacteria make it for us in a big vat somewhere. Researchers from South Korea have done just that -- engineered bacteria to make gasoline -- but many challenges remain before large scale production becomes viable.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Your Car Could Run On Gasoline Made From Bacteria in the Future","datePublished":"2013-10-07T15:00:33.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:02:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/9679/your-car-could-run-on-gasoline-made-from-bacteria-in-the-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9684\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/GasPump.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9684\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9684\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/GasPump.jpg\" alt=\"Maybe someday the gas in these pumps will come from bacteria instead of out of the ground.\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maybe someday the gas in these pumps will come from bacteria instead of out of the ground. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gas-pump-Indiana-USA.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine if instead of digging oil up out of the ground and refining it into gasoline, we could just have bacteria make it for us in a big vat somewhere. Since we would grow the food that the bacteria turn into gasoline, this would be a very low carbon fuel option that lets us keep the current internal combustion technology and the vast distribution system already in place. In other words, this approach would greatly decrease our carbon footprint with minimal retooling of the existing infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The downside is that for now, the bacteria need the food we eat to make the gasoline. We got a taste back in 2008 and 2011 for what happens when we try to lower carbon emissions by using food to make biofuels—\u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2012/07/28/the-coming-food-crisis-blame-ethanol/\">food price spikes and their accompanying riots\u003c/a>. Ideally, we will want to be able to feed the bacteria stuff we can’t eat so that making gas doesn’t cause starvation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is all relevant because researchers from South Korea have \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24077097\">engineered bacteria to make gasoline\u003c/a>. Through a series of genetic tweaks and add-ons, they have coaxed the laboratory workhorse, \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, to make around 580 milligrams (mg) of gasoline per liter of culture. While this is an amazing bioengineering feat, 580 mg is as little as it sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecalculatorsite.com/conversions/substances/oil.php\">handy calculator\u003c/a>, it looks like there are 2.9 million or so mg per gallon of gas. A little algebra shows that we would need around 5000 liters of bacterial culture to get a gallon of gas. Even with the best gas mileage, this wouldn’t be competitive. And these researchers know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/BioReactor.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9689\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9689\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/BioReactor.jpg\" alt=\"Gas might come from here one day instead of a hole in the ground. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas might come from here one day instead of a hole in the ground. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jninternational4.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/09/30/south-korean-research-team-turns-e-coli-into-gasoline/\">They claim\u003c/a> that if they can boost the bacteria so that it makes 10 or 20 grams of gasoline per liter, then it will become competitive with gasoline obtained the old-fashioned way. They can get away with this still relatively low level of production because unlike oil or tar sands, the bacterial gasoline doesn’t need any refining. The bacteria produce it ready-to-go!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting from half a gram to ten or twenty grams will not be trivial and will probably need some significant breakthrough. These are hard to predict which means we can’t know if they can get bacteria to this level in a year, a decade or a century. But if it happens, it may be one piece of the puzzle in dealing with global warming while maintaining our current standard of living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important to note that bacterial production of biofuels is not the only game in town. One of the most viable alternatives currently is biodiesel. It isn’t great in the cold but at around $2.00-2.50 per gallon to produce, it is getting pretty competitive with petroleum based diesel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now large scale production of biodiesel suffers from the same issues as bacterially made gasoline—food has to be used to make it. The numbers I have seen are that it takes something like \u003ca href=\"http://www.card.iastate.edu/iowa_ag_review/winter_08/article3.aspx\">7.6 pounds of soybeans to make a single gallon of biodiesel\u003c/a>. Given that the U.S. uses around 60 billion gallons of diesel each year, it would take a whole lot of soybeans just to match our current needs. Keep in mind this number doesn’t include any increased diesel needs as more and more cars are converted to diesel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how this compares to the bacterially produced gasoline is no picnic! I tried a back of the napkin calculation to figure out how much food it takes for these bacteria to make a gallon of gas but it may be a bit off. Still, it does give a number that is probably in the right ballpark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9692\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/LotsOfCorn.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9692\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9692\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/LotsOfCorn.jpg\" alt=\"Right now it takes a lot of corn to make a gallon of gas. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Right now it takes a lot of corn to make a gallon of gas. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornheap.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A little digging found that \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_syrup\">3,360 pounds of corn can yield about 2000 pounds of a 90% glucose solution\u003c/a> or about 1800 pounds of glucose. Since the researchers used 5000 liters of a 20 gram per liter culture to get one gallon of gas, that means each gallon of gas would take 100,000 grams of glucose. A little algebra and we come up with 220 pounds of glucose per gallon of gas which translates to a mind boggling 411 or so pounds of corn. Suddenly biodiesel is looking pretty reasonable!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they can really get the bacteria to produce 20 grams of gasoline per liter of culture, the amount of corn needed for each gallon of gas falls to 11.9 pounds. This is getting pretty close to the ball park of biodiesel but is still an awful lot of corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the soybean based biodiesel and the bacterial based gasoline simply need too much food to be useful as a substitute for petroleum based diesel and gasoline. Scientists need to find ways to use inedible plants to make biodiesel or to feed these bacteria. This is obviously an active area of research with great strides being made in turning cellulose into the gasoline additive ethanol. If scientists can get similar results with a cellulose to glucose conversion, then this bacterially produced gasoline may yet let us live happily ever after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more in this g\u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/06/130626-drop-in-biofuels-making-gasoline-from-plants/\">reat article on other fuels that will not require a change in infrastructure.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/9679/your-car-could-run-on-gasoline-made-from-bacteria-in-the-future","authors":["6177"],"categories":["science_30","science_35"],"tags":["science_791"],"featImg":"science_9684","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. 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Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. 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