In a Charred Moonscape, a Band of Hopeful Workers Try to Save the Joshua Tree
Climate Change Makes Wildfires in California More Extreme
Maui Fires Now Among Deadliest US Wildfires Ever. Here Are Some Others
Older Adults in Sonoma County to Get Fire-Safety Home Retrofits — for Free
Big Wildfires Can Devastate California’s Fish. But They Thrive With Frequent, Small Burns
UC Researchers Examine How Smoke From California's Megafires Affects Pregnancy and Children
Forging a More Diverse Generation of Firefighters in Marin County
Should Californians Be Rebuilding Homes in a Fire Zone?
Trump's Inaccurate Tweet on California Fires Now Appears to Be Actual Policy
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She covers wildfires, space and oceans (though she is prone to sea sickness).\r\n\r\nBefore joining KQED in 2015, Danielle was a staff reporter at KRCB in Sonoma County and a freelancer. She studied science communication at UC Santa Cruz and formerly worked at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland where she wrote about computing. She lives in Sonoma County and enjoys backpacking.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"DanielleVenton","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Danielle Venton | KQED","description":"Science reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dventon"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1984229":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984229","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984229","score":null,"sort":[1694183413000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-a-charred-moonscape-a-band-of-hopeful-workers-try-to-save-the-joshua-tree","title":"In a Charred Moonscape, a Band of Hopeful Workers Try to Save the Joshua Tree","publishDate":1694183413,"format":"standard","headTitle":"In a Charred Moonscape, a Band of Hopeful Workers Try to Save the Joshua Tree | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>“The Country since leaving the Colorado has been a dry rocky sandy Barren desert.”\u003c/em> — Jedediah Smith, 1826.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early western explorers who ventured into the Mojave Desert, like Jedediah Smith, often mischaracterized it as a barren landscape, devoid of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a closer inspection of these sweeping landscapes reveals soil-hugging carpets of springtime flowers, native grasses and fragrant shrubs, alongside the more obvious cacti and succulents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the desert lives up to its stereotype is after a wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the shadow of last month’s York Fire in California’s Mojave National Preserve, almost nothing is left amid the rocks and sand, except the charred carcasses of Mojave yuccas, Joshua trees, and chollas. The soil is a mottled brown and black, and some plants have been reduced to mere silhouettes of char on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984232\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984232\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Two photos side-by-side,burnt desert plants in an arid landscape with blue skies behind and hills on the horizon in the left photo.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1901\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-800x594.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-1020x757.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-768x570.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-1536x1141.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-2048x1521.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-1920x1426.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A scorched Joshua tree (left) and a burned barrel cactus are remnants of the York Fire. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The moonscape is the result of a fire that burned quickly and widely, engulfing roughly 130 square miles of the preserve — including picturesque Caruthers Canyon, a boulder-strewn spot popular with campers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Caruthers Canyon is the prettiest place we had. It was a beautiful little pinyon-juniper forest up there,” says Debra Hughson, who is the preserve’s deputy superintendent. “When the pinyon-juniper burns, it doesn’t come back. Not in my lifetime. Not in your lifetime. Maybe never.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>There may be no going back\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This latest wildfire comes as a reminder of the unpredictable future facing some of the desert’s most iconic residents. Warmer, drier temperatures are already stressing the preserve’s spindly Joshua trees. Models predict those warming trends will leave Joshua trees with fewer suitable places to live. Scroll forward in time, Hughson says, and their range shrinks: “It melts like an ice cube on a hot sidewalk.” On top of that, in recent years wide-ranging wildfires are also pushing the succulents into greater peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re already living on the edge,” Hughson says. “What we’re doing here globally is we’re cranking up the temperature, and here we’re also cranking down the rainfall, the precipitation.” Joshua trees, she explains, are having a hard time keeping up with such swift climate changes. “Then you get a major stressor like this, that just erases the chalkboard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984233\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984233\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Debra Hughson is the deputy superintendent at Mojave National Preserve. She says Joshua trees are struggling to keep up with such swift climate changes. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What she means is the park’s dense Joshua tree forests may never come back after a fire. A grassy savannah might rise up to replace them, with a few Joshua trees scattered throughout as a reminder of what once was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere is that potential future on greater display than along Morning Star Mine Road, which cuts across the northern reaches of the preserve. On one side of the road there is a Joshua tree forest so dense it looks like a green wall at a distance, with a rich understory of drab greenish-gray bushes. On the other side there’s a graveyard of blackened Joshua trees with sun-bleached buds. The ground is mostly bare, aside from patches of grass, and the color palette is black, white and shades of tan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984234\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984234\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant remains hang over Valley View Ranch, one of the sites that burned in the 2020 Dome Fire at Mojave National Preserve. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The road was a firebreak during the 2020 Dome Fire. Flames destroyed an estimated 1.3 million Joshua trees on Cima Dome, an area that was once the park’s grandest example of dense Joshua tree woodland. The area’s relatively high elevation was supposed to serve as a sort of sanctuary — a climate refuge where Joshua trees could continue to thrive amid hotter, drier conditions elsewhere in their range. Then, the fire came – an unexpected destabilizing force that casts that long-term trajectory into question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughson trained as a geologist. She talks about the future of the Joshua tree and what might happen at Cima Dome as if she still assesses these seismic ecological changes at the tempo of geologic time. “In the end,” she says, “the desert is going to tell us what it’s going to be and it’s going to show us what it’s going to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Replanting hope in the desert\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists are not waiting to see what the desert becomes. They’re actively intervening with an ambitious years-long project to replant some 4,000 Joshua trees at Cima Dome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biological science technician Erin Knight walks through a graveyard of dead Joshua trees, near the remains of an old cattle operation called Valley View Ranch. Some of the plants have toppled to the ground. Others still stand, but they’re falling to pieces; the branches that once stretched up to the sky now dangle and sway eerily in the desert wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984235\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984235\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erin Knight is a biological science technician at the Mojave National Preserve. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Kind of our own little chandelier here in the desert,” Knight jokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small chicken wire cages are scattered throughout the grove. This is where volunteers have planted baby Joshua trees, in hopes of resurrecting the century-old giants that perished here. Knight crouches down near one of the cages, and checks a numbered tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says this seedling was planted on Nov. 6 last year, and a volunteer named it Bratislava — the capital of Slovakia. Unfortunately, this one’s dead, as are many others at this site. In fact, in the two years this project’s been underway, 80% of the roughly 1,900 Joshua trees planted in the burn scar of the Dome Fire have died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984230\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984230\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charred carcasses of Mojave yuccas, Joshua trees and chollas are seen at the edge of the York Fire in San Bernardino County, California, inside Mojave National Preserve. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, restoring Joshua trees is more of an art than a science, and sometimes it works out really well and sometimes it doesn’t,” Hughson says. Some of the baby Joshua trees have been eaten, especially those without a cage. Others die of thirst, though volunteers and scientists at the preserve make their best efforts to water the baby seedlings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been hundreds and hundreds of volunteers that have participated. We even had a camel train packing water into these,” Hughson says. Restoration work in the desert, she explains, is not for the faint of heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984236\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984236\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Supervisory park ranger Sierra Willoughby waters a baby Joshua tree, named ‘Lychee,’ inside its protective cage. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tale of failed experiments,” Hughson says. “Go look at the literature on restoration in the desert, especially the Mojave Desert. And OK, ‘Well, this didn’t work.’ Another paper on, ‘Well, that didn’t work.’ ‘OK, well, we tried this, and we failed miserably.’ And the stories of success are very rare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, hundreds of these Joshua tree seedlings have survived. Knight’s colleague Ryan McRae found one nearby. It’s only a few inches tall, and looks like the top of a baby pineapple. Knight looks up its name, and says it’s called “Lychee.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984237\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984237\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A surviving Joshua tree inside the Mojave National Preserve. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s still tiny, and McRae points out one of the huge challenges of restoring a forest with two-inch-tall seedlings. “These Joshua trees only grow about 1.5 to 2 inches per year. So if you can imagine a 10-foot-tall tree or so, you can get an idea of how many years or decades it would take to get to that height.” At a conservative 1.5 inches per year — it would take at least 80 years to return this area back to the way it was before the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We probably won’t see it in any of our lives,” Knight says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Preparing for the future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Kelso is an old railroad town in another corner of the park near a giant field of sand dunes. Behind a 1920s schoolhouse, there’s a small beige building with two bright teal doors reading BOYS and GIRLS. There’s no sign from the outside, but the GIRLS room is now a makeshift field lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984238\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984238\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seed technician Christina Sanchez stands outside the old restroom that’s been converted into a seed lab, behind the historic Kelso schoolhouse. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is our seed lab,” says Christina Sanchez, a seed technician. “This is where we’re sorting all of the Joshua tree seeds, and where we store them before they go to the nursery.” The nursery is a facility near Lake Mead, where rows of pots contain baby Joshua tree sprouts, ready to be transplanted into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez pulls over a big bucket, full of cream-colored Joshua tree fruits she and her team have collected. She takes one out and shakes it: “Sounds like a little rattle,” she says. The seeds are about the size of roma tomatoes, but they’re brittle and hard. She breaks one open with a crack, and reveals the black hockey-puck-like seeds inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A curious contraption that looks like a cross between an ant farm and a pinball machine hooks up to a shop vac blower. It’s a seed cleaning machine, and when Sanchez switches on the blower, the seeds flutter through the chutes inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984239\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984239\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1812\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-1020x722.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-768x544.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-1536x1087.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-2048x1449.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-1920x1359.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clockwise from top left: Sanchez opens Joshua tree seed pods. Right: She then separates the seeds with a seed cleaning machine. Bottom left: Sanchez shows a handful of seeds after they have been separated. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From here, she’ll dump the viable seeds into big jars, labeled with the collection site, and put them in a big chest freezer. The freezer is already half full of jars brimming with some 300,000 Joshua tree seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the future of the species,” Sanchez says. “This deep freezer here, this is holding our future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the Joshua tree seedlings planted so far have died, raising the question whether collecting and storing seeds is a gesture of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to lose a species if we don’t try,” she says. “We just gotta keep trying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984240\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984240\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sanchez stands next to a chest freezer holding a jar of Joshua tree seeds that were harvested prior to the York Fire. The freezer is already half full of jars brimming with roughly 300,000 Joshua tree seeds. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Debra Hughson acknowledges that the replanting effort is just a “drop in the ocean,” given the massive losses of Joshua trees here in recent years. “That’s a few hundred we’ve managed, in a landscape that had 1.3 million,” she says. “So you can do the math.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numbers aside, Hughson expresses skepticism that people really have much of a role in “rebuilding” wilderness. “I don’t think that wilderness areas can be built. They can be designated, but nature created it,” she says. “We seem to be capable of destroying it … but we can’t create something that we don’t really even understand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984241\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984241\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Banana yucca sprouts in the burned landscape near Valley View Ranch. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even so, the replanting project continues in October. The goal is to get 2,000 more Joshua trees in the ground over the next two years, and as before, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/moja/getinvolved/cima-dome-joshua-tree-forest-restoration.htm\">the preserve is relying on wilderness-savvy volunteers\u003c/a>. That human aspect, Hughson says, might be one of the most compelling reasons to do what seems very difficult, if not near impossible, on an ecological scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes us feel better. You know, psychologically, there were a lot of people that got a lot of good feelings and satisfaction from helping with the Joshua tree planting,” she says. “And to try to help makes you feel better about yourself and more hopeful about the future. And that in itself is a valuable thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+a+charred+moonscape%2C+a+band+of+hopeful+workers+try+to+save+the+Joshua+tree&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After flames destroyed 1.3 million Joshua trees in Mojave National Preserve, biologists began replanting seedlings. But many have died, and now another fire has torched more of the iconic succulents. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845905,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":38,"wordCount":2126},"headData":{"title":"In a Charred Moonscape, a Band of Hopeful Workers Try to Save the Joshua Tree | KQED","description":"After flames destroyed 1.3 million Joshua trees in Mojave National Preserve, biologists began replanting seedlings. But many have died, and now another fire has torched more of the iconic succulents. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.npr.org/","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/859339295/christopher-intagliata\">Christopher Intagliata\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Krystal Ramirez for NPR","nprStoryId":"1196581569","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1196581569&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2023/09/07/1196581569/climate-change-wildfire-joshua-tree-mojave-national-preserve?ft=nprml&f=1196581569","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 07 Sep 2023 11:12:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 07 Sep 2023 05:00:33 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 07 Sep 2023 11:12:01 -0400","nprAudio":"https://play.podtrac.com/npr-191676894/edge1.pod.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2023/08/20230818_atc_mojave_burning.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1025&d=320&story=1196581569&awCollectionId=1&awEpisodeId=1196581569&ft=nprml&f=1196581569","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/11196582233-658e70.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1025&d=320&story=1196581569&ft=nprml&f=1196581569","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984229/in-a-charred-moonscape-a-band-of-hopeful-workers-try-to-save-the-joshua-tree","audioUrl":"https://play.podtrac.com/npr-191676894/edge1.pod.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2023/08/20230818_atc_mojave_burning.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1025&d=320&story=1196581569&awCollectionId=1&awEpisodeId=1196581569&ft=nprml&f=1196581569","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>“The Country since leaving the Colorado has been a dry rocky sandy Barren desert.”\u003c/em> — Jedediah Smith, 1826.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early western explorers who ventured into the Mojave Desert, like Jedediah Smith, often mischaracterized it as a barren landscape, devoid of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a closer inspection of these sweeping landscapes reveals soil-hugging carpets of springtime flowers, native grasses and fragrant shrubs, alongside the more obvious cacti and succulents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the desert lives up to its stereotype is after a wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the shadow of last month’s York Fire in California’s Mojave National Preserve, almost nothing is left amid the rocks and sand, except the charred carcasses of Mojave yuccas, Joshua trees, and chollas. The soil is a mottled brown and black, and some plants have been reduced to mere silhouettes of char on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984232\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984232\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Two photos side-by-side,burnt desert plants in an arid landscape with blue skies behind and hills on the horizon in the left photo.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1901\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-800x594.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-1020x757.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-768x570.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-1536x1141.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-2048x1521.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-duo-update_custom-a3c213912e6160eaecee2d97b08fdc7b6034e2bc-1920x1426.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A scorched Joshua tree (left) and a burned barrel cactus are remnants of the York Fire. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The moonscape is the result of a fire that burned quickly and widely, engulfing roughly 130 square miles of the preserve — including picturesque Caruthers Canyon, a boulder-strewn spot popular with campers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Caruthers Canyon is the prettiest place we had. It was a beautiful little pinyon-juniper forest up there,” says Debra Hughson, who is the preserve’s deputy superintendent. “When the pinyon-juniper burns, it doesn’t come back. Not in my lifetime. Not in your lifetime. Maybe never.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>There may be no going back\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This latest wildfire comes as a reminder of the unpredictable future facing some of the desert’s most iconic residents. Warmer, drier temperatures are already stressing the preserve’s spindly Joshua trees. Models predict those warming trends will leave Joshua trees with fewer suitable places to live. Scroll forward in time, Hughson says, and their range shrinks: “It melts like an ice cube on a hot sidewalk.” On top of that, in recent years wide-ranging wildfires are also pushing the succulents into greater peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re already living on the edge,” Hughson says. “What we’re doing here globally is we’re cranking up the temperature, and here we’re also cranking down the rainfall, the precipitation.” Joshua trees, she explains, are having a hard time keeping up with such swift climate changes. “Then you get a major stressor like this, that just erases the chalkboard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984233\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984233\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_06_custom-1bfcaa4dc80a136adcb22d55f96c66e6c9aa9524-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Debra Hughson is the deputy superintendent at Mojave National Preserve. She says Joshua trees are struggling to keep up with such swift climate changes. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What she means is the park’s dense Joshua tree forests may never come back after a fire. A grassy savannah might rise up to replace them, with a few Joshua trees scattered throughout as a reminder of what once was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere is that potential future on greater display than along Morning Star Mine Road, which cuts across the northern reaches of the preserve. On one side of the road there is a Joshua tree forest so dense it looks like a green wall at a distance, with a rich understory of drab greenish-gray bushes. On the other side there’s a graveyard of blackened Joshua trees with sun-bleached buds. The ground is mostly bare, aside from patches of grass, and the color palette is black, white and shades of tan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984234\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984234\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_09_custom-6507473b7144787a889fad9d2f2a6b59823c0e74-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant remains hang over Valley View Ranch, one of the sites that burned in the 2020 Dome Fire at Mojave National Preserve. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The road was a firebreak during the 2020 Dome Fire. Flames destroyed an estimated 1.3 million Joshua trees on Cima Dome, an area that was once the park’s grandest example of dense Joshua tree woodland. The area’s relatively high elevation was supposed to serve as a sort of sanctuary — a climate refuge where Joshua trees could continue to thrive amid hotter, drier conditions elsewhere in their range. Then, the fire came – an unexpected destabilizing force that casts that long-term trajectory into question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughson trained as a geologist. She talks about the future of the Joshua tree and what might happen at Cima Dome as if she still assesses these seismic ecological changes at the tempo of geologic time. “In the end,” she says, “the desert is going to tell us what it’s going to be and it’s going to show us what it’s going to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Replanting hope in the desert\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists are not waiting to see what the desert becomes. They’re actively intervening with an ambitious years-long project to replant some 4,000 Joshua trees at Cima Dome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biological science technician Erin Knight walks through a graveyard of dead Joshua trees, near the remains of an old cattle operation called Valley View Ranch. Some of the plants have toppled to the ground. Others still stand, but they’re falling to pieces; the branches that once stretched up to the sky now dangle and sway eerily in the desert wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984235\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984235\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_05_custom-ddf67a8272af1d1f6982f41a639e917fbd5b81b8-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erin Knight is a biological science technician at the Mojave National Preserve. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Kind of our own little chandelier here in the desert,” Knight jokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small chicken wire cages are scattered throughout the grove. This is where volunteers have planted baby Joshua trees, in hopes of resurrecting the century-old giants that perished here. Knight crouches down near one of the cages, and checks a numbered tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says this seedling was planted on Nov. 6 last year, and a volunteer named it Bratislava — the capital of Slovakia. Unfortunately, this one’s dead, as are many others at this site. In fact, in the two years this project’s been underway, 80% of the roughly 1,900 Joshua trees planted in the burn scar of the Dome Fire have died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984230\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984230\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_17-edit_custom-bbcb6de0b000d7a4b78bf4dfdc7a988596b6668a-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charred carcasses of Mojave yuccas, Joshua trees and chollas are seen at the edge of the York Fire in San Bernardino County, California, inside Mojave National Preserve. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, restoring Joshua trees is more of an art than a science, and sometimes it works out really well and sometimes it doesn’t,” Hughson says. Some of the baby Joshua trees have been eaten, especially those without a cage. Others die of thirst, though volunteers and scientists at the preserve make their best efforts to water the baby seedlings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been hundreds and hundreds of volunteers that have participated. We even had a camel train packing water into these,” Hughson says. Restoration work in the desert, she explains, is not for the faint of heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984236\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984236\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_14_custom-3ed023c31490c2b4a8b0f4afe63ddd822f9ecd46-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Supervisory park ranger Sierra Willoughby waters a baby Joshua tree, named ‘Lychee,’ inside its protective cage. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tale of failed experiments,” Hughson says. “Go look at the literature on restoration in the desert, especially the Mojave Desert. And OK, ‘Well, this didn’t work.’ Another paper on, ‘Well, that didn’t work.’ ‘OK, well, we tried this, and we failed miserably.’ And the stories of success are very rare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, hundreds of these Joshua tree seedlings have survived. Knight’s colleague Ryan McRae found one nearby. It’s only a few inches tall, and looks like the top of a baby pineapple. Knight looks up its name, and says it’s called “Lychee.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984237\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984237\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_59_custom-a8038b813b6ae0c89086f9158f89aaae227e6e4d-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A surviving Joshua tree inside the Mojave National Preserve. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s still tiny, and McRae points out one of the huge challenges of restoring a forest with two-inch-tall seedlings. “These Joshua trees only grow about 1.5 to 2 inches per year. So if you can imagine a 10-foot-tall tree or so, you can get an idea of how many years or decades it would take to get to that height.” At a conservative 1.5 inches per year — it would take at least 80 years to return this area back to the way it was before the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We probably won’t see it in any of our lives,” Knight says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Preparing for the future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Kelso is an old railroad town in another corner of the park near a giant field of sand dunes. Behind a 1920s schoolhouse, there’s a small beige building with two bright teal doors reading BOYS and GIRLS. There’s no sign from the outside, but the GIRLS room is now a makeshift field lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984238\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984238\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_40_custom-002484d6c789abb2a9ed1eb900b6a035bd37bd13-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seed technician Christina Sanchez stands outside the old restroom that’s been converted into a seed lab, behind the historic Kelso schoolhouse. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is our seed lab,” says Christina Sanchez, a seed technician. “This is where we’re sorting all of the Joshua tree seeds, and where we store them before they go to the nursery.” The nursery is a facility near Lake Mead, where rows of pots contain baby Joshua tree sprouts, ready to be transplanted into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez pulls over a big bucket, full of cream-colored Joshua tree fruits she and her team have collected. She takes one out and shakes it: “Sounds like a little rattle,” she says. The seeds are about the size of roma tomatoes, but they’re brittle and hard. She breaks one open with a crack, and reveals the black hockey-puck-like seeds inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A curious contraption that looks like a cross between an ant farm and a pinball machine hooks up to a shop vac blower. It’s a seed cleaning machine, and when Sanchez switches on the blower, the seeds flutter through the chutes inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984239\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984239\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1812\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-1020x722.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-768x544.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-1536x1087.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-2048x1449.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/mojave-fire-trio_custom-0b8a68fcf7b1839732e5970ecf3b645e51c7554e-1920x1359.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clockwise from top left: Sanchez opens Joshua tree seed pods. Right: She then separates the seeds with a seed cleaning machine. Bottom left: Sanchez shows a handful of seeds after they have been separated. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From here, she’ll dump the viable seeds into big jars, labeled with the collection site, and put them in a big chest freezer. The freezer is already half full of jars brimming with some 300,000 Joshua tree seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the future of the species,” Sanchez says. “This deep freezer here, this is holding our future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the Joshua tree seedlings planted so far have died, raising the question whether collecting and storing seeds is a gesture of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to lose a species if we don’t try,” she says. “We just gotta keep trying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984240\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984240\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_52_custom-5e07e098f0aa839d06d569bafc0c04cc54a3d7ed-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sanchez stands next to a chest freezer holding a jar of Joshua tree seeds that were harvested prior to the York Fire. The freezer is already half full of jars brimming with roughly 300,000 Joshua tree seeds. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Debra Hughson acknowledges that the replanting effort is just a “drop in the ocean,” given the massive losses of Joshua trees here in recent years. “That’s a few hundred we’ve managed, in a landscape that had 1.3 million,” she says. “So you can do the math.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numbers aside, Hughson expresses skepticism that people really have much of a role in “rebuilding” wilderness. “I don’t think that wilderness areas can be built. They can be designated, but nature created it,” she says. “We seem to be capable of destroying it … but we can’t create something that we don’t really even understand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984241\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984241\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/2023-08-joshuatressjojavedesert-kramirez_11_custom-02457637f193030b8433188b613f4e908e2d1e06-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Banana yucca sprouts in the burned landscape near Valley View Ranch. \u003ccite>(Krystal Ramirez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even so, the replanting project continues in October. The goal is to get 2,000 more Joshua trees in the ground over the next two years, and as before, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/moja/getinvolved/cima-dome-joshua-tree-forest-restoration.htm\">the preserve is relying on wilderness-savvy volunteers\u003c/a>. That human aspect, Hughson says, might be one of the most compelling reasons to do what seems very difficult, if not near impossible, on an ecological scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes us feel better. You know, psychologically, there were a lot of people that got a lot of good feelings and satisfaction from helping with the Joshua tree planting,” she says. “And to try to help makes you feel better about yourself and more hopeful about the future. And that in itself is a valuable thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+a+charred+moonscape%2C+a+band+of+hopeful+workers+try+to+save+the+Joshua+tree&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984229/in-a-charred-moonscape-a-band-of-hopeful-workers-try-to-save-the-joshua-tree","authors":["byline_science_1984229"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5178","science_182","science_205","science_112","science_438","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1984231","label":"source_science_1984229"},"science_1984200":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984200","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984200","score":null,"sort":[1693567814000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"climate-change-makes-wildfires-in-california-more-extreme","title":"Climate Change Makes Wildfires in California More Extreme","publishDate":1693567814,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Climate Change Makes Wildfires in California More Extreme | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>During some of the worst hours in Camp Fire, which in 2018 burned the town of Paradise, California to the ground, the fire was growing so fast it \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/09/us/california-wildfires-superlatives-wcx/index.html\">ate up 10,000 acres\u003c/a> within just 90 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires like the\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/13/667315613/californias-camp-fire-becomes-the-deadliest-in-state-history\"> Camp\u003c/a> Fire that intensify and spread enormously within a\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/11/09/777801169/the-camp-fire-destroyed-11-000-homes-a-year-later-only-11-have-been-rebuilt\"> single day, hour, or even minutes\u003c/a>, keep fire experts up at night. Now a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06444-3\">new study\u003c/a>, published Wednesday in \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>, uses a machine-learning model to show that climate change has nudged the risk of fast-spreading fires up by about 25% on average in California. That’s compared to a time before humans heated up Earth’s atmosphere by burning vast amounts of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing the impact of climate change for the first time on that high-resolution fire behavior,” says Patrick Brown, the study’s lead author and a climate scientist at Berkeley’s Breakthrough Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers didn’t increase evenly. Of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/our-impact/statistics\">18,000 California fires\u003c/a> that sprang to life from 2003 to 2020, 380 of them included at least one day when they grew by at least 10,000 acres — an area as big as most of Manhattan. Climate change ramped up the likelihood of that growth for most of the fires–but not all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found there were critical thresholds governing fire behavior. For fires burning near the thresholds, climate change could tip them into a more dangerous state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like if you’re wondering if growing a couple inches will help you dunk,” Brown explains. If you’re really tall already, he says, a few extra inches won’t make a big difference. But if you’re 5′ 10″, a little boost could get you over the rim. “We see the same thing with wildfires. If you’re right on the precipice of these thresholds, then warming causes them to cross over that threshold and increase the risk of danger,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The atmosphere is a thirstier sponge\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The thresholds were primarily associated with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2012/08/24/159848194/in-southwest-worst-case-fire-scenario-plays-out\">vapor pressure deficit\u003c/a>, a fancy term for how air pulls water out of dead or live plants and other burnable materials. Hotter air –one of the hallmarks of human-caused climate change–sucks moisture more strongly out of those pieces of potential tinder. \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019EF001210\">Years of prior research\u003c/a> has shown that fires can grow much bigger and more intense when they have plenty of dry, crispy fuel to burn, a factor heavily influenced by big vapor pressure deficits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research substantiates those earlier findings, showing fires to be nearly five times likely to burn explosively if those thresholds were crossed. But when the weather was already extremely hot and dry, or by contrast very moist, climate change’s extra nudge didn’t make as big a difference to fire behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much influence as a heated-up atmosphere can have, it’s far from the only factor at play. “Explosive growth of fires is almost always in some way correlated with high winds,” which whips small fires into enormous ones, points out Max Moritz, a fire expert at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who wasn’t involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where fires start, and how, affects their behavior as well. Fires act differently in forests than in grass or shrublands, or in areas full of houses. “The things we need to continue to keep in mind are the factors alongside climate that are equally if not more important: how is the land use going to change, and how is vegetation going to change?,” says Alexandra Syphard, a fire scientist with the Corvallis, Oregon-based nonprofit Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers trained a machine learning model on California’s 18,000 fires over the past two decades and the weather conditions under which they burned so that the model could pick out the weather factors that influence fire behavior. Using climate models, they simulated that same world, but minus human-caused climate change. Then they compared fire behavior in the simulated, un-warmed world with the real, overheated one.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Controlling risks for the future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Risks of explosively growing fires are almost certainly going up, the research found, even if global emissions are reduced quickly and decisively. Global temperatures will continue to rise even after emissions slow or stop, continuing to push fires into more dangerous territory. The number of fast-growing fires could almost double by the end of the century, the researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, says Brown, those climate-driven increases in risk can be nearly — or entirely — offset by smarter management of the non-climate parts of the fire story. Clearing extra fuel from \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/27/1119428879/why-suppressing-wildfires-may-be-making-the-western-fire-crisis-worse\">overcrowded forests\u003c/a> via strategies like\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2022/06/07/1101257256/neighbors-use-prescribed-fire-to-restore-great-plains-grasslands\"> prescribed fire\u003c/a>, for example, means there’s less fuel to burn. More than \u003ca href=\"https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm20/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/765573\">80% of U.S. fires\u003c/a> are started by people, and those fires burn\u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1617394114\"> faster and wider than naturally ignited ones\u003c/a>. Getting that number in check could greatly lessen risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Mortiz, the challenge now is partly about considering climate’s influence on wildfire risk while figuring out how to minimize the risks of fire for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/05/16/1098813861/wildfire-home-real-estate-risk-climate-change\">people and their homes\u003c/a> and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His research group has looked at how human-scale decisions, like neighborhood design or house placement, affects \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/21/924507691/millions-of-homes-are-at-risk-of-wildfires-but-its-rarely-disclosed\">wildfire risks to communities\u003c/a>. “We realized the strength of housing densities on fire activity rivals the strength of climate variables in some parts of California,” he says. Those choices are well within peoples’ ability to control, through zoning policy, or building codes, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1941685/this-california-neighborhood-was-built-to-survive-a-wildfire-and-it-worked\">fire-smart neighborhood design\u003c/a>. “We have to be more holistic in our understanding of ‘risk,’ to look at the human side as well,” Mortiz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+change+makes+wildfires+in+California+more+explosive+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new study pins about 25% of the extra risk on human-caused climate change. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845910,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":996},"headData":{"title":"Climate Change Makes Wildfires in California More Extreme | KQED","description":"A new study pins about 25% of the extra risk on human-caused climate change. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.npr.org/","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/1193795778/alejandra-borunda\">Alejandra Borunda\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Josh Edelson/AFP via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"1196637141","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1196637141&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/30/1196637141/climate-change-makes-wildfires-in-california-more-explosive?ft=nprml&f=1196637141","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 30 Aug 2023 15:44:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 30 Aug 2023 11:42:54 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 30 Aug 2023 15:44:17 -0400","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984200/climate-change-makes-wildfires-in-california-more-extreme","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>During some of the worst hours in Camp Fire, which in 2018 burned the town of Paradise, California to the ground, the fire was growing so fast it \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/09/us/california-wildfires-superlatives-wcx/index.html\">ate up 10,000 acres\u003c/a> within just 90 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires like the\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/13/667315613/californias-camp-fire-becomes-the-deadliest-in-state-history\"> Camp\u003c/a> Fire that intensify and spread enormously within a\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/11/09/777801169/the-camp-fire-destroyed-11-000-homes-a-year-later-only-11-have-been-rebuilt\"> single day, hour, or even minutes\u003c/a>, keep fire experts up at night. Now a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06444-3\">new study\u003c/a>, published Wednesday in \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>, uses a machine-learning model to show that climate change has nudged the risk of fast-spreading fires up by about 25% on average in California. That’s compared to a time before humans heated up Earth’s atmosphere by burning vast amounts of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing the impact of climate change for the first time on that high-resolution fire behavior,” says Patrick Brown, the study’s lead author and a climate scientist at Berkeley’s Breakthrough Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers didn’t increase evenly. Of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/our-impact/statistics\">18,000 California fires\u003c/a> that sprang to life from 2003 to 2020, 380 of them included at least one day when they grew by at least 10,000 acres — an area as big as most of Manhattan. Climate change ramped up the likelihood of that growth for most of the fires–but not all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found there were critical thresholds governing fire behavior. For fires burning near the thresholds, climate change could tip them into a more dangerous state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like if you’re wondering if growing a couple inches will help you dunk,” Brown explains. If you’re really tall already, he says, a few extra inches won’t make a big difference. But if you’re 5′ 10″, a little boost could get you over the rim. “We see the same thing with wildfires. If you’re right on the precipice of these thresholds, then warming causes them to cross over that threshold and increase the risk of danger,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The atmosphere is a thirstier sponge\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The thresholds were primarily associated with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2012/08/24/159848194/in-southwest-worst-case-fire-scenario-plays-out\">vapor pressure deficit\u003c/a>, a fancy term for how air pulls water out of dead or live plants and other burnable materials. Hotter air –one of the hallmarks of human-caused climate change–sucks moisture more strongly out of those pieces of potential tinder. \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019EF001210\">Years of prior research\u003c/a> has shown that fires can grow much bigger and more intense when they have plenty of dry, crispy fuel to burn, a factor heavily influenced by big vapor pressure deficits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research substantiates those earlier findings, showing fires to be nearly five times likely to burn explosively if those thresholds were crossed. But when the weather was already extremely hot and dry, or by contrast very moist, climate change’s extra nudge didn’t make as big a difference to fire behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much influence as a heated-up atmosphere can have, it’s far from the only factor at play. “Explosive growth of fires is almost always in some way correlated with high winds,” which whips small fires into enormous ones, points out Max Moritz, a fire expert at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who wasn’t involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where fires start, and how, affects their behavior as well. Fires act differently in forests than in grass or shrublands, or in areas full of houses. “The things we need to continue to keep in mind are the factors alongside climate that are equally if not more important: how is the land use going to change, and how is vegetation going to change?,” says Alexandra Syphard, a fire scientist with the Corvallis, Oregon-based nonprofit Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers trained a machine learning model on California’s 18,000 fires over the past two decades and the weather conditions under which they burned so that the model could pick out the weather factors that influence fire behavior. Using climate models, they simulated that same world, but minus human-caused climate change. Then they compared fire behavior in the simulated, un-warmed world with the real, overheated one.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Controlling risks for the future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Risks of explosively growing fires are almost certainly going up, the research found, even if global emissions are reduced quickly and decisively. Global temperatures will continue to rise even after emissions slow or stop, continuing to push fires into more dangerous territory. The number of fast-growing fires could almost double by the end of the century, the researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, says Brown, those climate-driven increases in risk can be nearly — or entirely — offset by smarter management of the non-climate parts of the fire story. Clearing extra fuel from \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/27/1119428879/why-suppressing-wildfires-may-be-making-the-western-fire-crisis-worse\">overcrowded forests\u003c/a> via strategies like\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2022/06/07/1101257256/neighbors-use-prescribed-fire-to-restore-great-plains-grasslands\"> prescribed fire\u003c/a>, for example, means there’s less fuel to burn. More than \u003ca href=\"https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm20/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/765573\">80% of U.S. fires\u003c/a> are started by people, and those fires burn\u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1617394114\"> faster and wider than naturally ignited ones\u003c/a>. Getting that number in check could greatly lessen risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Mortiz, the challenge now is partly about considering climate’s influence on wildfire risk while figuring out how to minimize the risks of fire for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/05/16/1098813861/wildfire-home-real-estate-risk-climate-change\">people and their homes\u003c/a> and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His research group has looked at how human-scale decisions, like neighborhood design or house placement, affects \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/21/924507691/millions-of-homes-are-at-risk-of-wildfires-but-its-rarely-disclosed\">wildfire risks to communities\u003c/a>. “We realized the strength of housing densities on fire activity rivals the strength of climate variables in some parts of California,” he says. Those choices are well within peoples’ ability to control, through zoning policy, or building codes, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1941685/this-california-neighborhood-was-built-to-survive-a-wildfire-and-it-worked\">fire-smart neighborhood design\u003c/a>. “We have to be more holistic in our understanding of ‘risk,’ to look at the human side as well,” Mortiz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+change+makes+wildfires+in+California+more+explosive+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984200/climate-change-makes-wildfires-in-california-more-extreme","authors":["byline_science_1984200"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4877","science_3820","science_182","science_194","science_112"],"featImg":"science_1984201","label":"source_science_1984200"},"science_1983909":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1983909","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1983909","score":null,"sort":[1692126030000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"maui-fires-now-among-uss-deadliest-wildfires-ever-here-are-some-others","title":"Maui Fires Now Among Deadliest US Wildfires Ever. Here Are Some Others","publishDate":1692126030,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Maui Fires Now Among Deadliest US Wildfires Ever. Here Are Some Others | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The wildfires that tore through western Maui last week have already earned the tragic distinction of being among the deadliest in modern U.S. history — and the death toll is only expected to climb as recovery efforts continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii officials confirmed 99 fatalities as of late Monday, and have warned that number is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/12/1193614596/death-toll-on-maui-climbs-to-80-as-questions-over-islands-emergency-response-gro\">likely to keep rising\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the largest natural disaster we’ve ever experienced,” Hawaii Gov. Josh Green said \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/14/us/maui-wildfires-what-we-know/index.html#:~:text=The%20Maui%20wildfires%20are%20the,the%20National%20Fire%20Protection%20Association.\">over the weekend\u003c/a>. “It’s going to also be a natural disaster that’s going to take an incredible amount of time to recover from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week’s wildfires — which destroyed the historic town of Lahaina and left thousands of residents without homes — also constitute the deadliest U.S. wildfire in more than a century. They surpass the 2018 Camp Fire in Paradise, Calif., which killed 85 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/datawrapper/henz5/1/?initialWidth=953&childId=responsive-embed-henz5&parentTitle=Maui%20joins%20the%20list%20of%20deadliest%20wildfires%20in%20recorded%20U.S.%20history%20%3A%20NPR&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F08%2F15%2F1193710165%2Fmaui-wildfires-deadliest-us-history\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Maui fire now ranks among the top 10 deadliest U.S. wildfires on record since 1871, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/News-and-Research/Fire-statistics-and-reports/WUI/Wildland-Fires-in-the-US-history-with-10-or-more-deaths.ashx\">National Fire Protection Association\u003c/a> (NFPA), a global nonprofit focused on eliminating loss due to fire hazards. Four of them — Maui included — have happened in the years since 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is increasing the risk of major wildfires across the U.S., and more people are moving to fire-prone areas without realizing it, as \u003ca href=\"https://apps.npr.org/us-wildfires-impact-environment-climate-change/\">NPR has reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the most devastating wildfires in U.S. history ravaged western states. But others — including the 1871 Peshtigo Fire, the deadliest on record — have struck elsewhere, including in the Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at some of the other tragedies on that list, and some lessons learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Peshtigo Fire, 1871\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983911\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983911\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-800x595.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration shows people trying to flee a fire.\" width=\"800\" height=\"595\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-800x595.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-1020x759.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-768x571.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-1536x1143.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-2048x1524.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-1920x1429.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration shows people trying to flee the fire of Peshtigo in Wisconsin in 1871. \u003ccite>(Bettmann/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The deadliest \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/grb/peshtigofire\">wildfire in U.S. history\u003c/a> tore through northeastern Wisconsin in October 1871 — the exact same day as, and only about 250 miles away from, the better known \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2021/10/08/great-chicago-fire\">Great Chicago Fire\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Peshtigo fire scorched about 1.5 million acres, leaving only one building standing. It killed at least 1,152 people, injured about 1,500 and left another 3,000 homeless, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS1750\">Wisconsin Historical Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Peshtigo was home to many immigrants working in the lumbering and railroad industries — and a lot of wood, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.peshtigofiremuseum.com/fire/\">Peshtigo Fire Museum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It boasted the world’s largest woodenware factory, as well as one of the country’s largest sawmills. The town was surrounded by pine forests, most of its structures and sidewalks were made of wood and the streets were covered in sawdust from the factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lumberjacks and railroad construction crews regularly set fires in the area to clear debris, the museum explains, so it wasn’t unusual for the air to be filled with smoke (or for ships to navigate by compass during the day, or for schools to close, or for people to get sick).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The citizens of Peshtigo had become used to the smell of ashes and thought nothing amiss when they retired on the night of October 8, 1871,” reads the historical society’s website. “Suddenly ‘all hell rode into town on the back of a wind.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the fire spread, some people hid in water wells while others rushed to the river, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/07/07/1013898724/the-deadliest-fire-in-american-history-happened-in-a-place-you-wouldnt-expect\">as NPR has reported\u003c/a>. Of those that survived the initial fire, many died of drowning and hypothermia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/grb/peshtigofire2#:~:text=Fire%20reached%20Peshtigo%20during%20the,the%20fire%20(Figure%201).\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> attributes the fire to several factors, including prolonged drought, a strong autumn storm system, logging and clearing of land for agriculture and the “ignorance and indifference of the population,” as timber was often discarded with little regard for its flammability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tragedy, it adds, was an important wake-up call about land-use practices of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Thumb Fire, 1881\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Thumb Fire swept through central Michigan in September 1881. It burned a million acres in Sanilac and Huron Counties alone, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=160706\">historical marker\u003c/a> near Bay Port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Small fires were burning in the forests of the Thumb, tinder-dry after a long, hot summer, when a gale swept in from the southwest on Sept. 5, 1881,” it reads. “Fanned into an inferno, the fires raged for three days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://news.umich.edu/fires-ravaged-michigans-thumb-in-1871-1881/\">University of Michigan\u003c/a> says the fire killed at least 300 people (NFPA puts the death toll at 282), destroyed 1,521 dwellings and left more than 14,000 people dependent on public aid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many residents were left either temporarily or permanently blinded by the smoke and flying ashes that “traveled faster than a whirlwind and blotted out the sun for days,” according to \u003ca href=\"https://thumbwind.com/2021/09/04/1881-michigan-fire/\">Thumbwind.com\u003c/a>. It adds that yellow smoke made its way east, where it darkened the skies over all six New England states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Red Cross, which had been founded earlier that year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.redcross.org/content/dam/redcross/enterprise-assets/about-us/history/history-clara-barton-v5-4-19-23.pdf\">collected funds and clothing (PDF)\u003c/a> to support victims — marking its first-ever official disaster relief effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Great Fire, 1910\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983912\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983912\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-800x588.jpg\" alt=\"A black and white photograph of a town destroyed by fires. \" width=\"800\" height=\"588\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-800x588.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-1020x750.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-768x564.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-1536x1129.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-2048x1505.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-1920x1411.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of Wallace, Idaho, destroyed by forest fires in 1910. \u003ccite>(HUM Images/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Great Fire of 1910 was a \u003ca href=\"https://foresthistory.org/research-explore/us-forest-service-history/policy-and-law/fire-u-s-forest-service/famous-fires/the-1910-fires/\">series of forest fires\u003c/a> that burned through Idaho, Montana and Washington between April and August, culminating in the so-called “Big Blowup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurricane-force winds arrived on Aug. 20, whipping the small fires into flames hundreds of feet high. Forester Edward Stahl \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/our-forests/your-national-forests-magazine/blazing-battles-the-1910-fire-and-its-legacy\">described them\u003c/a> as being “fanned by a tornado wind so violent that the flames flattened out ahead, swooping to earth in great darting curves, truly a veritable red demon from hell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire lasted for \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5444731.pdf\">two days and two nights (PDF)\u003c/a>, devastating more than 3 million acres of timberland in the Northern Rockies. The exact death toll varies, with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5444731.pdf\">U.S. Forest Service (PDF)\u003c/a> putting it at 86, saying most were firefighters on the front lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, the Forest Service had only existed for five years by this point. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/our-forests/your-national-forests-magazine/blazing-battles-the-1910-fire-and-its-legacy\">National Forest Foundation\u003c/a> says the fire “left not only scars on the land, but also lasting and fervent opinions about how forests and wildfire should be managed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cloquet and Moose Lake Fires, 1918\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Cloquet and Moose Lake fires of 1918 (which were actually made up of \u003ca href=\"https://mndigital.org/projects/primary-source-sets/natural-disasters-minnesota#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20worst%20natural,provided%20fuel%20for%20the%20fires.\">50 blazes\u003c/a>) remain one of the deadliest natural disasters in Minnesota history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Records from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/dlh/MooseLake_Cloquet_1918Fires\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> show Northeast Minnesota was experiencing its “driest season in 48 years” when sparks from a passing train, fueled by gusty winds, ignited fires that lasted for several days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire consumed approximately 1,500 square miles and killed more than 450 people, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://mndigital.org/projects/primary-source-sets/natural-disasters-minnesota#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20worst%20natural,provided%20fuel%20for%20the%20fires.\">Minnesota Digital Library\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of the victims were from the Moose Lake area. Many of them died trying to escape in cars or suffocating in root cellars and wells, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/10/12/moose-lake-fire-no-less-horrible-100-years-later\">MPR News\u003c/a> reported on the 100th anniversary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie Frohrip, the vice president of the Moose Lake Area Historical Society, told the station that her mother-in-law, a teenager at the time, had survived the fire by wading into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She said that when she had been in Sunday school, she had learned that when the end of the world came, the stars were going to fall out of the sky,” Frohrip said. “And so when they came down the hill and saw all the sparks, she was sure this was going to be the end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Griffith Park Fire, 1933\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983913\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983913\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"A group of people plant a pine tree. \" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-1536x1019.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-2048x1359.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-1920x1274.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Loa (right), a survivor of the 1933 Griffith Park fire, helped plant a pine tree in memoriam in 2007, at the age of 96. \u003ccite>(Al Seib/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Griffith Park fire was once the deadliest fire in California history, killing 29 people in 1933. But it burned a relatively small 47 acres and damaged no property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the victims of the fire were civilians who had been doing cleanup and assistance work in the Los Angeles park for 40 cents an hour through a Depression-era government program, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705774/remembering-l-a-s-1933-griffith-park-fire-the-states-deadliest-fire-until-now\">member station KQED reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 3,784 workers in the park when a brush fire broke out on the afternoon of Oct. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Accounts differ on whether workers were ordered by their foremen to head down into Mineral Wells Canyon to fight the fire or whether they were simply asked to help put out the flames,” KQED reported. “Either way, into the canyon they went, with only shovels, their hands and the earth at their feet to work with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire department had arrived relatively quickly but was \u003ca href=\"https://friendsofgriffithpark.org/griffith-parks-1933-fire/\">reportedly overwhelmed\u003c/a> by the thousands of amateurs crowding the scene. Then a sudden change in the winds sent the fire up the canyon, \u003ca href=\"https://lafire.com/famous_fires/1933-1003_GriffithParkFire/1933-1003_GriffithParkFire.htm\">killing 29 workers\u003c/a> of thermal burns and injuring more than 150 others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporter Caroline Walker \u003ca href=\"https://lafire.com/famous_fires/1933-1003_GriffithParkFire/1933-1003_GriffithParkFire.htm\">wrote in the Oct. 4, 1933 issue\u003c/a> of the \u003cem>Los Angeles Herald-Express\u003c/em> of the men, that “in their hearts a little candle of hope had been burning again because they had a chance to earn a little money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was only a brush fire that they were asked to extinguish. It was the sort that skilled fireworkers know how to handle. But the men in the park weren’t fire fighters. They did not know that canyons become flutes in a brush fire, or that flames travel with such deadly swiftness over grass and trees grown brittle with the summer drought. It was work. That was all that mattered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Camp Fire, 2018\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983915\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983915\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Crosses are seen lined up at a memorial.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crosses line the road to remember the people who died as a result of the Camp Fire in Paradise, Butte County. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Camp Fire broke out in Northern California in November 2018, sweeping through the towns of Paradise and Concow — which each lost about 95% of their structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It spanned an area of 153,336 acres, and eventually killed at least 85 people, injuring 12 civilians and five firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A yearlong investigation found that the fire had been ignited by outdated power lines. Pacific Gas & Electric \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/06/16/879008760/pg-e-pleads-guilty-on-2018-california-camp-fire-our-equipment-started-that-fire\">pleaded guilty\u003c/a> in 2020 to 84 separate counts of involuntary manslaughter and one felony count of unlawfully starting a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has been blamed for more than 30 wildfires, which have killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/12/1092259419/california-wildfires-pacific-gas-electric-55-million\">more than 100 people since 2017\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California Fire Siege, 2020\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>More than 8,600 wildfires burned across California in 2020, scorching some 4.2 million acres — a state record — and killing 33 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 2020 California wildfire year was characterized by record-setting wildfires that burned across the state of California as measured during the modern era of wildfire management and record keeping,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020\">California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The years 2020 and 2021 together burned more area than the previous seven years combined, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/climate/news/californias-2020-wildfire-season-numbers\">University of California, Davis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials described 2020 as a “fire siege” because it saw 18 of the state’s 20 most destructive fires on record, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/californias-2020-wildfires-negated-years-of-emission-cuts/\">\u003cem>Scientific American\u003c/em>\u003c/a> explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/mendocino/home/?cid=FSEPRD860382\">August Complex\u003c/a> fire, which officials called the first “gigafire” since it burned more than 1 million acres. It was ignited by lightning in mid-August and burned for four months, scorching an area larger than the state of Rhode Island to become the largest fire in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Maui%27s+wildfires+are+among+the+deadliest+on+record+in+the+U.S.+Here+are+some+others&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The wildfires that killed at least 99 people in Maui are the deadliest to hit the US in more than a century. Here's a look back at some of the country's most lethal blazes and lessons learned.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845926,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://apps.npr.org/datawrapper/henz5/1/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":51,"wordCount":1923},"headData":{"title":"Maui Fires Now Among Deadliest US Wildfires Ever. Here Are Some Others | KQED","description":"The wildfires that killed at least 99 people in Maui are the deadliest to hit the US in more than a century. Here's a look back at some of the country's most lethal blazes and lessons learned.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Patrick T. Fallon","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/776048102/rachel-treisman\">Rachel Treisman\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"AFP via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"1193710165","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1193710165&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/15/1193710165/maui-wildfires-deadliest-us-history?ft=nprml&f=1193710165","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 15 Aug 2023 05:00:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 15 Aug 2023 05:00:38 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 15 Aug 2023 05:00:38 -0400","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1983909/maui-fires-now-among-uss-deadliest-wildfires-ever-here-are-some-others","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The wildfires that tore through western Maui last week have already earned the tragic distinction of being among the deadliest in modern U.S. history — and the death toll is only expected to climb as recovery efforts continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii officials confirmed 99 fatalities as of late Monday, and have warned that number is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/12/1193614596/death-toll-on-maui-climbs-to-80-as-questions-over-islands-emergency-response-gro\">likely to keep rising\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the largest natural disaster we’ve ever experienced,” Hawaii Gov. Josh Green said \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/14/us/maui-wildfires-what-we-know/index.html#:~:text=The%20Maui%20wildfires%20are%20the,the%20National%20Fire%20Protection%20Association.\">over the weekend\u003c/a>. “It’s going to also be a natural disaster that’s going to take an incredible amount of time to recover from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week’s wildfires — which destroyed the historic town of Lahaina and left thousands of residents without homes — also constitute the deadliest U.S. wildfire in more than a century. They surpass the 2018 Camp Fire in Paradise, Calif., which killed 85 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/datawrapper/henz5/1/?initialWidth=953&childId=responsive-embed-henz5&parentTitle=Maui%20joins%20the%20list%20of%20deadliest%20wildfires%20in%20recorded%20U.S.%20history%20%3A%20NPR&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F08%2F15%2F1193710165%2Fmaui-wildfires-deadliest-us-history\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Maui fire now ranks among the top 10 deadliest U.S. wildfires on record since 1871, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/News-and-Research/Fire-statistics-and-reports/WUI/Wildland-Fires-in-the-US-history-with-10-or-more-deaths.ashx\">National Fire Protection Association\u003c/a> (NFPA), a global nonprofit focused on eliminating loss due to fire hazards. Four of them — Maui included — have happened in the years since 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is increasing the risk of major wildfires across the U.S., and more people are moving to fire-prone areas without realizing it, as \u003ca href=\"https://apps.npr.org/us-wildfires-impact-environment-climate-change/\">NPR has reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the most devastating wildfires in U.S. history ravaged western states. But others — including the 1871 Peshtigo Fire, the deadliest on record — have struck elsewhere, including in the Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at some of the other tragedies on that list, and some lessons learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Peshtigo Fire, 1871\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983911\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983911\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-800x595.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration shows people trying to flee a fire.\" width=\"800\" height=\"595\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-800x595.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-1020x759.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-768x571.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-1536x1143.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-2048x1524.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-517220336_custom-36b3960e4206c18876faf4e6df40069608991ea9-1920x1429.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration shows people trying to flee the fire of Peshtigo in Wisconsin in 1871. \u003ccite>(Bettmann/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The deadliest \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/grb/peshtigofire\">wildfire in U.S. history\u003c/a> tore through northeastern Wisconsin in October 1871 — the exact same day as, and only about 250 miles away from, the better known \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2021/10/08/great-chicago-fire\">Great Chicago Fire\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Peshtigo fire scorched about 1.5 million acres, leaving only one building standing. It killed at least 1,152 people, injured about 1,500 and left another 3,000 homeless, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS1750\">Wisconsin Historical Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Peshtigo was home to many immigrants working in the lumbering and railroad industries — and a lot of wood, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.peshtigofiremuseum.com/fire/\">Peshtigo Fire Museum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It boasted the world’s largest woodenware factory, as well as one of the country’s largest sawmills. The town was surrounded by pine forests, most of its structures and sidewalks were made of wood and the streets were covered in sawdust from the factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lumberjacks and railroad construction crews regularly set fires in the area to clear debris, the museum explains, so it wasn’t unusual for the air to be filled with smoke (or for ships to navigate by compass during the day, or for schools to close, or for people to get sick).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The citizens of Peshtigo had become used to the smell of ashes and thought nothing amiss when they retired on the night of October 8, 1871,” reads the historical society’s website. “Suddenly ‘all hell rode into town on the back of a wind.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the fire spread, some people hid in water wells while others rushed to the river, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/07/07/1013898724/the-deadliest-fire-in-american-history-happened-in-a-place-you-wouldnt-expect\">as NPR has reported\u003c/a>. Of those that survived the initial fire, many died of drowning and hypothermia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/grb/peshtigofire2#:~:text=Fire%20reached%20Peshtigo%20during%20the,the%20fire%20(Figure%201).\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> attributes the fire to several factors, including prolonged drought, a strong autumn storm system, logging and clearing of land for agriculture and the “ignorance and indifference of the population,” as timber was often discarded with little regard for its flammability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tragedy, it adds, was an important wake-up call about land-use practices of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Thumb Fire, 1881\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Thumb Fire swept through central Michigan in September 1881. It burned a million acres in Sanilac and Huron Counties alone, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=160706\">historical marker\u003c/a> near Bay Port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Small fires were burning in the forests of the Thumb, tinder-dry after a long, hot summer, when a gale swept in from the southwest on Sept. 5, 1881,” it reads. “Fanned into an inferno, the fires raged for three days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://news.umich.edu/fires-ravaged-michigans-thumb-in-1871-1881/\">University of Michigan\u003c/a> says the fire killed at least 300 people (NFPA puts the death toll at 282), destroyed 1,521 dwellings and left more than 14,000 people dependent on public aid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many residents were left either temporarily or permanently blinded by the smoke and flying ashes that “traveled faster than a whirlwind and blotted out the sun for days,” according to \u003ca href=\"https://thumbwind.com/2021/09/04/1881-michigan-fire/\">Thumbwind.com\u003c/a>. It adds that yellow smoke made its way east, where it darkened the skies over all six New England states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Red Cross, which had been founded earlier that year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.redcross.org/content/dam/redcross/enterprise-assets/about-us/history/history-clara-barton-v5-4-19-23.pdf\">collected funds and clothing (PDF)\u003c/a> to support victims — marking its first-ever official disaster relief effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Great Fire, 1910\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983912\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983912\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-800x588.jpg\" alt=\"A black and white photograph of a town destroyed by fires. \" width=\"800\" height=\"588\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-800x588.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-1020x750.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-768x564.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-1536x1129.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-2048x1505.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1354519558_custom-2150f760df2bd256c6bd8f7a8842f848f4107737-1920x1411.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of Wallace, Idaho, destroyed by forest fires in 1910. \u003ccite>(HUM Images/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Great Fire of 1910 was a \u003ca href=\"https://foresthistory.org/research-explore/us-forest-service-history/policy-and-law/fire-u-s-forest-service/famous-fires/the-1910-fires/\">series of forest fires\u003c/a> that burned through Idaho, Montana and Washington between April and August, culminating in the so-called “Big Blowup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurricane-force winds arrived on Aug. 20, whipping the small fires into flames hundreds of feet high. Forester Edward Stahl \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/our-forests/your-national-forests-magazine/blazing-battles-the-1910-fire-and-its-legacy\">described them\u003c/a> as being “fanned by a tornado wind so violent that the flames flattened out ahead, swooping to earth in great darting curves, truly a veritable red demon from hell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire lasted for \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5444731.pdf\">two days and two nights (PDF)\u003c/a>, devastating more than 3 million acres of timberland in the Northern Rockies. The exact death toll varies, with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5444731.pdf\">U.S. Forest Service (PDF)\u003c/a> putting it at 86, saying most were firefighters on the front lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, the Forest Service had only existed for five years by this point. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/our-forests/your-national-forests-magazine/blazing-battles-the-1910-fire-and-its-legacy\">National Forest Foundation\u003c/a> says the fire “left not only scars on the land, but also lasting and fervent opinions about how forests and wildfire should be managed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cloquet and Moose Lake Fires, 1918\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Cloquet and Moose Lake fires of 1918 (which were actually made up of \u003ca href=\"https://mndigital.org/projects/primary-source-sets/natural-disasters-minnesota#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20worst%20natural,provided%20fuel%20for%20the%20fires.\">50 blazes\u003c/a>) remain one of the deadliest natural disasters in Minnesota history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Records from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/dlh/MooseLake_Cloquet_1918Fires\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> show Northeast Minnesota was experiencing its “driest season in 48 years” when sparks from a passing train, fueled by gusty winds, ignited fires that lasted for several days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire consumed approximately 1,500 square miles and killed more than 450 people, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://mndigital.org/projects/primary-source-sets/natural-disasters-minnesota#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20worst%20natural,provided%20fuel%20for%20the%20fires.\">Minnesota Digital Library\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of the victims were from the Moose Lake area. Many of them died trying to escape in cars or suffocating in root cellars and wells, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/10/12/moose-lake-fire-no-less-horrible-100-years-later\">MPR News\u003c/a> reported on the 100th anniversary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie Frohrip, the vice president of the Moose Lake Area Historical Society, told the station that her mother-in-law, a teenager at the time, had survived the fire by wading into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She said that when she had been in Sunday school, she had learned that when the end of the world came, the stars were going to fall out of the sky,” Frohrip said. “And so when they came down the hill and saw all the sparks, she was sure this was going to be the end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Griffith Park Fire, 1933\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983913\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983913\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"A group of people plant a pine tree. \" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-1536x1019.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-2048x1359.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-564024413_custom-46d66869284461412635fcaa8442688a9cc40b97-1920x1274.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Loa (right), a survivor of the 1933 Griffith Park fire, helped plant a pine tree in memoriam in 2007, at the age of 96. \u003ccite>(Al Seib/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Griffith Park fire was once the deadliest fire in California history, killing 29 people in 1933. But it burned a relatively small 47 acres and damaged no property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the victims of the fire were civilians who had been doing cleanup and assistance work in the Los Angeles park for 40 cents an hour through a Depression-era government program, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705774/remembering-l-a-s-1933-griffith-park-fire-the-states-deadliest-fire-until-now\">member station KQED reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 3,784 workers in the park when a brush fire broke out on the afternoon of Oct. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Accounts differ on whether workers were ordered by their foremen to head down into Mineral Wells Canyon to fight the fire or whether they were simply asked to help put out the flames,” KQED reported. “Either way, into the canyon they went, with only shovels, their hands and the earth at their feet to work with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire department had arrived relatively quickly but was \u003ca href=\"https://friendsofgriffithpark.org/griffith-parks-1933-fire/\">reportedly overwhelmed\u003c/a> by the thousands of amateurs crowding the scene. Then a sudden change in the winds sent the fire up the canyon, \u003ca href=\"https://lafire.com/famous_fires/1933-1003_GriffithParkFire/1933-1003_GriffithParkFire.htm\">killing 29 workers\u003c/a> of thermal burns and injuring more than 150 others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporter Caroline Walker \u003ca href=\"https://lafire.com/famous_fires/1933-1003_GriffithParkFire/1933-1003_GriffithParkFire.htm\">wrote in the Oct. 4, 1933 issue\u003c/a> of the \u003cem>Los Angeles Herald-Express\u003c/em> of the men, that “in their hearts a little candle of hope had been burning again because they had a chance to earn a little money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was only a brush fire that they were asked to extinguish. It was the sort that skilled fireworkers know how to handle. But the men in the park weren’t fire fighters. They did not know that canyons become flutes in a brush fire, or that flames travel with such deadly swiftness over grass and trees grown brittle with the summer drought. It was work. That was all that mattered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Camp Fire, 2018\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983915\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983915\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Crosses are seen lined up at a memorial.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/gettyimages-1177682049-26f322515b8f907ddecb5aef035dd77b47bd1e33-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crosses line the road to remember the people who died as a result of the Camp Fire in Paradise, Butte County. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Camp Fire broke out in Northern California in November 2018, sweeping through the towns of Paradise and Concow — which each lost about 95% of their structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It spanned an area of 153,336 acres, and eventually killed at least 85 people, injuring 12 civilians and five firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A yearlong investigation found that the fire had been ignited by outdated power lines. Pacific Gas & Electric \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/06/16/879008760/pg-e-pleads-guilty-on-2018-california-camp-fire-our-equipment-started-that-fire\">pleaded guilty\u003c/a> in 2020 to 84 separate counts of involuntary manslaughter and one felony count of unlawfully starting a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has been blamed for more than 30 wildfires, which have killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/12/1092259419/california-wildfires-pacific-gas-electric-55-million\">more than 100 people since 2017\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California Fire Siege, 2020\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>More than 8,600 wildfires burned across California in 2020, scorching some 4.2 million acres — a state record — and killing 33 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 2020 California wildfire year was characterized by record-setting wildfires that burned across the state of California as measured during the modern era of wildfire management and record keeping,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020\">California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The years 2020 and 2021 together burned more area than the previous seven years combined, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/climate/news/californias-2020-wildfire-season-numbers\">University of California, Davis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials described 2020 as a “fire siege” because it saw 18 of the state’s 20 most destructive fires on record, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/californias-2020-wildfires-negated-years-of-emission-cuts/\">\u003cem>Scientific American\u003c/em>\u003c/a> explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/mendocino/home/?cid=FSEPRD860382\">August Complex\u003c/a> fire, which officials called the first “gigafire” since it burned more than 1 million acres. It was ignited by lightning in mid-August and burned for four months, scorching an area larger than the state of Rhode Island to become the largest fire in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Maui%27s+wildfires+are+among+the+deadliest+on+record+in+the+U.S.+Here+are+some+others&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1983909/maui-fires-now-among-uss-deadliest-wildfires-ever-here-are-some-others","authors":["byline_science_1983909"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_182","science_194","science_4414","science_112","science_2184","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1983910","label":"source_science_1983909"},"science_1982594":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1982594","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1982594","score":null,"sort":[1683646533000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"older-adults-in-sonoma-county-to-get-fire-safety-home-retrofits-for-free","title":"Older Adults in Sonoma County to Get Fire-Safety Home Retrofits — for Free","publishDate":1683646533,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Older Adults in Sonoma County to Get Fire-Safety Home Retrofits — for Free | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>In August 2020, the Walbridge Fire was spreading dangerously close to Franceen Levy’s home in Monte Rio, a town nestled in a bend of Sonoma County’s Russian River. Just a few miles north, Armstrong Woods was already burning, and across the street, Levy’s neighbor was about to hightail it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally, I don’t evacuate,” said Levy, who lives alone at age 76. “I didn’t evacuate during any of the other fires or floods.” She stayed in her house in 1986 and 2019 when the Russian River turned her neighborhood into an island. She stayed in 2017 when the Tubbs Fire ravaged nearby Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the first time in the 25 years she has lived in her Monte Rio house, Levy grabbed her two cats and drove to a hotel room in Bodega Bay. She sheltered there for two days before returning to her home, which survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982596\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982596\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"An older white woman with boots, jeans and jacket sits on the front steps leading to the porch of her house as she looks at the camera with a sullen expression.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Franceen Levy sits on the steps outside her home in Monte Rio in Sonoma County, on March 13, 2023. \u003ccite>(Isaac Ceja/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite the risk of fire, Levy intends to continue aging in her home, and she is far from the only one. In fire-prone Sonoma County, 20% of residents are over the age of 65, a higher proportion than the state average of 15%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the youngest baby boomers reach retirement age in the next decade, the entire nation will mirror Sonoma County’s population of older adults, most of whom will want to age in their homes. But without home modifications, they will be forced to leave their communities and enter nursing homes and retirement facilities. And in places like Sonoma County, where forests cut through and around many towns, the dangers of wildfire are especially great for older people, who are less mobile and more likely to die in a fire. To mitigate that threat, \u003ca href=\"https://www.firesafesonoma.org/\">Fire Safe Sonoma\u003c/a>, a nonprofit serving Sonoma County, forged a rare partnership with Sonoma County’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.habitat.org/\">Habitat for Humanity\u003c/a> chapter, using a county grant to retrofit the homes of older lower-income Sonoma residents so they could age more safely in place.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"science_1968093,news_11844521,science_1968174\"]On a misty March afternoon, two fire assessors contracted by Fire Safe Sonoma surveyed Levy’s property. In a practiced routine, they circled her home and identified the most pressing fire risks: flammable shrubs and leaf debris; uncovered vents, eaves and gaps that could allow embers into the house; single-pane windows that could explode under extreme heat; and a heavily overgrown canopy of bay and Douglas fir trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levy still does some maintenance of her property, but the manual work gets harder with age. “I get out there with my weed eater, and me and the battery last about the same amount of time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire assessors worked radially out from the structure, first recommending home-hardening improvements, or fire-resistant modifications made directly to the house, and then suggesting ways to increase defensible space, the buffer zone between a home and combustible material like shrubs and trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The assessors made a list of more than a dozen safety upgrades, including removing leaf debris from the deck and roof, cutting down several trees to create separation in the canopy, and installing metal mesh over gaps in the house’s structure. But by design, Levy, who is retired, will not have to pay for any of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the destructive Tubbs Fire of 2017, Sonoma County received a $149 million settlement from PG&E, which was found at fault for the damages. Part of that settlement funds Fire Safe Sonoma’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.firesafesonoma.org/wfap-and-habitat-for-humanity/\">Wildland Fire Assessment Program\u003c/a>. But when Fire Safe Sonoma first rolled it out in 2021, it was a “self-defeating program,” said Roberta MacIntyre, Fire Safe Sonoma’s executive director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982606\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982606\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A man with a cap and a fluorescent yellow and black rain jacket points a flashlight during an inspection with trees in the background.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildfire Services worker Brandon North inspects a unit on Occidental resident Shawn Connally’s property. \u003ccite>(Isaac Ceja/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We were going out to homes where residents are low-income and telling them what they need to do to make their home safer for wildfire when they have no money to do it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Very, very, very worried’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To be more useful, Fire Safe Sonoma collaborated with the local Sonoma Habitat affiliate to modify the county grant and revamp the program. Instead of providing free home assessments to a large number of homeowners, the revised program allocates the total grant award of $37,100 to 18 homes, with a budget of up to $2,500 per property. This way, Habitat Sonoma can carry out the recommended fire-safety improvements in tandem with aging-in-place modifications, all paid for by the county.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Andrew Scharlach, professor of aging, UC Berkeley\"]‘Rural and semi-rural communities, which are among the oldest in age in the state of California, tend to be some of the most vulnerable.’[/pullquote]A few weeks after the fire assessors’ survey, a team from Habitat will return to Monte Rio and work with Levy to identify needed improvements, such as grab bars, ramps and low-threshold showers, that will allow her to age at home for years to come. As a final step, the Habitat team will schedule a workday to carry out the improvements Levy needs, as well as home hardening — like replacing old windows with tempered glass — and defensible space, such as removing a combustible pile of firewood from her front porch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Megan Hennessy, program manager at Habitat Sonoma, sees firsthand how critical these repairs are for older residents, especially in the wake of three major fires in the last four years in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve noticed that the elderly homeowners are very, very, very worried about what would happen if a fire happens,” Hennessy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982603\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A middle aged white woman with shoulder-length blonde hair stands outside a house and looks into the distance with a mug of coffee in her hand.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shawn Connally stands in front of her home in Occidental. \u003ccite>(Isaac Ceja/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.usfa.fema.gov/statistics/deaths-injuries/older-adults.html\">Adults over the age of 65 are more than twice as likely to die in a fire compared to the general population\u003c/a>, according to the U.S. Fire Administration. “Rural and semi-rural communities, which are among the oldest in age in the state of California, tend to be some of the most vulnerable,” said Andrew Scharlach, professor of aging at UC Berkeley. Older rural homeowners, particularly lower-income homeowners, are less able to make firesafe home improvements, move to a lower-risk area before a fire, and evacuate when a fire inevitably starts, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shawn Connally, a 56-year-old resident of Occidental in Sonoma County, often worries about fire. She keeps her car backed in so she’s ready to evacuate at a moment’s notice. She has a go bag in her mudroom, packed with a small keepsake statue from New Zealand, two sets of salt and pepper shakers (selected from the hundreds she inherited from her grandmother), several family rings and her important paper documents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982600\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982600\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Two man wearing caps smile with trees in the background.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildfire Services lead Andrew Carrillo (left) and Brandon North work together to assess a home for fire safety in Monte Rio. \u003ccite>(Isaac Ceja/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Connally lives on a sprawling property shaded by towering trees and perched atop a steep, winding driveway. She used to maintain the overgrown brush on her property herself, but multiple sclerosis has made that impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I would try to do that, then it would probably knock me out for a couple of days,” she said. That’s why she is also taking part in the program led by Fire Safe Sonoma and Habitat for Humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connally’s hope is that Fire Safe Sonoma and Habitat can add railings to the steep steps leading up to her house and down to her basement, as well as clear out the combustible vegetation that has accumulated around her property. The winding driveway presents a problem, too, because it would be difficult for a fire engine to navigate the narrow path. Habitat will aim to make her house as resilient as possible, so that even if firefighters can’t reach Connally’s home, it still has a good chance of surviving a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>No sweat, no cost\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sonoma’s Habitat affiliate has been building and repairing homes for 35 years and has one of the more robust aging-in-place programs in California. Although Habitat affiliates across California facilitate aging-in-place work, the offerings of these programs vary widely, and many affiliates require beneficiaries to provide “sweat equity” in the form of labor or participate in a payback program. Habitat and Fire Safe Sonoma, on the other hand, are able to provide this work at no cost to the homeowner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982619\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1982619\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"A man rights on a checklist titled Wildland Fire Assessment Program\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447-1536x1231.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447.jpg 1708w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildfire Services lead Andrew Carrillo fills out a home assessment checklist for the Wildland Fire Assessment Program in Occidental. \u003ccite>(Isaac Ceja/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2020–21, the California Legislature allocated $25 million to home hardening and defensible space, and appropriated an additional $25 million over the next two budget years. The California Office of Emergency Services then selected pilot counties with a high fire risk and other criteria, including proportion of the population over age 65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the program has been slow to roll out, and homeowners are still waiting to receive grants and support. Until the state’s investment in fire safety materializes, local programs have to fill the gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the fire assessors dispatched by Fire Safe Sonoma looped around Levy’s house, she recalled her early years in California. At the age of 19, Levy left her job as a library assistant in her hometown of Philadelphia and came to San Francisco for the “Summer of Love” in 1967.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, she went camping near her current home on the Russian River and fell in love with the open expanse of land and cheap rents. There, she began working as a bookkeeper for a resource and referral agency for child care in Guerneville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growing up in the city, I always wanted a farm,” Levy said, reminiscing about the chickens she used to keep — until the raccoons gobbled them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982598\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982598\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A man with a jacket and black cap points at something as an older white woman looks on.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andrew Carrillo points at trees he recommends removing to help improve fire safety outside Franceen Levy’s home. \u003ccite>(Isaac Ceja/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Levy’s chickens and cheap rent are in the rearview mirror. Now she has new things to worry about — namely, fire. Levy knows she has to live with that risk because she never wants to leave her bucolic setting. With her new home modifications, she expects to do just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reporter Kate Raphael and photographer Isaac Ceja are with the Investigative Reporting Program at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. They covered this story through a grant from The SCAN Foundation. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Nonprofits Fire Safe Sonoma and Habitat for Humanity forged a rare partnership to retrofit the homes of older lower-income Sonoma residents so they could age more safely in place in the county, where 20% of residents are over the age of 65.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846018,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1823},"headData":{"title":"Older Adults in Sonoma County to Get Fire-Safety Home Retrofits — for Free | KQED","description":"Nonprofits Fire Safe Sonoma and Habitat for Humanity forged a rare partnership to retrofit the homes of older lower-income Sonoma residents so they could age more safely in place in the county, where 20% of residents are over the age of 65.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://journalism.berkeley.edu/person/kate_raphael/\">Kate Raphael\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1982594/older-adults-in-sonoma-county-to-get-fire-safety-home-retrofits-for-free","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In August 2020, the Walbridge Fire was spreading dangerously close to Franceen Levy’s home in Monte Rio, a town nestled in a bend of Sonoma County’s Russian River. Just a few miles north, Armstrong Woods was already burning, and across the street, Levy’s neighbor was about to hightail it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally, I don’t evacuate,” said Levy, who lives alone at age 76. “I didn’t evacuate during any of the other fires or floods.” She stayed in her house in 1986 and 2019 when the Russian River turned her neighborhood into an island. She stayed in 2017 when the Tubbs Fire ravaged nearby Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the first time in the 25 years she has lived in her Monte Rio house, Levy grabbed her two cats and drove to a hotel room in Bodega Bay. She sheltered there for two days before returning to her home, which survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982596\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982596\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"An older white woman with boots, jeans and jacket sits on the front steps leading to the porch of her house as she looks at the camera with a sullen expression.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment001-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Franceen Levy sits on the steps outside her home in Monte Rio in Sonoma County, on March 13, 2023. \u003ccite>(Isaac Ceja/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite the risk of fire, Levy intends to continue aging in her home, and she is far from the only one. In fire-prone Sonoma County, 20% of residents are over the age of 65, a higher proportion than the state average of 15%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the youngest baby boomers reach retirement age in the next decade, the entire nation will mirror Sonoma County’s population of older adults, most of whom will want to age in their homes. But without home modifications, they will be forced to leave their communities and enter nursing homes and retirement facilities. And in places like Sonoma County, where forests cut through and around many towns, the dangers of wildfire are especially great for older people, who are less mobile and more likely to die in a fire. To mitigate that threat, \u003ca href=\"https://www.firesafesonoma.org/\">Fire Safe Sonoma\u003c/a>, a nonprofit serving Sonoma County, forged a rare partnership with Sonoma County’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.habitat.org/\">Habitat for Humanity\u003c/a> chapter, using a county grant to retrofit the homes of older lower-income Sonoma residents so they could age more safely in place.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Related Stories ","postid":"science_1968093,news_11844521,science_1968174"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>On a misty March afternoon, two fire assessors contracted by Fire Safe Sonoma surveyed Levy’s property. In a practiced routine, they circled her home and identified the most pressing fire risks: flammable shrubs and leaf debris; uncovered vents, eaves and gaps that could allow embers into the house; single-pane windows that could explode under extreme heat; and a heavily overgrown canopy of bay and Douglas fir trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levy still does some maintenance of her property, but the manual work gets harder with age. “I get out there with my weed eater, and me and the battery last about the same amount of time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire assessors worked radially out from the structure, first recommending home-hardening improvements, or fire-resistant modifications made directly to the house, and then suggesting ways to increase defensible space, the buffer zone between a home and combustible material like shrubs and trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The assessors made a list of more than a dozen safety upgrades, including removing leaf debris from the deck and roof, cutting down several trees to create separation in the canopy, and installing metal mesh over gaps in the house’s structure. But by design, Levy, who is retired, will not have to pay for any of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the destructive Tubbs Fire of 2017, Sonoma County received a $149 million settlement from PG&E, which was found at fault for the damages. Part of that settlement funds Fire Safe Sonoma’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.firesafesonoma.org/wfap-and-habitat-for-humanity/\">Wildland Fire Assessment Program\u003c/a>. But when Fire Safe Sonoma first rolled it out in 2021, it was a “self-defeating program,” said Roberta MacIntyre, Fire Safe Sonoma’s executive director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982606\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982606\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A man with a cap and a fluorescent yellow and black rain jacket points a flashlight during an inspection with trees in the background.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment011-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildfire Services worker Brandon North inspects a unit on Occidental resident Shawn Connally’s property. \u003ccite>(Isaac Ceja/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We were going out to homes where residents are low-income and telling them what they need to do to make their home safer for wildfire when they have no money to do it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Very, very, very worried’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To be more useful, Fire Safe Sonoma collaborated with the local Sonoma Habitat affiliate to modify the county grant and revamp the program. Instead of providing free home assessments to a large number of homeowners, the revised program allocates the total grant award of $37,100 to 18 homes, with a budget of up to $2,500 per property. This way, Habitat Sonoma can carry out the recommended fire-safety improvements in tandem with aging-in-place modifications, all paid for by the county.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Rural and semi-rural communities, which are among the oldest in age in the state of California, tend to be some of the most vulnerable.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Andrew Scharlach, professor of aging, UC Berkeley","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A few weeks after the fire assessors’ survey, a team from Habitat will return to Monte Rio and work with Levy to identify needed improvements, such as grab bars, ramps and low-threshold showers, that will allow her to age at home for years to come. As a final step, the Habitat team will schedule a workday to carry out the improvements Levy needs, as well as home hardening — like replacing old windows with tempered glass — and defensible space, such as removing a combustible pile of firewood from her front porch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Megan Hennessy, program manager at Habitat Sonoma, sees firsthand how critical these repairs are for older residents, especially in the wake of three major fires in the last four years in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve noticed that the elderly homeowners are very, very, very worried about what would happen if a fire happens,” Hennessy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982603\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A middle aged white woman with shoulder-length blonde hair stands outside a house and looks into the distance with a mug of coffee in her hand.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment008-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shawn Connally stands in front of her home in Occidental. \u003ccite>(Isaac Ceja/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.usfa.fema.gov/statistics/deaths-injuries/older-adults.html\">Adults over the age of 65 are more than twice as likely to die in a fire compared to the general population\u003c/a>, according to the U.S. Fire Administration. “Rural and semi-rural communities, which are among the oldest in age in the state of California, tend to be some of the most vulnerable,” said Andrew Scharlach, professor of aging at UC Berkeley. Older rural homeowners, particularly lower-income homeowners, are less able to make firesafe home improvements, move to a lower-risk area before a fire, and evacuate when a fire inevitably starts, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shawn Connally, a 56-year-old resident of Occidental in Sonoma County, often worries about fire. She keeps her car backed in so she’s ready to evacuate at a moment’s notice. She has a go bag in her mudroom, packed with a small keepsake statue from New Zealand, two sets of salt and pepper shakers (selected from the hundreds she inherited from her grandmother), several family rings and her important paper documents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982600\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982600\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Two man wearing caps smile with trees in the background.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment005-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildfire Services lead Andrew Carrillo (left) and Brandon North work together to assess a home for fire safety in Monte Rio. \u003ccite>(Isaac Ceja/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Connally lives on a sprawling property shaded by towering trees and perched atop a steep, winding driveway. She used to maintain the overgrown brush on her property herself, but multiple sclerosis has made that impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I would try to do that, then it would probably knock me out for a couple of days,” she said. That’s why she is also taking part in the program led by Fire Safe Sonoma and Habitat for Humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connally’s hope is that Fire Safe Sonoma and Habitat can add railings to the steep steps leading up to her house and down to her basement, as well as clear out the combustible vegetation that has accumulated around her property. The winding driveway presents a problem, too, because it would be difficult for a fire engine to navigate the narrow path. Habitat will aim to make her house as resilient as possible, so that even if firefighters can’t reach Connally’s home, it still has a good chance of surviving a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>No sweat, no cost\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sonoma’s Habitat affiliate has been building and repairing homes for 35 years and has one of the more robust aging-in-place programs in California. Although Habitat affiliates across California facilitate aging-in-place work, the offerings of these programs vary widely, and many affiliates require beneficiaries to provide “sweat equity” in the form of labor or participate in a payback program. Habitat and Fire Safe Sonoma, on the other hand, are able to provide this work at no cost to the homeowner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982619\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1982619\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"A man rights on a checklist titled Wildland Fire Assessment Program\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447-1536x1231.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2050/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment010-scaled-e1683325745447.jpg 1708w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildfire Services lead Andrew Carrillo fills out a home assessment checklist for the Wildland Fire Assessment Program in Occidental. \u003ccite>(Isaac Ceja/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2020–21, the California Legislature allocated $25 million to home hardening and defensible space, and appropriated an additional $25 million over the next two budget years. The California Office of Emergency Services then selected pilot counties with a high fire risk and other criteria, including proportion of the population over age 65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the program has been slow to roll out, and homeowners are still waiting to receive grants and support. Until the state’s investment in fire safety materializes, local programs have to fill the gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the fire assessors dispatched by Fire Safe Sonoma looped around Levy’s house, she recalled her early years in California. At the age of 19, Levy left her job as a library assistant in her hometown of Philadelphia and came to San Francisco for the “Summer of Love” in 1967.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, she went camping near her current home on the Russian River and fell in love with the open expanse of land and cheap rents. There, she began working as a bookkeeper for a resource and referral agency for child care in Guerneville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growing up in the city, I always wanted a farm,” Levy said, reminiscing about the chickens she used to keep — until the raccoons gobbled them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982598\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982598\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A man with a jacket and black cap points at something as an older white woman looks on.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/Sonoma_Fire_Assessment003-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andrew Carrillo points at trees he recommends removing to help improve fire safety outside Franceen Levy’s home. \u003ccite>(Isaac Ceja/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Levy’s chickens and cheap rent are in the rearview mirror. Now she has new things to worry about — namely, fire. Levy knows she has to live with that risk because she never wants to leave her bucolic setting. With her new home modifications, she expects to do just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reporter Kate Raphael and photographer Isaac Ceja are with the Investigative Reporting Program at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. They covered this story through a grant from The SCAN Foundation. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1982594/older-adults-in-sonoma-county-to-get-fire-safety-home-retrofits-for-free","authors":["byline_science_1982594"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_3730"],"tags":["science_4877","science_112","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1982602","label":"science"},"science_1982486":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1982486","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1982486","score":null,"sort":[1682938828000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"big-wildfires-devastate-californias-fish-but-they-thrive-with-frequent-small-burns","title":"Big Wildfires Can Devastate California’s Fish. But They Thrive With Frequent, Small Burns","publishDate":1682938828,"format":"image","headTitle":"Big Wildfires Can Devastate California’s Fish. But They Thrive With Frequent, Small Burns | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It’s ingrained in the minds of many fish biologists and conservationists — and many more members of the public — that fire is a destructive force. When fire burns an area, that will be bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a burgeoning area of research shows that wildfires can stimulate growth and abundance in freshwater creeks and rivers — particularly low- to moderate-severity fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t have a good grasp of what’s going on with fire, there’s no way we can manage for things like fish, for people, for communities or anything, really,” said Lenya Quinn-Davidson, director of the University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources’ Fire Network, addressing a crowd gathered for a healthy fire and fish workshop at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.calsalmon.org/conferences/40th-annual-salmonid-restoration-conference\">40th Annual Salmonid Restoration Conference\u003c/a> last week in Fortuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crowd, composed primarily of fish devotees from nonprofits, regulatory agencies and universities, had gathered to spend the day discussing how the fates of fire and California’s beloved charismatic aquafauna are intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The future of fire is the future of fish,” said Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Frequent burning and abundant life\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fires can help fish by killing off some trees, leaving fewer straws in the ground and thus more water to flow in streams and rivers. Fires can also improve the quality of fish habitat by providing a little disturbance in the watershed: A little turbidity can make it easier for small fish to hide from other fish or birds that want to eat them; more erosion can mean more rocks and gravel in the stream, useful for spawning; and bigger rocks and downed logs in the water can help create pools and riffles, which help with feeding and hiding. And smoke can dramatically cool down land and water temperatures, a benefit as most California native river fish like cold water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most frequently burned watersheds in the Sierra Nevada (likely because they are remote and hard to access) have something in common: The fish seem to thrive with the fire. That was a striking finding from a study commissioned by Congress involving several research teams in the 1990s to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/6664\">evaluate the health of the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carl Skinner, retired research geographer with the U.S. Forest Service, was part of that research group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was interesting is that there were aquatic biologists that were studying these creeks also, independent of us,” he said, referring to Deer Creek and Mill Creek, “and they determined that these watersheds contained an intact native fish and amphibian fauna.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the life in these streams were doing great. They were operating naturally, as they would have prior to the colonization of California by Europeans and the rapid development of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112705000599\">2005 study of fish and fire\u003c/a> in Idaho by Bureau of Land Management researcher Timothy Burton found that “even in the most severely impacted streams, habitat conditions and trout populations improved dramatically within 5-10 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Floods that followed fires “rejuvenated stream habits” by delivering fine sediments and large amounts of gravel, cobble, woody debris and nutrients that resulted in “higher fish productivities than before the fire,” the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Severe fire prompts a devastating fish kill\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The link between fish and fire is not always beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe fires, especially with the big debris flows that can follow when rains come, can kill large numbers of fish. Last August the McKinney Fire prompted a devastating fish kill along 50 miles of the Klamath River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1982489\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Image shows the conditions of the Klamath River post McKinney fire, which promoted a large fish kill\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-1920x1281.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Klamath River runs brown with mud after flash floods hit the McKinney Fire in the Klamath National Forest near Yreka. \u003ccite>(David McNew/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a combo of worst-case scenarios,” said Toz Soto, fisheries program manager for the Karuk Tribe. “I’ve lived in the Klamath my entire life, and I’ve seen a lot of fires and I’ve seen a lot of debris flows and flood effects and things of this sort. But we’ve never experienced anything quite like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The McKinney Fire, which took the lives of four people, broke out in steep territory in a dry area of the mid-Klamath mountains and burned fast and hot, driven by winds. Within days, isolated heavy rains dumped over the burn scar, releasing enormous amounts of mud and rock into the river. The flow of the Klamath River, as measured by a stream gauge, doubled within a matter of hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soto said he first noticed a change in the sound of the river. “The rapids weren’t making any noise — they were gurgling, but they weren’t roaring,” he said. “The white water wasn’t white. Things were different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extremely muddy, “eerily quiet” water saw big drops in its oxygen content, “pretty much down to zero,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s that low, Soto said, “you might as well just throw the fish up on the bank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soto worries that as climate change accelerates the intensity of wildfires and rainstorms, these sorts of events will become more common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982490 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-800x525.jpg\" alt=\"A man with orange bibs hangs over the side of a boat collecting large dead fish from the river. \" width=\"800\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-800x525.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-1020x669.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-768x504.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-1536x1008.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-2048x1344.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-1920x1260.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok tribe member Thomas Willson of Weitchpec fishes on the Klamath River within Yurok tribal lands in this 2008 photograph. \u003ccite>(Michael Macor/The San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there are solutions. Traditional Indigenous knowledge points to the value of using fire to stave off the worst wildfires and to promote health in the forests and aquatic ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we want healthy water for salmon or for drinking or for planting fruits and vegetables, we need to take care of our forest,” said Margo Robbins, Yurok tribal member and executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.culturalfire.org/\">Cultural Fire Management Council\u003c/a>, “and the most efficient, most cost-effective way to take care of the forest is with fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s critical for us as Native people to restore those things back into a healthy state,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, she stressed, everyone has a role: “It’s critical for non-Native people to also take their part in restoring the land to a healthy state, too.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A burgeoning area of research shows that wildfires can stimulate growth and abundance in freshwater creeks and rivers — particularly low- to moderate-severity fires.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846027,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1052},"headData":{"title":"Big Wildfires Can Devastate California’s Fish. But They Thrive With Frequent, Small Burns | KQED","description":"A burgeoning area of research shows that wildfires can stimulate growth and abundance in freshwater creeks and rivers — particularly low- to moderate-severity fires.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Wildfire ","sticky":false,"subhead":"What's good for forest health and fire safety is also good for fish","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1982486/big-wildfires-devastate-californias-fish-but-they-thrive-with-frequent-small-burns","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s ingrained in the minds of many fish biologists and conservationists — and many more members of the public — that fire is a destructive force. When fire burns an area, that will be bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a burgeoning area of research shows that wildfires can stimulate growth and abundance in freshwater creeks and rivers — particularly low- to moderate-severity fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t have a good grasp of what’s going on with fire, there’s no way we can manage for things like fish, for people, for communities or anything, really,” said Lenya Quinn-Davidson, director of the University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources’ Fire Network, addressing a crowd gathered for a healthy fire and fish workshop at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.calsalmon.org/conferences/40th-annual-salmonid-restoration-conference\">40th Annual Salmonid Restoration Conference\u003c/a> last week in Fortuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crowd, composed primarily of fish devotees from nonprofits, regulatory agencies and universities, had gathered to spend the day discussing how the fates of fire and California’s beloved charismatic aquafauna are intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The future of fire is the future of fish,” said Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Frequent burning and abundant life\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fires can help fish by killing off some trees, leaving fewer straws in the ground and thus more water to flow in streams and rivers. Fires can also improve the quality of fish habitat by providing a little disturbance in the watershed: A little turbidity can make it easier for small fish to hide from other fish or birds that want to eat them; more erosion can mean more rocks and gravel in the stream, useful for spawning; and bigger rocks and downed logs in the water can help create pools and riffles, which help with feeding and hiding. And smoke can dramatically cool down land and water temperatures, a benefit as most California native river fish like cold water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most frequently burned watersheds in the Sierra Nevada (likely because they are remote and hard to access) have something in common: The fish seem to thrive with the fire. That was a striking finding from a study commissioned by Congress involving several research teams in the 1990s to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/6664\">evaluate the health of the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carl Skinner, retired research geographer with the U.S. Forest Service, was part of that research group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was interesting is that there were aquatic biologists that were studying these creeks also, independent of us,” he said, referring to Deer Creek and Mill Creek, “and they determined that these watersheds contained an intact native fish and amphibian fauna.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the life in these streams were doing great. They were operating naturally, as they would have prior to the colonization of California by Europeans and the rapid development of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112705000599\">2005 study of fish and fire\u003c/a> in Idaho by Bureau of Land Management researcher Timothy Burton found that “even in the most severely impacted streams, habitat conditions and trout populations improved dramatically within 5-10 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Floods that followed fires “rejuvenated stream habits” by delivering fine sediments and large amounts of gravel, cobble, woody debris and nutrients that resulted in “higher fish productivities than before the fire,” the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Severe fire prompts a devastating fish kill\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The link between fish and fire is not always beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe fires, especially with the big debris flows that can follow when rains come, can kill large numbers of fish. Last August the McKinney Fire prompted a devastating fish kill along 50 miles of the Klamath River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1982489\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Image shows the conditions of the Klamath River post McKinney fire, which promoted a large fish kill\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-1920x1281.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Klamath River runs brown with mud after flash floods hit the McKinney Fire in the Klamath National Forest near Yreka. \u003ccite>(David McNew/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a combo of worst-case scenarios,” said Toz Soto, fisheries program manager for the Karuk Tribe. “I’ve lived in the Klamath my entire life, and I’ve seen a lot of fires and I’ve seen a lot of debris flows and flood effects and things of this sort. But we’ve never experienced anything quite like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The McKinney Fire, which took the lives of four people, broke out in steep territory in a dry area of the mid-Klamath mountains and burned fast and hot, driven by winds. Within days, isolated heavy rains dumped over the burn scar, releasing enormous amounts of mud and rock into the river. The flow of the Klamath River, as measured by a stream gauge, doubled within a matter of hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soto said he first noticed a change in the sound of the river. “The rapids weren’t making any noise — they were gurgling, but they weren’t roaring,” he said. “The white water wasn’t white. Things were different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extremely muddy, “eerily quiet” water saw big drops in its oxygen content, “pretty much down to zero,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s that low, Soto said, “you might as well just throw the fish up on the bank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soto worries that as climate change accelerates the intensity of wildfires and rainstorms, these sorts of events will become more common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982490 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-800x525.jpg\" alt=\"A man with orange bibs hangs over the side of a boat collecting large dead fish from the river. \" width=\"800\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-800x525.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-1020x669.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-768x504.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-1536x1008.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-2048x1344.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-1920x1260.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok tribe member Thomas Willson of Weitchpec fishes on the Klamath River within Yurok tribal lands in this 2008 photograph. \u003ccite>(Michael Macor/The San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there are solutions. Traditional Indigenous knowledge points to the value of using fire to stave off the worst wildfires and to promote health in the forests and aquatic ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we want healthy water for salmon or for drinking or for planting fruits and vegetables, we need to take care of our forest,” said Margo Robbins, Yurok tribal member and executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.culturalfire.org/\">Cultural Fire Management Council\u003c/a>, “and the most efficient, most cost-effective way to take care of the forest is with fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s critical for us as Native people to restore those things back into a healthy state,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, she stressed, everyone has a role: “It’s critical for non-Native people to also take their part in restoring the land to a healthy state, too.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1982486/big-wildfires-devastate-californias-fish-but-they-thrive-with-frequent-small-burns","authors":["11088"],"categories":["science_2874","science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_98","science_3730"],"tags":["science_5178","science_192","science_4417","science_112","science_248","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1982488","label":"source_science_1982486"},"science_1982448":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1982448","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1982448","score":null,"sort":[1682446656000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"uc-researchers-examine-how-smoke-from-californias-megafires-affects-pregnancy-and-children","title":"UC Researchers Examine How Smoke From California's Megafires Affects Pregnancy and Children","publishDate":1682446656,"format":"standard","headTitle":"UC Researchers Examine How Smoke From California’s Megafires Affects Pregnancy and Children | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When wildfires spread through parts of Northern California wine country in 2017, they melted electronics, combusted cars and exploded propane tanks. The fires sent acrid smoke billowing into the sky, its footprint wafting over the state and extending for 500 miles into the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Rebecca Schmidt, a molecular epidemiologist at UC Davis, was working on a study that followed families of children with autism who were expecting another child. When the fires spread, pregnant participants in the research started asking whether they should be worried about the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt and her collaborators didn’t know what to say. There wasn’t much existing research on how wildfire smoke affects pregnancy. “I would have been wondering the same thing,” she said. “We really couldn’t tell them how concerned they needed to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She decided to try to find the answers herself. Over the last several years, Schmidt and a team of fellow scientists have collected biological samples like hair, saliva and blood from pregnant people in California to better understand the health effects of smoke exposure on babies and those who birth them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s timeline overlapped with numerous huge fires in the state, and researchers are still assessing the results. But the number of participants wasn’t large enough to fully understand the relationship between exposure and birth outcomes or developmental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Schmidt and a team of researchers are expanding the scope, examining two decades of statewide health and birth records alongside wildfire smoke data to determine which pockets of California are bearing the brunt of the smoke and what effects that environmental exposure could be having on early life. The results could have wide-reaching implications for locations experiencing similar spikes in hazardous fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s only going to get worse with climate change,” Schmidt said. “Learning about it is relevant for everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team, which includes nine researchers from UC Davis and UCLA, will be led by Schmidt and Miriam Nuño, a UC Davis biostatistician who researches public health and health disparities. In addition to identifying communities where wildfire smoke may be causing harm and analyzing health impacts, the scientists will engage with community members on ways they can better protect themselves, like wearing N95 masks or installing relatively cheap indoor air filters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Nuño and Schmidt have long studied human health. And both grew up in areas where air pollution was a part of daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born and raised in Iowa, Schmidt drove past agricultural fields where pesticides at times hung in the air like a “brown shroud” on her way to school. She lived in the state through graduate school, earning her Ph.D. in epidemiology at the University of Iowa. When she moved to California in 2008, the state was experiencing drought and a devastating fire year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember thinking, ‘Is it going to be like this every year?’” she said. “I’ve definitely had to modify my life around smoke exposure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuño moved to California from Guadalajara, Mexico, when she was 14, settling in Los Angeles and then the city of Riverside, about 60 miles east. In areas inland of Los Angeles, smog and pollution blow in from the west and sit there, with nearby mountains preventing dispersal. At the time, she didn’t realize poor air quality was a problem there, she said, and she didn’t expect to pursue health-related research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those clouds of gray smoke — I never grew up realizing that was even an issue,” she said. “Often, you worry about other things, like do you have enough to eat and things like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuño studied pure mathematics at UC Riverside, and planned on getting her Ph.D. in applied math and biostatistics, although she couldn’t entirely envision a future limited to studying mathematical concepts. Then, while in graduate school, she attended a lecture on math and HIV modeling. “That was really the change for me,” she said. “I want to do research that people can read about, and it can have some change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After studying math and computational biology during her Ph.D. work at Cornell University and completing fellowships in biostatistics at the Harvard School of Public Health and UCLA, Nuño increasingly focused her research on real-world health data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the COVID-19 pandemic arrived in 2020, she began working with the city of Davis to forecast infection rates. It was her “first taste,” she said, of how her skills could help focus resources, like testing and vaccination, to reduce the disproportionate health impacts in underserved communities. Mathematical modeling and statistical analysis are powerful, she said, “but if you’re not looking with the lens of equity and health equity, then you’re missing the picture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study on wildfire smoke is Nuño’s first collaboration with Schmidt. Their work will be funded by a $1.35 million grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency focused on environmental justice and climate-related health impacts on vulnerable populations and on life stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, only a few studies have looked at the impact of wildfire smoke on birth outcomes, such as a 2022 paper from scientists at Stanford University that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001393512101166X?via%3Dihub\">attributed nearly 7,000 preterm births from 2006 to 2012 in California to wildfire smoke exposure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has largely focused on the years preceding California’s parade of record-breaking wildfires in the last decade. By focusing on a more recent time period that encompasses those extreme fires, the UCLA and UC Davis research may yield different findings from the earlier research, said Amy Padula, an epidemiologist at UCSF’s School of Medicine, who is using California birth records to conduct separate research on wildfire-related air pollution and birth outcomes from 2007 to 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More research is needed, said Nuño, in part because of the size of climate-worsened fires but also because of where they’re burning. As people move into forested areas, and wildfires spread to inhabited zones, the flames are combusting not just trees and vegetation but also homes and all the objects inside them. That changes the chemical makeup of smoke and the dangers of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team is currently mapping the parts of the state that are at high risk for smoke exposure. Then the group will determine where that exposure varies, and how that intersects with race, income level, exposure to pollutants and other factors. In addition to looking at birth weight and gestational age, the team will examine health data on developmental outcomes and autism diagnoses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While data collected from birth records and from measuring wildfire smoke, birth outcomes and later development will guide their work, collaborators are paying close attention to communities where many people spend a lot of time outside, such as agricultural areas where many farmworkers live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communities of color and lower-income communities experience disproportionate air pollution, and the team expects the same will be true for wildfire exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this is systemic,” said Natalia Deeb-Sossa, sociologist and professor of Chicana/o studies at UC Davis, who is working on the team. “Wildfires are now every year more and more common because of climate change. I believe that is something that is affecting more and more of our more vulnerable communities and populations, and I think it’s really important that we do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has linked air pollution to lower birth weights and preterm births, which can have a negative impact on health later in life. The California study, which will run into 2025, could provide more clarity on the extent to which those effects also result from wildfire smoke, for those inside and outside the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole world’s been impacted by wildfire smoke at this point,” Schmidt said. “It’s not easy to run from anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">Sign up for the ICN newsletter here.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The researchers are examining decades of birth records and wildfire smoke data to understand how wildfires affect pregnancy and children’s health.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846034,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1396},"headData":{"title":"UC Researchers Examine How Smoke From California's Megafires Affects Pregnancy and Children | KQED","description":"The researchers are examining decades of birth records and wildfire smoke data to understand how wildfires affect pregnancy and children’s health.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Inside Climate News","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/profile/emma-foehringer-merchant/\">Emma Foehringer Merchant\u003c/a> \u003cbr>Inside Climate News \u003cbr>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1982448/uc-researchers-examine-how-smoke-from-californias-megafires-affects-pregnancy-and-children","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When wildfires spread through parts of Northern California wine country in 2017, they melted electronics, combusted cars and exploded propane tanks. The fires sent acrid smoke billowing into the sky, its footprint wafting over the state and extending for 500 miles into the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Rebecca Schmidt, a molecular epidemiologist at UC Davis, was working on a study that followed families of children with autism who were expecting another child. When the fires spread, pregnant participants in the research started asking whether they should be worried about the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt and her collaborators didn’t know what to say. There wasn’t much existing research on how wildfire smoke affects pregnancy. “I would have been wondering the same thing,” she said. “We really couldn’t tell them how concerned they needed to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She decided to try to find the answers herself. Over the last several years, Schmidt and a team of fellow scientists have collected biological samples like hair, saliva and blood from pregnant people in California to better understand the health effects of smoke exposure on babies and those who birth them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s timeline overlapped with numerous huge fires in the state, and researchers are still assessing the results. But the number of participants wasn’t large enough to fully understand the relationship between exposure and birth outcomes or developmental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Schmidt and a team of researchers are expanding the scope, examining two decades of statewide health and birth records alongside wildfire smoke data to determine which pockets of California are bearing the brunt of the smoke and what effects that environmental exposure could be having on early life. The results could have wide-reaching implications for locations experiencing similar spikes in hazardous fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s only going to get worse with climate change,” Schmidt said. “Learning about it is relevant for everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team, which includes nine researchers from UC Davis and UCLA, will be led by Schmidt and Miriam Nuño, a UC Davis biostatistician who researches public health and health disparities. In addition to identifying communities where wildfire smoke may be causing harm and analyzing health impacts, the scientists will engage with community members on ways they can better protect themselves, like wearing N95 masks or installing relatively cheap indoor air filters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Nuño and Schmidt have long studied human health. And both grew up in areas where air pollution was a part of daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born and raised in Iowa, Schmidt drove past agricultural fields where pesticides at times hung in the air like a “brown shroud” on her way to school. She lived in the state through graduate school, earning her Ph.D. in epidemiology at the University of Iowa. When she moved to California in 2008, the state was experiencing drought and a devastating fire year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember thinking, ‘Is it going to be like this every year?’” she said. “I’ve definitely had to modify my life around smoke exposure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuño moved to California from Guadalajara, Mexico, when she was 14, settling in Los Angeles and then the city of Riverside, about 60 miles east. In areas inland of Los Angeles, smog and pollution blow in from the west and sit there, with nearby mountains preventing dispersal. At the time, she didn’t realize poor air quality was a problem there, she said, and she didn’t expect to pursue health-related research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those clouds of gray smoke — I never grew up realizing that was even an issue,” she said. “Often, you worry about other things, like do you have enough to eat and things like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuño studied pure mathematics at UC Riverside, and planned on getting her Ph.D. in applied math and biostatistics, although she couldn’t entirely envision a future limited to studying mathematical concepts. Then, while in graduate school, she attended a lecture on math and HIV modeling. “That was really the change for me,” she said. “I want to do research that people can read about, and it can have some change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After studying math and computational biology during her Ph.D. work at Cornell University and completing fellowships in biostatistics at the Harvard School of Public Health and UCLA, Nuño increasingly focused her research on real-world health data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the COVID-19 pandemic arrived in 2020, she began working with the city of Davis to forecast infection rates. It was her “first taste,” she said, of how her skills could help focus resources, like testing and vaccination, to reduce the disproportionate health impacts in underserved communities. Mathematical modeling and statistical analysis are powerful, she said, “but if you’re not looking with the lens of equity and health equity, then you’re missing the picture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study on wildfire smoke is Nuño’s first collaboration with Schmidt. Their work will be funded by a $1.35 million grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency focused on environmental justice and climate-related health impacts on vulnerable populations and on life stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, only a few studies have looked at the impact of wildfire smoke on birth outcomes, such as a 2022 paper from scientists at Stanford University that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001393512101166X?via%3Dihub\">attributed nearly 7,000 preterm births from 2006 to 2012 in California to wildfire smoke exposure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has largely focused on the years preceding California’s parade of record-breaking wildfires in the last decade. By focusing on a more recent time period that encompasses those extreme fires, the UCLA and UC Davis research may yield different findings from the earlier research, said Amy Padula, an epidemiologist at UCSF’s School of Medicine, who is using California birth records to conduct separate research on wildfire-related air pollution and birth outcomes from 2007 to 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More research is needed, said Nuño, in part because of the size of climate-worsened fires but also because of where they’re burning. As people move into forested areas, and wildfires spread to inhabited zones, the flames are combusting not just trees and vegetation but also homes and all the objects inside them. That changes the chemical makeup of smoke and the dangers of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team is currently mapping the parts of the state that are at high risk for smoke exposure. Then the group will determine where that exposure varies, and how that intersects with race, income level, exposure to pollutants and other factors. In addition to looking at birth weight and gestational age, the team will examine health data on developmental outcomes and autism diagnoses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While data collected from birth records and from measuring wildfire smoke, birth outcomes and later development will guide their work, collaborators are paying close attention to communities where many people spend a lot of time outside, such as agricultural areas where many farmworkers live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communities of color and lower-income communities experience disproportionate air pollution, and the team expects the same will be true for wildfire exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this is systemic,” said Natalia Deeb-Sossa, sociologist and professor of Chicana/o studies at UC Davis, who is working on the team. “Wildfires are now every year more and more common because of climate change. I believe that is something that is affecting more and more of our more vulnerable communities and populations, and I think it’s really important that we do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has linked air pollution to lower birth weights and preterm births, which can have a negative impact on health later in life. The California study, which will run into 2025, could provide more clarity on the extent to which those effects also result from wildfire smoke, for those inside and outside the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole world’s been impacted by wildfire smoke at this point,” Schmidt said. “It’s not easy to run from anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">Sign up for the ICN newsletter here.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1982448/uc-researchers-examine-how-smoke-from-californias-megafires-affects-pregnancy-and-children","authors":["byline_science_1982448"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_39","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_512","science_112","science_5181","science_616","science_3463","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1982449","label":"source_science_1982448"},"science_1980766":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1980766","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1980766","score":null,"sort":[1668716137000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"forging-a-more-diverse-generation-of-firefighters-in-marin-county","title":"Forging a More Diverse Generation of Firefighters in Marin County","publishDate":1668716137,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Forging a More Diverse Generation of Firefighters in Marin County | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>All morning, Armando Jimenez and Jesus Chavez shoveled loads of brush into a wood chipper, the sharp smell of bay trees wafting around a playground, parking lot and baseball field in San Anselmo’s Memorial Park. If a fire were to approach, it would approach from a steep, wooded hill that was, until this morning, covered in eucalyptus, acacia and other brush but now looks clean-shaven, cleared of small trees, branches and twigs — all good fuel for a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to the work of Jimenez and Chavez, if a spark were to hit this hillside and start a fire, it is now much less likely to climb up the brush like a ladder and start a crown fire in the tops of the big trees, threatening nearby homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jimenez and Chavez, and the other members of their crew, are part of the first cohort of \u003ca href=\"https://www.firefoundry.org/\">Fire Foundry\u003c/a>, a job-training program seeking to change the way firefighters are recruited in Marin County — one of California’s richest counties, \u003ca href=\"https://belonging.berkeley.edu/most-segregated-and-integrated-cities-sf-bay-area\">yet also one of its most segregated\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980770\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980770\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"A man in a yellow hard hat wrestles with a large pile of twigs and brush.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire Foundry student Jesus Chavez clears brush for a wildfire hazard mitigation project near the Marin County Fire Department in Woodacre on Sept. 15, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The program offers full-time employment (mostly clearing vegetation and other fuels work to protect against future fires), temporary housing at the fire station, assistance with food, mental health support, tutoring, free uniforms and boots, free tuition at the College of Marin and training in using emerging fire technology, like remote sensing programs and predictive services. The goal is to get more people of color and women into the Marin County Fire Department and the field at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying his hard hat aside, Jimenez sits down at a wood picnic table. “I really want to see more minorities in the fire service,” he said. “That’s the major thing [that] made me want to join.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 21-year-old was born and raised in Mexico and came to the U.S. in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both in Marin County and nationwide, fire department diversity is dismal. Of the county’s 80 full-time firefighters, nearly 83% are white men. Approximately 7.5% are white women, an equal percentage are Latino, and Asian firefighters account for just 2%. None of the department’s full-time firefighters are African American. In the county, 3% of the population is Black, 16% Latino and 6% Asian. Slightly more than half the population is female. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2019, 96% of U.S. career firefighters were men and 82% were white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The feeder programs that funnel people into fire academies are largely the same. That’s despite a \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/FirstResponders_Full_Report.pdf\"> body of research literature (PDF)\u003c/a> suggesting that communities are better served if first responders look like the community they’re serving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to break that mold,” said Marin County Fire Chief Jason Weber, who initiated the idea for Fire Foundry, which helps trainees build the skills for long-term, well-paying jobs. “We’re trying to break systemic cycles of poverty, generational poverty, and that has to do with the importance of a sustainable wage career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality of climate change, said Rhea Suh, current president of the Marin Community Foundation, is that the adaptation and mitigation it’ll require will incur phenomenal costs. There’s an opportunity, she said, for governments and organizations to connect middle-class, union jobs — firefighters, pipe fitters, track workers — with people who need them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the fires are coming. We know sea level rise is happening. Why can’t we really think about the pipeline for these positions?” she said. “These can be the great jobs of the next century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980782\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980782 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58639_021_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg\" alt=\"Several men in grey shirts and yellow hard hats circle around a man leaning on a chainsaw. \" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58639_021_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58639_021_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi-160x107.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Field Supervisor Darrell Galli leads a training lesson for the Fire Foundry team in Woodacre on Sept. 15, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Forged by many hands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It was during the turbulent times of 2020 — COVID-19, a presidential election, the worst wildfire year in recorded history, and a summer of racial reckoning that followed a white Minneapolis police officer killing George Floyd, a Black man — that discussions about Fire Foundry gained speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took cooperation from a suite of partners to form the program. Those partners included Conservation Corps North Bay, College of Marin, Marin County, the Marin Wildfire Prevention Authority and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a moment of momentum. All of these groups came together to build something,” said Sofia Martinez, equity analyst with Marin County, one of the co-founders of the program. “People are calling for representation in all sectors of life. Especially when it comes to emergency medical response or disaster response in general, they want to see people out in the field and they want to be interacting with people that understand their lived experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>College of Marin, Stanford University and UC Berkeley also are partners in Fire Foundry. Martinez said the program benefits from their researchers who are “passionate about changing the way things have historically been done,” and from proximity to Sonoma and Napa counties, where the destructive Glass, Kincade and Tubbs fires burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sukh Singh is lab manager at the \u003ca href=\"https://disasterlab.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UC Berkeley Disaster Lab\u003c/a>, which seeks to use technology and innovation to address the problems facing humankind. He heard about the idea for the program in early 2021 and was part of the development team, designing marketing and communications materials and helping with recruitment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I immigrated from India,” Singh said. “I had never thought about becoming a firefighter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was surprised to learn firefighters can make good money, especially for those who also administer emergency medical aid, and thinks that if more people knew, they might be drawn to the profession. Depending on the city or county, starting salaries for a firefighter paramedic can range from $80,000 to $140,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that could have made the job more interesting to him growing up, Singh said. “And it would have been one of the things [that] could have convinced my family,” Singh said, “because we were very low-income growing up — that this could be a valid and important career field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980775\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980775\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58656_037_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58656_037_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58656_037_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi-160x107.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire Foundry student Jesus Flores (left) puts his arm around fellow student Luis Alducin during a break from their work on a wildfire hazard mitigation project near the Marin County Fire Department in Woodacre on Sept. 15, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Successes and loss\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fire Foundry is in its infancy and is untested. This year the program was not able to retain the full roster of female recruits. Seven started the program and two remain: One is now in the Santa Rosa Junior College Firefighter Academy. The other took a job doing defensible space inspections in the Marin County Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide 96% of career firefighters are men, so increasing the ranks of women is a high priority for Fire Foundry. Architects of the program are planning to make some changes for next year: more flexibility in schedules, earlier and more frequent mentoring and more tailoring to individuals’ specific needs. Weber hopes that changes will help with retention and that the program catches on around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observers and supporters within the county are heartened by the wraparound approach Fire Foundry offers compared to other training programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know the [conservation] world really well,” said Suh, of the Marin Community Foundation, “and it is and always has been dominated by white men.” She formerly led diversity programs at the Department of the Interior, nominated by former President Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am fascinated that there are people on the ground like the Marin fire chief who’s saying to himself, without any kind of outside pressure, ‘We have to figure out a sustainable way to maintain our pipeline and […] if we are going to attract more people of color, more women, we need to have a different attitude and posture.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Chief Weber hopes the model for the program gains ground. They tried to build it using mostly existing funds and staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to create something new that can be either reproduced or recreated across the state,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the wood picnic table, Jesus Chavez, 23, said school was a struggle for him in the past. Now, he’s back in classes learning to be an EMT. “I have to face it. It’s something that I want to do — to become a better person for myself,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a kid he wanted to join the fire service, but didn’t know how to get in. He applied for Fire Foundry after seeing an Instagram ad. He fell in love with the hard work outside, alongside other firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They get down and dirty,” he said. “I like that. Everyone’s close, like a whole family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In wealthy, highly segregated Marin County, a fire department seeks to break down barriers to recruitment, training and retention.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846154,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1534},"headData":{"title":"Forging a More Diverse Generation of Firefighters in Marin County | KQED","description":"In wealthy, highly segregated Marin County, a fire department seeks to break down barriers to recruitment, training and retention.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Wildfire","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/e5449176-bc17-4cea-8e3c-af4e0144b66c/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1980766/forging-a-more-diverse-generation-of-firefighters-in-marin-county","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>All morning, Armando Jimenez and Jesus Chavez shoveled loads of brush into a wood chipper, the sharp smell of bay trees wafting around a playground, parking lot and baseball field in San Anselmo’s Memorial Park. If a fire were to approach, it would approach from a steep, wooded hill that was, until this morning, covered in eucalyptus, acacia and other brush but now looks clean-shaven, cleared of small trees, branches and twigs — all good fuel for a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to the work of Jimenez and Chavez, if a spark were to hit this hillside and start a fire, it is now much less likely to climb up the brush like a ladder and start a crown fire in the tops of the big trees, threatening nearby homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jimenez and Chavez, and the other members of their crew, are part of the first cohort of \u003ca href=\"https://www.firefoundry.org/\">Fire Foundry\u003c/a>, a job-training program seeking to change the way firefighters are recruited in Marin County — one of California’s richest counties, \u003ca href=\"https://belonging.berkeley.edu/most-segregated-and-integrated-cities-sf-bay-area\">yet also one of its most segregated\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980770\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980770\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"A man in a yellow hard hat wrestles with a large pile of twigs and brush.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire Foundry student Jesus Chavez clears brush for a wildfire hazard mitigation project near the Marin County Fire Department in Woodacre on Sept. 15, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The program offers full-time employment (mostly clearing vegetation and other fuels work to protect against future fires), temporary housing at the fire station, assistance with food, mental health support, tutoring, free uniforms and boots, free tuition at the College of Marin and training in using emerging fire technology, like remote sensing programs and predictive services. The goal is to get more people of color and women into the Marin County Fire Department and the field at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying his hard hat aside, Jimenez sits down at a wood picnic table. “I really want to see more minorities in the fire service,” he said. “That’s the major thing [that] made me want to join.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 21-year-old was born and raised in Mexico and came to the U.S. in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both in Marin County and nationwide, fire department diversity is dismal. Of the county’s 80 full-time firefighters, nearly 83% are white men. Approximately 7.5% are white women, an equal percentage are Latino, and Asian firefighters account for just 2%. None of the department’s full-time firefighters are African American. In the county, 3% of the population is Black, 16% Latino and 6% Asian. Slightly more than half the population is female. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2019, 96% of U.S. career firefighters were men and 82% were white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The feeder programs that funnel people into fire academies are largely the same. That’s despite a \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/FirstResponders_Full_Report.pdf\"> body of research literature (PDF)\u003c/a> suggesting that communities are better served if first responders look like the community they’re serving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to break that mold,” said Marin County Fire Chief Jason Weber, who initiated the idea for Fire Foundry, which helps trainees build the skills for long-term, well-paying jobs. “We’re trying to break systemic cycles of poverty, generational poverty, and that has to do with the importance of a sustainable wage career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality of climate change, said Rhea Suh, current president of the Marin Community Foundation, is that the adaptation and mitigation it’ll require will incur phenomenal costs. There’s an opportunity, she said, for governments and organizations to connect middle-class, union jobs — firefighters, pipe fitters, track workers — with people who need them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the fires are coming. We know sea level rise is happening. Why can’t we really think about the pipeline for these positions?” she said. “These can be the great jobs of the next century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980782\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980782 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58639_021_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg\" alt=\"Several men in grey shirts and yellow hard hats circle around a man leaning on a chainsaw. \" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58639_021_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58639_021_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi-160x107.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Field Supervisor Darrell Galli leads a training lesson for the Fire Foundry team in Woodacre on Sept. 15, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Forged by many hands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It was during the turbulent times of 2020 — COVID-19, a presidential election, the worst wildfire year in recorded history, and a summer of racial reckoning that followed a white Minneapolis police officer killing George Floyd, a Black man — that discussions about Fire Foundry gained speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took cooperation from a suite of partners to form the program. Those partners included Conservation Corps North Bay, College of Marin, Marin County, the Marin Wildfire Prevention Authority and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a moment of momentum. All of these groups came together to build something,” said Sofia Martinez, equity analyst with Marin County, one of the co-founders of the program. “People are calling for representation in all sectors of life. Especially when it comes to emergency medical response or disaster response in general, they want to see people out in the field and they want to be interacting with people that understand their lived experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>College of Marin, Stanford University and UC Berkeley also are partners in Fire Foundry. Martinez said the program benefits from their researchers who are “passionate about changing the way things have historically been done,” and from proximity to Sonoma and Napa counties, where the destructive Glass, Kincade and Tubbs fires burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sukh Singh is lab manager at the \u003ca href=\"https://disasterlab.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UC Berkeley Disaster Lab\u003c/a>, which seeks to use technology and innovation to address the problems facing humankind. He heard about the idea for the program in early 2021 and was part of the development team, designing marketing and communications materials and helping with recruitment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I immigrated from India,” Singh said. “I had never thought about becoming a firefighter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was surprised to learn firefighters can make good money, especially for those who also administer emergency medical aid, and thinks that if more people knew, they might be drawn to the profession. Depending on the city or county, starting salaries for a firefighter paramedic can range from $80,000 to $140,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that could have made the job more interesting to him growing up, Singh said. “And it would have been one of the things [that] could have convinced my family,” Singh said, “because we were very low-income growing up — that this could be a valid and important career field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980775\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980775\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58656_037_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58656_037_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58656_037_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi-160x107.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire Foundry student Jesus Flores (left) puts his arm around fellow student Luis Alducin during a break from their work on a wildfire hazard mitigation project near the Marin County Fire Department in Woodacre on Sept. 15, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Successes and loss\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fire Foundry is in its infancy and is untested. This year the program was not able to retain the full roster of female recruits. Seven started the program and two remain: One is now in the Santa Rosa Junior College Firefighter Academy. The other took a job doing defensible space inspections in the Marin County Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide 96% of career firefighters are men, so increasing the ranks of women is a high priority for Fire Foundry. Architects of the program are planning to make some changes for next year: more flexibility in schedules, earlier and more frequent mentoring and more tailoring to individuals’ specific needs. Weber hopes that changes will help with retention and that the program catches on around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observers and supporters within the county are heartened by the wraparound approach Fire Foundry offers compared to other training programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know the [conservation] world really well,” said Suh, of the Marin Community Foundation, “and it is and always has been dominated by white men.” She formerly led diversity programs at the Department of the Interior, nominated by former President Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am fascinated that there are people on the ground like the Marin fire chief who’s saying to himself, without any kind of outside pressure, ‘We have to figure out a sustainable way to maintain our pipeline and […] if we are going to attract more people of color, more women, we need to have a different attitude and posture.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Chief Weber hopes the model for the program gains ground. They tried to build it using mostly existing funds and staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to create something new that can be either reproduced or recreated across the state,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the wood picnic table, Jesus Chavez, 23, said school was a struggle for him in the past. Now, he’s back in classes learning to be an EMT. “I have to face it. It’s something that I want to do — to become a better person for myself,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a kid he wanted to join the fire service, but didn’t know how to get in. He applied for Fire Foundry after seeing an Instagram ad. He fell in love with the hard work outside, alongside other firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They get down and dirty,” he said. “I like that. Everyone’s close, like a whole family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1980766/forging-a-more-diverse-generation-of-firefighters-in-marin-county","authors":["11088"],"categories":["science_31","science_32","science_40","science_4450","science_3730"],"tags":["science_4414","science_112","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1980774","label":"source_science_1980766"},"science_1932387":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1932387","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1932387","score":null,"sort":[1539000027000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"should-californians-be-rebuilding-homes-in-a-fire-zone","title":"Should Californians Be Rebuilding Homes in a Fire Zone?","publishDate":1539000027,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Should Californians Be Rebuilding Homes in a Fire Zone? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A year ago, on a warm, windy night, Paul Lowenthal got the call; he was needed at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tubbs Fire, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/multimedia/7567543-181/santa-rosas-tubbs-fire-spread\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on its way\u003c/a> to becoming the most destructive blaze in California history, was spreading into Santa Rosa, and Lowenthal, the city’s assistant fire marshal, needed to get people out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was exploding at a rate that I would have never imagined,” he says. “I left in my work truck and uniform and thought: worst case scenario, I’ll be back tomorrow morning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘In a disaster, there’s such a strong emotional pull to get what you lost back.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Julie Combs, Santa Rosa City Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Later that night, he drove past his own neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You couldn’t actually make out individual homes in here,” he says. “It just looked like an entire wall of fire. And then realized right away my house is gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He worked the next five days on just a few hours of sleep, until finally, he stopped to take stock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then realized I have nothing,” he says. “Literally had nothing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picking Up the Pieces\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fueled by extreme winds, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654027/my-world-was-burning-the-north-bay-fires-and-what-went-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County’s Tubbs fire\u003c/a> killed 22 people and destroyed more than 5,000 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the community has banded together to pick up the pieces. But it’s also been grappling with a tough question — one that faces fire-ravaged communities around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire is a normal part of the California landscape. So, how — and where — should residents rebuild to protect themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932391\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932391\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1200x676.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nearly a year after the Tubbs Fire, Paul Lowenthal’s Larkfield rebuild was finally nearing completion — this time with more fire-resistant materials. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of Sonoma residents have opted to stay put, both financially and emotionally tied to their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowenthal is one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I think those areas will burn again?” he says. “Absolutely. It’s done it before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It happened 54 years ago, when the Hanly Fire burned almost exactly same area. But since then, Santa Rosa’s population has grown by nearly six times, and Lowenthal was keenly aware of this latest fire’s effect on an already-tight housing market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made a decision that it made more sense to rebuild here,” he says. His daughter was also a big part of that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Could I have convinced her that we could live in a really cool place somewhere else?” he says. “Maybe. But this was our home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the hills above Santa Rosa, wooden frames of houses are rising among the blackened trees. Many of the rebuilt homes will include new fire-resistant building materials, something few had when the fire swept through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, because of California’s decade-old zoning rules, almost 2,000 of the destroyed structures will not be required to meet building standards for wildfire-prone areas. Some homeowners are taking it on themselves to meet them anyway, dipping into their insurance payouts to cover the cost. Others are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, given the region’s severe housing shortage even before last year’s firestorm, city and county governments are under pressure to build new housing in areas at risk for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As people are trying to heal and recover, local leaders have been faced with balancing those delicate issues. With climate change making California’s fires more extreme, their decisions will affect lives for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tubbs Fire swept away about 5 percent of Santa Rosa’s housing stock. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildland Building Codes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after the fires, Lowenthal’s Larkfield home is finally taking shape, still a few weeks away from final inspection. This time, he says it will be better prepared to withstand fire, built with cement-fiber siding and other fire-resistant materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between the roof, the siding, things of that nature, it was definitely a step that I wanted to take,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lowenthal isn’t legally obligated to do any of that, as his home was outside the area subject to California’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/fire_prevention/downloads/ICC_2009_Ch7A_2007_rev_1Jan09_Supplement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildland-Urban Interface Codes\u003c/a>.” They include a broad range of standards for siding, roofs, decks, and windows, as well as requirements for gutters and attic vents that are meant to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917346/wildfires-can-attack-your-house-from-the-inside-heres-how-to-prevent-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevent embers blown ahead of a wildfire\u003c/a> from igniting a home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zones are established by a set of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917374/map-see-if-you-live-in-a-high-risk-fire-zone-and-what-that-means\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2008 Cal Fire maps\u003c/a> that outline wildfire risk by considering vegetation, fire history and slope. Sonoma County’s zones are based exactly on those maps, while the city of Santa Rosa had extended the stricter requirements somewhat beyond what was on the state maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 2,000 buildings destroyed in the Tubbs fire in Santa Rosa and Sonoma County weren’t mapped in those zones and won’t be required to use fire-resistant materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have an extra set of rules or requirements that we put on people to rebuild,” says David Guhin, Santa Rosa’s director of planning and economic development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guhin says Santa Rosa would be on shaky legal ground if it imposed new wildfire building codes on structures that weren’t required to meet them when they were destroyed. But since most of the homes were built decades ago, before most modern building codes, he says even the basic code upgrades they’ll undergo will help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/FireHazard_V02_171024.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"801\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire maps based on 2007 assessment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The housing stock that’s going in is much more resilient than the previous house stock,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, many believe Cal Fire’s maps are outdated, since they don’t reflect the extreme nature of today’s fires. The maps assumed fairly benign weather conditions, just 12 mph for “mid-flame” wind speed, the height that affects fire behavior. During the Tubbs Fire, gusts hit almost 80 mph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire is in the process of updating the fire hazard maps using more realistic data, including localized information and historic fire conditions. A draft of the maps is expected sometime next year. The new maps could put many homes into a fire hazard zone that aren’t in one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But several North Bay officials say the community can’t wait for that to be sorted out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I take solace in that the existing code is significantly better than what was there before,” Tennis Wick, who heads Sonoma County’s Permit and Resource Management Department. “I’m not going to let the perfect be the enemy of the good. This community needs to rebuild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wick says many homeowners are choosing fire-resistant materials anyway, such as cement-laden siding and metal roofs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giving Home Owners Choices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fire victims have opted to pull up stakes after living through the fire’s emotional trauma or due to steep rebuilding costs. In the hilly Fountaingrove neighborhood of Santa Rosa, for-sale signs sprout from empty lots among the construction sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other homeowners are tied to their property, either restricted by insurance policies that prescribe where they can rebuild, or simply priced out of other Bay Area homes. And that concerns Santa Rosa City Council member Julie Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know I’ve heard stories about flooding along the Mississippi and thought, ‘Why did they keep rebuilding there?’” notes Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m all for having property owners have choice,” she adds. “And right now, we aren’t really giving them a choice to not build on the land they’re tied to in a high-fire-hazard area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”6J0nVgqZyLvs7R2iqgz1ZfZkLrWF3g14”]Combs says she’s interested in programs like those that already exist for flooded homes, where governments or neighbors can buy out inundated properties so they won’t be re-developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s not confident that today’s wildfire building codes are enough to protect people. The codes are meant to reduce risk, but don’t eliminate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the Tubbs fire footprint in Santa Rosa, 22 homes were built with the most recent wildfire codes before the fire. Twenty-one of them burned anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t strike me as particularly good odds,” says Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Struggle Over New Housing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners considering not rebuilding face another hurdle: there are few other places to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Rosa, the Tubbs fire obliterated five percent of the city’s housing stock, exacerbating an already brutal housing market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the fire, the city estimated it needed 5,000 more housing units. The fire added 3,000 more to that number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to walk and chew gum at the same time,” Guhin says. “We’re going to rebuild our community as fast and quickly and as efficiently as we possibly can, but we also have to build new homes as fast as we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932396\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932396\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 237-unit Round Barn Hill Project is proposed for an area burned in the Tubbs fire. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa is pushing for more “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917302/bay-area-sprawl-has-put-homes-in-the-path-of-fires-what-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in-fill development\u003c/a>,” putting housing downtown and closer to public transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made that a priority this year,” he says. “We put a number of polices in place such as expedited permit processing, reducing the impact fees substantially for housing in the downtown core.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there has long been pressure to build in the surrounding hills, where the wildfire risk is highest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Development of single-family homes on the outskirts of town will happen on its own,” Guhin says. “There is a market for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the Santa Rosa City Council faced down that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco-based City Ventures asked for a zoning change to allow its Round Barn Village project to go forward. The 237-unit townhome development is proposed for a hillside that burned in the Tubbs fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City Ventures made the case that the homes would be built using wildfire standards and would provide much needed affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We absolutely need the housing,” said council member John Sawyer at the meeting. “And lots of mistakes were made in the past with saying no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doubts hounded at least one council member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are setting a precedent to build more new housing in a fire hazard area when we vote today,” warned Combs at the meeting. “I just think we need to not put more sleeping people in a fire hazard area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rezoning passed 6-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was really sorry to be a lone vote,” says Combs. “It becomes very difficult to explain why we would approve that and not approve more. And I have real concerns that more is coming. We don’t need sprawl. We need to be building up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County is also facing pressure to build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I met with a resort that burned twice, once in the Hanley fire and a second time in the Tubbs,” Wick says. “New people came to see me about building a third one. And I told them I just could not support the project. There’s an enormous pressure on us to be approving resorts in remote areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In communities still in shock from the fires, these fraught decisions won’t come easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that in a disaster, there’s such a strong emotional pull to get what you lost back,” says Combs. “I think that’s a powerful pull.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One year after devastating fires, the North Bay is grappling with how and where to rebuild.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927419,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":67,"wordCount":1991},"headData":{"title":"Should Californians Be Rebuilding Homes in a Fire Zone? | KQED","description":"One year after devastating fires, the North Bay is grappling with how and where to rebuild.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Wildfires","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":420,"path":"/science/1932387/should-californians-be-rebuilding-homes-in-a-fire-zone","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/10/SommerFireRebuilding.mp3","audioDuration":443000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A year ago, on a warm, windy night, Paul Lowenthal got the call; he was needed at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tubbs Fire, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/multimedia/7567543-181/santa-rosas-tubbs-fire-spread\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on its way\u003c/a> to becoming the most destructive blaze in California history, was spreading into Santa Rosa, and Lowenthal, the city’s assistant fire marshal, needed to get people out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was exploding at a rate that I would have never imagined,” he says. “I left in my work truck and uniform and thought: worst case scenario, I’ll be back tomorrow morning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘In a disaster, there’s such a strong emotional pull to get what you lost back.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Julie Combs, Santa Rosa City Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Later that night, he drove past his own neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You couldn’t actually make out individual homes in here,” he says. “It just looked like an entire wall of fire. And then realized right away my house is gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He worked the next five days on just a few hours of sleep, until finally, he stopped to take stock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then realized I have nothing,” he says. “Literally had nothing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picking Up the Pieces\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fueled by extreme winds, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654027/my-world-was-burning-the-north-bay-fires-and-what-went-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County’s Tubbs fire\u003c/a> killed 22 people and destroyed more than 5,000 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the community has banded together to pick up the pieces. But it’s also been grappling with a tough question — one that faces fire-ravaged communities around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire is a normal part of the California landscape. So, how — and where — should residents rebuild to protect themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932391\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932391\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1200x676.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nearly a year after the Tubbs Fire, Paul Lowenthal’s Larkfield rebuild was finally nearing completion — this time with more fire-resistant materials. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of Sonoma residents have opted to stay put, both financially and emotionally tied to their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowenthal is one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I think those areas will burn again?” he says. “Absolutely. It’s done it before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It happened 54 years ago, when the Hanly Fire burned almost exactly same area. But since then, Santa Rosa’s population has grown by nearly six times, and Lowenthal was keenly aware of this latest fire’s effect on an already-tight housing market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made a decision that it made more sense to rebuild here,” he says. His daughter was also a big part of that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Could I have convinced her that we could live in a really cool place somewhere else?” he says. “Maybe. But this was our home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the hills above Santa Rosa, wooden frames of houses are rising among the blackened trees. Many of the rebuilt homes will include new fire-resistant building materials, something few had when the fire swept through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, because of California’s decade-old zoning rules, almost 2,000 of the destroyed structures will not be required to meet building standards for wildfire-prone areas. Some homeowners are taking it on themselves to meet them anyway, dipping into their insurance payouts to cover the cost. Others are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, given the region’s severe housing shortage even before last year’s firestorm, city and county governments are under pressure to build new housing in areas at risk for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As people are trying to heal and recover, local leaders have been faced with balancing those delicate issues. With climate change making California’s fires more extreme, their decisions will affect lives for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tubbs Fire swept away about 5 percent of Santa Rosa’s housing stock. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildland Building Codes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after the fires, Lowenthal’s Larkfield home is finally taking shape, still a few weeks away from final inspection. This time, he says it will be better prepared to withstand fire, built with cement-fiber siding and other fire-resistant materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between the roof, the siding, things of that nature, it was definitely a step that I wanted to take,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lowenthal isn’t legally obligated to do any of that, as his home was outside the area subject to California’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/fire_prevention/downloads/ICC_2009_Ch7A_2007_rev_1Jan09_Supplement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildland-Urban Interface Codes\u003c/a>.” They include a broad range of standards for siding, roofs, decks, and windows, as well as requirements for gutters and attic vents that are meant to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917346/wildfires-can-attack-your-house-from-the-inside-heres-how-to-prevent-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevent embers blown ahead of a wildfire\u003c/a> from igniting a home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zones are established by a set of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917374/map-see-if-you-live-in-a-high-risk-fire-zone-and-what-that-means\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2008 Cal Fire maps\u003c/a> that outline wildfire risk by considering vegetation, fire history and slope. Sonoma County’s zones are based exactly on those maps, while the city of Santa Rosa had extended the stricter requirements somewhat beyond what was on the state maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 2,000 buildings destroyed in the Tubbs fire in Santa Rosa and Sonoma County weren’t mapped in those zones and won’t be required to use fire-resistant materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have an extra set of rules or requirements that we put on people to rebuild,” says David Guhin, Santa Rosa’s director of planning and economic development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guhin says Santa Rosa would be on shaky legal ground if it imposed new wildfire building codes on structures that weren’t required to meet them when they were destroyed. But since most of the homes were built decades ago, before most modern building codes, he says even the basic code upgrades they’ll undergo will help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/FireHazard_V02_171024.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"801\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire maps based on 2007 assessment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The housing stock that’s going in is much more resilient than the previous house stock,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, many believe Cal Fire’s maps are outdated, since they don’t reflect the extreme nature of today’s fires. The maps assumed fairly benign weather conditions, just 12 mph for “mid-flame” wind speed, the height that affects fire behavior. During the Tubbs Fire, gusts hit almost 80 mph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire is in the process of updating the fire hazard maps using more realistic data, including localized information and historic fire conditions. A draft of the maps is expected sometime next year. The new maps could put many homes into a fire hazard zone that aren’t in one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But several North Bay officials say the community can’t wait for that to be sorted out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I take solace in that the existing code is significantly better than what was there before,” Tennis Wick, who heads Sonoma County’s Permit and Resource Management Department. “I’m not going to let the perfect be the enemy of the good. This community needs to rebuild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wick says many homeowners are choosing fire-resistant materials anyway, such as cement-laden siding and metal roofs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giving Home Owners Choices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fire victims have opted to pull up stakes after living through the fire’s emotional trauma or due to steep rebuilding costs. In the hilly Fountaingrove neighborhood of Santa Rosa, for-sale signs sprout from empty lots among the construction sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other homeowners are tied to their property, either restricted by insurance policies that prescribe where they can rebuild, or simply priced out of other Bay Area homes. And that concerns Santa Rosa City Council member Julie Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know I’ve heard stories about flooding along the Mississippi and thought, ‘Why did they keep rebuilding there?’” notes Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m all for having property owners have choice,” she adds. “And right now, we aren’t really giving them a choice to not build on the land they’re tied to in a high-fire-hazard area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Combs says she’s interested in programs like those that already exist for flooded homes, where governments or neighbors can buy out inundated properties so they won’t be re-developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s not confident that today’s wildfire building codes are enough to protect people. The codes are meant to reduce risk, but don’t eliminate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the Tubbs fire footprint in Santa Rosa, 22 homes were built with the most recent wildfire codes before the fire. Twenty-one of them burned anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t strike me as particularly good odds,” says Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Struggle Over New Housing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners considering not rebuilding face another hurdle: there are few other places to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Rosa, the Tubbs fire obliterated five percent of the city’s housing stock, exacerbating an already brutal housing market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the fire, the city estimated it needed 5,000 more housing units. The fire added 3,000 more to that number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to walk and chew gum at the same time,” Guhin says. “We’re going to rebuild our community as fast and quickly and as efficiently as we possibly can, but we also have to build new homes as fast as we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932396\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932396\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 237-unit Round Barn Hill Project is proposed for an area burned in the Tubbs fire. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa is pushing for more “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917302/bay-area-sprawl-has-put-homes-in-the-path-of-fires-what-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in-fill development\u003c/a>,” putting housing downtown and closer to public transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made that a priority this year,” he says. “We put a number of polices in place such as expedited permit processing, reducing the impact fees substantially for housing in the downtown core.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there has long been pressure to build in the surrounding hills, where the wildfire risk is highest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Development of single-family homes on the outskirts of town will happen on its own,” Guhin says. “There is a market for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the Santa Rosa City Council faced down that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco-based City Ventures asked for a zoning change to allow its Round Barn Village project to go forward. The 237-unit townhome development is proposed for a hillside that burned in the Tubbs fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City Ventures made the case that the homes would be built using wildfire standards and would provide much needed affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We absolutely need the housing,” said council member John Sawyer at the meeting. “And lots of mistakes were made in the past with saying no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doubts hounded at least one council member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are setting a precedent to build more new housing in a fire hazard area when we vote today,” warned Combs at the meeting. “I just think we need to not put more sleeping people in a fire hazard area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rezoning passed 6-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was really sorry to be a lone vote,” says Combs. “It becomes very difficult to explain why we would approve that and not approve more. And I have real concerns that more is coming. We don’t need sprawl. We need to be building up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County is also facing pressure to build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I met with a resort that burned twice, once in the Hanley fire and a second time in the Tubbs,” Wick says. “New people came to see me about building a third one. And I told them I just could not support the project. There’s an enormous pressure on us to be approving resorts in remote areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In communities still in shock from the fires, these fraught decisions won’t come easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that in a disaster, there’s such a strong emotional pull to get what you lost back,” says Combs. “I think that’s a powerful pull.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1932387/should-californians-be-rebuilding-homes-in-a-fire-zone","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_46","science_31","science_89","science_40","science_43","science_3423","science_3730"],"tags":["science_182","science_2944","science_3370","science_112","science_3779","science_3476"],"featImg":"science_1932401","label":"source_science_1932387"},"science_1929060":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1929060","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1929060","score":null,"sort":[1533772424000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trumps-confusing-tweets-on-california-fires-now-appear-to-be-actual-policy","title":"Trump's Inaccurate Tweet on California Fires Now Appears to Be Actual Policy","publishDate":1533772424,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Trump’s Inaccurate Tweet on California Fires Now Appears to Be Actual Policy | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The Trump administration appears to be bringing President Trump’s recent tweets about California’s wildfires and environmental laws to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross \u003ca href=\"https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2018/08/us-secretary-commerce-wilbur-ross-issues-directive-national-marine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has directed fisheries officials\u003c/a> to “facilitate” access to water in order to aid in firefighting efforts in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The administration appears to have taken a misleading Trump tweet as an opportunity to swipe at the Endangered Species Act. But practically, nothing may come of it.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The protection of life and property takes precedence over any current agreements regarding the use of water,” he said in a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “current agreements” are likely about the protection of endangered salmon, which are overseen by the National Marine Fisheries Service in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The directive follows President Trump’s tweet on Sunday, which said: “California wildfires are being magnified & made so much worse by the bad environmental laws which aren’t allowing massive amount of readily available water to be properly utilized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweet \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928770/no-president-trump-calif-isnt-diverting-its-water-supply-away-from-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confused California fire experts\u003c/a>, who say water availability hasn’t been a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not having any issues accessing any water supplies,” said Cal Fire spokesman Scott McLean. “We have plenty. The fires are right near reservoirs. We’re doing the job, we’re fighting the fight, we have the resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spokespeople at the Department of Commerce and at the National Marine Fisheries Service refused to comment or clarify the policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several California experts were stumped as to what endangered species protections could be at issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While Californians are choking on smoke, they’ve got to be smoking something awfully funny back there in D.C.,” said John McManus of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “There’s nothing standing in the way of firefighters that comes from salmon protections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal protections for salmon require some water to remain in Lake Shasta in Northern California through the late summer, instead of releasing it to the Pacific Ocean or delivering it to water users. That’s to help endangered winter-run Chinook salmon, who lay their eggs below Shasta Dam and need cold water in the Sacramento River to keep them alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Provisions in the Endangered Species Act that requiring water to be held in there for salmon ought to be aiding the firefighters now,” says McManus. “In fact, I’m certain that they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently under the Endangered Species Act, protections for species should not interfere with efforts to save lives or property. “This objective takes precedence if there is a conflict with protective measures for listed species under the ESA,” say \u003ca href=\"http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/protected_resources/section_7/emergency_consultation/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current guidelines on the NOAA Fisheries website\u003c/a>. This leeway is already written into existing policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are concerned that it points to a larger effort to roll back endangered species protections in California. The Department of the Interior is already working on a plan to “maximize water deliveries” to users of its Central Valley Water project, which has historically been limited in some years by fish protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going forward, the Department and NOAA are committed to finding new solutions to address threatened and endangered species in the context of the challenging water management situation in California,” Secretary Ross’ statement concluded.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Trump administration is directing wildlife officials to roll back endangered species protections in California. But practically, nothing may come of it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927589,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":562},"headData":{"title":"Trump's Inaccurate Tweet on California Fires Now Appears to Be Actual Policy | KQED","description":"The Trump administration is directing wildlife officials to roll back endangered species protections in California. But practically, nothing may come of it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Wildfires","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1929060/trumps-confusing-tweets-on-california-fires-now-appear-to-be-actual-policy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration appears to be bringing President Trump’s recent tweets about California’s wildfires and environmental laws to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross \u003ca href=\"https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2018/08/us-secretary-commerce-wilbur-ross-issues-directive-national-marine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has directed fisheries officials\u003c/a> to “facilitate” access to water in order to aid in firefighting efforts in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The administration appears to have taken a misleading Trump tweet as an opportunity to swipe at the Endangered Species Act. But practically, nothing may come of it.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The protection of life and property takes precedence over any current agreements regarding the use of water,” he said in a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “current agreements” are likely about the protection of endangered salmon, which are overseen by the National Marine Fisheries Service in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The directive follows President Trump’s tweet on Sunday, which said: “California wildfires are being magnified & made so much worse by the bad environmental laws which aren’t allowing massive amount of readily available water to be properly utilized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweet \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928770/no-president-trump-calif-isnt-diverting-its-water-supply-away-from-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confused California fire experts\u003c/a>, who say water availability hasn’t been a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not having any issues accessing any water supplies,” said Cal Fire spokesman Scott McLean. “We have plenty. The fires are right near reservoirs. We’re doing the job, we’re fighting the fight, we have the resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spokespeople at the Department of Commerce and at the National Marine Fisheries Service refused to comment or clarify the policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several California experts were stumped as to what endangered species protections could be at issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While Californians are choking on smoke, they’ve got to be smoking something awfully funny back there in D.C.,” said John McManus of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “There’s nothing standing in the way of firefighters that comes from salmon protections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal protections for salmon require some water to remain in Lake Shasta in Northern California through the late summer, instead of releasing it to the Pacific Ocean or delivering it to water users. That’s to help endangered winter-run Chinook salmon, who lay their eggs below Shasta Dam and need cold water in the Sacramento River to keep them alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Provisions in the Endangered Species Act that requiring water to be held in there for salmon ought to be aiding the firefighters now,” says McManus. “In fact, I’m certain that they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently under the Endangered Species Act, protections for species should not interfere with efforts to save lives or property. “This objective takes precedence if there is a conflict with protective measures for listed species under the ESA,” say \u003ca href=\"http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/protected_resources/section_7/emergency_consultation/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current guidelines on the NOAA Fisheries website\u003c/a>. This leeway is already written into existing policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are concerned that it points to a larger effort to roll back endangered species protections in California. The Department of the Interior is already working on a plan to “maximize water deliveries” to users of its Central Valley Water project, which has historically been limited in some years by fish protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going forward, the Department and NOAA are committed to finding new solutions to address threatened and endangered species in the context of the challenging water management situation in California,” Secretary Ross’ statement concluded.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1929060/trumps-confusing-tweets-on-california-fires-now-appear-to-be-actual-policy","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_40","science_98","science_3730"],"tags":["science_112","science_247","science_3322","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1929072","label":"source_science_1929060"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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