After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter
NASA's Europa Clipper Is a Go
NASA Considers a Robotic Lander to Search for Signs of Life on Jupiter’s Moon
Vapor Plumes on Jupiter's Moon, Europa, Show New Evidence of Water
On July 4, Jupiter Gets Its Close-Up
NASA Mission in the Works to Explore the Ocean of Jupiter's Moon Europa
Cassini Detects Signs of Conditions Friendly to Life
Opposition of Jupiter: Bright Beauty in the Sky
Jupiter's Moon Has Vast Geysers, Says NASA
Sponsored
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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1972554":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1972554","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1972554","score":null,"sort":[1612575832000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter","title":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter","publishDate":1612575832,"format":"image","headTitle":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like an artist whose pleased patron commissions more masterpieces, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juno \u003c/a>\u003c/span>spacecraft just earned an extension after four extraordinary years of discovery. And if you’ve seen any of Juno’s images of Jupiter, you may find the artist reference apt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore images from Juno\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Juno mission, little was known about the wind and cloud systems of the polar regions. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The solar-powered robotic probe, whose adventure exploring the atmosphere and interior of the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/a-new-view-of-jupiters-storms\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was scheduled to end this July, has been granted a four-year extension, through September 2025. It’s mission has also expanded, and it will now investigate the planet’s system of rings and three of its large and remarkable moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Primary Mission\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since its arrival at Jupiter in 2016, Juno’s observations have focused on dynamics that scientists previously knew very little about: the gas giant’s complex atmosphere and storm systems at the high latitudes of the northern polar region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Juno has captured \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">breathtaking images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Jupiter’s cloud systems and other atmospheric phenomena at very close range. It’s also probed beneath the visible cloud layers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972431 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-Se%C3%A1n-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of clouds and storm systems on Jupiter, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close passes by the gas giant. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt-Seán)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">instruments \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that measure Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field and gravitational variations, Juno has divined processes and structures deep within the gaseous world. A\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mong \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">its many discoveries \u003c/span>\u003c/a>are\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stupendous strokes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploding dozens of miles beneath the planet’s thick layers of clouds; an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/findings-from-nasas-juno-update-jupiter-water-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abundance of water\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> welling up at the equator; \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/jupiter-s-aurora-presents-a-powerful-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mighty auroras\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surging high in the atmosphere; “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/whoa-like-jupiter-is-deep-really-really-deep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">packs” of Earth-sized storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spinning around both poles; and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43317566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wind systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whose roots are buried 1,000-2,000 miles below Jupiter’s cloud tops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Wild Orbit\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972439 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft cruising by Jupiter. Juno’s 53-day orbit carries it to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops at closest approach, giving it a unique vantage point from which to study its atmosphere and make measurements of its interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get close enough to Jupiter to do what it came for, Juno must pass through \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, captured in Jupiter’s surrounding magnetic field. To minimize exposure to radiation damage, NASA placed Juno in a highly elliptical orbit that keeps it well outside the radiation belts most of the time. At the far-flung end of its elongated orbit, Juno is 5 million miles away from Jupiter, 20 times farther than our moon is from Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once every 53 days, Juno’s orbit carries it swiftly through the danger zone and close to Jupiter, passing only 2,600 miles above the cloud tops in the northern regions, offering a view like no other in the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With each close pass by Jupiter, Juno’s orbit alters slightly due to interaction with the planet’s gravity. Over time, its point of closest approach has migrated northward, toward the pole, while the long loop of its extended orbit has shifted closer and closer to Jupiter’s large Galilean moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Targeting Jupiter’s Mystifying Moons\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over the four additional years of Juno’s extended mission, its shifting orbit will send it past three of Jupiter’s Galilean moons: Ganymede, Europa and Io. No spacecraft has flown close to these small worlds since the Galileo probe two decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede will be the first fly-by target, on June 7 this year. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the largest moon in the solar system, half again bigger than Earth’s moon. Its surface is a patchwork of rough, ancient, cratered terrain overlapped by smooth, probably icy regions. It is the only moon in the solar system with a magnetic field of its own, and its poles are lit up with auroras. Strong evidence exists that a liquid water ocean lies hidden beneath Ganymede’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-160x154.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-768x737.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona.jpg 999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s moon Io. This image was captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft during one of its close flybys of this moon. Io is the most volcanically activity object in the solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Io \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the most volcanically active moon in the solar system, with hundreds of sulfurous eruptions spewing out lava and gas, in some cases dozens of miles into the sky. Volcanic Io will receive a pair of visits, on Dec. 30, 2023, and Feb. 3, 2024.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most intriguing of all is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which shelters a saltwater ocean beneath its icy crust. Europa’s ocean may be as much as 100 miles deep, and its waters are thawed by heat emerging from the moon’s interior. Scientists are excited by the possibility that within Europa’s ocean may exist conditions that could support life. On Sept. 29, 2022, Juno will have a close encounter with Europa. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During its extended mission, Juno will also fly through trails of ions shed into space by Io’s volcanoes, and plumes of water vapor erupting from Europa’s icy crust. By sampling the composition of Europa’s water vapor plumes, scientists hope to better understand the nature of the moon’s ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Recon for Upcoming Missions\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extending Juno’s exploration to include the Jovian moons will help pave the way for two upcoming missions: NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the European Space Agency’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JUICE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, scheduled to launch later this decade. Both of these spacecraft will investigate the Galilean moons in great detail, with a special focus on Europa and its tantalizing ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1020x345.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-768x260.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1038x352.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Magnificent belts of clouds dominate areas of Jupiter’s southern polar region. This image was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close flybys of the gas giant world. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/David Marriott)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of its extended mission in 2025, Juno will have orbited Jupiter 76 times over eight years and collected enough data to keep scientists busy for many more years to come.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, Juno will be deliberately driven into Jupiter’s atmosphere, where it will be incinerated in a fiery finale, its atoms forever becoming part of the world it has explored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA has extended Juno's mission exploring Jupiter by four years, and projected close flybys of three Jovian moons. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846772,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1095},"headData":{"title":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter | KQED","description":"NASA has extended Juno's mission exploring Jupiter by four years, and projected close flybys of three Jovian moons. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1972554/after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like an artist whose pleased patron commissions more masterpieces, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juno \u003c/a>\u003c/span>spacecraft just earned an extension after four extraordinary years of discovery. And if you’ve seen any of Juno’s images of Jupiter, you may find the artist reference apt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore images from Juno\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Juno mission, little was known about the wind and cloud systems of the polar regions. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The solar-powered robotic probe, whose adventure exploring the atmosphere and interior of the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/a-new-view-of-jupiters-storms\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was scheduled to end this July, has been granted a four-year extension, through September 2025. It’s mission has also expanded, and it will now investigate the planet’s system of rings and three of its large and remarkable moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Primary Mission\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since its arrival at Jupiter in 2016, Juno’s observations have focused on dynamics that scientists previously knew very little about: the gas giant’s complex atmosphere and storm systems at the high latitudes of the northern polar region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Juno has captured \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">breathtaking images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Jupiter’s cloud systems and other atmospheric phenomena at very close range. It’s also probed beneath the visible cloud layers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972431 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-Se%C3%A1n-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of clouds and storm systems on Jupiter, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close passes by the gas giant. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt-Seán)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">instruments \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that measure Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field and gravitational variations, Juno has divined processes and structures deep within the gaseous world. A\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mong \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">its many discoveries \u003c/span>\u003c/a>are\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stupendous strokes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploding dozens of miles beneath the planet’s thick layers of clouds; an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/findings-from-nasas-juno-update-jupiter-water-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abundance of water\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> welling up at the equator; \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/jupiter-s-aurora-presents-a-powerful-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mighty auroras\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surging high in the atmosphere; “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/whoa-like-jupiter-is-deep-really-really-deep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">packs” of Earth-sized storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spinning around both poles; and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43317566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wind systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whose roots are buried 1,000-2,000 miles below Jupiter’s cloud tops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Wild Orbit\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972439 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft cruising by Jupiter. Juno’s 53-day orbit carries it to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops at closest approach, giving it a unique vantage point from which to study its atmosphere and make measurements of its interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get close enough to Jupiter to do what it came for, Juno must pass through \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, captured in Jupiter’s surrounding magnetic field. To minimize exposure to radiation damage, NASA placed Juno in a highly elliptical orbit that keeps it well outside the radiation belts most of the time. At the far-flung end of its elongated orbit, Juno is 5 million miles away from Jupiter, 20 times farther than our moon is from Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once every 53 days, Juno’s orbit carries it swiftly through the danger zone and close to Jupiter, passing only 2,600 miles above the cloud tops in the northern regions, offering a view like no other in the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With each close pass by Jupiter, Juno’s orbit alters slightly due to interaction with the planet’s gravity. Over time, its point of closest approach has migrated northward, toward the pole, while the long loop of its extended orbit has shifted closer and closer to Jupiter’s large Galilean moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Targeting Jupiter’s Mystifying Moons\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over the four additional years of Juno’s extended mission, its shifting orbit will send it past three of Jupiter’s Galilean moons: Ganymede, Europa and Io. No spacecraft has flown close to these small worlds since the Galileo probe two decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede will be the first fly-by target, on June 7 this year. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the largest moon in the solar system, half again bigger than Earth’s moon. Its surface is a patchwork of rough, ancient, cratered terrain overlapped by smooth, probably icy regions. It is the only moon in the solar system with a magnetic field of its own, and its poles are lit up with auroras. Strong evidence exists that a liquid water ocean lies hidden beneath Ganymede’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-160x154.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-768x737.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona.jpg 999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s moon Io. This image was captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft during one of its close flybys of this moon. Io is the most volcanically activity object in the solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Io \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the most volcanically active moon in the solar system, with hundreds of sulfurous eruptions spewing out lava and gas, in some cases dozens of miles into the sky. Volcanic Io will receive a pair of visits, on Dec. 30, 2023, and Feb. 3, 2024.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most intriguing of all is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which shelters a saltwater ocean beneath its icy crust. Europa’s ocean may be as much as 100 miles deep, and its waters are thawed by heat emerging from the moon’s interior. Scientists are excited by the possibility that within Europa’s ocean may exist conditions that could support life. On Sept. 29, 2022, Juno will have a close encounter with Europa. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During its extended mission, Juno will also fly through trails of ions shed into space by Io’s volcanoes, and plumes of water vapor erupting from Europa’s icy crust. By sampling the composition of Europa’s water vapor plumes, scientists hope to better understand the nature of the moon’s ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Recon for Upcoming Missions\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extending Juno’s exploration to include the Jovian moons will help pave the way for two upcoming missions: NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the European Space Agency’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JUICE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, scheduled to launch later this decade. Both of these spacecraft will investigate the Galilean moons in great detail, with a special focus on Europa and its tantalizing ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1020x345.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-768x260.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1038x352.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Magnificent belts of clouds dominate areas of Jupiter’s southern polar region. This image was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close flybys of the gas giant world. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/David Marriott)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of its extended mission in 2025, Juno will have orbited Jupiter 76 times over eight years and collected enough data to keep scientists busy for many more years to come.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, Juno will be deliberately driven into Jupiter’s atmosphere, where it will be incinerated in a fiery finale, its atoms forever becoming part of the world it has explored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1972554/after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1216","science_1064","science_1056","science_5180"],"featImg":"science_1972434","label":"source_science_1972554"},"science_1946840":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1946840","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1946840","score":null,"sort":[1567429277000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-europa-clipper-is-a-go","title":"NASA's Europa Clipper Is a Go","publishDate":1567429277,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s Europa Clipper Is a Go | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA has taken a big step closer to testing the waters of the ocean hiding under the icy crust of Europa, Jupiter’s most enigmatic moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Europa Clipper mission\u003c/a>, in development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, has just been approved for its final design and construction phase. It’s on track for a 2025 launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clipper” is the culmination of decades of dreaming and years of conceptual and preliminary design. It is only the second mission NASA has dedicated to exploring a moon in the solar system—our own moon was the first. The target, Jupiter’s icy \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\">Europa\u003c/a>, is very different from Earth’s moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946853\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-800x515.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a view from Europa's icy surface, looking out upon Jupiter.\" width=\"800\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-1020x657.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-1200x773.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a view from Europa’s icy surface, looking out upon Jupiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Believed to possess a heated rocky core and mantle surrounded by an ice-topped ocean of liquid water up to 100 miles deep, Europa is arguably the best place in our solar system to look for life beyond Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Are We Interested in this Icy Jovian Moon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">Astrobiologists\u003c/a>‘ mouths water at the prospect of an ocean of liquid water — particularly a salty one — in contact with a rocky ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They theorize that heat from within Europa’s rocky interior, generated by \u003ca href=\"https://tidal-heating.weebly.com/jupiters-moons.html\">tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity,\u003c/a> powers eruptions of hot, mineral-laden water on Europa’s ocean floor. Such “hydrothermal vents” could supply all the ingredients necessary to sustain some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946849\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946849\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-800x796.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Europa's ice-topped ocean, showing hydrothermal vents injecting heat and chemicals into the waters.\" width=\"800\" height=\"796\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-800x796.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-160x159.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-768x764.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll.jpg 955w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Europa’s ice-topped ocean, showing hydrothermal vents injecting heat and chemicals into the waters. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Michael Carroll)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\">Hydrothermal vents\u003c/a> dot Earth’s own oceans in volcanically active areas. Since their discovery, researchers have found communities of life forms that thrive around hydrothermal vents, subsisting entirely on thermal and chemical energy emerging from Earth’s interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How life arrived at these deep ocean oases is still open to scientific debate. One theory poses the idea that life on Earth could have gotten its start at hydrothermal vents and migrated later to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Challenge of Exploring a Concealed Ocean Half a Billion Miles Away\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might wonder, if there’s a saltwater ocean on Europa, and the strong possibility of a life-friendly environment, why don’t we already have robot submarines in the water sending us images of beautiful bioluminescent jellyfish, or something?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easier said than done. Even landing a robot on Europa’s unexplored surface would be a great engineering challenge. Designing a mission capable of boring through miles of ice and descending through a hundred miles of water to reach the ocean floor, and still able to communicate with us back on Earth, is presently an adventure of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/without-champion-europa-lander-falls-nasa-s-back-burner\">earlier mission concepts\u003c/a> flirted with dropping robots onto Europa’s surface, the Clipper mission won’t do that. It won’t even orbit Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That moon resides within \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/a> that surround Jupiter, an environment where even a radiation-hardened spacecraft might survive only a few weeks. Such a short visit wouldn’t allow much time to explore, let alone transmit the huge volumes of collected scientific data back to Earth before a fatal failure brought an end to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Clipper will follow a looping trajectory around Jupiter that will send it careening past Europa on 45 close flybys. Some will pass as close as 16 miles near the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 673px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946854\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing NASA's strategy of close flybys of Europa on different trajectories, a plan designed to give Europa Clipper's observations global coverage. \" width=\"673\" height=\"622\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper.jpg 673w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper-160x148.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 673px) 100vw, 673px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing NASA’s strategy of close flybys of Europa on different trajectories, a plan designed to give Europa Clipper’s observations global coverage. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Between flybys the spacecraft will retreat to the far end of its elongated orbit, away from Jupiter and into safer climates beyond the deadly radiation zone. The longer mission time and extended orbits will ultimately let Clipper collect and send home up to three times as much data as a Europa-orbiting spacecraft could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Europa Clipper Will See Under Europa’s Skin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa Clipper will carry \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-clipper/instruments/\">nine scientific instruments\u003c/a> designed to offer a detailed look at the moon, particularly the vast ocean lurking beneath its icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from the usual cameras and spectrometers that will take high-resolution pictures and analyze the composition of Europa’s surface, Clipper will carry instruments to investigate what lies below that surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ice-penetrating radar will probe the frozen crust to determine its thickness and map its structure. Scientists will look for any subsurface lakes in chambers closer to the surface, which may be sources of water plumes detected by the Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A magnetometer will measure the disturbance of Jupiter’s magnetic field by Europa’s salty ocean, divining its salinity and depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two different instruments will analyze particles “sniffed” during very close flybys. The composition of particles and gases in Europa’s tenuous atmosphere and possibly plumes of water and chemicals erupting from its surface could help explain what Europa’s ocean is made of, if those plumes originate from the ocean’s waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Long Have We Known About Europa’s Ocean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We caught our \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-europa/ocean/\">first scent of Europa’s ocean\u003c/a> in 1979 when the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft flew through the Jupiter system. The spacecraft captured images of Europa’s fractured surface. Its patterns of cracks and fissures were best explained by a thin icy crust floating on a body of liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 732px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"732\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl.jpg 732w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the cracked icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa, captured by the Galileo spacecraft durin \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starting in 1995 the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/overview/\">Galileo spacecraft\u003c/a> made 11 close flybys of Europa, capturing images of much higher detail and measuring Europa’s effects on Jupiter’s magnetic field. The images further confirmed the presence of the hidden ocean, and Europa’s magnetic disturbances suggested that ocean is salty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years, observations by the Hubble Space Telescope have \u003ca href=\"https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1717a/\">tentatively detected what may be plumes of water vapor\u003c/a> emanating from Europa’s southern polar region, further whetting scientists’ appetites to explore the exo-ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ll have to wait a few more years before getting our next taste of Europa’s ocean waters, but at least we know that Europa Clipper is on the way.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Europa Clipper has been approved for final design and is on track for a 2025 launch.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848358,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1077},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Europa Clipper Is a Go | KQED","description":"NASA's Europa Clipper has been approved for final design and is on track for a 2025 launch.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1946840/nasas-europa-clipper-is-a-go","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA has taken a big step closer to testing the waters of the ocean hiding under the icy crust of Europa, Jupiter’s most enigmatic moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Europa Clipper mission\u003c/a>, in development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, has just been approved for its final design and construction phase. It’s on track for a 2025 launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clipper” is the culmination of decades of dreaming and years of conceptual and preliminary design. It is only the second mission NASA has dedicated to exploring a moon in the solar system—our own moon was the first. The target, Jupiter’s icy \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\">Europa\u003c/a>, is very different from Earth’s moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946853\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-800x515.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a view from Europa's icy surface, looking out upon Jupiter.\" width=\"800\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-1020x657.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-1200x773.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a view from Europa’s icy surface, looking out upon Jupiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Believed to possess a heated rocky core and mantle surrounded by an ice-topped ocean of liquid water up to 100 miles deep, Europa is arguably the best place in our solar system to look for life beyond Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Are We Interested in this Icy Jovian Moon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">Astrobiologists\u003c/a>‘ mouths water at the prospect of an ocean of liquid water — particularly a salty one — in contact with a rocky ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They theorize that heat from within Europa’s rocky interior, generated by \u003ca href=\"https://tidal-heating.weebly.com/jupiters-moons.html\">tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity,\u003c/a> powers eruptions of hot, mineral-laden water on Europa’s ocean floor. Such “hydrothermal vents” could supply all the ingredients necessary to sustain some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946849\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946849\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-800x796.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Europa's ice-topped ocean, showing hydrothermal vents injecting heat and chemicals into the waters.\" width=\"800\" height=\"796\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-800x796.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-160x159.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-768x764.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll.jpg 955w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Europa’s ice-topped ocean, showing hydrothermal vents injecting heat and chemicals into the waters. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Michael Carroll)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\">Hydrothermal vents\u003c/a> dot Earth’s own oceans in volcanically active areas. Since their discovery, researchers have found communities of life forms that thrive around hydrothermal vents, subsisting entirely on thermal and chemical energy emerging from Earth’s interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How life arrived at these deep ocean oases is still open to scientific debate. One theory poses the idea that life on Earth could have gotten its start at hydrothermal vents and migrated later to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Challenge of Exploring a Concealed Ocean Half a Billion Miles Away\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might wonder, if there’s a saltwater ocean on Europa, and the strong possibility of a life-friendly environment, why don’t we already have robot submarines in the water sending us images of beautiful bioluminescent jellyfish, or something?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easier said than done. Even landing a robot on Europa’s unexplored surface would be a great engineering challenge. Designing a mission capable of boring through miles of ice and descending through a hundred miles of water to reach the ocean floor, and still able to communicate with us back on Earth, is presently an adventure of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/without-champion-europa-lander-falls-nasa-s-back-burner\">earlier mission concepts\u003c/a> flirted with dropping robots onto Europa’s surface, the Clipper mission won’t do that. It won’t even orbit Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That moon resides within \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/a> that surround Jupiter, an environment where even a radiation-hardened spacecraft might survive only a few weeks. Such a short visit wouldn’t allow much time to explore, let alone transmit the huge volumes of collected scientific data back to Earth before a fatal failure brought an end to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Clipper will follow a looping trajectory around Jupiter that will send it careening past Europa on 45 close flybys. Some will pass as close as 16 miles near the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 673px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946854\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing NASA's strategy of close flybys of Europa on different trajectories, a plan designed to give Europa Clipper's observations global coverage. \" width=\"673\" height=\"622\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper.jpg 673w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper-160x148.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 673px) 100vw, 673px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing NASA’s strategy of close flybys of Europa on different trajectories, a plan designed to give Europa Clipper’s observations global coverage. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Between flybys the spacecraft will retreat to the far end of its elongated orbit, away from Jupiter and into safer climates beyond the deadly radiation zone. The longer mission time and extended orbits will ultimately let Clipper collect and send home up to three times as much data as a Europa-orbiting spacecraft could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Europa Clipper Will See Under Europa’s Skin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa Clipper will carry \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-clipper/instruments/\">nine scientific instruments\u003c/a> designed to offer a detailed look at the moon, particularly the vast ocean lurking beneath its icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from the usual cameras and spectrometers that will take high-resolution pictures and analyze the composition of Europa’s surface, Clipper will carry instruments to investigate what lies below that surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ice-penetrating radar will probe the frozen crust to determine its thickness and map its structure. Scientists will look for any subsurface lakes in chambers closer to the surface, which may be sources of water plumes detected by the Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A magnetometer will measure the disturbance of Jupiter’s magnetic field by Europa’s salty ocean, divining its salinity and depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two different instruments will analyze particles “sniffed” during very close flybys. The composition of particles and gases in Europa’s tenuous atmosphere and possibly plumes of water and chemicals erupting from its surface could help explain what Europa’s ocean is made of, if those plumes originate from the ocean’s waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Long Have We Known About Europa’s Ocean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We caught our \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-europa/ocean/\">first scent of Europa’s ocean\u003c/a> in 1979 when the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft flew through the Jupiter system. The spacecraft captured images of Europa’s fractured surface. Its patterns of cracks and fissures were best explained by a thin icy crust floating on a body of liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 732px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"732\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl.jpg 732w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the cracked icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa, captured by the Galileo spacecraft durin \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starting in 1995 the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/overview/\">Galileo spacecraft\u003c/a> made 11 close flybys of Europa, capturing images of much higher detail and measuring Europa’s effects on Jupiter’s magnetic field. The images further confirmed the presence of the hidden ocean, and Europa’s magnetic disturbances suggested that ocean is salty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years, observations by the Hubble Space Telescope have \u003ca href=\"https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1717a/\">tentatively detected what may be plumes of water vapor\u003c/a> emanating from Europa’s southern polar region, further whetting scientists’ appetites to explore the exo-ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ll have to wait a few more years before getting our next taste of Europa’s ocean waters, but at least we know that Europa Clipper is on the way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1946840/nasas-europa-clipper-is-a-go","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_30","science_32","science_3947","science_98"],"tags":["science_2356","science_1064","science_3370","science_3832","science_5180","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1946845","label":"source_science_1946840"},"science_1404977":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1404977","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1404977","score":null,"sort":[1487345443000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-considers-a-robotic-lander-to-search-for-signs-of-life-on-jupiters-moon","title":"NASA Considers a Robotic Lander to Search for Signs of Life on Jupiter’s Moon","publishDate":1487345443,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Considers a Robotic Lander to Search for Signs of Life on Jupiter’s Moon | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>We may be one small step closer to “first contact” with extraterrestrial life. On February 7, scientists delivered a report ordered by NASA\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2017/02/08/nasa-receives-science-report-on-europa-lander-concept\"> detailing the feasibility and potential scientific value\u003c/a> of sending a robotic lander to Jupiter’s ocean-bearing moon, Europa, to search for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be only the third solar system moon on which we have landed, following earlier missions to Earth’s own moon and to Saturn’s liquid-hydrocarbon bearing satellite, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>. Unlike those two, however, Europa may harbor an environment friendly to life as we know it on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If approved by NASA, it would be the first life-detection mission since the \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2016-10-year-old-viking-life-mars.html\">Viking landers looked for evidence of microbial life\u003c/a> in Mars’ soils back in the late 1970s. Other mission goals include analyzing the composition of surface materials to assess the habitability of Europa and to probe the structure of the frozen crust, information that would inform future missions exploring the moon’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since photos taken by Voyager 2 in 1979 suggested the presence of a deep ocean of liquid water beneath Europa’s cracked icy surface, Jupiter’s moon has become the most tantalizing body in the solar system in the search for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1404981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 790px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1404981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1.jpg\" alt=\"One of the first detailed pictures of Europa and its cracked, icy surface, taken by Voyager 2 in 1979.\" width=\"790\" height=\"790\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1.jpg 790w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the first detailed pictures of Europa and its cracked, icy surface, taken by Voyager 2 in 1979. \u003ccite>(Voyager/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Europa’s ocean has made its presence known not only by cracks in the icy crust. In 2014, the Hubble Space Telescope first detected water vapor plumes erupting from below Europa’s surface that are believed to be supplied by that ocean. Also, in the early 2000’s the Galileo spacecraft measured disturbances in Jupiter’s magnetic field caused by Europa, and the nature of those disturbances suggest that its ocean waters are likely salty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current interpretation of the evidence tells us that Europa’s ice crust may be only a few miles thick, and floating on top a salty global ocean as deep as 30 miles and containing twice the amount of water in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1404985\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1404985\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a cutaway of Europa's interior, detailing the suspected saltwater ocean and thermally active ocean floor. \" width=\"700\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-160x152.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-240x228.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-375x356.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-520x494.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a cutaway of Europa’s interior, detailing the suspected saltwater ocean and thermally active ocean floor. \u003ccite>(Michael Carroll)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even more enticing for astrobiologists looking for extraterrestrial life, Europa’s ocean probably sits on top of a rocky sea floor. If so, then heat from the moon’s interior may emerge through hydrothermal vents, supplying energy and chemicals to create an environment suitable to support some form of life. Similar geothermal vents on Earth’s ocean floor support thriving communities of marine life that depend solely on energy and chemicals from Earth’s interior, without any need for sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1409962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 806px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1409962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of plumes of water vapor supplied by Europa's ocean erupting from cracks in its icy crust. \" width=\"806\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX.jpg 806w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-800x442.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-768x424.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-375x207.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-520x287.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 806px) 100vw, 806px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of plumes of water vapor supplied by Europa’s ocean erupting from cracks in its icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though we have found sub-surface bodies of liquid water in several solar system objects, only those of Europa and Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30419-alien-life-search-enceladus-mission.html\">Enceladus\u003c/a> are believed to be in direct contact with a rocky ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists consider the new study, a separate NASA mission, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">Europa Mission\u003c/a>, is already in development and expected to launch sometime in the early 2020’s. The Europa Mission spacecraft will make multiple close passes of Jupiter’s moon, analyzing the structure and composition of its icy crust, the interaction between Europa and Jupiter’s magnetic field, and possibly “sniffing” the chemical makeup of the water vapor plumes erupting from Europa’s southern region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his novel\u003cem>, “2010: Odyssey Two,”\u003c/em> Arthur C. Clarke landed a fictitious \u003ca href=\"https://universe-review.ca/I07-18-2010.jpg\">Chinese spacecraft\u003c/a> and its human crew on Europa, though with a different mission goal in mind. The novel’s Chinese explorers made moon-fall simply to fill their ship’s propellant tanks with water in order to continue their journey. In that case, humans didn’t find life on Europa; it found them. Their adventure ended when huge tentacle-like vines emerged from a crack in the ice to pull the doomed ship into the dark, watery depths below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to peg any dates for a landing on Europa. NASA is at the earliest conceptual stages for such a mission. As a next step toward deciding how, or if, to proceed, NASA will ask for input from scientists in meetings planned for early this spring. How to land a spacecraft on a moon with no atmosphere and mostly unexplored terrain, and what kinds of scientific instruments it should carry, are some of the questions that will be explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Europa is such a promising place to look for extraterrestrial life, landing a spacecraft there is a next logical step in a series of missions to scrutinize the ice-crusted moon and the mysterious, potentially life-bearing ocean it possesses.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On February 7, NASA received a report detailing the potential scientific value of sending a robotic lander to set down on the icy surface of Jupiter's tantalizing, ocean-bearing moon, Europa, with a mission to search for life….","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929074,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":847},"headData":{"title":"NASA Considers a Robotic Lander to Search for Signs of Life on Jupiter’s Moon | KQED","description":"On February 7, NASA received a report detailing the potential scientific value of sending a robotic lander to set down on the icy surface of Jupiter's tantalizing, ocean-bearing moon, Europa, with a mission to search for life….","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1404977/nasa-considers-a-robotic-lander-to-search-for-signs-of-life-on-jupiters-moon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We may be one small step closer to “first contact” with extraterrestrial life. On February 7, scientists delivered a report ordered by NASA\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2017/02/08/nasa-receives-science-report-on-europa-lander-concept\"> detailing the feasibility and potential scientific value\u003c/a> of sending a robotic lander to Jupiter’s ocean-bearing moon, Europa, to search for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be only the third solar system moon on which we have landed, following earlier missions to Earth’s own moon and to Saturn’s liquid-hydrocarbon bearing satellite, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>. Unlike those two, however, Europa may harbor an environment friendly to life as we know it on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If approved by NASA, it would be the first life-detection mission since the \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2016-10-year-old-viking-life-mars.html\">Viking landers looked for evidence of microbial life\u003c/a> in Mars’ soils back in the late 1970s. Other mission goals include analyzing the composition of surface materials to assess the habitability of Europa and to probe the structure of the frozen crust, information that would inform future missions exploring the moon’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since photos taken by Voyager 2 in 1979 suggested the presence of a deep ocean of liquid water beneath Europa’s cracked icy surface, Jupiter’s moon has become the most tantalizing body in the solar system in the search for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1404981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 790px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1404981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1.jpg\" alt=\"One of the first detailed pictures of Europa and its cracked, icy surface, taken by Voyager 2 in 1979.\" width=\"790\" height=\"790\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1.jpg 790w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the first detailed pictures of Europa and its cracked, icy surface, taken by Voyager 2 in 1979. \u003ccite>(Voyager/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Europa’s ocean has made its presence known not only by cracks in the icy crust. In 2014, the Hubble Space Telescope first detected water vapor plumes erupting from below Europa’s surface that are believed to be supplied by that ocean. Also, in the early 2000’s the Galileo spacecraft measured disturbances in Jupiter’s magnetic field caused by Europa, and the nature of those disturbances suggest that its ocean waters are likely salty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current interpretation of the evidence tells us that Europa’s ice crust may be only a few miles thick, and floating on top a salty global ocean as deep as 30 miles and containing twice the amount of water in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1404985\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1404985\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a cutaway of Europa's interior, detailing the suspected saltwater ocean and thermally active ocean floor. \" width=\"700\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-160x152.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-240x228.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-375x356.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-520x494.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a cutaway of Europa’s interior, detailing the suspected saltwater ocean and thermally active ocean floor. \u003ccite>(Michael Carroll)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even more enticing for astrobiologists looking for extraterrestrial life, Europa’s ocean probably sits on top of a rocky sea floor. If so, then heat from the moon’s interior may emerge through hydrothermal vents, supplying energy and chemicals to create an environment suitable to support some form of life. Similar geothermal vents on Earth’s ocean floor support thriving communities of marine life that depend solely on energy and chemicals from Earth’s interior, without any need for sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1409962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 806px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1409962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of plumes of water vapor supplied by Europa's ocean erupting from cracks in its icy crust. \" width=\"806\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX.jpg 806w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-800x442.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-768x424.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-375x207.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-520x287.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 806px) 100vw, 806px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of plumes of water vapor supplied by Europa’s ocean erupting from cracks in its icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though we have found sub-surface bodies of liquid water in several solar system objects, only those of Europa and Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30419-alien-life-search-enceladus-mission.html\">Enceladus\u003c/a> are believed to be in direct contact with a rocky ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists consider the new study, a separate NASA mission, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">Europa Mission\u003c/a>, is already in development and expected to launch sometime in the early 2020’s. The Europa Mission spacecraft will make multiple close passes of Jupiter’s moon, analyzing the structure and composition of its icy crust, the interaction between Europa and Jupiter’s magnetic field, and possibly “sniffing” the chemical makeup of the water vapor plumes erupting from Europa’s southern region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his novel\u003cem>, “2010: Odyssey Two,”\u003c/em> Arthur C. Clarke landed a fictitious \u003ca href=\"https://universe-review.ca/I07-18-2010.jpg\">Chinese spacecraft\u003c/a> and its human crew on Europa, though with a different mission goal in mind. The novel’s Chinese explorers made moon-fall simply to fill their ship’s propellant tanks with water in order to continue their journey. In that case, humans didn’t find life on Europa; it found them. Their adventure ended when huge tentacle-like vines emerged from a crack in the ice to pull the doomed ship into the dark, watery depths below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to peg any dates for a landing on Europa. NASA is at the earliest conceptual stages for such a mission. As a next step toward deciding how, or if, to proceed, NASA will ask for input from scientists in meetings planned for early this spring. How to land a spacecraft on a moon with no atmosphere and mostly unexplored terrain, and what kinds of scientific instruments it should carry, are some of the questions that will be explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Europa is such a promising place to look for extraterrestrial life, landing a spacecraft there is a next logical step in a series of missions to scrutinize the ice-crusted moon and the mysterious, potentially life-bearing ocean it possesses.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1404977/nasa-considers-a-robotic-lander-to-search-for-signs-of-life-on-jupiters-moon","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_2356","science_503","science_1064","science_5180","science_351","science_5175","science_388"],"featImg":"science_1404983","label":"science"},"science_1147097":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1147097","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1147097","score":null,"sort":[1478828248000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"vapor-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa-show-new-evidence-of-water","title":"Vapor Plumes on Jupiter's Moon, Europa, Show New Evidence of Water","publishDate":1478828248,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Vapor Plumes on Jupiter’s Moon, Europa, Show New Evidence of Water | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The possibility of an ocean under the frozen surface of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, has tantalized scientists for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now astronomers using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2016/09/26/hubble-possible-water-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa\">are reporting\u003c/a> further evidence of that ocean’s existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On at least three out of ten separate occasions in 2014, scientists at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore report they spotted plumes of water vapor spouting from the southern polar region of the moon’s icy surface. The first ever observation of these suspected plumes was in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1150687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1150687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited.jpg\" alt=\"Ultraviolet Hubble images of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, captured on three separate days, showing possible water plumes erupting from its surface outside the bottom edge of the moon’s disk. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-800x266.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-768x256.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-960x320.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-240x80.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-375x125.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-520x173.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> Hubble telescope images of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, captured on three separate days, showing possible water plumes erupting from its surface (outside the bottom edge of the moon’s disk.) \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/W. Sparks (STScI))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is exciting news. If the water plumes are real, and supplied by the ocean believed to be hidden under Europa’s icy crust, they may offer a way to probe and analyze the ocean’s composition directly. That could also pave the way for detecting any evidence of life deep below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The likely existence of water on Europa makes it one of NASA’s hotspots in the quest to discover extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Direct exploration of a distant and deep ocean buried beneath layers of ice is currently beyond our capabilities, but missions to send probes through the plumes erupting from Jupiter’s moon are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">NASA’s Europa mission\u003c/a> is set to launch in the 2020’s and the European “\u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/juice/\">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer” (JUICE)\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147103\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2101px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147103\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the European Space Agency's "JUICE" mission to explore Jupiter's icy moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. \" width=\"2101\" height=\"1620\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1.jpg 2101w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-800x617.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-768x592.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1020x786.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1920x1480.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1180x910.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-960x740.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-520x401.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2101px) 100vw, 2101px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the European Space Agency’s “JUICE” mission to explore Jupiter’s icy moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. \u003ccite>(ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/cassini-plunged-into-icy-plumes-of-enceladus/\">NASA’s Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> has already flown through and analyzed similar plumes of water vapor spewing from Saturn’s moon, Enceladus. That’s another hotspot location in NASA’s quest to discover whether life exists elsewhere in our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Evidence of Wate\u003c/strong>r\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists first speculated about the existence of an ocean on Europa when they observed the icy composition of its surface in the late 1970’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, pictures taken by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft of Europa’s so-called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2011/3266.html\">chaos terrain\u003c/a>” showed a peculiar jumbling of cracks and streaks in the ice. These were interpreted as being formed by an icy crust floating atop a deep liquid water ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147104\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain.jpg\" alt=\"Image of "chaos terrain" in Europa's icy crust--visual evidence of the strong possibility that a deep watery ocean exist beneath. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-800x354.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-768x339.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-960x424.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-240x106.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-375x166.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-520x230.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of “chaos terrain” in Europa’s icy crust–visual evidence of the strong possibility that a deep watery ocean exist beneath. \u003ccite>(Galileo/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An even stronger piece of evidence for a hidden ocean comes from NASA’s Galileo mission, which detected a disturbance in Jupiter’s magnetic field coming from Europa. The disturbance could be explained by the interaction of Jupiter’s magnetic field with an electrically conductive fluid inside Europa–such as a saltwater ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Possibility of Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With what’s believed to be a salty ocean thirty or more miles deep and containing two or three times the water of Earth’s oceans, Europa may have the conditions needed to sustain life forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full.png\" alt=\"Artist concept showing a cross section of Europa's icy crust floating atop the suspected water, with crevasses spewing the ocean waters through the surface. \" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-768x576.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-375x281.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept showing a cross section of Europa’s icy crust floating atop the suspected water, with crevasses spewing the ocean waters through the surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it’s not a huge stretch to imagine an environment similar to certain places on Earth where life forms thrive under extremely harsh conditions. We call those organisms “\u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">extremophiles\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether in the coldest bottoms of Antarctic or alpine lakes, or in the scalding hot and toxic waters of geothermal pools, or in pitch blackness on the ocean floor surrounding hydro-thermal vents, Earth’s “extremophiles” have proven they can flourish under extreme conditions that could mirror those on Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember Arthur C. Clarke’s 2010: Odyssey 2, involving a mission to Jupiter and a side-trip to Europa?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The movie\u003cem> \u003c/em>version gave us a brief glimpse of something green emerging from Europa’s ice — the enormous tendril-like vines described in the book that pulled a doomed Chinese spacecraft into the cold dark depths below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark’s science fiction account of Europa made some of us thirsty to explore the moon’s mysterious ocean depths. Yet today, almost thirty-five years later, direct exploration of those waters–say with some form of ice-boring submarine robot–isn’t on the horizon. But scientists \u003cem>are\u003c/em> zeroing in on a better understanding of what lies beneath Europa’s frozen surface. As NASA’s life-searching mantra goes, “Follow the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists have dipped another toe into the mysterious dark waters of Jupiter's moon Europa. Observations made using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have turned up strong evidence of the existence of plumes of water vapor spouting from the southern polar region of the moon's icy surface.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929427,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":831},"headData":{"title":"Vapor Plumes on Jupiter's Moon, Europa, Show New Evidence of Water | KQED","description":"Scientists have dipped another toe into the mysterious dark waters of Jupiter's moon Europa. Observations made using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have turned up strong evidence of the existence of plumes of water vapor spouting from the southern polar region of the moon's icy surface.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1147097/vapor-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa-show-new-evidence-of-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The possibility of an ocean under the frozen surface of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, has tantalized scientists for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now astronomers using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2016/09/26/hubble-possible-water-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa\">are reporting\u003c/a> further evidence of that ocean’s existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On at least three out of ten separate occasions in 2014, scientists at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore report they spotted plumes of water vapor spouting from the southern polar region of the moon’s icy surface. The first ever observation of these suspected plumes was in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1150687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1150687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited.jpg\" alt=\"Ultraviolet Hubble images of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, captured on three separate days, showing possible water plumes erupting from its surface outside the bottom edge of the moon’s disk. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-800x266.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-768x256.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-960x320.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-240x80.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-375x125.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-520x173.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> Hubble telescope images of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, captured on three separate days, showing possible water plumes erupting from its surface (outside the bottom edge of the moon’s disk.) \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/W. Sparks (STScI))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is exciting news. If the water plumes are real, and supplied by the ocean believed to be hidden under Europa’s icy crust, they may offer a way to probe and analyze the ocean’s composition directly. That could also pave the way for detecting any evidence of life deep below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The likely existence of water on Europa makes it one of NASA’s hotspots in the quest to discover extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Direct exploration of a distant and deep ocean buried beneath layers of ice is currently beyond our capabilities, but missions to send probes through the plumes erupting from Jupiter’s moon are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">NASA’s Europa mission\u003c/a> is set to launch in the 2020’s and the European “\u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/juice/\">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer” (JUICE)\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147103\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2101px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147103\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the European Space Agency's "JUICE" mission to explore Jupiter's icy moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. \" width=\"2101\" height=\"1620\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1.jpg 2101w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-800x617.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-768x592.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1020x786.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1920x1480.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1180x910.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-960x740.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-520x401.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2101px) 100vw, 2101px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the European Space Agency’s “JUICE” mission to explore Jupiter’s icy moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. \u003ccite>(ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/cassini-plunged-into-icy-plumes-of-enceladus/\">NASA’s Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> has already flown through and analyzed similar plumes of water vapor spewing from Saturn’s moon, Enceladus. That’s another hotspot location in NASA’s quest to discover whether life exists elsewhere in our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Evidence of Wate\u003c/strong>r\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists first speculated about the existence of an ocean on Europa when they observed the icy composition of its surface in the late 1970’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, pictures taken by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft of Europa’s so-called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2011/3266.html\">chaos terrain\u003c/a>” showed a peculiar jumbling of cracks and streaks in the ice. These were interpreted as being formed by an icy crust floating atop a deep liquid water ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147104\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain.jpg\" alt=\"Image of "chaos terrain" in Europa's icy crust--visual evidence of the strong possibility that a deep watery ocean exist beneath. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-800x354.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-768x339.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-960x424.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-240x106.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-375x166.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-520x230.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of “chaos terrain” in Europa’s icy crust–visual evidence of the strong possibility that a deep watery ocean exist beneath. \u003ccite>(Galileo/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An even stronger piece of evidence for a hidden ocean comes from NASA’s Galileo mission, which detected a disturbance in Jupiter’s magnetic field coming from Europa. The disturbance could be explained by the interaction of Jupiter’s magnetic field with an electrically conductive fluid inside Europa–such as a saltwater ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Possibility of Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With what’s believed to be a salty ocean thirty or more miles deep and containing two or three times the water of Earth’s oceans, Europa may have the conditions needed to sustain life forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full.png\" alt=\"Artist concept showing a cross section of Europa's icy crust floating atop the suspected water, with crevasses spewing the ocean waters through the surface. \" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-768x576.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-375x281.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept showing a cross section of Europa’s icy crust floating atop the suspected water, with crevasses spewing the ocean waters through the surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it’s not a huge stretch to imagine an environment similar to certain places on Earth where life forms thrive under extremely harsh conditions. We call those organisms “\u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">extremophiles\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether in the coldest bottoms of Antarctic or alpine lakes, or in the scalding hot and toxic waters of geothermal pools, or in pitch blackness on the ocean floor surrounding hydro-thermal vents, Earth’s “extremophiles” have proven they can flourish under extreme conditions that could mirror those on Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember Arthur C. Clarke’s 2010: Odyssey 2, involving a mission to Jupiter and a side-trip to Europa?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The movie\u003cem> \u003c/em>version gave us a brief glimpse of something green emerging from Europa’s ice — the enormous tendril-like vines described in the book that pulled a doomed Chinese spacecraft into the cold dark depths below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark’s science fiction account of Europa made some of us thirsty to explore the moon’s mysterious ocean depths. Yet today, almost thirty-five years later, direct exploration of those waters–say with some form of ice-boring submarine robot–isn’t on the horizon. But scientists \u003cem>are\u003c/em> zeroing in on a better understanding of what lies beneath Europa’s frozen surface. As NASA’s life-searching mantra goes, “Follow the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1147097/vapor-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa-show-new-evidence-of-water","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_2356","science_498","science_1064","science_5175","science_843","science_833","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1147099","label":"science"},"science_758960":{"type":"posts","id":"science_758960","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"758960","score":null,"sort":[1467378026000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whats-inside-nasa-spacecraft-to-probe-beneath-jupiters-surface","title":"On July 4, Jupiter Gets Its Close-Up","publishDate":1467378026,"format":"standard","headTitle":"On July 4, Jupiter Gets Its Close-Up | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s farthest-flung solar-powered robotic probe, Juno, has finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6520\">crossed over into Jupiter territory\u003c/a>, where the gravitational attraction of the gas giant planet is stronger than the sun’s. Juno is now on the threshold of a mission that promises to solve many long-standing mysteries about our solar system’s largest planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 4, Juno will become only the second spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, over twenty years after the end of the successful \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equipped to observe not only the outward appearance and composition of Jupiter, Juno’s payload of instrumentation will allow scientists to probe deep beneath the planet’s surface and hopefully solve long standing puzzles about \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMdjAKn_uXw&feature=youtu.be\">Jupiter’s structure, interior conditions\u003c/a> and even its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter may be the largest planet, and the closest of the gas giant worlds in the outer solar system, but that does not mean its secrets have all been revealed to us. Most of Jupiter lies hidden beneath a veil of cloud, a shroud that ordinary cameras cannot see beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759064\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759064\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg\" alt=\"Depiction of Jupiter's vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Depiction of Jupiter’s vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Past robotic missions and telescopic observations have told us a great deal about Jupiter’s cloud-banded outer face, its composition of mostly hydrogen and helium, and its powerful magnetic field — strongest of any planet — that exerts influences well beyond the realm of its more than 67 moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moons as well — in particular the four large “Galilean” moons discovered by Galileo over 400 years ago — have been revealed as remarkably interesting and diverse worlds of their own. One of them, Io, is the most volcanically active object in the solar system, with nearly 400 active volcanoes spewing plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide. Another, Europa, likely hides an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust, perhaps as deep as 30 miles and containing more water than all of Earth’s oceans — making Europa one of the most exciting possibilities for finding some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Juno’s primary mission is to investigate Jupiter itself — and not just its cloud-painted outward face, but the deep dark depths of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/jupiter/en/\">What lies inside Jupiter\u003c/a>? Being a gas giant planet, it is believed that Jupiter is all or mostly atmosphere — or more accurately, fluid: a thick shell of ever-denser hydrogen and helium that the unimaginable pressures deep down force to behave in ways we don’t think of as “gas-like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like--a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change.\" width=\"488\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg 488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like–a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some depth, hydrogen should be compressed to the point where it would become “metallic,” or electrically conductive like a metal, though still fluid — maybe not unlike the liquid metal mercury, which is used in some thermometers. It is thought that Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field is generated by electrical currents within these metallic hydrogen layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is plenty of other \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/29jul_juno2/\">“inside information” about Jupiter\u003c/a> that scientists want to get their hands on. Finding out how much water Jupiter contains may help determine where and how Jupiter originated long ago. Did it form where we find it today — about five times as far from the sun as Earth — or, as a competing theory suggests, did it form farther from the sun and migrate to its present location? Jupiter’s internal water content would be an indication of the environment that produced it, so Juno may help settle this long standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the source of the great storm systems we see on Jupiter, including the famous “Great Red Spot,” a gargantuan anticyclone that has been swirling just south of Jupiter’s equator for at least 300 years? How deep do the influences that generate and sustain these storms go? That’s an easy question to answer on Earth, where the roots of weather systems don’t go much deeper than Earth’s solid and watery surface. But on a planet where the atmosphere may extend many tens of thousands of miles, this is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759062\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759062\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's "Great Red Spot," an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths.\" width=\"640\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot-400x337.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s “Great Red Spot,” an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths. \u003ccite>(Voyager/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what lies at Jupiter’s core? Is there a rocky or metallic core down there under all the hydrogen and helium? Has carbon been compressed over time into diamond crystals that have settled to Jupiter’s center, as some have suggested might be possible?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will orbit Jupiter in a “polar” orbit, circling the planet in a north-south orientation that will carry it repeatedly over Jupiter’s geographic and magnetic polar regions. Juno will make detailed measurements of the powerful magnetic fields that extend into space from within Jupiter, as well as detect tiny fluctuations in Jupiter’s gravitational field authored by internal structures (a little like reading Jupiter’s interior in Braille).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conventional cameras and telescopes cannot see beneath Jupiter’s cloud tops, just as your eyes cannot see through a thick window curtain, the magnetic energy and gravitational variations originating in the interior carry information that we can use to probe those depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will, in effect, probe beyond the planet’s surface appearance and give us a glimpse of what lies inside….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's farthest-flung solar-powered robotic probe, Juno, has finally crossed over into Jupiter territory, where the gravitational attraction of the gas giant planet is stronger than the sun's. Juno is now on the threshold of a mission that promises to solve many long-standing mysteries about our solar system's largest planet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929980,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":964},"headData":{"title":"On July 4, Jupiter Gets Its Close-Up | KQED","description":"NASA's farthest-flung solar-powered robotic probe, Juno, has finally crossed over into Jupiter territory, where the gravitational attraction of the gas giant planet is stronger than the sun's. Juno is now on the threshold of a mission that promises to solve many long-standing mysteries about our solar system's largest planet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/758960/whats-inside-nasa-spacecraft-to-probe-beneath-jupiters-surface","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s farthest-flung solar-powered robotic probe, Juno, has finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6520\">crossed over into Jupiter territory\u003c/a>, where the gravitational attraction of the gas giant planet is stronger than the sun’s. Juno is now on the threshold of a mission that promises to solve many long-standing mysteries about our solar system’s largest planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 4, Juno will become only the second spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, over twenty years after the end of the successful \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equipped to observe not only the outward appearance and composition of Jupiter, Juno’s payload of instrumentation will allow scientists to probe deep beneath the planet’s surface and hopefully solve long standing puzzles about \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMdjAKn_uXw&feature=youtu.be\">Jupiter’s structure, interior conditions\u003c/a> and even its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter may be the largest planet, and the closest of the gas giant worlds in the outer solar system, but that does not mean its secrets have all been revealed to us. Most of Jupiter lies hidden beneath a veil of cloud, a shroud that ordinary cameras cannot see beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759064\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759064\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg\" alt=\"Depiction of Jupiter's vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Depiction of Jupiter’s vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Past robotic missions and telescopic observations have told us a great deal about Jupiter’s cloud-banded outer face, its composition of mostly hydrogen and helium, and its powerful magnetic field — strongest of any planet — that exerts influences well beyond the realm of its more than 67 moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moons as well — in particular the four large “Galilean” moons discovered by Galileo over 400 years ago — have been revealed as remarkably interesting and diverse worlds of their own. One of them, Io, is the most volcanically active object in the solar system, with nearly 400 active volcanoes spewing plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide. Another, Europa, likely hides an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust, perhaps as deep as 30 miles and containing more water than all of Earth’s oceans — making Europa one of the most exciting possibilities for finding some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Juno’s primary mission is to investigate Jupiter itself — and not just its cloud-painted outward face, but the deep dark depths of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/jupiter/en/\">What lies inside Jupiter\u003c/a>? Being a gas giant planet, it is believed that Jupiter is all or mostly atmosphere — or more accurately, fluid: a thick shell of ever-denser hydrogen and helium that the unimaginable pressures deep down force to behave in ways we don’t think of as “gas-like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like--a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change.\" width=\"488\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg 488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like–a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some depth, hydrogen should be compressed to the point where it would become “metallic,” or electrically conductive like a metal, though still fluid — maybe not unlike the liquid metal mercury, which is used in some thermometers. It is thought that Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field is generated by electrical currents within these metallic hydrogen layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is plenty of other \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/29jul_juno2/\">“inside information” about Jupiter\u003c/a> that scientists want to get their hands on. Finding out how much water Jupiter contains may help determine where and how Jupiter originated long ago. Did it form where we find it today — about five times as far from the sun as Earth — or, as a competing theory suggests, did it form farther from the sun and migrate to its present location? Jupiter’s internal water content would be an indication of the environment that produced it, so Juno may help settle this long standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the source of the great storm systems we see on Jupiter, including the famous “Great Red Spot,” a gargantuan anticyclone that has been swirling just south of Jupiter’s equator for at least 300 years? How deep do the influences that generate and sustain these storms go? That’s an easy question to answer on Earth, where the roots of weather systems don’t go much deeper than Earth’s solid and watery surface. But on a planet where the atmosphere may extend many tens of thousands of miles, this is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759062\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759062\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's "Great Red Spot," an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths.\" width=\"640\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot-400x337.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s “Great Red Spot,” an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths. \u003ccite>(Voyager/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what lies at Jupiter’s core? Is there a rocky or metallic core down there under all the hydrogen and helium? Has carbon been compressed over time into diamond crystals that have settled to Jupiter’s center, as some have suggested might be possible?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will orbit Jupiter in a “polar” orbit, circling the planet in a north-south orientation that will carry it repeatedly over Jupiter’s geographic and magnetic polar regions. Juno will make detailed measurements of the powerful magnetic fields that extend into space from within Jupiter, as well as detect tiny fluctuations in Jupiter’s gravitational field authored by internal structures (a little like reading Jupiter’s interior in Braille).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conventional cameras and telescopes cannot see beneath Jupiter’s cloud tops, just as your eyes cannot see through a thick window curtain, the magnetic energy and gravitational variations originating in the interior carry information that we can use to probe those depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will, in effect, probe beyond the planet’s surface appearance and give us a glimpse of what lies inside….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/758960/whats-inside-nasa-spacecraft-to-probe-beneath-jupiters-surface","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1064","science_1056","science_5180","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_759061","label":"science"},"science_43562":{"type":"posts","id":"science_43562","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"43562","score":null,"sort":[1433972275000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-mission-in-the-works-to-explore-the-ocean-of-jupiters-moon-europa","title":"NASA Mission in the Works to Explore the Ocean of Jupiter's Moon Europa","publishDate":1433972275,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Mission in the Works to Explore the Ocean of Jupiter’s Moon Europa | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>A new mission of ocean exploration is in the works—but this one isn’t bound for any place on Earth. It’s a NASA spacecraft destined for a voyage to Jupiter’s icy moon, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/europa/overview.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Europa\u003c/a>, which, though only the size of our own moon, may harbor an ocean twice the size of Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1970’s and early 1990’s, NASA’s Voyager and \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft returned tantalizing images of Europa–pictures that revealed a smooth, icy crust scored with cracks reminiscent of those in sheets of floating sea ice on Earth. These observations led to the exciting speculation that a vast ocean of liquid water lay hidden under a floating crust of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of a body of water five times farther from the sun than the Earth has made Europa one of the most intriguing objects in the solar system, and probably the most likely place for finding some form of life beyond the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa-400x376.jpg\" alt=\"Europa as imaged by NASA's Galileo spacecraft in the early 1990s. (NASA/JPL/DLR)\" width=\"400\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa-400x376.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa.jpg 799w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Europa as imaged by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft in the early 1990s. (NASA/JPL/DLR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The speculation even found its way into fiction, in Arthur C. Clarke’s “2010: Odyssey 2,” with some form of animate photosynthetic tendrils reaching out from a crack in the ice to pull a doomed spacecraft—and most of its crew—into the dark depths below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s new mission to Europa, to be launched in the 2020s, will seek to confirm the existence of Europa’s exo-ocean and assess its suitability as a potential life-friendly environment. Recently, NASA \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-europa-mission-begins-with-selection-of-science-instruments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved a step closer\u003c/a> to realizing this expedition when it selected nine proposed instruments that will form the science payload of the spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will orbit Jupiter in a long, looping orbit that will carry it past Europa on as many as 45 flybys at distances from its surface ranging from 1,700 miles to an ice-scraping 16 miles. During the flybys, it will subject Europa to a barrage of analysis aimed at revealing as much about Europa and its subsurface structure and composition as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mission Instruments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 352px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_plume.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-43566\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_plume-400x518.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a possible water vapor plume erupting from the icy surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. (NASA/ESA/K. Retherford/SWRI)\" width=\"352\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_plume-400x518.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_plume.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 352px) 100vw, 352px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a possible water vapor plume erupting from the icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa. (NASA/ESA/K. Retherford/SWRI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>High-resolution imagery will probe the composition of Europa’s surface, make a detailed study of cracks and other features between shifting ice plates, and search for the source of water vapor plumes observed by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2012—which, if they do exist, and are supplied by the ocean deep below, may serve as a “tap” to sample directly the composition of that ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An infrared camera will look for eruptions of warmer water, while other instruments will sniff for gases and small particles in Europa’s tenuous atmosphere that may have been exuded from the subsurface ocean through plume eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice-penetrating radar will look under Europa’s skin and determine the thickness of its crust of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A magnetometer will measure Europa’s magnetic field in an effort to determine the salinity and the depth of the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43565\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_surface_galileo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43565\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_surface_galileo-400x177.jpg\" alt=\"Europa's icy surfaced as imaged by the Galileo spacecraft in the early 1990s. (Artist concept of NASA's proposed Europa mission. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute)\" width=\"400\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_surface_galileo-400x177.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_surface_galileo.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Europa’s icy surfaced as imaged by the Galileo spacecraft in the early 1990s. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Past observations of Europa, like the snapshots taken by Voyager and Galileo, could merely show us Europa’s surface appearance, leaving us only to speculate on what was going on deep below. Close-up images taken by Galileo display patterns that pique the imagination, giving one impressions of things like ice fans on the surface of a frozen pond, glaciers, Antarctic ice sheets, and ski trails on a snowy slope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s new Europa mission will be more like a full-body scan than a snapshot, giving us a look under the icy crust, and maybe to the bottom of its deep ocean. We can yet only imagine what may exist down there—hydrothermal vents, organic compounds, microbial life, jellyfish?—but this next phase of exploration promises some awesome moments of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new mission of ocean exploration is in the works—but this one isn't bound for any place on Earth. It's a NASA spacecraft destined for a voyage to Jupiter's icy moon, Europa, which, though only the size of our own moon, may harbor an ocean twice the size of Earth'","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931701,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":697},"headData":{"title":"NASA Mission in the Works to Explore the Ocean of Jupiter's Moon Europa | KQED","description":"A new mission of ocean exploration is in the works—but this one isn't bound for any place on Earth. It's a NASA spacecraft destined for a voyage to Jupiter's icy moon, Europa, which, though only the size of our own moon, may harbor an ocean twice the size of Earth'","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/43562/nasa-mission-in-the-works-to-explore-the-ocean-of-jupiters-moon-europa","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new mission of ocean exploration is in the works—but this one isn’t bound for any place on Earth. It’s a NASA spacecraft destined for a voyage to Jupiter’s icy moon, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/europa/overview.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Europa\u003c/a>, which, though only the size of our own moon, may harbor an ocean twice the size of Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1970’s and early 1990’s, NASA’s Voyager and \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft returned tantalizing images of Europa–pictures that revealed a smooth, icy crust scored with cracks reminiscent of those in sheets of floating sea ice on Earth. These observations led to the exciting speculation that a vast ocean of liquid water lay hidden under a floating crust of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of a body of water five times farther from the sun than the Earth has made Europa one of the most intriguing objects in the solar system, and probably the most likely place for finding some form of life beyond the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa-400x376.jpg\" alt=\"Europa as imaged by NASA's Galileo spacecraft in the early 1990s. (NASA/JPL/DLR)\" width=\"400\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa-400x376.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa.jpg 799w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Europa as imaged by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft in the early 1990s. (NASA/JPL/DLR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The speculation even found its way into fiction, in Arthur C. Clarke’s “2010: Odyssey 2,” with some form of animate photosynthetic tendrils reaching out from a crack in the ice to pull a doomed spacecraft—and most of its crew—into the dark depths below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s new mission to Europa, to be launched in the 2020s, will seek to confirm the existence of Europa’s exo-ocean and assess its suitability as a potential life-friendly environment. Recently, NASA \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-europa-mission-begins-with-selection-of-science-instruments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved a step closer\u003c/a> to realizing this expedition when it selected nine proposed instruments that will form the science payload of the spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will orbit Jupiter in a long, looping orbit that will carry it past Europa on as many as 45 flybys at distances from its surface ranging from 1,700 miles to an ice-scraping 16 miles. During the flybys, it will subject Europa to a barrage of analysis aimed at revealing as much about Europa and its subsurface structure and composition as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mission Instruments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 352px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_plume.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-43566\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_plume-400x518.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a possible water vapor plume erupting from the icy surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. (NASA/ESA/K. Retherford/SWRI)\" width=\"352\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_plume-400x518.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_plume.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 352px) 100vw, 352px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a possible water vapor plume erupting from the icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa. (NASA/ESA/K. Retherford/SWRI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>High-resolution imagery will probe the composition of Europa’s surface, make a detailed study of cracks and other features between shifting ice plates, and search for the source of water vapor plumes observed by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2012—which, if they do exist, and are supplied by the ocean deep below, may serve as a “tap” to sample directly the composition of that ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An infrared camera will look for eruptions of warmer water, while other instruments will sniff for gases and small particles in Europa’s tenuous atmosphere that may have been exuded from the subsurface ocean through plume eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice-penetrating radar will look under Europa’s skin and determine the thickness of its crust of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A magnetometer will measure Europa’s magnetic field in an effort to determine the salinity and the depth of the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43565\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_surface_galileo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43565\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_surface_galileo-400x177.jpg\" alt=\"Europa's icy surfaced as imaged by the Galileo spacecraft in the early 1990s. (Artist concept of NASA's proposed Europa mission. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute)\" width=\"400\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_surface_galileo-400x177.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/europa_surface_galileo.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Europa’s icy surfaced as imaged by the Galileo spacecraft in the early 1990s. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Past observations of Europa, like the snapshots taken by Voyager and Galileo, could merely show us Europa’s surface appearance, leaving us only to speculate on what was going on deep below. Close-up images taken by Galileo display patterns that pique the imagination, giving one impressions of things like ice fans on the surface of a frozen pond, glaciers, Antarctic ice sheets, and ski trails on a snowy slope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s new Europa mission will be more like a full-body scan than a snapshot, giving us a look under the icy crust, and maybe to the bottom of its deep ocean. We can yet only imagine what may exist down there—hydrothermal vents, organic compounds, microbial life, jellyfish?—but this next phase of exploration promises some awesome moments of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/43562/nasa-mission-in-the-works-to-explore-the-ocean-of-jupiters-moon-europa","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1064","science_5180","science_5175","science_843"],"featImg":"science_43564","label":"science"},"science_28259":{"type":"posts","id":"science_28259","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"28259","score":null,"sort":[1426865708000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cassini-detects-signs-of-conditions-friendly-to-life","title":"Cassini Detects Signs of Conditions Friendly to Life","publishDate":1426865708,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Cassini Detects Signs of Conditions Friendly to Life | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28260\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA19058_hires-cr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA19058_hires-cr.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway illustration of Saturn's moon Enceladus, showing subsurface ocean and surface water vapor plumes (NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This cutaway illustration of Saturn’s moon Enceladus shows a subsurface ocean with hydrothermal activity, where water interacts with heat deep inside the moon, and erupts through the surface in plumes of vapor. (Cassini/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s an exciting time to be an astrobiologist looking for life beyond Earth, with signs of water spouting up all over the solar system. In the latest example, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has delivered clear evidence that, far beneath the icy crust of Saturn’s small moon Enceladus, hydrothermal activity may be at work, similar to what we find in some life-friendly environments on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes three leading contenders for bodies in our solar system that possess life-friendly conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon Europa hides under its icy crust what may be the largest ocean in the solar system, and there has been a renewed interest in \u003ca title=\"NASA planning a mission to explore Europa's ocean\" href=\"http://www.demanjo.com/news/science/607662/nasa-plans-life-searching-mission-on-jupiter%E2%80%99s-satellite-europa.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mounting a mission\u003c/a> to explore it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And NASA’s Curiosity rover continues to quench our thirst for finding signs of liquid water in Mars’ distant past. Curiosity is currently \u003ca title=\"NASA/Curiosity drilling for signs of ancient water\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1782\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prospecting the water-deposited sedimentary layers\u003c/a> on Mount Sharp, left behind by ancient surface seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28265\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA17184_hires-sm.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28265\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA17184_hires-sm.jpg\" alt=\"Water vapor plumes erupting from Saturn's moon Enceladus (Cassini/NASA)\" width=\"320\" height=\"186\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water vapor plumes erupting from Saturn’s moon Enceladus. (Cassini/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It has been a decade since Cassini first captured images of plumes of material erupting from great fissures in the icy crust of Enceladus, material that it later identified as water mixed with smaller amounts of nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. These plumes told us there was liquid water beneath the surface. We thought at the time that the water may be held in some kind of geyser chamber heated and pressurized by tidal energy supplied by Saturn’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over its decade of exploration Cassini’s Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) instrument has also repeatedly detected microscopic solid particles flying about the Saturn system. Researchers have identified the particles as silica grains — the same material found in sand and quartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very consistent sizes of the particles (the largest between 6 and 9 nanometers) has led scientists to conclude that they were produced by a very specific process: hot, alkaline liquid water super-saturated with minerals experiencing a sudden and drastic drop in temperature. Where, it was asked, might these conditions exist in the Saturn system, and by what mechanism would the silica grains be delivered into space, where Cassini detected them? Enceladus, with its liquid water ocean and water vapor plumes spraying into space, satisfies both of these questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar conditions exist here on Earth. On the floor of our ocean, usually at the boundaries of crustal plates, are found \u003ca title=\"Hydrothermal vents\" href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a>. These are underwater hot springs formed when seawater, percolating into the ocean floor, comes into contact with hot magma. Plumes of hot water erupt through vents in the ocean floor, carrying dissolved minerals. Some of those minerals solidify on contacting cold ocean water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28267\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/whitesmokers_noaa.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28267\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/whitesmokers_noaa.jpg\" alt='\"White smokers\"--hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor (NOAA)' width=\"350\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White smokers — hydrothermal vents on Earth’s ocean floor (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mineral structures that build up around the vents, along with the smoke-like plumes that spout from them, are called \u003ca title=\"Black smokers and white smokers\" href=\"http://hydrothermalventszcrenshaw.weebly.com/black--white-smokers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“black smokers” and “white smokers.”\u003c/a> Black smokers form around hotter hydrothermal vents, and get their black color from iron monosulfide. The less common white smokers form around cooler vents, their white color coming from chemicals like barium, calcium, and silicon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These deep ocean smokers create environments that support life: communities of organisms sustained entirely by heat and chemical energy coming from Earth’s interior, no sunlight required! And though the life forms found around the vents probably originated from Earth’s sunlit surface, this does not rule out a genesis scenario where life might originate within such an environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where \u003ca title=\"NASA/Cassini detects hydrothermal activity on Enceladus\" href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/spacecraft-data-suggest-saturn-moons-ocean-may-harbor-hydrothermal-activity/#.VQcQYtLF98F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s discovery\u003c/a> gets really exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis of the silica grains detected by Cassini indicate that hydrothermal activity similar to that on Earth is taking place on the floor of Enceladus’ ocean, where water, under great pressure at depth, interacts with heat and minerals emerging from the moon’s interior. For the hydrothermal vents to produce these particular silica grains, the temperatures must be at least 194 degrees Fahrenheit. If not super-hot black smokers, might Enceladus have something like our own white smokers going on?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibilities are tantalizing. Finding even one microbe out there would, in an instant, resolve one of the most profound scientific, philosophical, and human questions of all time: are we alone? That question was once phrased, “Is there life out there?” These days, it’s starting to sound more like, “How many places will we find it?”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Far beneath the icy crust of Saturn's small moon Enceladus, hydrothermal activity may be at work, activity similar to what is found in some life-friendly environments on Earth.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932106,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":792},"headData":{"title":"Cassini Detects Signs of Conditions Friendly to Life | KQED","description":"Far beneath the icy crust of Saturn's small moon Enceladus, hydrothermal activity may be at work, activity similar to what is found in some life-friendly environments on Earth.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/28259/cassini-detects-signs-of-conditions-friendly-to-life","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28260\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA19058_hires-cr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA19058_hires-cr.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway illustration of Saturn's moon Enceladus, showing subsurface ocean and surface water vapor plumes (NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This cutaway illustration of Saturn’s moon Enceladus shows a subsurface ocean with hydrothermal activity, where water interacts with heat deep inside the moon, and erupts through the surface in plumes of vapor. (Cassini/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s an exciting time to be an astrobiologist looking for life beyond Earth, with signs of water spouting up all over the solar system. In the latest example, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has delivered clear evidence that, far beneath the icy crust of Saturn’s small moon Enceladus, hydrothermal activity may be at work, similar to what we find in some life-friendly environments on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes three leading contenders for bodies in our solar system that possess life-friendly conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon Europa hides under its icy crust what may be the largest ocean in the solar system, and there has been a renewed interest in \u003ca title=\"NASA planning a mission to explore Europa's ocean\" href=\"http://www.demanjo.com/news/science/607662/nasa-plans-life-searching-mission-on-jupiter%E2%80%99s-satellite-europa.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mounting a mission\u003c/a> to explore it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And NASA’s Curiosity rover continues to quench our thirst for finding signs of liquid water in Mars’ distant past. Curiosity is currently \u003ca title=\"NASA/Curiosity drilling for signs of ancient water\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1782\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prospecting the water-deposited sedimentary layers\u003c/a> on Mount Sharp, left behind by ancient surface seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28265\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA17184_hires-sm.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28265\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA17184_hires-sm.jpg\" alt=\"Water vapor plumes erupting from Saturn's moon Enceladus (Cassini/NASA)\" width=\"320\" height=\"186\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water vapor plumes erupting from Saturn’s moon Enceladus. (Cassini/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It has been a decade since Cassini first captured images of plumes of material erupting from great fissures in the icy crust of Enceladus, material that it later identified as water mixed with smaller amounts of nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. These plumes told us there was liquid water beneath the surface. We thought at the time that the water may be held in some kind of geyser chamber heated and pressurized by tidal energy supplied by Saturn’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over its decade of exploration Cassini’s Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) instrument has also repeatedly detected microscopic solid particles flying about the Saturn system. Researchers have identified the particles as silica grains — the same material found in sand and quartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very consistent sizes of the particles (the largest between 6 and 9 nanometers) has led scientists to conclude that they were produced by a very specific process: hot, alkaline liquid water super-saturated with minerals experiencing a sudden and drastic drop in temperature. Where, it was asked, might these conditions exist in the Saturn system, and by what mechanism would the silica grains be delivered into space, where Cassini detected them? Enceladus, with its liquid water ocean and water vapor plumes spraying into space, satisfies both of these questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar conditions exist here on Earth. On the floor of our ocean, usually at the boundaries of crustal plates, are found \u003ca title=\"Hydrothermal vents\" href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a>. These are underwater hot springs formed when seawater, percolating into the ocean floor, comes into contact with hot magma. Plumes of hot water erupt through vents in the ocean floor, carrying dissolved minerals. Some of those minerals solidify on contacting cold ocean water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28267\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/whitesmokers_noaa.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28267\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/whitesmokers_noaa.jpg\" alt='\"White smokers\"--hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor (NOAA)' width=\"350\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White smokers — hydrothermal vents on Earth’s ocean floor (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mineral structures that build up around the vents, along with the smoke-like plumes that spout from them, are called \u003ca title=\"Black smokers and white smokers\" href=\"http://hydrothermalventszcrenshaw.weebly.com/black--white-smokers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“black smokers” and “white smokers.”\u003c/a> Black smokers form around hotter hydrothermal vents, and get their black color from iron monosulfide. The less common white smokers form around cooler vents, their white color coming from chemicals like barium, calcium, and silicon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These deep ocean smokers create environments that support life: communities of organisms sustained entirely by heat and chemical energy coming from Earth’s interior, no sunlight required! And though the life forms found around the vents probably originated from Earth’s sunlit surface, this does not rule out a genesis scenario where life might originate within such an environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where \u003ca title=\"NASA/Cassini detects hydrothermal activity on Enceladus\" href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/spacecraft-data-suggest-saturn-moons-ocean-may-harbor-hydrothermal-activity/#.VQcQYtLF98F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s discovery\u003c/a> gets really exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis of the silica grains detected by Cassini indicate that hydrothermal activity similar to that on Earth is taking place on the floor of Enceladus’ ocean, where water, under great pressure at depth, interacts with heat and minerals emerging from the moon’s interior. For the hydrothermal vents to produce these particular silica grains, the temperatures must be at least 194 degrees Fahrenheit. If not super-hot black smokers, might Enceladus have something like our own white smokers going on?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibilities are tantalizing. Finding even one microbe out there would, in an instant, resolve one of the most profound scientific, philosophical, and human questions of all time: are we alone? That question was once phrased, “Is there life out there?” These days, it’s starting to sound more like, “How many places will we find it?”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/28259/cassini-detects-signs-of-conditions-friendly-to-life","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_29"],"tags":["science_2356","science_498","science_330","science_503","science_1064","science_5180","science_5179","science_5175","science_309","science_201"],"featImg":"science_28260","label":"science"},"science_12859":{"type":"posts","id":"science_12859","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"12859","score":null,"sort":[1389377941000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"opposition-of-jupiter-bright-beauty-in-the-sky","title":"Opposition of Jupiter: Bright Beauty in the Sky","publishDate":1389377941,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Opposition of Jupiter: Bright Beauty in the Sky | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12860\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/jupiter-illust-nasa-jpl.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12860\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/jupiter-illust-nasa-jpl.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of Jupiter from the surface of Europa. NASA/JPL\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of Jupiter from the surface of Europa. NASA/JPL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The planet Jupiter is once again a \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/tonight/earth-passes-between-jupiter-and-sun-on-january-5-2014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source of surprise and wonder\u003c/a> to many a night-sky-gazer, as it has been many times since before recorded history, refreshing the age-old human experience of this bright celestial beacon as a “wandering star” ever on the move among the stars. Jupiter forms one vertex of a triangle with the stars Castor and Pollux—the twins of Gemini–high in the eastern sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have received more than a few emails and phone calls from inquisitive people prompted by the sighting of a “UFO” high in the east. None of them suggested that they had seen a flying saucer, but were nevertheless mystified. In fact a couple of people were quite insistent that the apparition was certainly not a star or a planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I understand the feeling; the same thing happened to me in my teens when I happened to look up one night and see, as if for the first time, the star \u003ca title=\"First Star I See--In My Life!\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/first-star-i-see-in-my-life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sirius\u003c/a>, the brightest star in the night sky. It was so bright, and flashed prismatically with so many colors as its light sliced through Earth’s atmosphere, that I could barely believe I was looking at a normal star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we look up and see something we may not have noticed before, or which may be presented in an unusually prominent situation, we can be quite puzzled by what we are viewing–even though it might be something we have seen before, but in a different light. Even as our brains try to classify the object–as a bright planet, a bright star, or maybe even an exploding star (which is one of the possibilities I assigned to Sirius on that night long ago)–the wonder and awe we feel can be electrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 404 years ago this week that \u003ca title=\"The Galileo Project\" href=\"http://galileo.rice.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo Galilei\u003c/a> experienced the puzzlement and awe of a new celestial wonder—and in this case it was truly something that neither he nor anyone else had ever beheld. The invention of the telescope was brand new, and its use as a tool to scry the hidden secrets of the heavens even newer, Galileo being the first to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 1610, Galileo aimed his telescope at Jupiter and discovered its large moons, the \u003ca title=\"The Galilean Moons\" href=\"http://lasp.colorado.edu/education/outerplanets/moons_galilean.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileans\u003c/a>, which are just beyond the grasp of the unaided human eye to perceive. At first he thought the tiny dots might be background stars, but in the course of observing them on subsequent nights Galileo saw that not only did they move with Jupiter, they constantly changed their relative positions as they apparently orbited the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After visits by seven spacecraft—six fly-by missions and one orbiter, the \u003ca title=\"The Galileo Mission\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo probe\u003c/a>—we have revealed many of the wondrous secrets about Jupiter and its moons. Not only is Jupiter by far the largest planet in our solar system, containing more matter than the rest of the planets combined, it possesses the largest moon (Ganymede), the most volcanically active body (Io), the oldest surface (Callisto), and the greatest known liquid-water ocean (Europa). The adventure continues with NASA’s \u003ca title=\"Juno Spacecraft Flies By Earth\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Juno \u003c/a>spacecraft, currently on its final course to enter orbit around Jupiter in 2015 on a mission to study its polar regions and even probe the yet unseen reaches of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galileo’s report of seeing Jupiter’s moons must have been like a modern UFO sighting—though in his time it was agents of the church in Rome, and not men-in-black driving unmarked vans, who showed up to silence the witness.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The planet Jupiter is once again a source of surprise and wonder to many who gaze up at the night sky.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934404,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":621},"headData":{"title":"Opposition of Jupiter: Bright Beauty in the Sky | KQED","description":"The planet Jupiter is once again a source of surprise and wonder to many who gaze up at the night sky.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/12859/opposition-of-jupiter-bright-beauty-in-the-sky","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12860\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/jupiter-illust-nasa-jpl.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12860\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/jupiter-illust-nasa-jpl.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of Jupiter from the surface of Europa. NASA/JPL\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of Jupiter from the surface of Europa. NASA/JPL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The planet Jupiter is once again a \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/tonight/earth-passes-between-jupiter-and-sun-on-january-5-2014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source of surprise and wonder\u003c/a> to many a night-sky-gazer, as it has been many times since before recorded history, refreshing the age-old human experience of this bright celestial beacon as a “wandering star” ever on the move among the stars. Jupiter forms one vertex of a triangle with the stars Castor and Pollux—the twins of Gemini–high in the eastern sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have received more than a few emails and phone calls from inquisitive people prompted by the sighting of a “UFO” high in the east. None of them suggested that they had seen a flying saucer, but were nevertheless mystified. In fact a couple of people were quite insistent that the apparition was certainly not a star or a planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I understand the feeling; the same thing happened to me in my teens when I happened to look up one night and see, as if for the first time, the star \u003ca title=\"First Star I See--In My Life!\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/first-star-i-see-in-my-life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sirius\u003c/a>, the brightest star in the night sky. It was so bright, and flashed prismatically with so many colors as its light sliced through Earth’s atmosphere, that I could barely believe I was looking at a normal star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we look up and see something we may not have noticed before, or which may be presented in an unusually prominent situation, we can be quite puzzled by what we are viewing–even though it might be something we have seen before, but in a different light. Even as our brains try to classify the object–as a bright planet, a bright star, or maybe even an exploding star (which is one of the possibilities I assigned to Sirius on that night long ago)–the wonder and awe we feel can be electrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 404 years ago this week that \u003ca title=\"The Galileo Project\" href=\"http://galileo.rice.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo Galilei\u003c/a> experienced the puzzlement and awe of a new celestial wonder—and in this case it was truly something that neither he nor anyone else had ever beheld. The invention of the telescope was brand new, and its use as a tool to scry the hidden secrets of the heavens even newer, Galileo being the first to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 1610, Galileo aimed his telescope at Jupiter and discovered its large moons, the \u003ca title=\"The Galilean Moons\" href=\"http://lasp.colorado.edu/education/outerplanets/moons_galilean.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileans\u003c/a>, which are just beyond the grasp of the unaided human eye to perceive. At first he thought the tiny dots might be background stars, but in the course of observing them on subsequent nights Galileo saw that not only did they move with Jupiter, they constantly changed their relative positions as they apparently orbited the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After visits by seven spacecraft—six fly-by missions and one orbiter, the \u003ca title=\"The Galileo Mission\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo probe\u003c/a>—we have revealed many of the wondrous secrets about Jupiter and its moons. Not only is Jupiter by far the largest planet in our solar system, containing more matter than the rest of the planets combined, it possesses the largest moon (Ganymede), the most volcanically active body (Io), the oldest surface (Callisto), and the greatest known liquid-water ocean (Europa). The adventure continues with NASA’s \u003ca title=\"Juno Spacecraft Flies By Earth\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Juno \u003c/a>spacecraft, currently on its final course to enter orbit around Jupiter in 2015 on a mission to study its polar regions and even probe the yet unseen reaches of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galileo’s report of seeing Jupiter’s moons must have been like a modern UFO sighting—though in his time it was agents of the church in Rome, and not men-in-black driving unmarked vans, who showed up to silence the witness.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/12859/opposition-of-jupiter-bright-beauty-in-the-sky","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1064","science_1056","science_5180","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_12860","label":"science"},"science_11980":{"type":"posts","id":"science_11980","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"11980","score":null,"sort":[1386895034000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"jupiters-moon-has-vast-geysers-says-nasa","title":"Jupiter's Moon Has Vast Geysers, Says NASA","publishDate":1386895034,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Jupiter’s Moon Has Vast Geysers, Says NASA | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/artistsconcept_13-371.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11981\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11981 \" title=\"Vapor plumes on Europa\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/artistsconcept_13-371.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"404\" height=\"523\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s concept of a giant geyser erupting from the icy surface of Europa, about 500 million miles from the sun. (NASA/ESA/K)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today in San Francisco, NASA scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/december/hubble-space-telescope-sees-evidence-of-water-vapor-venting-off-jovian-moon/#.Uqnyz439qmE\">announced\u003c/a> that Europa — one of dozens of moons belonging to the largest planet in our solar system, Jupiter – appears to have giant geysers erupting from its southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The existence of geysers bolsters the current belief that Europa’s icy crust covers a vast saltwater ocean, possibly with underwater volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there’s life swimming around down there, the geysers are most certainly spewing it onto Europa’s surface and into the atmosphere — at a rate of approximately seven tons of material per second — where future NASA missions might be able to grab and study it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the vapor comes from the oceans below, then we have a new way to explore its composition,” said NASA’s Kurt Retherford, also of Southwest Research Institute, speaking at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Who would have thought that a moon around a giant planet could have the conditions necessary for life to begin?” – James Green, NASA\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The observations come from the Hubble Space Telescope’s spectrograph, which captures ultraviolet images. They wouldn’t have been possible without astronauts who, in 2009, completed one of the longest \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/6712-astronauts-repair-key-hubble-device-tough-spacewalk.html\">space walks\u003c/a> in history — over eight hours — to fix the instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long suspected that Europa could harbor life. But without a way to puncture the moon’s thick icy crust, further understanding seemed elusive. The vapor plumes could change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists have only spotted the plumes at Europa’s south pole, but north pole plumes may exist as well, said scientists at the press conference. “We want to explore those too,” said James Green, NASA’s Chief of Planetary Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plumes appear to come and go as the moon is influenced by Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When Europa gets close to Jupiter,” said Francis Nimmo, a professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at UC Santa Cruz, the moon “gets stretched and the poles get squished. And so when the poles are getting squished, all the cracks close up. And then as it moves further away, it becomes unsquished, the poles move outwards. And that’s when the cracks open.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/pia17657-full.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11985\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11985 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/pia17657-full.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's concept of an explosion on Europa's surface resulting from an impact from a space rock. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\" width=\"278\" height=\"289\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s concept of an explosion on Europa’s surface resulting from an impact from a space rock. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With its liquid water and internal heat source, Europa is starting to look like one of, if not the best, candidate for finding extra-terrestrial life in our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes as a surprise to astronomers who long believed the solar system’s “habitable zone” — where heat from the sun would allow for the presence of liquid water — ended at Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we saw Europa and realized that it had the energy, the organics, and certainly the water,” said Green, “it changed our ideas to where habitable zones can exist. We now believe habitable zones can exist around these large planets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A spectacular collision with an asteroid or comet could have delivered the building blocks of life.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This week scientists also announced new findings based on 15-year old data collected by NASA’s Galileo Mission, showing that clay-type minerals on Europa’s surface appear to have been delivered by a spectacular collision with an asteroid or comet about the size of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/meet-comet-ison-our-icyfiery-visitor-from-the-oort-cloud/\">Comet ISON\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That object may have delivered organic materials that could, over time, give rise to life in Europa’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Shirley, a research scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, says if life exists on Europa, it might be comparable to life found near deep-sea vents here on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know on Earth that life can evolve in the absence of light, with the right chemistry,” said Shirley. “And so one of the questions about this is how would we get carbon, the building blocks of life, into the ocean? And we have evidence now that impacts can bring the carbon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the energy, the water, and now organics,” said Green, “that really means life could exist on Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One mission, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Clipper\u003c/a>, currently in the concept stage, could send a spacecraft into Europa’s plumes to sample and analyze the vapor and any traces of life. But with an estimated price tag of several billion dollars – similar to the cost of the Curiosity Mars Rover – that mission could be a decade off, or more, said Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If there’s life swimming around in Europa's ice-covered oceans, the geysers are most certainly spewing it into the atmosphere, where future NASA missions might be able to grab and study it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934554,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":815},"headData":{"title":"Jupiter's Moon Has Vast Geysers, Says NASA | KQED","description":"If there’s life swimming around in Europa's ice-covered oceans, the geysers are most certainly spewing it into the atmosphere, where future NASA missions might be able to grab and study it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/11980/jupiters-moon-has-vast-geysers-says-nasa","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/artistsconcept_13-371.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11981\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11981 \" title=\"Vapor plumes on Europa\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/artistsconcept_13-371.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"404\" height=\"523\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s concept of a giant geyser erupting from the icy surface of Europa, about 500 million miles from the sun. (NASA/ESA/K)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today in San Francisco, NASA scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/december/hubble-space-telescope-sees-evidence-of-water-vapor-venting-off-jovian-moon/#.Uqnyz439qmE\">announced\u003c/a> that Europa — one of dozens of moons belonging to the largest planet in our solar system, Jupiter – appears to have giant geysers erupting from its southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The existence of geysers bolsters the current belief that Europa’s icy crust covers a vast saltwater ocean, possibly with underwater volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there’s life swimming around down there, the geysers are most certainly spewing it onto Europa’s surface and into the atmosphere — at a rate of approximately seven tons of material per second — where future NASA missions might be able to grab and study it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the vapor comes from the oceans below, then we have a new way to explore its composition,” said NASA’s Kurt Retherford, also of Southwest Research Institute, speaking at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Who would have thought that a moon around a giant planet could have the conditions necessary for life to begin?” – James Green, NASA\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The observations come from the Hubble Space Telescope’s spectrograph, which captures ultraviolet images. They wouldn’t have been possible without astronauts who, in 2009, completed one of the longest \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/6712-astronauts-repair-key-hubble-device-tough-spacewalk.html\">space walks\u003c/a> in history — over eight hours — to fix the instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long suspected that Europa could harbor life. But without a way to puncture the moon’s thick icy crust, further understanding seemed elusive. The vapor plumes could change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists have only spotted the plumes at Europa’s south pole, but north pole plumes may exist as well, said scientists at the press conference. “We want to explore those too,” said James Green, NASA’s Chief of Planetary Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plumes appear to come and go as the moon is influenced by Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When Europa gets close to Jupiter,” said Francis Nimmo, a professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at UC Santa Cruz, the moon “gets stretched and the poles get squished. And so when the poles are getting squished, all the cracks close up. And then as it moves further away, it becomes unsquished, the poles move outwards. And that’s when the cracks open.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/pia17657-full.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11985\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11985 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/pia17657-full.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's concept of an explosion on Europa's surface resulting from an impact from a space rock. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\" width=\"278\" height=\"289\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s concept of an explosion on Europa’s surface resulting from an impact from a space rock. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With its liquid water and internal heat source, Europa is starting to look like one of, if not the best, candidate for finding extra-terrestrial life in our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes as a surprise to astronomers who long believed the solar system’s “habitable zone” — where heat from the sun would allow for the presence of liquid water — ended at Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we saw Europa and realized that it had the energy, the organics, and certainly the water,” said Green, “it changed our ideas to where habitable zones can exist. We now believe habitable zones can exist around these large planets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A spectacular collision with an asteroid or comet could have delivered the building blocks of life.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This week scientists also announced new findings based on 15-year old data collected by NASA’s Galileo Mission, showing that clay-type minerals on Europa’s surface appear to have been delivered by a spectacular collision with an asteroid or comet about the size of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/meet-comet-ison-our-icyfiery-visitor-from-the-oort-cloud/\">Comet ISON\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That object may have delivered organic materials that could, over time, give rise to life in Europa’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Shirley, a research scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, says if life exists on Europa, it might be comparable to life found near deep-sea vents here on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know on Earth that life can evolve in the absence of light, with the right chemistry,” said Shirley. “And so one of the questions about this is how would we get carbon, the building blocks of life, into the ocean? And we have evidence now that impacts can bring the carbon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the energy, the water, and now organics,” said Green, “that really means life could exist on Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One mission, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Clipper\u003c/a>, currently in the concept stage, could send a spacecraft into Europa’s plumes to sample and analyze the vapor and any traces of life. But with an estimated price tag of several billion dollars – similar to the cost of the Curiosity Mars Rover – that mission could be a decade off, or more, said Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/11980/jupiters-moon-has-vast-geysers-says-nasa","authors":["210"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1064","science_351","science_5175","science_922"],"featImg":"science_11987","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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