NASA to Launch a Telescope Bigger and More Powerful Than Hubble
Perseverance Pays Off: First Successful Rock Collection from Mars Complete
After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter
Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water
On the Eve of Retirement, Cassini to Deliver Final Images of Saturn
Hubble Successor, The Largest Space Telescope, Is Closer to Launch
How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past
Three Current Space Missions You May Not Know About
Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016
Sponsored
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","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/rosetta-philae-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/rosetta-philae-800x450.jpg","width":800,"height":450,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/rosetta-philae-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/rosetta-philae-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/rosetta-philae-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/rosetta-philae-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/rosetta-philae-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/rosetta-philae-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/rosetta-philae.jpg","width":800,"height":450}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | 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FM","link":"/"}},"science_1977771":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1977771","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1977771","score":null,"sort":[1638231605000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-to-launch-a-telescope-bigger-and-more-powerful-than-hubble","title":"NASA to Launch a Telescope Bigger and More Powerful Than Hubble","publishDate":1638231605,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA to Launch a Telescope Bigger and More Powerful Than Hubble | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA is performing the final physical exam on its James Webb Space Telescope, the long-awaited successor of the venerable Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency will launch the telescope on a European \u003ca href=\"https://www.arianespace.com/vehicle/ariane-5/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Ariane 5 rocket\u003c/a> from French Guiana, sending it into space on a historic mission to probe currently unobservable reaches of our universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally scheduled to launch on Dec. 18, NASA experienced a hiccup during its launch preparations — what the agency is describing as an “\u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/launch-of-nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-delayed-after-incident/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">incident”\u003c/a> — and delayed liftoff until no earlier than Dec. 22 to give engineers time to ensure flight readiness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope’s destination is a million miles from Earth, a long voyage to a lofty vantage point from where it will peer farther into the universe than we have ever seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its many mission goals, the James Webb Space Telescope will explore how \u003ca href=\"https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">early galaxies formed\u003c/a> and evolved, probe the atmospheres of distant \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> looking for the chemical signatures of life, observe the \u003ca href=\"https://hubblesite.org/hubble-30th-anniversary/hubbles-exciting-universe/beholding-the-birth-and-death-of-stars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">birth of new stars\u003c/a>, and stare down the ominous darkness of galactic \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucr.edu/articles/2021/06/16/how-supermassive-black-hole-originates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">supermassive black holes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977778 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1340\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-1020x667.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-768x503.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-1536x1005.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-1920x1256.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The primary mirror of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, a multi-mirror array of 18 hexagonal sections, which combined are 6.5 meters across. The mirror array will capture more than five times as much light as the Hubble Space Telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA/Desiree Stover)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The observatory is named after \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/whoIsJamesWebb.html\">James E. Webb\u003c/a>, who led NASA from 1961 to 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A high bar for discovery\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://hubblesite.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> has operated for over three decades, orbiting close to home at roughly 300 miles from Earth’s surface and setting\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/2017/highlights-of-hubble-s-exploration-of-the-universe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> a high bar\u003c/a> for future space discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope made thousands of observations with its \u003ca href=\"https://hubblesite.org/mission-and-telescope/the-telescope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2.4-meter telescope\u003c/a>, delivering jaw-dropping revelations about the size, age, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/mystery-of-the-universe-s-expansion-rate-widens-with-new-hubble-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">expansion\u003c/a>, and evolution of the universe. As well as the birth and death of stars, the formation of planets, and many hidden wonders spread across our own solar system. It’s fair to say that no other observatory, ground- or space-based, has revealed more about the cosmos than Hubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/observatory/ote/mirrors/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">telescope mirror\u003c/a> is much larger than Hubble’s at 6.5-meters and can collect over five times the amount of light, enabling it to probe distances and scales of the universe where Hubble sees only darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telescopes let us look back in time, since it takes the light emitted by distant objects time to reach us. Hubble captured images of distant galaxies as they appeared about 13.5 billion years ago, when the universe — which \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/ast25may99_1\">Hubble itself determined\u003c/a> to be 13.8 billion years old — was still in the early stages of forming galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb telescope will look further and deeper into the past, observing infant galaxies as they were only 200 million years after the universe was born in the \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Big Bang\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within our galaxy, it will probe \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2021/hubble-spots-swirls-of-dust-in-the-flame-nebula\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">giant molecular clouds\u003c/a> to see as never before how primordial star systems and planets formed, providing insight to how our own solar system and planet came to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even closer to home, NASA’s new flagship space telescope will follow up on new discoveries of \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1674/nasas-tess-discovers-new-worlds-in-a-river-of-young-stars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> by measuring their atmospheres, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1577/a-new-view-of-exoplanets-with-webb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">looking for signs\u003c/a> of water and the chemical telltales of possible extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA developed the James Webb telescope in partnership with the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Not just a larger Hubble\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>NASA’s new telescope is different from Hubble in several ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977777\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Eagle Nebula, a molecular cloud in which new stars are being born. The left image was captured in visible light, while the right is an infrared image revealing heat sources that penetrate obscuring dust, allowing us to peer within. Both images were captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While Hubble focused on the visible light emitted by stars, nebulas, galaxies and more, the Webb telescope will specialize in \u003ca href=\"https://webbtelescope.org/webb-science/the-observatory/infrared-astronomy\">infrared astronomy\u003c/a>, collecting and analyzing lower energy electromagnetic radiation. Not only will this allow the study of cooler objects and materials, like atmospheres of distant planets and clouds of gas and dust that give birth to new star systems, it will open a window on an infrared universe. Here, observations from Earth’s surface cannot access since the atmosphere blocks most wavelengths of infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will not orbit Earth as Hubble does. Instead, it will circle the sun at Earth’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Herschel/L2_the_second_Lagrangian_Point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> “L2” Lagrangian point\u003c/a>, where the gravitational pull of Earth and sun cancel each other, forming a stable pocket of space where a spacecraft can loiter indefinitely. The location offers a double advantage, holding the observatory within easy communication range while keeping it away from Earth’s intense electromagnetic interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977776\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn-160x200.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn-768x960.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, folded into its launch configuration, which will allow it to be packed into the payload compartment of its Ariane 5 launch rocket. \u003ccite>(NASA/Chris Gunn)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Engineers designed Webb’s primary mirror, which is almost three times the diameter of Hubble’s, to fit compactly within its launch rocket. The telescope’s light-collecting apparatus comprises 18 individual hexagonal mirrors that will be unfolded after launch during the monthslong journey to its destination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Operators expect the observatory will be ready for scientific observations about six months after launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What will we see?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Back in 1995, researchers using the Hubble Space Telescope made an observation that expanded our vision of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977775\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1045px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977775 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1045\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI.jpg 1045w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-800x784.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-1020x1000.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-160x157.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-768x753.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1045px) 100vw, 1045px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The original Hubble Deep Field image, captured by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995. Within this tiny pinpoint on the sky, Hubble revealed over 3,000 distant galaxies never before seen. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/STScI/Robert Williams)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They focused Hubble’s powerful eye on a patch of space where other observatories could perceive only darkness. The telescope zoomed in on a spot of sky no larger than Franklin Roosevelt’s eyeball on a dime’s surface and captured an image now known as the “\u003ca href=\"https://esahubble.org/science/deep_fields/\">Hubble Deep Field\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This famous picture revealed over 3,000 distant, never-before-seen galaxies. From this image and others like it, astronomers were able to estimate that there are about 2 trillion galaxies within the observable universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine what the far more discerning eye of the James Webb Space Telescope will reveal of the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's James Webb Space Telescope is scheduled for launch on Dec. 18, beginning a career of cosmic observation that may far exceed the venerable Hubble Space Telescope. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846357,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1062},"headData":{"title":"NASA to Launch a Telescope Bigger and More Powerful Than Hubble | KQED","description":"NASA's James Webb Space Telescope is scheduled for launch on Dec. 18, beginning a career of cosmic observation that may far exceed the venerable Hubble Space Telescope. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA to Launch a Telescope Bigger and More Powerful Than Hubble","datePublished":"2021-11-30T00:20:05.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:25:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1977771/nasa-to-launch-a-telescope-bigger-and-more-powerful-than-hubble","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA is performing the final physical exam on its James Webb Space Telescope, the long-awaited successor of the venerable Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency will launch the telescope on a European \u003ca href=\"https://www.arianespace.com/vehicle/ariane-5/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Ariane 5 rocket\u003c/a> from French Guiana, sending it into space on a historic mission to probe currently unobservable reaches of our universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally scheduled to launch on Dec. 18, NASA experienced a hiccup during its launch preparations — what the agency is describing as an “\u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/launch-of-nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-delayed-after-incident/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">incident”\u003c/a> — and delayed liftoff until no earlier than Dec. 22 to give engineers time to ensure flight readiness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope’s destination is a million miles from Earth, a long voyage to a lofty vantage point from where it will peer farther into the universe than we have ever seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its many mission goals, the James Webb Space Telescope will explore how \u003ca href=\"https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">early galaxies formed\u003c/a> and evolved, probe the atmospheres of distant \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> looking for the chemical signatures of life, observe the \u003ca href=\"https://hubblesite.org/hubble-30th-anniversary/hubbles-exciting-universe/beholding-the-birth-and-death-of-stars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">birth of new stars\u003c/a>, and stare down the ominous darkness of galactic \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucr.edu/articles/2021/06/16/how-supermassive-black-hole-originates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">supermassive black holes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977778 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1340\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-1020x667.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-768x503.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-1536x1005.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/JWST_NASADesiree-Stover-1920x1256.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The primary mirror of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, a multi-mirror array of 18 hexagonal sections, which combined are 6.5 meters across. The mirror array will capture more than five times as much light as the Hubble Space Telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA/Desiree Stover)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The observatory is named after \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/whoIsJamesWebb.html\">James E. Webb\u003c/a>, who led NASA from 1961 to 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A high bar for discovery\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://hubblesite.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> has operated for over three decades, orbiting close to home at roughly 300 miles from Earth’s surface and setting\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/2017/highlights-of-hubble-s-exploration-of-the-universe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> a high bar\u003c/a> for future space discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope made thousands of observations with its \u003ca href=\"https://hubblesite.org/mission-and-telescope/the-telescope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2.4-meter telescope\u003c/a>, delivering jaw-dropping revelations about the size, age, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/mystery-of-the-universe-s-expansion-rate-widens-with-new-hubble-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">expansion\u003c/a>, and evolution of the universe. As well as the birth and death of stars, the formation of planets, and many hidden wonders spread across our own solar system. It’s fair to say that no other observatory, ground- or space-based, has revealed more about the cosmos than Hubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/observatory/ote/mirrors/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">telescope mirror\u003c/a> is much larger than Hubble’s at 6.5-meters and can collect over five times the amount of light, enabling it to probe distances and scales of the universe where Hubble sees only darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telescopes let us look back in time, since it takes the light emitted by distant objects time to reach us. Hubble captured images of distant galaxies as they appeared about 13.5 billion years ago, when the universe — which \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/ast25may99_1\">Hubble itself determined\u003c/a> to be 13.8 billion years old — was still in the early stages of forming galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb telescope will look further and deeper into the past, observing infant galaxies as they were only 200 million years after the universe was born in the \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Big Bang\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within our galaxy, it will probe \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2021/hubble-spots-swirls-of-dust-in-the-flame-nebula\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">giant molecular clouds\u003c/a> to see as never before how primordial star systems and planets formed, providing insight to how our own solar system and planet came to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even closer to home, NASA’s new flagship space telescope will follow up on new discoveries of \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1674/nasas-tess-discovers-new-worlds-in-a-river-of-young-stars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> by measuring their atmospheres, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1577/a-new-view-of-exoplanets-with-webb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">looking for signs\u003c/a> of water and the chemical telltales of possible extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA developed the James Webb telescope in partnership with the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Not just a larger Hubble\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>NASA’s new telescope is different from Hubble in several ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977777\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/eaglenebula-nasa-esa-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Eagle Nebula, a molecular cloud in which new stars are being born. The left image was captured in visible light, while the right is an infrared image revealing heat sources that penetrate obscuring dust, allowing us to peer within. Both images were captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While Hubble focused on the visible light emitted by stars, nebulas, galaxies and more, the Webb telescope will specialize in \u003ca href=\"https://webbtelescope.org/webb-science/the-observatory/infrared-astronomy\">infrared astronomy\u003c/a>, collecting and analyzing lower energy electromagnetic radiation. Not only will this allow the study of cooler objects and materials, like atmospheres of distant planets and clouds of gas and dust that give birth to new star systems, it will open a window on an infrared universe. Here, observations from Earth’s surface cannot access since the atmosphere blocks most wavelengths of infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will not orbit Earth as Hubble does. Instead, it will circle the sun at Earth’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Herschel/L2_the_second_Lagrangian_Point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> “L2” Lagrangian point\u003c/a>, where the gravitational pull of Earth and sun cancel each other, forming a stable pocket of space where a spacecraft can loiter indefinitely. The location offers a double advantage, holding the observatory within easy communication range while keeping it away from Earth’s intense electromagnetic interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977776\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn-160x200.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/jwst-cleanroom-nasa-chris-gunn-768x960.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, folded into its launch configuration, which will allow it to be packed into the payload compartment of its Ariane 5 launch rocket. \u003ccite>(NASA/Chris Gunn)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Engineers designed Webb’s primary mirror, which is almost three times the diameter of Hubble’s, to fit compactly within its launch rocket. The telescope’s light-collecting apparatus comprises 18 individual hexagonal mirrors that will be unfolded after launch during the monthslong journey to its destination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Operators expect the observatory will be ready for scientific observations about six months after launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What will we see?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Back in 1995, researchers using the Hubble Space Telescope made an observation that expanded our vision of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977775\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1045px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977775 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1045\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI.jpg 1045w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-800x784.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-1020x1000.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-160x157.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/1045px-HubbleDeepField.800px-Robert-Williams-NASA-ESA-STScI-768x753.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1045px) 100vw, 1045px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The original Hubble Deep Field image, captured by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995. Within this tiny pinpoint on the sky, Hubble revealed over 3,000 distant galaxies never before seen. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/STScI/Robert Williams)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They focused Hubble’s powerful eye on a patch of space where other observatories could perceive only darkness. The telescope zoomed in on a spot of sky no larger than Franklin Roosevelt’s eyeball on a dime’s surface and captured an image now known as the “\u003ca href=\"https://esahubble.org/science/deep_fields/\">Hubble Deep Field\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This famous picture revealed over 3,000 distant, never-before-seen galaxies. From this image and others like it, astronomers were able to estimate that there are about 2 trillion galaxies within the observable universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine what the far more discerning eye of the James Webb Space Telescope will reveal of the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1977771/nasa-to-launch-a-telescope-bigger-and-more-powerful-than-hubble","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1216","science_4414","science_833"],"featImg":"science_1977774","label":"source_science_1977771"},"science_1976908":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1976908","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1976908","score":null,"sort":[1633014052000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"perseverance-pays-off-first-successful-rock-collection-from-mars-complete","title":"Perseverance Pays Off: First Successful Rock Collection from Mars Complete","publishDate":1633014052,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Perseverance Pays Off: First Successful Rock Collection from Mars Complete | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Perseverance rover\u003c/a> has successfully collected its first rock samples from Mars’ Jezero Crater, specimens that will help illuminate the geologic and possibly \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiological \u003c/a>history of our planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 30-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/science/landing-site/\">Jezero Crater\u003c/a> was once a lake, long ago in Mars’ past, and a prime spot to search for chemical residues left behind by any water-dwelling microbes that may have existed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rock dubbed “Rochette,” from which NASA’s rover Perseverance drilled its first two successful core samples. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though previous Mars missions have analyzed rocks before, Perseverance takes its prospecting a step further by sealing the samples in special titanium tubes that can be retrieved and brought back to Earth by a future mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as Perseverance makes its way across the Jezero Crater, a joint NASA-European Space Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-sample-return-msr\">Mars Sample Return\u003c/a> mission is under development to bring the rock samples back to Earth. MSR will include a rover to collect sample tubes that Perseverance will deposit along its path and a rocket stage that will carry the samples off Mars and back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is the first mission designed to look for signs of past life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier missions such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is still actively exploring Mars’ Gale Crater, and the twin \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/mars-exploration-rovers/\">Spirit and Opportunity\u003c/a> rovers have examined past water and environmental conditions friendly to life. Their work revealed an ancient Mars with many Earth-like qualities: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, precipitation, as well as surface rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers still don’t know if life ever arose in Mars’ watery past. Discovering geological evidence of Martian life would be a pivotal moment not only in the history of science, but in history, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Drilling rock to probe the past\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sept. 6 and 8, Perseverance \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-perseverance-rover-collects-puzzle-pieces-of-mars-history\">drilled out two small sample cores\u003c/a> from a rock that researchers dubbed “Rochette.” After taking pictures of the tubes’ contents to ensure the collection was successful, the rover cached the samples away for future analysis on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976856 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Perseverance rover’s “turret,” the ensemble of tools and instruments at the end of its robotic arm, hovers over the rock dubbed “Rochette,” from which the rover drilled its first two successful core samples. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The sampled rock may have been formed long ago in a lava flow but has since been chemically and physically altered by the presence of liquid water later in its history. The current condition of the rocks tells scientists the water was present for a long period of time and not merely a fleeting wet spell. Whether the waters persisted for tens of thousands or millions of years is not clear, but it appears to have lasted long enough to maintain an aquatic environment friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have also detected salt minerals, often found in connection to water on Earth, in Jezero’s rocks. Sometimes salt is deposited by groundwater flowing through rock or left behind after water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/26219_PIA24806-web.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation of images captured by “Cachecam” on NASA’s Mars rover Perseverance, peering down the sample tube containing the rover’s first successful rock core sample. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the months ahead, Perseverance will collect and store up to 43 samples of rock from a wide area of Jezero’s crater floor and walls, deposits spanning millions or billions of years of its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each tiny sample, along with measurements and analysis made around their collection sites, constitutes a small piece of information about Jezero Crater’s history. As Perseverance collects more samples, a detailed understanding of Jezero’s past will develop — when it was formed, when water appeared and how long it remained, and with any luck, if anything ever lived there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is currently prospecting a portion of Jezero’s dry lakebed, but later in its mission will visit a variety of terrains, including a large formation of sedimentary deposits carried into the lake by a river, and the lake’s ancient shoreline where shallow water may have provided even more life-friendly habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976853 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-1020x817.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-768x615.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">False colored mineral map of the region of the Jezero Crater that NASA’s Perseverance rover is exploring, captured by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image features a portion of the crater’s western rim (left) and the river inlet and sediment deposits (center) washed into the crater lake in the distant past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Searching for signs of life\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is equipped with a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/\">suite of specialized instruments\u003c/a> to answer these questions by measuring rock composition, capturing microscopic images and detecting organic compounds. But, as capable as our mobile robotic science laboratories have become, there is still no substitute for the depth of analysis that can be accomplished in laboratories on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will not see any discoveries made from Perseverance’s cached rock samples for several years, when the Mars Sample Return mission proceeds, but the potential rewards are worth waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA’s Perseverance rover has successfully collected its first rock samples on Mars, specimens that will help illuminate the history of our planetary neighbor. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846418,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":853},"headData":{"title":"Perseverance Pays Off: First Successful Rock Collection from Mars Complete | KQED","description":"NASA’s Perseverance rover has successfully collected its first rock samples on Mars, specimens that will help illuminate the history of our planetary neighbor. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Perseverance Pays Off: First Successful Rock Collection from Mars Complete","datePublished":"2021-09-30T15:00:52.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:26:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1976908/perseverance-pays-off-first-successful-rock-collection-from-mars-complete","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Perseverance rover\u003c/a> has successfully collected its first rock samples from Mars’ Jezero Crater, specimens that will help illuminate the geologic and possibly \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiological \u003c/a>history of our planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 30-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/science/landing-site/\">Jezero Crater\u003c/a> was once a lake, long ago in Mars’ past, and a prime spot to search for chemical residues left behind by any water-dwelling microbes that may have existed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rock dubbed “Rochette,” from which NASA’s rover Perseverance drilled its first two successful core samples. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though previous Mars missions have analyzed rocks before, Perseverance takes its prospecting a step further by sealing the samples in special titanium tubes that can be retrieved and brought back to Earth by a future mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as Perseverance makes its way across the Jezero Crater, a joint NASA-European Space Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-sample-return-msr\">Mars Sample Return\u003c/a> mission is under development to bring the rock samples back to Earth. MSR will include a rover to collect sample tubes that Perseverance will deposit along its path and a rocket stage that will carry the samples off Mars and back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is the first mission designed to look for signs of past life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier missions such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is still actively exploring Mars’ Gale Crater, and the twin \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/mars-exploration-rovers/\">Spirit and Opportunity\u003c/a> rovers have examined past water and environmental conditions friendly to life. Their work revealed an ancient Mars with many Earth-like qualities: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, precipitation, as well as surface rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers still don’t know if life ever arose in Mars’ watery past. Discovering geological evidence of Martian life would be a pivotal moment not only in the history of science, but in history, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Drilling rock to probe the past\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sept. 6 and 8, Perseverance \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-perseverance-rover-collects-puzzle-pieces-of-mars-history\">drilled out two small sample cores\u003c/a> from a rock that researchers dubbed “Rochette.” After taking pictures of the tubes’ contents to ensure the collection was successful, the rover cached the samples away for future analysis on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976856 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Perseverance rover’s “turret,” the ensemble of tools and instruments at the end of its robotic arm, hovers over the rock dubbed “Rochette,” from which the rover drilled its first two successful core samples. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The sampled rock may have been formed long ago in a lava flow but has since been chemically and physically altered by the presence of liquid water later in its history. The current condition of the rocks tells scientists the water was present for a long period of time and not merely a fleeting wet spell. Whether the waters persisted for tens of thousands or millions of years is not clear, but it appears to have lasted long enough to maintain an aquatic environment friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have also detected salt minerals, often found in connection to water on Earth, in Jezero’s rocks. Sometimes salt is deposited by groundwater flowing through rock or left behind after water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/26219_PIA24806-web.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation of images captured by “Cachecam” on NASA’s Mars rover Perseverance, peering down the sample tube containing the rover’s first successful rock core sample. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the months ahead, Perseverance will collect and store up to 43 samples of rock from a wide area of Jezero’s crater floor and walls, deposits spanning millions or billions of years of its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each tiny sample, along with measurements and analysis made around their collection sites, constitutes a small piece of information about Jezero Crater’s history. As Perseverance collects more samples, a detailed understanding of Jezero’s past will develop — when it was formed, when water appeared and how long it remained, and with any luck, if anything ever lived there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is currently prospecting a portion of Jezero’s dry lakebed, but later in its mission will visit a variety of terrains, including a large formation of sedimentary deposits carried into the lake by a river, and the lake’s ancient shoreline where shallow water may have provided even more life-friendly habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976853 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-1020x817.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-768x615.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">False colored mineral map of the region of the Jezero Crater that NASA’s Perseverance rover is exploring, captured by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image features a portion of the crater’s western rim (left) and the river inlet and sediment deposits (center) washed into the crater lake in the distant past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Searching for signs of life\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is equipped with a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/\">suite of specialized instruments\u003c/a> to answer these questions by measuring rock composition, capturing microscopic images and detecting organic compounds. But, as capable as our mobile robotic science laboratories have become, there is still no substitute for the depth of analysis that can be accomplished in laboratories on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will not see any discoveries made from Perseverance’s cached rock samples for several years, when the Mars Sample Return mission proceeds, but the potential rewards are worth waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1976908/perseverance-pays-off-first-successful-rock-collection-from-mars-complete","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1216","science_4414","science_5179","science_420"],"featImg":"science_1976854","label":"source_science_1976908"},"science_1972554":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1972554","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1972554","score":null,"sort":[1612575832000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter","title":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter","publishDate":1612575832,"format":"image","headTitle":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like an artist whose pleased patron commissions more masterpieces, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juno \u003c/a>\u003c/span>spacecraft just earned an extension after four extraordinary years of discovery. And if you’ve seen any of Juno’s images of Jupiter, you may find the artist reference apt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore images from Juno\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Juno mission, little was known about the wind and cloud systems of the polar regions. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The solar-powered robotic probe, whose adventure exploring the atmosphere and interior of the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/a-new-view-of-jupiters-storms\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was scheduled to end this July, has been granted a four-year extension, through September 2025. It’s mission has also expanded, and it will now investigate the planet’s system of rings and three of its large and remarkable moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Primary Mission\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since its arrival at Jupiter in 2016, Juno’s observations have focused on dynamics that scientists previously knew very little about: the gas giant’s complex atmosphere and storm systems at the high latitudes of the northern polar region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Juno has captured \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">breathtaking images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Jupiter’s cloud systems and other atmospheric phenomena at very close range. It’s also probed beneath the visible cloud layers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972431 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-Se%C3%A1n-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of clouds and storm systems on Jupiter, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close passes by the gas giant. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt-Seán)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">instruments \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that measure Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field and gravitational variations, Juno has divined processes and structures deep within the gaseous world. A\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mong \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">its many discoveries \u003c/span>\u003c/a>are\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stupendous strokes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploding dozens of miles beneath the planet’s thick layers of clouds; an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/findings-from-nasas-juno-update-jupiter-water-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abundance of water\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> welling up at the equator; \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/jupiter-s-aurora-presents-a-powerful-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mighty auroras\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surging high in the atmosphere; “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/whoa-like-jupiter-is-deep-really-really-deep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">packs” of Earth-sized storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spinning around both poles; and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43317566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wind systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whose roots are buried 1,000-2,000 miles below Jupiter’s cloud tops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Wild Orbit\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972439 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft cruising by Jupiter. Juno’s 53-day orbit carries it to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops at closest approach, giving it a unique vantage point from which to study its atmosphere and make measurements of its interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get close enough to Jupiter to do what it came for, Juno must pass through \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, captured in Jupiter’s surrounding magnetic field. To minimize exposure to radiation damage, NASA placed Juno in a highly elliptical orbit that keeps it well outside the radiation belts most of the time. At the far-flung end of its elongated orbit, Juno is 5 million miles away from Jupiter, 20 times farther than our moon is from Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once every 53 days, Juno’s orbit carries it swiftly through the danger zone and close to Jupiter, passing only 2,600 miles above the cloud tops in the northern regions, offering a view like no other in the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With each close pass by Jupiter, Juno’s orbit alters slightly due to interaction with the planet’s gravity. Over time, its point of closest approach has migrated northward, toward the pole, while the long loop of its extended orbit has shifted closer and closer to Jupiter’s large Galilean moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Targeting Jupiter’s Mystifying Moons\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over the four additional years of Juno’s extended mission, its shifting orbit will send it past three of Jupiter’s Galilean moons: Ganymede, Europa and Io. No spacecraft has flown close to these small worlds since the Galileo probe two decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede will be the first fly-by target, on June 7 this year. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the largest moon in the solar system, half again bigger than Earth’s moon. Its surface is a patchwork of rough, ancient, cratered terrain overlapped by smooth, probably icy regions. It is the only moon in the solar system with a magnetic field of its own, and its poles are lit up with auroras. Strong evidence exists that a liquid water ocean lies hidden beneath Ganymede’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-160x154.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-768x737.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona.jpg 999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s moon Io. This image was captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft during one of its close flybys of this moon. Io is the most volcanically activity object in the solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Io \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the most volcanically active moon in the solar system, with hundreds of sulfurous eruptions spewing out lava and gas, in some cases dozens of miles into the sky. Volcanic Io will receive a pair of visits, on Dec. 30, 2023, and Feb. 3, 2024.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most intriguing of all is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which shelters a saltwater ocean beneath its icy crust. Europa’s ocean may be as much as 100 miles deep, and its waters are thawed by heat emerging from the moon’s interior. Scientists are excited by the possibility that within Europa’s ocean may exist conditions that could support life. On Sept. 29, 2022, Juno will have a close encounter with Europa. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During its extended mission, Juno will also fly through trails of ions shed into space by Io’s volcanoes, and plumes of water vapor erupting from Europa’s icy crust. By sampling the composition of Europa’s water vapor plumes, scientists hope to better understand the nature of the moon’s ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Recon for Upcoming Missions\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extending Juno’s exploration to include the Jovian moons will help pave the way for two upcoming missions: NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the European Space Agency’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JUICE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, scheduled to launch later this decade. Both of these spacecraft will investigate the Galilean moons in great detail, with a special focus on Europa and its tantalizing ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1020x345.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-768x260.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1038x352.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Magnificent belts of clouds dominate areas of Jupiter’s southern polar region. This image was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close flybys of the gas giant world. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/David Marriott)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of its extended mission in 2025, Juno will have orbited Jupiter 76 times over eight years and collected enough data to keep scientists busy for many more years to come.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, Juno will be deliberately driven into Jupiter’s atmosphere, where it will be incinerated in a fiery finale, its atoms forever becoming part of the world it has explored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA has extended Juno's mission exploring Jupiter by four years, and projected close flybys of three Jovian moons. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846772,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1095},"headData":{"title":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter | KQED","description":"NASA has extended Juno's mission exploring Jupiter by four years, and projected close flybys of three Jovian moons. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter","datePublished":"2021-02-06T01:43:52.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:32:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1972554/after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like an artist whose pleased patron commissions more masterpieces, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juno \u003c/a>\u003c/span>spacecraft just earned an extension after four extraordinary years of discovery. And if you’ve seen any of Juno’s images of Jupiter, you may find the artist reference apt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore images from Juno\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Juno mission, little was known about the wind and cloud systems of the polar regions. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The solar-powered robotic probe, whose adventure exploring the atmosphere and interior of the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/a-new-view-of-jupiters-storms\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was scheduled to end this July, has been granted a four-year extension, through September 2025. It’s mission has also expanded, and it will now investigate the planet’s system of rings and three of its large and remarkable moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Primary Mission\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since its arrival at Jupiter in 2016, Juno’s observations have focused on dynamics that scientists previously knew very little about: the gas giant’s complex atmosphere and storm systems at the high latitudes of the northern polar region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Juno has captured \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">breathtaking images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Jupiter’s cloud systems and other atmospheric phenomena at very close range. It’s also probed beneath the visible cloud layers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972431 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-Se%C3%A1n-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of clouds and storm systems on Jupiter, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close passes by the gas giant. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt-Seán)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">instruments \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that measure Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field and gravitational variations, Juno has divined processes and structures deep within the gaseous world. A\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mong \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">its many discoveries \u003c/span>\u003c/a>are\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stupendous strokes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploding dozens of miles beneath the planet’s thick layers of clouds; an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/findings-from-nasas-juno-update-jupiter-water-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abundance of water\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> welling up at the equator; \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/jupiter-s-aurora-presents-a-powerful-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mighty auroras\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surging high in the atmosphere; “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/whoa-like-jupiter-is-deep-really-really-deep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">packs” of Earth-sized storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spinning around both poles; and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43317566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wind systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whose roots are buried 1,000-2,000 miles below Jupiter’s cloud tops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Wild Orbit\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972439 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft cruising by Jupiter. Juno’s 53-day orbit carries it to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops at closest approach, giving it a unique vantage point from which to study its atmosphere and make measurements of its interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get close enough to Jupiter to do what it came for, Juno must pass through \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, captured in Jupiter’s surrounding magnetic field. To minimize exposure to radiation damage, NASA placed Juno in a highly elliptical orbit that keeps it well outside the radiation belts most of the time. At the far-flung end of its elongated orbit, Juno is 5 million miles away from Jupiter, 20 times farther than our moon is from Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once every 53 days, Juno’s orbit carries it swiftly through the danger zone and close to Jupiter, passing only 2,600 miles above the cloud tops in the northern regions, offering a view like no other in the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With each close pass by Jupiter, Juno’s orbit alters slightly due to interaction with the planet’s gravity. Over time, its point of closest approach has migrated northward, toward the pole, while the long loop of its extended orbit has shifted closer and closer to Jupiter’s large Galilean moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Targeting Jupiter’s Mystifying Moons\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over the four additional years of Juno’s extended mission, its shifting orbit will send it past three of Jupiter’s Galilean moons: Ganymede, Europa and Io. No spacecraft has flown close to these small worlds since the Galileo probe two decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede will be the first fly-by target, on June 7 this year. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the largest moon in the solar system, half again bigger than Earth’s moon. Its surface is a patchwork of rough, ancient, cratered terrain overlapped by smooth, probably icy regions. It is the only moon in the solar system with a magnetic field of its own, and its poles are lit up with auroras. Strong evidence exists that a liquid water ocean lies hidden beneath Ganymede’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-160x154.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-768x737.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona.jpg 999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s moon Io. This image was captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft during one of its close flybys of this moon. Io is the most volcanically activity object in the solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Io \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the most volcanically active moon in the solar system, with hundreds of sulfurous eruptions spewing out lava and gas, in some cases dozens of miles into the sky. Volcanic Io will receive a pair of visits, on Dec. 30, 2023, and Feb. 3, 2024.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most intriguing of all is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which shelters a saltwater ocean beneath its icy crust. Europa’s ocean may be as much as 100 miles deep, and its waters are thawed by heat emerging from the moon’s interior. Scientists are excited by the possibility that within Europa’s ocean may exist conditions that could support life. On Sept. 29, 2022, Juno will have a close encounter with Europa. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During its extended mission, Juno will also fly through trails of ions shed into space by Io’s volcanoes, and plumes of water vapor erupting from Europa’s icy crust. By sampling the composition of Europa’s water vapor plumes, scientists hope to better understand the nature of the moon’s ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Recon for Upcoming Missions\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extending Juno’s exploration to include the Jovian moons will help pave the way for two upcoming missions: NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the European Space Agency’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JUICE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, scheduled to launch later this decade. Both of these spacecraft will investigate the Galilean moons in great detail, with a special focus on Europa and its tantalizing ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1020x345.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-768x260.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1038x352.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Magnificent belts of clouds dominate areas of Jupiter’s southern polar region. This image was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close flybys of the gas giant world. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/David Marriott)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of its extended mission in 2025, Juno will have orbited Jupiter 76 times over eight years and collected enough data to keep scientists busy for many more years to come.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, Juno will be deliberately driven into Jupiter’s atmosphere, where it will be incinerated in a fiery finale, its atoms forever becoming part of the world it has explored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1972554/after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1216","science_1064","science_1056","science_5180"],"featImg":"science_1972434","label":"source_science_1972554"},"science_1930419":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1930419","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1930419","score":null,"sort":[1536001309000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lunar-ice-and-martian-mud-whetting-our-appetite-for-extraterrestrial-water","title":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water","publishDate":1536001309,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 20 NASA announced the confirmation of water ice on the Moon, reinforcing our understanding that it is not merely a dry lump of volcanic rock, dust, and meteorite debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on July 25 came an announcement of the discovery of a possible sub-surface lake on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discoveries add to an already impressive list of water-bearing locales in our solar system, and have whetted the appetites of scientists on a quest to find life-friendly environments beyond the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/ice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\">The confirmation\u003c/a> of lunar ice came from analysis of data collected by NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/moon-mineralogy-mapper-m3/\">Moon Mineralogy Mapper\u003c/a> (M3) instrument aboard the \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c11-chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1\u003c/a> spacecraft, which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930432\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon's north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon’s north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>M3 was able to distinguish patches of water ice on the Moon by the way that it reflects visible light and absorbs infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice exists at both of the Moon’s poles, where there are places never exposed to direct sunlight. At the poles, the sun never gets more than a few degrees above the horizon, so the floors of some deep impact craters and other polar nooks and crannies are in permanent shade and the temperatures never rise above about -250 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Martian Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected by a ground-penetrating radar instrument, \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/mars-express/34826-design/?fbodylongid=1601\">MARSIS\u003c/a>, aboard ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft has convinced mission scientists that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/07/news-lake-found-mars-water-polar-cap-life-space/\">body of liquid water\u003c/a>, 12 miles across, exists a mile deep beneath a crater near Mars’ southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years of data collection and over 29 south pole flyovers for the picture to develop, but the characteristics of the radar waves bouncing back to the spacecraft strongly indicate a patch of salty liquid: either a mass of brine-saturated mud, or an actual lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars' southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-520x325.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars’ southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \u003ccite>(NASA/Viking/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University/ESA/ASI/U. of Rome/R. Orosei et al 2018)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whichever the case, the discovery has scientists eager for a follow-up investigation. Not only would reservoirs of water offer a vital resource to future human missions on Mars, a liquid water environment protected from the frigid, radiation-exposed surface above could provide a suitable habitat for microbial Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And mission scientists point out that there is no reason there could not be more subsurface lakes on Mars awaiting discovery, either by future missions or further analysis of data already collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirming liquid water beneath Mars’ surface may also help us to understand what happened to the vast seas of surface water believed to exist on Mars long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Follow the Water,” Says \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>NASA \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is not exceedingly rare in the Universe. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/comets\">Comets\u003c/a> are full of water ice, and many moons in the outer solar system are well known for their surface ice or frozen water crusts. We’ve long known of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-radar-finds-ice-age-record-in-mars-polar-cap\">Mars’ polar ice caps\u003c/a>. Water, in its frozen form, is commonplace out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mix water ice with a source of heat (sunlight or \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/resources/52/europa-tide-movie/\">gravitational tidal energy\u003c/a>, for examples) and adequate pressure and you get a liquid water cocktail that makes scientists’ mouths water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is liquid water essential for life as we know it, we also know that life on Earth can adapt to and thrive in extremely harsh conditions. “\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">Extremophiles\u003c/a>” are terrestrial life forms, mostly microbial, that we find in environments of extreme heat, cold, and toxicity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1200x782.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-375x244.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507.jpg 1804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \u003ccite>(OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP) NOAA-Bild)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extremophiles have taught us that looking for extraterrestrial life in harsh conditions on other worlds is not a futile effort, especially where liquid water is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else Do We Find Liquid Water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two recent revelations of found water (even though the Moon’s crater-shaded oases consist of ice) add to a tantalizing list of wet places found across our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outer solar system—the realm of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—was once thought to be too cold for hopes of finding liquid water. But decades of robotic exploration have revealed that there is probably far more water out there than in the inner solar system, Earth included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970’s and 1980’s the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft detected what may be a vast ocean hidden beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/europas-ocean-may-have-an-earthlike-chemical-balance\">Europa\u003c/a>. Patterns in the cracks of its frozen crust suggest the outer icy shell is floating on an ocean of liquid, much like sheets of sea ice surrounding parts of Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice-topped ocean is probably global in extent and, remarkably, may be a hundred miles deep. Europa alone may possess twice as much water as in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also evidence that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-s-hubble-observations-suggest-underground-ocean-on-jupiters-largest-moon\">subcrustal liquid water ocean\u003c/a> exists in another of Jupiter’s moons, the largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede. In fact, Ganymede’s ocean may contain more water than Europa’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg\" alt=\"Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn's moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it's flights through the water plumes. \" width=\"800\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-768x324.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1020x430.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1200x506.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1180x498.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-960x405.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-520x219.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it’s flights through the water plumes. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the Cassini spacecraft began exploring the Saturn system in 2004, scientists have observed clear signs of water within the moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/cassini-finds-global-ocean-in-saturns-moon-enceladus\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, and possibly the large moon \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/28jun_titanocean\">Titan\u003c/a>. In the case of Enceladus, Cassini detected plumes of water vapor and ammonia spewing out of large cracks in the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements by the Dawn spacecraft have turned up evidence of possible liquid water on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6982\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a>. White-looking mineral deposits — which appear to have been left behind by fluid eruptions in craters and cinder-cone-like structures — support speculation that at some time in the past, Ceres had a subcrustal ocean. It may still have one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Beyond the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprinkling of so many watery places across our solar system gives us hope not only for finding life-friendly environments close to home, but across our galaxy as well. We now know of several thousand \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> orbiting hundreds of other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oceans are as common as our solar system indicates (Earth, young Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, Enceladus, and Ceres, to name the known or suspected wet spots), then extrasolar oceans probably are as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life is as eager to arise in those exo-oceans as it was on the primordial Earth, we may have a lot of company in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water: ice on the Moon and a subsurface lake on Mars. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927532,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1192},"headData":{"title":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water | KQED","description":"The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water: ice on the Moon and a subsurface lake on Mars. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water","datePublished":"2018-09-03T19:01:49.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:58:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1930419/lunar-ice-and-martian-mud-whetting-our-appetite-for-extraterrestrial-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 20 NASA announced the confirmation of water ice on the Moon, reinforcing our understanding that it is not merely a dry lump of volcanic rock, dust, and meteorite debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on July 25 came an announcement of the discovery of a possible sub-surface lake on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discoveries add to an already impressive list of water-bearing locales in our solar system, and have whetted the appetites of scientists on a quest to find life-friendly environments beyond the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/ice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\">The confirmation\u003c/a> of lunar ice came from analysis of data collected by NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/moon-mineralogy-mapper-m3/\">Moon Mineralogy Mapper\u003c/a> (M3) instrument aboard the \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c11-chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1\u003c/a> spacecraft, which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930432\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon's north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon’s north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>M3 was able to distinguish patches of water ice on the Moon by the way that it reflects visible light and absorbs infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice exists at both of the Moon’s poles, where there are places never exposed to direct sunlight. At the poles, the sun never gets more than a few degrees above the horizon, so the floors of some deep impact craters and other polar nooks and crannies are in permanent shade and the temperatures never rise above about -250 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Martian Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected by a ground-penetrating radar instrument, \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/mars-express/34826-design/?fbodylongid=1601\">MARSIS\u003c/a>, aboard ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft has convinced mission scientists that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/07/news-lake-found-mars-water-polar-cap-life-space/\">body of liquid water\u003c/a>, 12 miles across, exists a mile deep beneath a crater near Mars’ southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years of data collection and over 29 south pole flyovers for the picture to develop, but the characteristics of the radar waves bouncing back to the spacecraft strongly indicate a patch of salty liquid: either a mass of brine-saturated mud, or an actual lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars' southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-520x325.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars’ southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \u003ccite>(NASA/Viking/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University/ESA/ASI/U. of Rome/R. Orosei et al 2018)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whichever the case, the discovery has scientists eager for a follow-up investigation. Not only would reservoirs of water offer a vital resource to future human missions on Mars, a liquid water environment protected from the frigid, radiation-exposed surface above could provide a suitable habitat for microbial Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And mission scientists point out that there is no reason there could not be more subsurface lakes on Mars awaiting discovery, either by future missions or further analysis of data already collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirming liquid water beneath Mars’ surface may also help us to understand what happened to the vast seas of surface water believed to exist on Mars long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Follow the Water,” Says \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>NASA \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is not exceedingly rare in the Universe. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/comets\">Comets\u003c/a> are full of water ice, and many moons in the outer solar system are well known for their surface ice or frozen water crusts. We’ve long known of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-radar-finds-ice-age-record-in-mars-polar-cap\">Mars’ polar ice caps\u003c/a>. Water, in its frozen form, is commonplace out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mix water ice with a source of heat (sunlight or \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/resources/52/europa-tide-movie/\">gravitational tidal energy\u003c/a>, for examples) and adequate pressure and you get a liquid water cocktail that makes scientists’ mouths water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is liquid water essential for life as we know it, we also know that life on Earth can adapt to and thrive in extremely harsh conditions. “\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">Extremophiles\u003c/a>” are terrestrial life forms, mostly microbial, that we find in environments of extreme heat, cold, and toxicity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1200x782.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-375x244.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507.jpg 1804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \u003ccite>(OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP) NOAA-Bild)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extremophiles have taught us that looking for extraterrestrial life in harsh conditions on other worlds is not a futile effort, especially where liquid water is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else Do We Find Liquid Water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two recent revelations of found water (even though the Moon’s crater-shaded oases consist of ice) add to a tantalizing list of wet places found across our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outer solar system—the realm of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—was once thought to be too cold for hopes of finding liquid water. But decades of robotic exploration have revealed that there is probably far more water out there than in the inner solar system, Earth included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970’s and 1980’s the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft detected what may be a vast ocean hidden beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/europas-ocean-may-have-an-earthlike-chemical-balance\">Europa\u003c/a>. Patterns in the cracks of its frozen crust suggest the outer icy shell is floating on an ocean of liquid, much like sheets of sea ice surrounding parts of Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice-topped ocean is probably global in extent and, remarkably, may be a hundred miles deep. Europa alone may possess twice as much water as in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also evidence that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-s-hubble-observations-suggest-underground-ocean-on-jupiters-largest-moon\">subcrustal liquid water ocean\u003c/a> exists in another of Jupiter’s moons, the largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede. In fact, Ganymede’s ocean may contain more water than Europa’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg\" alt=\"Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn's moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it's flights through the water plumes. \" width=\"800\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-768x324.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1020x430.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1200x506.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1180x498.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-960x405.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-520x219.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it’s flights through the water plumes. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the Cassini spacecraft began exploring the Saturn system in 2004, scientists have observed clear signs of water within the moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/cassini-finds-global-ocean-in-saturns-moon-enceladus\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, and possibly the large moon \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/28jun_titanocean\">Titan\u003c/a>. In the case of Enceladus, Cassini detected plumes of water vapor and ammonia spewing out of large cracks in the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements by the Dawn spacecraft have turned up evidence of possible liquid water on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6982\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a>. White-looking mineral deposits — which appear to have been left behind by fluid eruptions in craters and cinder-cone-like structures — support speculation that at some time in the past, Ceres had a subcrustal ocean. It may still have one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Beyond the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprinkling of so many watery places across our solar system gives us hope not only for finding life-friendly environments close to home, but across our galaxy as well. We now know of several thousand \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> orbiting hundreds of other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oceans are as common as our solar system indicates (Earth, young Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, Enceladus, and Ceres, to name the known or suspected wet spots), then extrasolar oceans probably are as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life is as eager to arise in those exo-oceans as it was on the primordial Earth, we may have a lot of company in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1930419/lunar-ice-and-martian-mud-whetting-our-appetite-for-extraterrestrial-water","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1216","science_19","science_584","science_2088","science_5179","science_351","science_5175","science_843","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1930437","label":"source_science_1930419"},"science_1586143":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1586143","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1586143","score":null,"sort":[1493395257000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"on-the-eve-of-retirement-cassini-to-deliver-final-images-of-saturn","title":"On the Eve of Retirement, Cassini to Deliver Final Images of Saturn","publishDate":1493395257,"format":"standard","headTitle":"On the Eve of Retirement, Cassini to Deliver Final Images of Saturn | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Between \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/overview/\">now and September\u003c/a>, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> will engage in its most daring and breathtaking flybys of Saturn and its rings yet, passing between the rings’ inner edge and the cloud tops of Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Cassini made blockbuster news when NASA scientists announced the detection of life-nourishing chemicals in plumes of water vapor erupting from within the tiny moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>. It comes 13 years after the robot started an epic career exploring the Saturn system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early in Cassini’s tour, a billion miles from the sun, evidence of liquid water on Enceladus has tantalized our curiosity. In 2005, Cassini discovered plumes of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the icy crust of the tiny moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Cassini passed through one of the geyser plumes and detected traces of ammonia, which provided more hints of what’s going on below the outer icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586254\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 487px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1586254 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"Chemical analysis by Cassini of Enceladus' water vapor plumes indicates strongly that there may be hydrothermal vents on the moon's ocean floor. \" width=\"487\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-960x1243.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini’s chemical analysis of Enceladus’ water vapor plumes strongly suggests there may be hydrothermal vents on the moon’s ocean floor. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further measurements suggest that the source of Enceladus’ chemical-tainted “geysers” is probably a hidden ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, the detection of molecular hydrogen in the plumes points to the likelihood that there are hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, spewing out heat and chemicals from the moon’s deeper interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enceladus is too small to have retained molecular hydrogen from its formation in its outermost layers of ice and water, so the source likely comes from supplies trapped deeper within.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrothermal vents on the cold, dark floor of Earth’s ocean supply the heat and chemical fuel for thriving communities of lifeforms, so Cassini’s discovery increases the chances that Enceladus might support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cassini’s Swan Song?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news of life-nourishing chemicals on Enceladus comes after Cassini’s final close flyby of the moon, as Cassini steers into a trajectory that brings it daringly close to Saturn and its rings, and toward a planned burn-up in the gas giant’s atmosphere in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is NASA deliberately driving its flagship planet-exploring robot toward a fiery end-of-mission incineration? The answer, in short, is that Cassini’s rocket fuel is almost depleted. Once its fuel tanks run dry, NASA will no longer be able to control the spacecraft’s trajectory, and it would become a derelict, bearing radioactive Plutonium-238 in its electrical generator system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586255\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1586255\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Long, deep crevasses at Enceladus' southern polar region--dubbed "Tiger Stripes"--are the site where water vapor plumes erupt through the moon's icy crust.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long, deep crevasses at Enceladus’ southern polar region–dubbed “Tiger Stripes”–are the site where water vapor plumes erupt through the moon’s icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SSI/LPI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the possibility that some form of life exists on at least one of Saturn’s moons, NASA is opting to safely destroy Cassini rather than risk it crashing onto a life-bearing world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Cassini’s initial launch from Earth about 20 years ago raised protests from some, who felt that the risk of a launch explosion that would spread Plutonium through Earth’s atmosphere was unacceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately the launch was a success. Now, two decades later, a burn-up on Saturn will close this chapter of space exploration that includes a plethora of breathtaking discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Highlights of Cassini-Huygens’ Discoveries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding water and signs of a life-friendly environment on Enceladus are not the only things \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/why-cassini-matters/\">Cassini revealed in the Saturn system\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1586257\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Ligiea Mare, one of Titan's liquid methane seas. \" width=\"421\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-800x763.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-768x732.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-1020x972.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-1180x1125.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-960x915.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-240x229.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-375x357.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-520x496.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ligiea Mare, one of Titan’s liquid methane seas. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, in 2005, Cassini deposited the European probe Huygens onto Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/titan/\">Titan\u003c/a>, the first—and so far only—landing on a moon other than Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the atmospheric data collected by Huygens, and optical and infrared pictures taken by Cassini during flybys, Titan has been revealed as a fascinating world. Though its surface and atmosphere are cold in the extreme, Titan possesses an atmosphere of mostly nitrogen that is thicker than our own, with a dense shroud of methane and ethane “smog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more incredible—Titan’s atmosphere supports a cryogenic liquid cycle analogous to Earth’s water cycle, but with rain, rivers and lakes composed of liquid methane. And, deep under Titan’s solid crust there may be an ocean of liquid water. Cassini made its \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6825&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20170424-1\">last close flyby of Titan\u003c/a> on April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s other accomplishments include investigating Saturn’s varied and unique moons, the complex patterns and icy dust composition of its ring system, and exploring the gas giant Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s atmosphere is a dazzling and complex environment of swirling storm systems, cloud belts, aurora activity, and an enigmatic hexagonal cloud cell centered on its pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586256\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1586256\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi.jpg\" alt=\"Saturn's pole is encircled by an enigmatic hexagonal cloud system, punctuated at the center by a circular "eye".\" width=\"700\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-160x137.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-240x206.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-375x321.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-520x446.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturn’s pole is encircled by an enigmatic hexagonal cloud system, punctuated at the center by a circular “eye”. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SSI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rich Rewards for the Daring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Cassini enters its final orbits that will carry it within the ring system, through Saturn’s upper atmosphere, and then finally to its terminal plunge through Saturn’s skies, the spacecraft will collect and transmit data to Earth about the rings and atmosphere that could never be achieved from wider, less risky trajectories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hope to learn more about Saturn’s magnetic and gravitational fields, which can give insights into Saturn’s interior structure and dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer inspection of the rings will give us a better assessment of how much material they contain, and stronger clues to how they originally formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, we’ll get to see the clouds and storm systems of Saturn’s atmosphere closer than ever before. Who knows what we may see…\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This year, NASA's Cassini spacecraft will engage in its most daring and breathtaking flybys yet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928797,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":993},"headData":{"title":"On the Eve of Retirement, Cassini to Deliver Final Images of Saturn | KQED","description":"This year, NASA's Cassini spacecraft will engage in its most daring and breathtaking flybys yet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"On the Eve of Retirement, Cassini to Deliver Final Images of Saturn","datePublished":"2017-04-28T16:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:19:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1586143/on-the-eve-of-retirement-cassini-to-deliver-final-images-of-saturn","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Between \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/overview/\">now and September\u003c/a>, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> will engage in its most daring and breathtaking flybys of Saturn and its rings yet, passing between the rings’ inner edge and the cloud tops of Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Cassini made blockbuster news when NASA scientists announced the detection of life-nourishing chemicals in plumes of water vapor erupting from within the tiny moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>. It comes 13 years after the robot started an epic career exploring the Saturn system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early in Cassini’s tour, a billion miles from the sun, evidence of liquid water on Enceladus has tantalized our curiosity. In 2005, Cassini discovered plumes of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the icy crust of the tiny moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Cassini passed through one of the geyser plumes and detected traces of ammonia, which provided more hints of what’s going on below the outer icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586254\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 487px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1586254 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"Chemical analysis by Cassini of Enceladus' water vapor plumes indicates strongly that there may be hydrothermal vents on the moon's ocean floor. \" width=\"487\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-960x1243.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini’s chemical analysis of Enceladus’ water vapor plumes strongly suggests there may be hydrothermal vents on the moon’s ocean floor. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further measurements suggest that the source of Enceladus’ chemical-tainted “geysers” is probably a hidden ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, the detection of molecular hydrogen in the plumes points to the likelihood that there are hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, spewing out heat and chemicals from the moon’s deeper interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enceladus is too small to have retained molecular hydrogen from its formation in its outermost layers of ice and water, so the source likely comes from supplies trapped deeper within.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrothermal vents on the cold, dark floor of Earth’s ocean supply the heat and chemical fuel for thriving communities of lifeforms, so Cassini’s discovery increases the chances that Enceladus might support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cassini’s Swan Song?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news of life-nourishing chemicals on Enceladus comes after Cassini’s final close flyby of the moon, as Cassini steers into a trajectory that brings it daringly close to Saturn and its rings, and toward a planned burn-up in the gas giant’s atmosphere in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is NASA deliberately driving its flagship planet-exploring robot toward a fiery end-of-mission incineration? The answer, in short, is that Cassini’s rocket fuel is almost depleted. Once its fuel tanks run dry, NASA will no longer be able to control the spacecraft’s trajectory, and it would become a derelict, bearing radioactive Plutonium-238 in its electrical generator system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586255\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1586255\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Long, deep crevasses at Enceladus' southern polar region--dubbed "Tiger Stripes"--are the site where water vapor plumes erupt through the moon's icy crust.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long, deep crevasses at Enceladus’ southern polar region–dubbed “Tiger Stripes”–are the site where water vapor plumes erupt through the moon’s icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SSI/LPI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the possibility that some form of life exists on at least one of Saturn’s moons, NASA is opting to safely destroy Cassini rather than risk it crashing onto a life-bearing world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Cassini’s initial launch from Earth about 20 years ago raised protests from some, who felt that the risk of a launch explosion that would spread Plutonium through Earth’s atmosphere was unacceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately the launch was a success. Now, two decades later, a burn-up on Saturn will close this chapter of space exploration that includes a plethora of breathtaking discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Highlights of Cassini-Huygens’ Discoveries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding water and signs of a life-friendly environment on Enceladus are not the only things \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/why-cassini-matters/\">Cassini revealed in the Saturn system\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1586257\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Ligiea Mare, one of Titan's liquid methane seas. \" width=\"421\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-800x763.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-768x732.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-1020x972.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-1180x1125.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-960x915.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-240x229.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-375x357.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-520x496.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ligiea Mare, one of Titan’s liquid methane seas. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, in 2005, Cassini deposited the European probe Huygens onto Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/titan/\">Titan\u003c/a>, the first—and so far only—landing on a moon other than Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the atmospheric data collected by Huygens, and optical and infrared pictures taken by Cassini during flybys, Titan has been revealed as a fascinating world. Though its surface and atmosphere are cold in the extreme, Titan possesses an atmosphere of mostly nitrogen that is thicker than our own, with a dense shroud of methane and ethane “smog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more incredible—Titan’s atmosphere supports a cryogenic liquid cycle analogous to Earth’s water cycle, but with rain, rivers and lakes composed of liquid methane. And, deep under Titan’s solid crust there may be an ocean of liquid water. Cassini made its \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6825&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20170424-1\">last close flyby of Titan\u003c/a> on April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s other accomplishments include investigating Saturn’s varied and unique moons, the complex patterns and icy dust composition of its ring system, and exploring the gas giant Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s atmosphere is a dazzling and complex environment of swirling storm systems, cloud belts, aurora activity, and an enigmatic hexagonal cloud cell centered on its pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586256\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1586256\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi.jpg\" alt=\"Saturn's pole is encircled by an enigmatic hexagonal cloud system, punctuated at the center by a circular "eye".\" width=\"700\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-160x137.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-240x206.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-375x321.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-520x446.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturn’s pole is encircled by an enigmatic hexagonal cloud system, punctuated at the center by a circular “eye”. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SSI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rich Rewards for the Daring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Cassini enters its final orbits that will carry it within the ring system, through Saturn’s upper atmosphere, and then finally to its terminal plunge through Saturn’s skies, the spacecraft will collect and transmit data to Earth about the rings and atmosphere that could never be achieved from wider, less risky trajectories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hope to learn more about Saturn’s magnetic and gravitational fields, which can give insights into Saturn’s interior structure and dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer inspection of the rings will give us a better assessment of how much material they contain, and stronger clues to how they originally formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, we’ll get to see the clouds and storm systems of Saturn’s atmosphere closer than ever before. Who knows what we may see…\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1586143/on-the-eve-of-retirement-cassini-to-deliver-final-images-of-saturn","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_498","science_503","science_1216","science_499","science_5175","science_502"],"featImg":"science_1586253","label":"science"},"science_1510407":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1510407","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1510407","score":null,"sort":[1490912410000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hubble-successor-the-largest-space-telescope-is-closer-to-launch","title":"Hubble Successor, The Largest Space Telescope, Is Closer to Launch","publishDate":1490912410,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Hubble Successor, The Largest Space Telescope, Is Closer to Launch | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The long-anticipated \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> is a few steps closer to launch, after being subjected to a series of rigorous \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2017/nasas-webb-telescope-ghostly-lights-out-inspection\">space-readiness tests\u003c/a> in the world’s largest “clean room” at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today NASA offered members of the public a peak into that giant chamber, and the preparations being made on what–if all goes well–will become the largest telescope ever sent into space. The Webb is scheduled for launch from French Guiana in October 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency, the James Webb Space Telescope is the successor to NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And anyone aware of \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/04/photogalleries/hubble/index.html\">Hubble’s scientific achievements\u003c/a> can imagine what Webb might open our eyes to. In its 27-year career, Hubble has probed invisible “\u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2015-10/31-dark-matter\">dark matter\u003c/a>” in space, found \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1706/\">supermassive blackholes\u003c/a> in the cores of galaxies, defined the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/breakthroughs/cosmology\">age of the cosmos\u003c/a>, glimpsed some of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.com/news/2016/03/most-distant-galaxy-hubble-breaks-cosmic-distance-record\">most distant objects in space\u003c/a> and time…and the list goes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble is a tough act to follow. So what’s different about Webb? The size!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510518\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1510518\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom.jpg\" alt=\"The James Webb Space Telescope with its 18-segment primary mirror fully assembled, in NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center's giant clean room in Greenbelt, Maryland.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The James Webb Space Telescope with its 18-segment primary mirror fully assembled, in NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center’s giant clean room in Greenbelt, Maryland. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hubble’s primary light-collecting mirror has a diameter of 8 feet. Webb’s primary mirror, an array of 18 hexagonal sections of light-weight, gold-coated beryllium, measures over 21 feet across!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for Hubble’s relatively small primary mirror is that the entire telescope had to fit inside the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle that carried it into orbit. If Webb’s much larger mirror were a single piece of material, getting it into space would be an almost insurmountable engineering challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Webb’s multi-mirror design allows the array to be “folded up” into a compact space. Once Webb arrives at its destination, the mirror sections will open up and fit together into a single functional mirror.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing the Universe in a Different Light\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble is a “visible light” telescope, observing light with wavelengths visible to the human eye. The source of visible light in the universe is primarily hot things, like stars—and by extension galaxies, which are composed of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510523\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1510523\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-800x440.jpg\" alt=\"The Andromeda Galaxy revealed in visible light (lower left) and infrared light (top, lower right). Infrared reveals features produced by cooler objects and structures, such as dust and cooler gas clouds. \" width=\"800\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-800x440.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-768x422.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-1020x561.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-1920x1056.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-1180x649.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-960x528.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-240x132.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-375x206.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-520x286.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Andromeda Galaxy revealed in visible light (lower left) and infrared light (top, lower right). Infrared reveals features produced by cooler objects and structures, such as dust and cooler gas clouds. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/K. Gordon (U. of Arizona)/NOAO/Spitzer Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Webb is an \u003cem>infrared\u003c/em> telescope. Its suite of light detectors—cameras for capturing images, spectrometers for analyzing chemical composition—are sensitive to \u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/\">lower-energy infrared light\u003c/a>. So, Webb will observe emissions from cooler objects, like molecular clouds containing organic molecules, disks of material forming new planetary systems, and the atmospheres of distant extrasolar planets, to name only a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Location, Location, Location\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The venerable Hubble orbits the Earth, only 300 miles above our planet’s surface—so at any given moment, half of Hubble’s view of space is blocked by a huge, glaring planet. And since Hubble makes an orbit every 95 minutes, it can only observe a celestial object for less than an hour before its line of sight is blocked by the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will orbit the sun at a special location called \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/orbit.html\">Earth’s “L2” Lagrange point\u003c/a>, a million miles farther out. At the L2 point, the Earth and the sun work together to form a sort of gravitational “pocket” in which a spacecraft can remain almost stationary with very little assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will move along with the Earth as they both orbit the sun, like a balloon tethered to a running child, and not wander off to some distant place in the solar system. Since it’s not orbiting the Earth as Hubble does, Webb’s line of sight to celestial objects of interest won’t be routinely cut off—and at a million miles away, Earth doesn’t block much of the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb is also equipped with a tennis-court-sized sun-shade, which will shield it not only from the Sun’s intense radiation, but also from the infrared emissions of the Earth and moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1510521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield.jpg\" alt=\"The Webb's giant, multi-layered sunshield, which will block almost all of the radiation from the sun, moon, and Earth. \" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Webb’s giant, multi-layered sunshield, which will block almost all of the radiation from the sun, moon, and Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Keeping Webb cool is critical to its ability to sense the faint infrared emanations from distant objects. If warmed by the sun, Webb’s own optics and sensors would glow with infrared light, thus seeing those faint objects would be difficult—like looking out a window on a nighttime scene from inside a brightly lit house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Will Webb Show Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble has observed some of the most \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.com/news/2016/03/most-distant-galaxy-hubble-breaks-cosmic-distance-record\">distant galaxies in space\u003c/a>—and since it takes time for their light to travel to us, the farther away they are, the further back in time we see them. When we look at a galaxy that is a billion light years away, it is sort of like watching a video that was recorded a billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will see further back in time by observing infrared emissions of the gases that eventually formed the earliest galaxies, before their stars were born and began emitting visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to home, Webb will analyze confirmed \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a>—especially exoplanets similar to Earth in size and distance from their star. Recently, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-telescope-reveals-largest-batch-of-earth-size-habitable-zone-planets-around\">seven approximately Earth-sized planets\u003c/a> were confirmed orbiting the same star, only 40 light years from us. Three of these planets are at the right distance from their star, TRAPPIST-1, that liquid water could exist on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510520\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1510520\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-art-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of an exoplanet with possible surface water in the TRAPPIST-1 system, 40 light years from our solar system.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of an exoplanet with possible surface water in the TRAPPIST-1 system, 40 light years from our solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Webb will look for infrared emissions from exoplanet atmospheres—if present—and analyze their chemical compositions. If a planet has a liquid water cycle, then there should be water vapor present in its atmosphere. And, if it possesses life, there should be chemical telltales of its activity, such as molecular oxygen or methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope still has a few tests to get through before it is certified space-worthy—just like an astronaut being examined by the doctor who will give them a thumbs-up to launch—but the cosmic revelations it may ultimately bring should be well worth the wait.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It'll be the largest telescope sent into space, and NASA is preparing for a fall 2018 launch.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928910,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1134},"headData":{"title":"Hubble Successor, The Largest Space Telescope, Is Closer to Launch | KQED","description":"It'll be the largest telescope sent into space, and NASA is preparing for a fall 2018 launch.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Hubble Successor, The Largest Space Telescope, Is Closer to Launch","datePublished":"2017-03-30T22:20:10.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:21:50.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1510407/hubble-successor-the-largest-space-telescope-is-closer-to-launch","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The long-anticipated \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> is a few steps closer to launch, after being subjected to a series of rigorous \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2017/nasas-webb-telescope-ghostly-lights-out-inspection\">space-readiness tests\u003c/a> in the world’s largest “clean room” at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today NASA offered members of the public a peak into that giant chamber, and the preparations being made on what–if all goes well–will become the largest telescope ever sent into space. The Webb is scheduled for launch from French Guiana in October 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency, the James Webb Space Telescope is the successor to NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And anyone aware of \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/04/photogalleries/hubble/index.html\">Hubble’s scientific achievements\u003c/a> can imagine what Webb might open our eyes to. In its 27-year career, Hubble has probed invisible “\u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2015-10/31-dark-matter\">dark matter\u003c/a>” in space, found \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1706/\">supermassive blackholes\u003c/a> in the cores of galaxies, defined the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/breakthroughs/cosmology\">age of the cosmos\u003c/a>, glimpsed some of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.com/news/2016/03/most-distant-galaxy-hubble-breaks-cosmic-distance-record\">most distant objects in space\u003c/a> and time…and the list goes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble is a tough act to follow. So what’s different about Webb? The size!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510518\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1510518\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom.jpg\" alt=\"The James Webb Space Telescope with its 18-segment primary mirror fully assembled, in NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center's giant clean room in Greenbelt, Maryland.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The James Webb Space Telescope with its 18-segment primary mirror fully assembled, in NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center’s giant clean room in Greenbelt, Maryland. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hubble’s primary light-collecting mirror has a diameter of 8 feet. Webb’s primary mirror, an array of 18 hexagonal sections of light-weight, gold-coated beryllium, measures over 21 feet across!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for Hubble’s relatively small primary mirror is that the entire telescope had to fit inside the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle that carried it into orbit. If Webb’s much larger mirror were a single piece of material, getting it into space would be an almost insurmountable engineering challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Webb’s multi-mirror design allows the array to be “folded up” into a compact space. Once Webb arrives at its destination, the mirror sections will open up and fit together into a single functional mirror.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing the Universe in a Different Light\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble is a “visible light” telescope, observing light with wavelengths visible to the human eye. The source of visible light in the universe is primarily hot things, like stars—and by extension galaxies, which are composed of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510523\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1510523\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-800x440.jpg\" alt=\"The Andromeda Galaxy revealed in visible light (lower left) and infrared light (top, lower right). Infrared reveals features produced by cooler objects and structures, such as dust and cooler gas clouds. \" width=\"800\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-800x440.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-768x422.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-1020x561.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-1920x1056.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-1180x649.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-960x528.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-240x132.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-375x206.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-520x286.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Andromeda Galaxy revealed in visible light (lower left) and infrared light (top, lower right). Infrared reveals features produced by cooler objects and structures, such as dust and cooler gas clouds. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/K. Gordon (U. of Arizona)/NOAO/Spitzer Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Webb is an \u003cem>infrared\u003c/em> telescope. Its suite of light detectors—cameras for capturing images, spectrometers for analyzing chemical composition—are sensitive to \u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/\">lower-energy infrared light\u003c/a>. So, Webb will observe emissions from cooler objects, like molecular clouds containing organic molecules, disks of material forming new planetary systems, and the atmospheres of distant extrasolar planets, to name only a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Location, Location, Location\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The venerable Hubble orbits the Earth, only 300 miles above our planet’s surface—so at any given moment, half of Hubble’s view of space is blocked by a huge, glaring planet. And since Hubble makes an orbit every 95 minutes, it can only observe a celestial object for less than an hour before its line of sight is blocked by the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will orbit the sun at a special location called \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/orbit.html\">Earth’s “L2” Lagrange point\u003c/a>, a million miles farther out. At the L2 point, the Earth and the sun work together to form a sort of gravitational “pocket” in which a spacecraft can remain almost stationary with very little assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will move along with the Earth as they both orbit the sun, like a balloon tethered to a running child, and not wander off to some distant place in the solar system. Since it’s not orbiting the Earth as Hubble does, Webb’s line of sight to celestial objects of interest won’t be routinely cut off—and at a million miles away, Earth doesn’t block much of the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb is also equipped with a tennis-court-sized sun-shade, which will shield it not only from the Sun’s intense radiation, but also from the infrared emissions of the Earth and moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1510521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield.jpg\" alt=\"The Webb's giant, multi-layered sunshield, which will block almost all of the radiation from the sun, moon, and Earth. \" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Webb’s giant, multi-layered sunshield, which will block almost all of the radiation from the sun, moon, and Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Keeping Webb cool is critical to its ability to sense the faint infrared emanations from distant objects. If warmed by the sun, Webb’s own optics and sensors would glow with infrared light, thus seeing those faint objects would be difficult—like looking out a window on a nighttime scene from inside a brightly lit house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Will Webb Show Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble has observed some of the most \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.com/news/2016/03/most-distant-galaxy-hubble-breaks-cosmic-distance-record\">distant galaxies in space\u003c/a>—and since it takes time for their light to travel to us, the farther away they are, the further back in time we see them. When we look at a galaxy that is a billion light years away, it is sort of like watching a video that was recorded a billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will see further back in time by observing infrared emissions of the gases that eventually formed the earliest galaxies, before their stars were born and began emitting visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to home, Webb will analyze confirmed \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a>—especially exoplanets similar to Earth in size and distance from their star. Recently, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-telescope-reveals-largest-batch-of-earth-size-habitable-zone-planets-around\">seven approximately Earth-sized planets\u003c/a> were confirmed orbiting the same star, only 40 light years from us. Three of these planets are at the right distance from their star, TRAPPIST-1, that liquid water could exist on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510520\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1510520\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-art-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of an exoplanet with possible surface water in the TRAPPIST-1 system, 40 light years from our solar system.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of an exoplanet with possible surface water in the TRAPPIST-1 system, 40 light years from our solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Webb will look for infrared emissions from exoplanet atmospheres—if present—and analyze their chemical compositions. If a planet has a liquid water cycle, then there should be water vapor present in its atmosphere. And, if it possesses life, there should be chemical telltales of its activity, such as molecular oxygen or methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope still has a few tests to get through before it is certified space-worthy—just like an astronaut being examined by the doctor who will give them a thumbs-up to launch—but the cosmic revelations it may ultimately bring should be well worth the wait.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1510407/hubble-successor-the-largest-space-telescope-is-closer-to-launch","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1216","science_5186","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1518245","label":"science"},"science_826631":{"type":"posts","id":"science_826631","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"826631","score":null,"sort":[1467982858000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-a-passing-comet-can-unlock-secrets-from-earths-past","title":"How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past","publishDate":1467982858,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for almost two years, will conclude its mission in September when it collides with the comet, gathering as much data as it can along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency craft arrived at its target in August 2014, and launched a landing probe, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30100-comet-landing-discoveries-rosetta-philae-lander.html\">Philae\u003c/a>, to the comet’s surface that November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair made headlines since Rosetta is the first spacecraft to orbit a comet and Philae is the first probe to land on a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, sort of. Philae bounced a couple of times before coming to rest in a shady spot where its solar panels could not generate enough electricity to keep it going — but it did send back some valuable pictures and data before its batteries died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-826738\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Philae’s hiccup, the overall mission has been a remarkable success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s given us a detailed look into a comet, which is essentially a celestial time capsule frozen in ice. Comets preserve information about the early conditions of our solar system and the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta observed chemicals that may even give us a clearer understanding of the origin of life on Earth. In addition to finding hydrocarbon compounds and molecular oxygen (the stuff we breath), Rosetta \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_comet_contains_ingredients_for_life\">detected the amino acid glycine,\u003c/a> as well as phosphorus, an element critical to the structure of DNA molecules in life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prevailing theory about life and our oceans is that both may have been supplied with materials delivered by comets and asteroids. We have learned that not only do comets contain large amounts of water ice, but individuals like 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko tell us that there are organic compounds — the chemical building-blocks of life — to be found in the leftover debris of the solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young Earth was at one time a hot ball of molten lava, but at some point as it cooled it acquired oceans of liquid water, and maybe soon after this, its first life forms. Questions for a long time have been, where did the oceans’ waters come from, and how did life arise? Did water and organic compounds form directly from the cooling materials on Earth, or were those materials added by the impacts of comets and asteroids? Or both?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826844\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 615px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-826844 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \" width=\"615\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The water in some comets is a nearly perfect chemical match for the water in our oceans today — a very clear “smoking gun” that comets and asteroids may have served as a sort of “bucket brigade” to deliver those waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s water is not a match to Earth’s, so comets of its type would have contributed less to Earth’s oceans than others. But 67P’s organic compounds, like glycine, support the idea of the cosmic origins of life’s raw materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.euronews.com/2016/07/05/spacecraft-rosetta-prepares-to-crash-land-on-comet-67p/\">Rosetta’s planned collision\u003c/a> with the comet? Do its controllers back on Earth just want to see a big crash? Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deliberate collisions of spacecraft with natural celestial bodies are done for more than one reason. The fiery burn-up of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft in Jupiter’s atmosphere was done simply to prevent a soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft and its radiogenic fuel from flying around uncontrolled. In this case it was done to eliminate the possibility of a future collision with the moon Europa, on which Galileo discovered an ocean of liquid water — a potential home for life. The same fate awaits the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft which will crash into Saturn in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Rosetta’s case, the spacecraft would’ve died a natural death anyway, when the comet moves too far from the sun for Rosetta’s solar panels to maintain power. A final flight straight to the comet’s surface will let scientists collect data on the comet’s surface and coma (the shroud of gas and dust surrounding the nucleus), hopefully right up to the point of contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta won’t be plummeting into the comet in a fiery explosion, but easing in slowly. After this, Rosetta, along with Philae, will become permanent fixtures on the comet, a sort of monument and time capsule for the mission.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Rosetta spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko will conclude its mission in September when it collides into the comet.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929956,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":782},"headData":{"title":"How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past | KQED","description":"The Rosetta spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko will conclude its mission in September when it collides into the comet.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past","datePublished":"2016-07-08T13:00:58.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:39:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/826631/how-a-passing-comet-can-unlock-secrets-from-earths-past","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for almost two years, will conclude its mission in September when it collides with the comet, gathering as much data as it can along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency craft arrived at its target in August 2014, and launched a landing probe, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30100-comet-landing-discoveries-rosetta-philae-lander.html\">Philae\u003c/a>, to the comet’s surface that November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair made headlines since Rosetta is the first spacecraft to orbit a comet and Philae is the first probe to land on a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, sort of. Philae bounced a couple of times before coming to rest in a shady spot where its solar panels could not generate enough electricity to keep it going — but it did send back some valuable pictures and data before its batteries died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-826738\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Philae’s hiccup, the overall mission has been a remarkable success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s given us a detailed look into a comet, which is essentially a celestial time capsule frozen in ice. Comets preserve information about the early conditions of our solar system and the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta observed chemicals that may even give us a clearer understanding of the origin of life on Earth. In addition to finding hydrocarbon compounds and molecular oxygen (the stuff we breath), Rosetta \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_comet_contains_ingredients_for_life\">detected the amino acid glycine,\u003c/a> as well as phosphorus, an element critical to the structure of DNA molecules in life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prevailing theory about life and our oceans is that both may have been supplied with materials delivered by comets and asteroids. We have learned that not only do comets contain large amounts of water ice, but individuals like 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko tell us that there are organic compounds — the chemical building-blocks of life — to be found in the leftover debris of the solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young Earth was at one time a hot ball of molten lava, but at some point as it cooled it acquired oceans of liquid water, and maybe soon after this, its first life forms. Questions for a long time have been, where did the oceans’ waters come from, and how did life arise? Did water and organic compounds form directly from the cooling materials on Earth, or were those materials added by the impacts of comets and asteroids? Or both?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826844\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 615px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-826844 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \" width=\"615\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The water in some comets is a nearly perfect chemical match for the water in our oceans today — a very clear “smoking gun” that comets and asteroids may have served as a sort of “bucket brigade” to deliver those waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s water is not a match to Earth’s, so comets of its type would have contributed less to Earth’s oceans than others. But 67P’s organic compounds, like glycine, support the idea of the cosmic origins of life’s raw materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.euronews.com/2016/07/05/spacecraft-rosetta-prepares-to-crash-land-on-comet-67p/\">Rosetta’s planned collision\u003c/a> with the comet? Do its controllers back on Earth just want to see a big crash? Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deliberate collisions of spacecraft with natural celestial bodies are done for more than one reason. The fiery burn-up of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft in Jupiter’s atmosphere was done simply to prevent a soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft and its radiogenic fuel from flying around uncontrolled. In this case it was done to eliminate the possibility of a future collision with the moon Europa, on which Galileo discovered an ocean of liquid water — a potential home for life. The same fate awaits the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft which will crash into Saturn in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Rosetta’s case, the spacecraft would’ve died a natural death anyway, when the comet moves too far from the sun for Rosetta’s solar panels to maintain power. A final flight straight to the comet’s surface will let scientists collect data on the comet’s surface and coma (the shroud of gas and dust surrounding the nucleus), hopefully right up to the point of contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta won’t be plummeting into the comet in a fiery explosion, but easing in slowly. After this, Rosetta, along with Philae, will become permanent fixtures on the comet, a sort of monument and time capsule for the mission.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/826631/how-a-passing-comet-can-unlock-secrets-from-earths-past","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1216","science_1220","science_843","science_1821","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_826737","label":"science"},"science_168173":{"type":"posts","id":"science_168173","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"168173","score":null,"sort":[1438984351000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"three-current-space-missions-you-may-not-know-about","title":"Three Current Space Missions You May Not Know About","publishDate":1438984351,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Three Current Space Missions You May Not Know About | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>With all of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/13/at-last-nasa-spacecraft-captures-a-close-up-of-pluto/\">attention grabbed by Pluto\u003c/a> in recent months, it’s easy to lose sight of just how much exploration is actually taking place across the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, most of the news has come from \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> flyby of Pluto, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s \u003c/a>ongoing investigation of Saturn and its enigmatic moons and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>rover’s geologic quest on the slopes of Mount Sharp on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Space Agency’s Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft and Philae lander are carrying us on a roller coaster ride around the sun on Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A small fleet of solar observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a> and the ESA’s SOHO keep an unblinking eye on our tumultuous sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dozens of robotic spacecraft\u003c/a> spread across the solar system, quietly exploring objects and regions from Earth’s moon all the way out to the frontier of interstellar space, three times more distant than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are three current space expeditions that may yield results as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroid Expedition: Orbit, Land, Rove, Return!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you heard of \u003ca href=\"http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/hayabusa2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayabusa 2\u003c/a>? Launched by Japan last December, this spacecraft is currently en route to the near-Earth object 1999 JU3, where it will arrive in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168388\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \" width=\"400\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg 713w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JAXA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will spend about 18 months examining this half-mile-wide asteroid and employing a variety of exploration technologies, including deploying a lander and a rover to its surface, creating and exploring an artificial crater with an impactor projectile and the lander, and ultimately returning samples of the asteroid to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a novel mission, but in fact this isn’t the first to bring pieces of an asteroid home to us; Hayabusa 2’s predecessor, Hayabusa (1), collected and returned samples of the asteroid Itokawa in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And 1999 JU3 is a “C” type \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Asteroids_Structure_and_composition_of_asteroids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroid\u003c/a>, a carbonaceous object composed of clay and silicate rocks. Though C-type asteroids are the most common (75% of asteroids are of this type), they are among the oldest objects in the solar system. They are also thought to contain organic material and water (in hydrated rock).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two factors—their origin in the earliest times of the solar system’s formation, and the water and organic molecules they may contain—can provide clues of how a planet like the Earth formed, in particular in relation to Earth’s oceans and the emergence of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recycled Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you know that the green “reuse-recycle” ethic is occasionally employed with space missions? This is the case with ARTEMIS—a mission you may not have heard of even during its first incarnation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/artemis/index.html#.VcJK8PNVhBc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ARTEMIS \u003c/a>(Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun) consists of two spacecraft that were originally members of another multi-probe mission called THEMIS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168383\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg\" alt=\"Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \" width=\"400\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \u003ccite>(Mark A. Wieczorek)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The original five THEMIS spacecraft orbited the Earth starting in 2007 studying its aurora, but two of the solar-powered probes were in danger of losing power due to spending too much time in Earth’s shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of falling into dark silence, these two were sent on a new mission to the Moon, and renamed ARTEMIS-P1 and ARTEMIS-P2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 the two repurposed spacecraft arrived at their initial destinations, the L1 and L2 Earth-Moon \u003ca href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/lagpt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Lagrange” points\u003c/a>, where a balancing act between the Earth’s and the Moon’s gravity creates semi-stable “pockets” where spacecraft can dwell. L1 resides between the Earth and Moon, and L2 on the far side of the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Lagrange points reside outside of Earth’s magnetic field, and so were excellent vantage points for the ARTEMIS spacecraft to study the properties of the solar wind and how it interacts with the Earth’s long magnetic tail and the Moon’s weak magnetism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, both spacecraft were moved from the Lagrange points into close lunar orbits, and began a new phase of their repurposed mission to study the Moon more closely, including the structure of its core and its detailed surface magnetism. The ARTEMIS mission is still in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno to Jupiter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/a> mission also hasn’t been on people’s radar, but not because its mission isn’t large. In fact, its mission objective is the biggest thing in the solar system, the planet Jupiter, where it will arrive in July of 2016 and enter a first-ever polar orbit of the gas giant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168385\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168385\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg\" alt=\"Auroras surround Jupiter's North Polar region, revealing the gas giant's powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \" width=\"400\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg 781w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Auroras surround Jupiter’s North Polar region, revealing the gas giant’s powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \u003ccite>(Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By investigating Jupiter’s polar regions, the Juno spacecraft will make detailed measurements of Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field where it emerges from within the planet, the structure of its atmosphere, and its gravitational field, giving scientists a glimpse of what’s going on deep within Jupiter’s thick gaseous layers and down to its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probing Jupiter’s interior structure may give us insights into how Jupiter formed, and by extension the history of the formation of other planets in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five decades ago the first robotic probe to reach any place in the solar system beyond the Earth-Moon system, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariner 4,\u003c/a> flew by Mars, capturing and transmitting back to Earth less than two dozen images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the playing field of solar system exploration is crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re in for a treat as spacecraft gather information and help us better understand the world in which we live.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With all of the attention grabbed by high-profile cosmic expeditions in recent months, it's easy to lose sight of just how much exploration is actually taking place across the solar system. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931462,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":978},"headData":{"title":"Three Current Space Missions You May Not Know About | KQED","description":"With all of the attention grabbed by high-profile cosmic expeditions in recent months, it's easy to lose sight of just how much exploration is actually taking place across the solar system. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Three Current Space Missions You May Not Know About","datePublished":"2015-08-07T21:52:31.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:04:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/168173/three-current-space-missions-you-may-not-know-about","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With all of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/13/at-last-nasa-spacecraft-captures-a-close-up-of-pluto/\">attention grabbed by Pluto\u003c/a> in recent months, it’s easy to lose sight of just how much exploration is actually taking place across the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, most of the news has come from \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> flyby of Pluto, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s \u003c/a>ongoing investigation of Saturn and its enigmatic moons and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>rover’s geologic quest on the slopes of Mount Sharp on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Space Agency’s Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft and Philae lander are carrying us on a roller coaster ride around the sun on Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A small fleet of solar observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a> and the ESA’s SOHO keep an unblinking eye on our tumultuous sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dozens of robotic spacecraft\u003c/a> spread across the solar system, quietly exploring objects and regions from Earth’s moon all the way out to the frontier of interstellar space, three times more distant than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are three current space expeditions that may yield results as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroid Expedition: Orbit, Land, Rove, Return!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you heard of \u003ca href=\"http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/hayabusa2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayabusa 2\u003c/a>? Launched by Japan last December, this spacecraft is currently en route to the near-Earth object 1999 JU3, where it will arrive in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168388\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \" width=\"400\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg 713w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JAXA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will spend about 18 months examining this half-mile-wide asteroid and employing a variety of exploration technologies, including deploying a lander and a rover to its surface, creating and exploring an artificial crater with an impactor projectile and the lander, and ultimately returning samples of the asteroid to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a novel mission, but in fact this isn’t the first to bring pieces of an asteroid home to us; Hayabusa 2’s predecessor, Hayabusa (1), collected and returned samples of the asteroid Itokawa in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And 1999 JU3 is a “C” type \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Asteroids_Structure_and_composition_of_asteroids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroid\u003c/a>, a carbonaceous object composed of clay and silicate rocks. Though C-type asteroids are the most common (75% of asteroids are of this type), they are among the oldest objects in the solar system. They are also thought to contain organic material and water (in hydrated rock).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two factors—their origin in the earliest times of the solar system’s formation, and the water and organic molecules they may contain—can provide clues of how a planet like the Earth formed, in particular in relation to Earth’s oceans and the emergence of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recycled Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you know that the green “reuse-recycle” ethic is occasionally employed with space missions? This is the case with ARTEMIS—a mission you may not have heard of even during its first incarnation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/artemis/index.html#.VcJK8PNVhBc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ARTEMIS \u003c/a>(Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun) consists of two spacecraft that were originally members of another multi-probe mission called THEMIS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168383\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg\" alt=\"Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \" width=\"400\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \u003ccite>(Mark A. Wieczorek)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The original five THEMIS spacecraft orbited the Earth starting in 2007 studying its aurora, but two of the solar-powered probes were in danger of losing power due to spending too much time in Earth’s shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of falling into dark silence, these two were sent on a new mission to the Moon, and renamed ARTEMIS-P1 and ARTEMIS-P2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 the two repurposed spacecraft arrived at their initial destinations, the L1 and L2 Earth-Moon \u003ca href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/lagpt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Lagrange” points\u003c/a>, where a balancing act between the Earth’s and the Moon’s gravity creates semi-stable “pockets” where spacecraft can dwell. L1 resides between the Earth and Moon, and L2 on the far side of the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Lagrange points reside outside of Earth’s magnetic field, and so were excellent vantage points for the ARTEMIS spacecraft to study the properties of the solar wind and how it interacts with the Earth’s long magnetic tail and the Moon’s weak magnetism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, both spacecraft were moved from the Lagrange points into close lunar orbits, and began a new phase of their repurposed mission to study the Moon more closely, including the structure of its core and its detailed surface magnetism. The ARTEMIS mission is still in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno to Jupiter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/a> mission also hasn’t been on people’s radar, but not because its mission isn’t large. In fact, its mission objective is the biggest thing in the solar system, the planet Jupiter, where it will arrive in July of 2016 and enter a first-ever polar orbit of the gas giant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168385\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168385\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg\" alt=\"Auroras surround Jupiter's North Polar region, revealing the gas giant's powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \" width=\"400\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg 781w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Auroras surround Jupiter’s North Polar region, revealing the gas giant’s powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \u003ccite>(Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By investigating Jupiter’s polar regions, the Juno spacecraft will make detailed measurements of Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field where it emerges from within the planet, the structure of its atmosphere, and its gravitational field, giving scientists a glimpse of what’s going on deep within Jupiter’s thick gaseous layers and down to its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probing Jupiter’s interior structure may give us insights into how Jupiter formed, and by extension the history of the formation of other planets in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five decades ago the first robotic probe to reach any place in the solar system beyond the Earth-Moon system, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariner 4,\u003c/a> flew by Mars, capturing and transmitting back to Earth less than two dozen images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the playing field of solar system exploration is crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re in for a treat as spacecraft gather information and help us better understand the world in which we live.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/168173/three-current-space-missions-you-may-not-know-about","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_144","science_1216","science_1056","science_5180","science_351","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_168378","label":"science"},"science_73371":{"type":"posts","id":"science_73371","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"73371","score":null,"sort":[1435327240000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"europes-rosetta-mission-extended-philae-lander-re-energizing","title":"Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016","publishDate":1435327240,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016 | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>In June, the European Space Agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta mission\u003c/a> operators received a welcome surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s landing probe Philae has been silent since November when it set down awkwardly on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this month, Philae sent signals to its mothership Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta and Philae were launched in 2004 on a ten-year journey to reach and explore 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73375\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-73375 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces-400x266.jpg\" alt=\"Philae's awkward bouncy landing on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces.jpg 615w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Philae’s awkward bouncy landing on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Philae is the first spacecraft ever to have contacted a comet, and the fact that it functioned after landing and sent back observations from the surface qualify the landing as successful, even if things did not go as planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key systems on Philae that were designed to “make it stick” to the comet upon landing failed to go off as designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A thruster that was supposed to push the robot firmly onto the surface and prevent it from bouncing off did not function, and a harpoon system, intended to anchor it permanently to the comet, failed to deploy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Philae bounced in the comet’s extremely low gravity environment—bounced more than once, in fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it finally came to rest, mission controllers did not know exactly where it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make matters worse, Philae settled down in the shadow of a cliff, with its solar panels turned to an unfavorable angle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-seven hours after its final landing, Philae’s battery power was depleted, and it went silent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-73378 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Surface close-up of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surface close-up of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that, as comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko got closer to the sun, and perhaps Philae’s solar panels achieved a more productive face-off with the sun’s light, its batteries might recharge to the point where it could come out of its accidental hibernation—\u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/philae-comet-lander-back-in-touch-with-mothership-150622.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">which has now happened\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae’s first “pings” came on June 13 and 14, and, following a brief relapse into silence, June 19. Mission operators are assessing Philae’s state, but are hopeful that its historic mission is not over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, mothership Rosetta has been tagging along with the comet since it arrived there in August 2014, making observations and measurements of the comet’s nucleus and the shroud of gas and dust it has developed as it heats up in the increasingly intense sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comet will reach perihelion, its closest approach to the sun, on August 13th, and afterward will move away from the sun again, toward the more distant end of its six-and-a-half year elliptical orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_75772\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 5333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-75772 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg\" alt=\"Map of different terrain types of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"5333\" height=\"3333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg 5333w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-1180x737.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5333px) 100vw, 5333px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of different terrain types of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the time since its arrival, Rosetta has shown us \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Getting_to_know_Rosetta_s_comet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the nature of the comet\u003c/a> in unprecedented detail. Some of the highlights of its discoveries are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The comet’s surface has been mapped into 19 different regions with distinct boundaries comprising five diverse types of terrain: dust-coated areas; rugged terrain filled with pits and other depressions; smoother patches; and different exposed rocky zones, including localities of exposed water ice.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The comet’s average density is 470 kilograms per cubic meter—which tells scientists that if, as it is believed, the comet’s overall composition is mostly water ice, then the comet is highly porous, with as much as 70 to 80 percent of its volume dominated by small empty chambers.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Jets of gas and dust erupting from within the warming comet emerge largely from the “neck” region between Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s distinctive two-lobed shape.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>All of the data and discoveries acquired from this comet provide insight into the conditions under which it formed over 4.5 billion years ago, when our solar system was young and the planets still in their infancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been said that primordial objects like comets are like time capsules of information about the early formation of the solar system, and missions like Rosetta hold the key to unlocking them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s continued study of Churyumov-Gerasimenko will only increase our understanding of our planet’s origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is more good news than Philae’s hopeful resuscitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever Philae is able to achieve in the days or months ahead, the Rosetta mission itself \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_mission_extended\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been extended \u003c/a>nine months beyond the nominal December 2015 end time, giving scientists the opportunity to observe the comet’s behavior over a longer stretch of its orbital cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta has observed the comet since it was relatively far from the sun, and has been monitoring the effects of rising solar radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how the comet behaves as it moves back toward the colder environment farther from the sun will give us a more comprehensive view of its evolution.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In June, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta mission operators received a welcome surprise. The landing probe Philae, which set down awkwardly on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko last November and soon after was lost from contact, transmitted signals to its orbiting mothership, Rosetta.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931648,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":820},"headData":{"title":"Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016 | KQED","description":"In June, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta mission operators received a welcome surprise. The landing probe Philae, which set down awkwardly on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko last November and soon after was lost from contact, transmitted signals to its orbiting mothership, Rosetta.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Europe’s Comet-Chasing Rosetta Mission Extended Until 2016","datePublished":"2015-06-26T14:00:40.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:07:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/73371/europes-rosetta-mission-extended-philae-lander-re-energizing","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In June, the European Space Agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta mission\u003c/a> operators received a welcome surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s landing probe Philae has been silent since November when it set down awkwardly on the surface of comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this month, Philae sent signals to its mothership Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta and Philae were launched in 2004 on a ten-year journey to reach and explore 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73375\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-73375 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces-400x266.jpg\" alt=\"Philae's awkward bouncy landing on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/philae-bounces.jpg 615w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Philae’s awkward bouncy landing on the surface of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Philae is the first spacecraft ever to have contacted a comet, and the fact that it functioned after landing and sent back observations from the surface qualify the landing as successful, even if things did not go as planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key systems on Philae that were designed to “make it stick” to the comet upon landing failed to go off as designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A thruster that was supposed to push the robot firmly onto the surface and prevent it from bouncing off did not function, and a harpoon system, intended to anchor it permanently to the comet, failed to deploy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Philae bounced in the comet’s extremely low gravity environment—bounced more than once, in fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it finally came to rest, mission controllers did not know exactly where it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make matters worse, Philae settled down in the shadow of a cliff, with its solar panels turned to an unfavorable angle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-seven hours after its final landing, Philae’s battery power was depleted, and it went silent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-73378 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Surface close-up of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/comet-closeup.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surface close-up of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that, as comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko got closer to the sun, and perhaps Philae’s solar panels achieved a more productive face-off with the sun’s light, its batteries might recharge to the point where it could come out of its accidental hibernation—\u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/philae-comet-lander-back-in-touch-with-mothership-150622.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">which has now happened\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philae’s first “pings” came on June 13 and 14, and, following a brief relapse into silence, June 19. Mission operators are assessing Philae’s state, but are hopeful that its historic mission is not over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, mothership Rosetta has been tagging along with the comet since it arrived there in August 2014, making observations and measurements of the comet’s nucleus and the shroud of gas and dust it has developed as it heats up in the increasingly intense sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comet will reach perihelion, its closest approach to the sun, on August 13th, and afterward will move away from the sun again, toward the more distant end of its six-and-a-half year elliptical orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_75772\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 5333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-75772 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg\" alt=\"Map of different terrain types of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\" width=\"5333\" height=\"3333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko.jpg 5333w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-1180x737.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Ice_on_Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5333px) 100vw, 5333px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of different terrain types of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. (Rosetta/European Space Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the time since its arrival, Rosetta has shown us \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Getting_to_know_Rosetta_s_comet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the nature of the comet\u003c/a> in unprecedented detail. Some of the highlights of its discoveries are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The comet’s surface has been mapped into 19 different regions with distinct boundaries comprising five diverse types of terrain: dust-coated areas; rugged terrain filled with pits and other depressions; smoother patches; and different exposed rocky zones, including localities of exposed water ice.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The comet’s average density is 470 kilograms per cubic meter—which tells scientists that if, as it is believed, the comet’s overall composition is mostly water ice, then the comet is highly porous, with as much as 70 to 80 percent of its volume dominated by small empty chambers.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Jets of gas and dust erupting from within the warming comet emerge largely from the “neck” region between Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s distinctive two-lobed shape.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>All of the data and discoveries acquired from this comet provide insight into the conditions under which it formed over 4.5 billion years ago, when our solar system was young and the planets still in their infancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been said that primordial objects like comets are like time capsules of information about the early formation of the solar system, and missions like Rosetta hold the key to unlocking them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s continued study of Churyumov-Gerasimenko will only increase our understanding of our planet’s origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is more good news than Philae’s hopeful resuscitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever Philae is able to achieve in the days or months ahead, the Rosetta mission itself \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_mission_extended\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been extended \u003c/a>nine months beyond the nominal December 2015 end time, giving scientists the opportunity to observe the comet’s behavior over a longer stretch of its orbital cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta has observed the comet since it was relatively far from the sun, and has been monitoring the effects of rising solar radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how the comet behaves as it moves back toward the colder environment farther from the sun will give us a more comprehensive view of its evolution.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/73371/europes-rosetta-mission-extended-philae-lander-re-energizing","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1219","science_145","science_1216","science_1220","science_1821","science_1215"],"featImg":"science_73373","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. 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