Exploding Stars Likely Shaped the Destiny of Planet Earth
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U.S. Stepping Up Earth’s Protection From Asteroids, Comets
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You Are Here: Scientists Unveil Precise Map Of More Than A Billion Stars
Sweet Science: Putting Corn Syrup to Work on Earth’s Origins
NASA's Time-Lapse Video: View of a Breathing Earth
New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth's Oceans
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From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1976539":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1976539","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1976539","score":null,"sort":[1630697876000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"exploding-stars-likely-shaped-the-destiny-of-planet-earth","title":"Exploding Stars Likely Shaped the Destiny of Planet Earth","publishDate":1630697876,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Exploding Stars Likely Shaped the Destiny of Planet Earth | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Scientists are investigating the origin of our planet and \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/our-solar-system/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> solar system by examining\u003c/a> other, younger stars and planetary systems currently being formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are looking at a \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/how-do-stars-form-and-evolve\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> star-forming region \u003c/a> in the constellation \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/constellations/born-between-november-29-and-december-18-heres-your-constellation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ophiuchus.\u003c/a> The area is a window into the origins of other solar systems, and the vast cloud of dust and molecules in which they form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nascent stellar embryos are providing insight into the raw ingredients that shaped the course of our planet’s development. Researchers are peeking inside the cosmic kitchen to observe how Earth might have been cooked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976468\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976468 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Star-forming nebula Rho Ophiuchi, captured by NASA’s WISE spacecraft. The colors represent different wavelengths of infrared light, revealing thermal emissions from stars and surrounding clouds of gas and dust in the nebula. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long suspected that \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/supernova/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> supernovas \u003c/a> — the titanic death-blasts of massive stars — contributed to the special sauce that created Earth, but the new data from Ophiuchus gives researchers the ability to apply rigorous mathematical analysis and direct observations to test that hypothesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early findings suggest it might have been multiple exploding stars that created our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Ophiuchus observations\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Several observatories, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">including from NASA, the European Space Agency, and Chile,\u003c/span> took new measurements\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01442-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> of multiple wavelengths of light\u003c/a> from the star-forming region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from UC Santa Cruz and elsewhere are examining the observations, which show abundance of aluminum-26, an isotope of the element aluminum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsisotopes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Isotopes \u003c/a> are heavier forms of elements, containing more neutrons in an atomic nucleus than the ordinary atom. They are often unstable and prone to decaying into lighter elements, a radioactive process that releases heat. A \u003ca href=\"https://rps.nasa.gov/technology/\">nuclear power system\u003c/a> generates heat from the decay of radioactive atoms in a similar way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though most of the aluminum-26 originally infused in our solar system’s primordial star-forming cloud has long since decayed, the elements it broke into remain, preserved in meteorites fallen to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976469\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 777px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-Jo%C3%A3o-Alves-ESO-VISIONS.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"777\" height=\"766\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-João-Alves-ESO-VISIONS.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-João-Alves-ESO-VISIONS-160x158.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-João-Alves-ESO-VISIONS-768x757.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared composite image from the Ophiuchus star-forming nebula. The gas and dust clouds of the nebula are shown in relation to dense proto-stellar embryos, where new star systems are being born. \u003ccite>(João Alves/ESO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The amount of a radioactive isotope like aluminum-26 that is present during a planet’s formation may be crucial to its development, and the amount of heat released by their decay could determine how wet or dry the planet becomes. And though aluminium-26 has been detected throughout the Ophiuchus complex, its abundance in each forming star system was found to vary enormously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does the math say? Which spice shelves might the mystery chef who cooked up our solar system have grabbed from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a numerical analysis, the researchers calculate a 59% probability that the aluminum-26 in a star system’s mix is supplied by a supernova, and a 68% chance that the material originates from multiple supernovas, as opposed to a single star explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, for nature to cook up a solar system with rocky, water-bearing planets like Earth, likely more than one massive star had to perish in spectacular fashion, billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This finding is important for understanding how our planet was formed and what other worlds might be like in the galaxy around us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are there other planets like ours out there? A clearer understanding of the confluence of conditions and materials that produced our solar system can offer insight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing special about Ophiuchus as a star formation region,” said João Alves of the University of Vienna, a co-author of the Ophiuchus paper. “It is just a typical configuration of gas and young massive stars, so our results should be representative of the enrichment of short-lived radioactive elements in star and planet formations across the galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Reverse engineering the recipe for our solar system\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It’s difficult to peer 5 billion years into the past to understand exactly what conditions shaped our solar system, planet, and life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976477\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976477 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-800x395.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-800x395.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-1020x503.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-160x79.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-768x379.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa.jpg 1166w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Eagle Nebula, a stellar nursery 5,700 light-years from our solar system, hides nascent proto-planetary systems within its gas clouds. The visible-light image (left) was captured by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and nicknamed the “Pillars of Creation.” A near-infrared image (right) reveals what’s inside: A proto-star can be seen swaddled in the nebula at the topmost tip of the pillar on the left. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists can piece together forensic evidence, traces of material and remnant surface features of planets, moons, asteroids and comets preserved over eons. But this reconstruction of the past can be like an episode of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.fox.com/crime-scene-kitchen/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Crime Scene Kitchen\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” where investigators puzzle over what dishes were cooked up by examining scraps of food left on the cutting board and burned residues in the oven. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades scientists have believed that our solar system was formed by clouds of interstellar gas and dust condensing under gravity, enriched with oxygen, iron, uranium and other special chemical elements, atoms heavier than the hydrogen and helium that make up most of a star-forming cloud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, direct observations of forming star systems give the researchers solid numbers to work with, mathematical tools that give more definite shape to the nebulous ideas of the past few decades.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers studying a nearby star-formation region are learning about the conditions in which the Earth formed.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846450,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":901},"headData":{"title":"Exploding Stars Likely Shaped the Destiny of Planet Earth | KQED","description":"Researchers studying a nearby star-formation region are learning about the conditions in which the Earth formed.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Exploding Stars Likely Shaped the Destiny of Planet Earth","datePublished":"2021-09-03T19:37:56.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:27:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1976539/exploding-stars-likely-shaped-the-destiny-of-planet-earth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists are investigating the origin of our planet and \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/our-solar-system/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> solar system by examining\u003c/a> other, younger stars and planetary systems currently being formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are looking at a \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/how-do-stars-form-and-evolve\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> star-forming region \u003c/a> in the constellation \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/constellations/born-between-november-29-and-december-18-heres-your-constellation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ophiuchus.\u003c/a> The area is a window into the origins of other solar systems, and the vast cloud of dust and molecules in which they form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nascent stellar embryos are providing insight into the raw ingredients that shaped the course of our planet’s development. Researchers are peeking inside the cosmic kitchen to observe how Earth might have been cooked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976468\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976468 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/532864main_pia13974-43_946-710-nasa-jpl-caltech-ucla.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Star-forming nebula Rho Ophiuchi, captured by NASA’s WISE spacecraft. The colors represent different wavelengths of infrared light, revealing thermal emissions from stars and surrounding clouds of gas and dust in the nebula. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long suspected that \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/supernova/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> supernovas \u003c/a> — the titanic death-blasts of massive stars — contributed to the special sauce that created Earth, but the new data from Ophiuchus gives researchers the ability to apply rigorous mathematical analysis and direct observations to test that hypothesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early findings suggest it might have been multiple exploding stars that created our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Ophiuchus observations\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Several observatories, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">including from NASA, the European Space Agency, and Chile,\u003c/span> took new measurements\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01442-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> of multiple wavelengths of light\u003c/a> from the star-forming region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from UC Santa Cruz and elsewhere are examining the observations, which show abundance of aluminum-26, an isotope of the element aluminum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsisotopes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Isotopes \u003c/a> are heavier forms of elements, containing more neutrons in an atomic nucleus than the ordinary atom. They are often unstable and prone to decaying into lighter elements, a radioactive process that releases heat. A \u003ca href=\"https://rps.nasa.gov/technology/\">nuclear power system\u003c/a> generates heat from the decay of radioactive atoms in a similar way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though most of the aluminum-26 originally infused in our solar system’s primordial star-forming cloud has long since decayed, the elements it broke into remain, preserved in meteorites fallen to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976469\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 777px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-Jo%C3%A3o-Alves-ESO-VISIONS.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"777\" height=\"766\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-João-Alves-ESO-VISIONS.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-João-Alves-ESO-VISIONS-160x158.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/L1688-NIR-777x766-João-Alves-ESO-VISIONS-768x757.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared composite image from the Ophiuchus star-forming nebula. The gas and dust clouds of the nebula are shown in relation to dense proto-stellar embryos, where new star systems are being born. \u003ccite>(João Alves/ESO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The amount of a radioactive isotope like aluminum-26 that is present during a planet’s formation may be crucial to its development, and the amount of heat released by their decay could determine how wet or dry the planet becomes. And though aluminium-26 has been detected throughout the Ophiuchus complex, its abundance in each forming star system was found to vary enormously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does the math say? Which spice shelves might the mystery chef who cooked up our solar system have grabbed from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a numerical analysis, the researchers calculate a 59% probability that the aluminum-26 in a star system’s mix is supplied by a supernova, and a 68% chance that the material originates from multiple supernovas, as opposed to a single star explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, for nature to cook up a solar system with rocky, water-bearing planets like Earth, likely more than one massive star had to perish in spectacular fashion, billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This finding is important for understanding how our planet was formed and what other worlds might be like in the galaxy around us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are there other planets like ours out there? A clearer understanding of the confluence of conditions and materials that produced our solar system can offer insight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing special about Ophiuchus as a star formation region,” said João Alves of the University of Vienna, a co-author of the Ophiuchus paper. “It is just a typical configuration of gas and young massive stars, so our results should be representative of the enrichment of short-lived radioactive elements in star and planet formations across the galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Reverse engineering the recipe for our solar system\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It’s difficult to peer 5 billion years into the past to understand exactly what conditions shaped our solar system, planet, and life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976477\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976477 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-800x395.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-800x395.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-1020x503.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-160x79.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa-768x379.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/EagleNebula-vis-and-ir-nasa.jpg 1166w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Eagle Nebula, a stellar nursery 5,700 light-years from our solar system, hides nascent proto-planetary systems within its gas clouds. The visible-light image (left) was captured by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and nicknamed the “Pillars of Creation.” A near-infrared image (right) reveals what’s inside: A proto-star can be seen swaddled in the nebula at the topmost tip of the pillar on the left. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists can piece together forensic evidence, traces of material and remnant surface features of planets, moons, asteroids and comets preserved over eons. But this reconstruction of the past can be like an episode of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.fox.com/crime-scene-kitchen/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Crime Scene Kitchen\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” where investigators puzzle over what dishes were cooked up by examining scraps of food left on the cutting board and burned residues in the oven. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades scientists have believed that our solar system was formed by clouds of interstellar gas and dust condensing under gravity, enriched with oxygen, iron, uranium and other special chemical elements, atoms heavier than the hydrogen and helium that make up most of a star-forming cloud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, direct observations of forming star systems give the researchers solid numbers to work with, mathematical tools that give more definite shape to the nebulous ideas of the past few decades.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1976539/exploding-stars-likely-shaped-the-destiny-of-planet-earth","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_74","science_584","science_4414"],"featImg":"science_1976478","label":"source_science_1976539"},"science_1933223":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1933223","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1933223","score":null,"sort":[1539967691000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"listen-to-the-ice-shelf-as-it-makes-eerie-sounds","title":"Listen to The Ice Shelf as It Makes Eerie Sounds","publishDate":1539967691,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Listen to The Ice Shelf as It Makes Eerie Sounds | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w56RxaX9THY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “whistling” of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica’s largest, is beautifully eerie. It’s also potentially a divining rod for changes to shelves’ composition that can be monitored in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listening to it, the opening moan of Fever Ray’s song \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBAzlNJonO8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“If I Had A Heart”\u003c/a> comes to mind, or the dramatic composition \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnoxu4ocQb0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Inuksuit\u003c/em>\u003c/a> from John Luther Adams:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To arrive at \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/antarctic-ice-shelf-sings-as-winds-whip-across-its-surface/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their new recording\u003c/a>, twelve scientists working on the ice shelf burrowed 34 tools for measuring seismic activity into it, expecting to monitor its internal vibrations. They noticed, however, that surface wind glazing over the “firn” — the top layer of snow of the shelf — was feeding the sensors below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was at first considered to be “inconvenient ambient noise,” as the glaciologist Douglas R. MacAyeal put it in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018GL080366\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a summation of the new findings\u003c/a>, ended up yielding valuable insights about the health of the shelf itself. The shelf’s song changes as its surface does; strong storms can rearrange the snow dunes atop it, causing that ice to vibrate at different frequencies — how fast the seismic waves travel through the snow changes as air temperatures at the surface fluctuate, in turn giving scientists data on the shelf’s structural integrity. Meaning whether or not it will break up, and thus raise sea levels. Not bad for a whistle or two. Or 34.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason we care so much about ice shelves is because their stability is so important to the stability of other ice masses,” Rick Aster, one of the authors of the study, tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting that the recording above was not, in its original form, perceptible to human ears — the “song” was created by speeding up those seismic waves, allowing more casual observers to follow along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gives people an intuitive feel that there are these waves bouncing around in the ice shelf that are sensitive to changes, like warming,” Aster said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Music From the Natural World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Orleans-based artist Quintron, through his company Quintronics, developed the Weather Warlock, a “giant analog synth” that is based around an F-major chord, but varies its resulting music due to input from the weather (temperature, wind, sun and rain) it’s experiencing at any given time. The result, which \u003ca href=\"http://weatherfortheblind.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you can stream 24 hours a day\u003c/a> from its current home in Los Angeles, is mercurial and meditative and worth leaving in your headphones for a while. “Our hope is that this instrument could be of some help to those experiencing any type of sleep disorder or to anyone suffering from stress or health issues which might benefit from a direct musical connection to nature,” its creators note. (They also note it is \u003cem>not\u003c/em> meant to offer any medical treatment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baka in southeastern Cameroon \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLGX7EPODug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">use water as a drum\u003c/a>, resulting in a fluent, calming rhythmic form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, if you’re sick of Earth entirely, NASA has an archive of “spooky” space sounds — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/features/halloween_sounds.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perfect for Halloween\u003c/a>. (Not so sure about \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/edu_happy_halloween_2015.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that cover art\u003c/a>, however.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Updated Oct. 18, 5:23 p.m. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cem>with further information on \u003c/em>\u003cem>the value of wind’s seismic data.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Much to the researcher's surprise, the sounds ended up yielding valuable insights about the health of the shelf itself.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927371,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":578},"headData":{"title":"Listen to The Ice Shelf as It Makes Eerie Sounds | KQED","description":"Much to the researcher's surprise, the sounds ended up yielding valuable insights about the health of the shelf itself.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Listen to The Ice Shelf as It Makes Eerie Sounds","datePublished":"2018-10-19T16:48:11.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:56:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Ruben Kimmelman, NPR","path":"/science/1933223/listen-to-the-ice-shelf-as-it-makes-eerie-sounds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/w56RxaX9THY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/w56RxaX9THY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The “whistling” of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica’s largest, is beautifully eerie. It’s also potentially a divining rod for changes to shelves’ composition that can be monitored in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listening to it, the opening moan of Fever Ray’s song \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBAzlNJonO8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“If I Had A Heart”\u003c/a> comes to mind, or the dramatic composition \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnoxu4ocQb0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Inuksuit\u003c/em>\u003c/a> from John Luther Adams:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To arrive at \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/antarctic-ice-shelf-sings-as-winds-whip-across-its-surface/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their new recording\u003c/a>, twelve scientists working on the ice shelf burrowed 34 tools for measuring seismic activity into it, expecting to monitor its internal vibrations. They noticed, however, that surface wind glazing over the “firn” — the top layer of snow of the shelf — was feeding the sensors below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was at first considered to be “inconvenient ambient noise,” as the glaciologist Douglas R. MacAyeal put it in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018GL080366\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a summation of the new findings\u003c/a>, ended up yielding valuable insights about the health of the shelf itself. The shelf’s song changes as its surface does; strong storms can rearrange the snow dunes atop it, causing that ice to vibrate at different frequencies — how fast the seismic waves travel through the snow changes as air temperatures at the surface fluctuate, in turn giving scientists data on the shelf’s structural integrity. Meaning whether or not it will break up, and thus raise sea levels. Not bad for a whistle or two. Or 34.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason we care so much about ice shelves is because their stability is so important to the stability of other ice masses,” Rick Aster, one of the authors of the study, tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting that the recording above was not, in its original form, perceptible to human ears — the “song” was created by speeding up those seismic waves, allowing more casual observers to follow along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gives people an intuitive feel that there are these waves bouncing around in the ice shelf that are sensitive to changes, like warming,” Aster said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Music From the Natural World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Orleans-based artist Quintron, through his company Quintronics, developed the Weather Warlock, a “giant analog synth” that is based around an F-major chord, but varies its resulting music due to input from the weather (temperature, wind, sun and rain) it’s experiencing at any given time. The result, which \u003ca href=\"http://weatherfortheblind.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you can stream 24 hours a day\u003c/a> from its current home in Los Angeles, is mercurial and meditative and worth leaving in your headphones for a while. “Our hope is that this instrument could be of some help to those experiencing any type of sleep disorder or to anyone suffering from stress or health issues which might benefit from a direct musical connection to nature,” its creators note. (They also note it is \u003cem>not\u003c/em> meant to offer any medical treatment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baka in southeastern Cameroon \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLGX7EPODug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">use water as a drum\u003c/a>, resulting in a fluent, calming rhythmic form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, if you’re sick of Earth entirely, NASA has an archive of “spooky” space sounds — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/features/halloween_sounds.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perfect for Halloween\u003c/a>. (Not so sure about \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/edu_happy_halloween_2015.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that cover art\u003c/a>, however.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Updated Oct. 18, 5:23 p.m. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cem>with further information on \u003c/em>\u003cem>the value of wind’s seismic data.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1933223/listen-to-the-ice-shelf-as-it-makes-eerie-sounds","authors":["byline_science_1933223"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_38","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_74","science_192"],"featImg":"science_1933225","label":"source_science_1933223"},"science_1926237":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1926237","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1926237","score":null,"sort":[1529708433000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"climate-refugees-lack-media-attention-and-legal-protections","title":"The Era of Climate Refugees: Millions Lack Recognition or Legal Protections","publishDate":1529708433,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Era of Climate Refugees: Millions Lack Recognition or Legal Protections | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>This month, diplomats from around the world met in New York and Geneva to hash out a pair of new global agreements that aim to lay out new guidelines for how countries should deal with \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an unprecedented surge\u003c/a> in the number of displaced people, which has now reached 65.6 million worldwide.[contextly_sidebar id=”x8vQeWj5IftQurJWmJZ0kbnNWfMHPz0i”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s one emerging category that seems to be getting short shrift in the conversation: so-called “climate refugees,” who currently lack any formal definition, recognition or protection under international law even as the scope of their predicament becomes more clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2008, an average of \u003ca href=\"http://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 million people\u003c/a> have been displaced by catastrophic weather disasters each year. As climate change worsens storms and droughts, climate scientists and migration experts expect that number to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, climate impacts that unravel over time, like desert expansion and sea level rise, are also forcing people from their homes: A \u003ca href=\"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Bank report\u003c/a> in March projects that within three of the most vulnerable regions — sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America — 143 million people could be displaced by these impacts by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/climate/on-the-front-line-of-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bangladesh\u003c/a>, hundreds of thousands of people are routinely uprooted by coastal flooding, many making a treacherous journey to the slums of the capital, Dhaka. In West Africa, the almost total disappearance of Lake Chad because of desertification has empowered terrorists and forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.globaldtm.info/lake-chad-basin-crisis-monthly-dashboard-1-april-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than four million people\u003c/a> into camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a problem in the United States as well. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/puerto-rico-crisis/2-300-puerto-rican-families-displaced-hurricane-maria-are-about-n880356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated 2,300 Puerto Rican families\u003c/a> displaced by Hurricane Maria are still looking for permanent housing, while government officials have spent years working to preemptively relocate more than a dozen small coastal communities in \u003ca href=\"https://thinkprogress.org/newtok-alaska-gets-relocation-funding-35b4434242a6/\">Alaska\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/louisiana-climate-refugees-plan-roadblock_us_5ab402ade4b008c9e5f55c1b\">Louisiana\u003c/a> that are disappearing into the rising sea.[contextly_sidebar id=”D4QCdbxZQ91rfuAbMyMHMW5HkskZEoC6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A December study by Columbia University climate researchers in the peer-reviewed journal \u003cem>Science \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6370/1610\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected\u003c/a> that if global temperatures continue their upward march, applications for asylum to the European Union could increase 28 percent to nearly 450,000 per year by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, there’s no international agreement on who should qualify as a climate refugee — much less a plan to manage the growing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people fall through the cracks,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/people/erol-yayboke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erol Yayboke\u003c/a>, a development expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies who helped author a May\u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/analysis/confronting-global-forced-migration-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> report\u003c/a> on forced migration. “It’s hard for countries to come to a consensus on something like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difficulty took shape during the second and third weeks of June in the latest round of negotiations on the \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/intergovernmental-negotiations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact for Migration\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/formal-consultations-on-the-global-compact-on-refugees.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact on Refugees\u003c/a>, which are due to be adopted at the U.N. General Assembly this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the compacts were first proposed in 2016, there was some hope among migration researchers and advocates that they could provide a platform for new international policies on climate refugees, which had gained prominence since the 2015 Paris climate talks. But that hope was quashed in March, when Louise Arbour, the U.N. official leading the migration compact — which, of the two agreements, was considered the more likely venue for strong climate language — \u003ca href=\"https://www.devex.com/news/global-compact-for-migration-not-the-answer-for-climate-refugees-un-representative-92373\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the European Union\u003c/a> that the document would not grant “specific legal international protection to climate-induced migrants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both compacts do make some reference to the climate. The \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180528_draft_rev_2_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest draft of the migration compact\u003c/a> calls on U.N. members to “better map, understand, predict and address migration movements, including those resulting from sudden- and slow-onset natural disasters, environmental degradation, the adverse effects of climate change” and “cooperate to identify, develop and strengthen solutions, including planned relocation and visa options” for climate migrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/5b1579427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugee compact\u003c/a> stops much shorter, only mentioning climate as one of many factors that “may interact with the drivers of refugee movements.”[contextly_sidebar id=”O3EfVhrV8r5HT4P1mtehPYL7SpXnb3Fe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the compacts should encourage countries to create new legal processes to document and manage climate migrants “so people can move before the water is literally lapping at their feet,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sais-jhu.edu/users/nhall20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Hall\u003c/a>, a migration expert at Johns Hopkins University. As an example, she cited a plan in New Zealand to \u003ca href=\"https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/new-zealand-creates-special-refugee-visa-for-pacific-islanders-affected-by-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer up to 100 special climate visas\u003c/a> to Pacific Islanders — although that process is still in development and isn’t likely to open for several years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the language in the compacts is too vague to spur much progress, she says, and in any case neither compact will be legally binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to be up front that the global compacts are not going to transform the landscape for climate migrants,” Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate refugees pose a number of unique challenges for international policymakers compared to those displaced by persecution, the traditional driver recognized by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/1951-refugee-convention.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1951 UN Refugee Convention\u003c/a>. While some people, like the Puerto Ricans displaced by Maria, are affected by a specific disaster, many others are forced to move because of slow-onset changes like sea level rise and desertification, which can make it hard to identify them as climate refugees. Researchers are still working to understand how climate change interacts with the panoply of other factors, including national security and local economic trends, that might prompt a family to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the majority of today’s climate refugees are displaced within the borders of their own country, whereas the new compacts focus exclusively on cross-border movement. And for Pacific island nations that face a truly existential threat from sea level rise, there’s no legal precedent to guide how they might relocate to new territory in another country — if they \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/no-retreat-climate-change-and-voluntary-immobility-pacific-islands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even want to move\u003c/a>. Even a comparatively simpler effort — \u003ca href=\"http:/isledejeancharles.la.gov/phase-1-resettlement-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to relocate a community of fewer than 100 people in Louisiana\u003c/a> whose island home, Isle de Jean Charles, has lost 98 percent of its land to sea level rise since the 1950s, to a new town 40 miles inland — has taken several years and cost $50 million and still faces setbacks, including complaints from the predominantly Native American residents that the state government didn’t adequately involve them in the planning process.[contextly_sidebar id=”00I9yE15Q12hdFS6dQtjFHE8BfPMVmHE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is there are tens of millions of these people, and we don’t agree on what we can do about them,” Yayboke says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the wave of nationalism and anti-immigrant sentiment that has swept across Europe and the U.S. in recent years has made it a challenge for the U.N. to even get governments to follow existing refugee protocol, let alone expand it to cover an entirely new class of refugee, Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To get any progressive international policy, much less hard law, is almost impossible in today’s climate,” she says. “We’re not going to get any kind of binding convention on displaced people due to climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. pulled out of the migration compact in December, \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/363014-us-pulls-out-of-global-compact-on-migration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">citing concerns\u003c/a> that it could impede the Trump administration’s immigration agenda. While that means the final agreement will be missing any commitment from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/top-25-destinations-international-migrants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world’s number-one migrant destination\u003c/a>, it does remove a potential roadblock to including climate-specific language, given Trump’s disbelief in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, the global compacts aren’t the end of the issue. A different U.N. task force that was established in the Paris climate agreement is set to deliver a new set of recommendations on climate refugees around the same time the compacts are adopted. They will likely focus on measures individual countries can take to prevent climate refugees from being displaced in the first place, says \u003ca href=\"https://sidw.org/mariam-traore-chazalnoel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariam Traore Chazalnoel\u003c/a>, a climate expert at the U.N.’s International Organization for Migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people don’t actually want to migrate,” she says. “They would rather stay where they are. But they need the \u003cem>means\u003c/em> to stay where they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could include programs to train and equip farmers for drought tolerance, she says, raise homes out of flood plains, and other measures aimed at increasing communities’ resilience to climate shocks. Yayboke believes that development agencies need to step up funding for climate adaptation programs, which can help prevent displacement and reduce government spending on recovery from predictable natural disasters later on.[contextly_sidebar id=”lD8t2ypUt2JcYfF677KFvdPB7yFAlEBd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are spending so much money on this stuff, but we’re being totally reactive,” he says. “There are proactive things we can do that we’re just not doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few places are more illustrative of that problem than Bangladesh. According to the CSIS report, up to 70 percent of the five million people living in Dhaka’s slums were displaced from their original home by environmental disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation and scope of this problem is entirely new, and of biblical proportions,” says Steve Trent, executive director of the Environmental Justice Foundation, which released its own \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/reports/climate-displacement-in-bangladesh\">report\u003c/a> on Bangladesh in 2017. “It demands an entirely new legal convention. The global compacts are a start, but it’s clear that they’re not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.timmcdonnell.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Tim McDonnell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist covering the environment, conflict and related issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Follow him on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/timmcdonnell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Twitter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/timothy.m.mcdonnell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Instagram\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Refugees+The+World+Barely+Pays+Attention+To&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"They're known as 'climate refugees.' But there's not even an international definition for them, let alone recognition or protection.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927774,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1594},"headData":{"title":"The Era of Climate Refugees: Millions Lack Recognition or Legal Protections | KQED","description":"They're known as 'climate refugees.' But there's not even an international definition for them, let alone recognition or protection.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Era of Climate Refugees: Millions Lack Recognition or Legal Protections","datePublished":"2018-06-22T23:00:33.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:02:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Jonas Gratzer","nprByline":"Tim McDonnell, NPR","nprImageAgency":"LightRocket via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"621782275","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=621782275&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/06/20/621782275/the-refugees-that-the-world-barely-pays-attention-to?ft=nprml&f=621782275","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 20 Jun 2018 11:45:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 20 Jun 2018 11:25:48 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 20 Jun 2018 11:45:46 -0400","path":"/science/1926237/climate-refugees-lack-media-attention-and-legal-protections","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This month, diplomats from around the world met in New York and Geneva to hash out a pair of new global agreements that aim to lay out new guidelines for how countries should deal with \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an unprecedented surge\u003c/a> in the number of displaced people, which has now reached 65.6 million worldwide.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s one emerging category that seems to be getting short shrift in the conversation: so-called “climate refugees,” who currently lack any formal definition, recognition or protection under international law even as the scope of their predicament becomes more clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2008, an average of \u003ca href=\"http://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 million people\u003c/a> have been displaced by catastrophic weather disasters each year. As climate change worsens storms and droughts, climate scientists and migration experts expect that number to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, climate impacts that unravel over time, like desert expansion and sea level rise, are also forcing people from their homes: A \u003ca href=\"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Bank report\u003c/a> in March projects that within three of the most vulnerable regions — sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America — 143 million people could be displaced by these impacts by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/climate/on-the-front-line-of-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bangladesh\u003c/a>, hundreds of thousands of people are routinely uprooted by coastal flooding, many making a treacherous journey to the slums of the capital, Dhaka. In West Africa, the almost total disappearance of Lake Chad because of desertification has empowered terrorists and forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.globaldtm.info/lake-chad-basin-crisis-monthly-dashboard-1-april-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than four million people\u003c/a> into camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a problem in the United States as well. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/puerto-rico-crisis/2-300-puerto-rican-families-displaced-hurricane-maria-are-about-n880356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated 2,300 Puerto Rican families\u003c/a> displaced by Hurricane Maria are still looking for permanent housing, while government officials have spent years working to preemptively relocate more than a dozen small coastal communities in \u003ca href=\"https://thinkprogress.org/newtok-alaska-gets-relocation-funding-35b4434242a6/\">Alaska\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/louisiana-climate-refugees-plan-roadblock_us_5ab402ade4b008c9e5f55c1b\">Louisiana\u003c/a> that are disappearing into the rising sea.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A December study by Columbia University climate researchers in the peer-reviewed journal \u003cem>Science \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6370/1610\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected\u003c/a> that if global temperatures continue their upward march, applications for asylum to the European Union could increase 28 percent to nearly 450,000 per year by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, there’s no international agreement on who should qualify as a climate refugee — much less a plan to manage the growing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people fall through the cracks,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/people/erol-yayboke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erol Yayboke\u003c/a>, a development expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies who helped author a May\u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/analysis/confronting-global-forced-migration-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> report\u003c/a> on forced migration. “It’s hard for countries to come to a consensus on something like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difficulty took shape during the second and third weeks of June in the latest round of negotiations on the \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/intergovernmental-negotiations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact for Migration\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/formal-consultations-on-the-global-compact-on-refugees.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact on Refugees\u003c/a>, which are due to be adopted at the U.N. General Assembly this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the compacts were first proposed in 2016, there was some hope among migration researchers and advocates that they could provide a platform for new international policies on climate refugees, which had gained prominence since the 2015 Paris climate talks. But that hope was quashed in March, when Louise Arbour, the U.N. official leading the migration compact — which, of the two agreements, was considered the more likely venue for strong climate language — \u003ca href=\"https://www.devex.com/news/global-compact-for-migration-not-the-answer-for-climate-refugees-un-representative-92373\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the European Union\u003c/a> that the document would not grant “specific legal international protection to climate-induced migrants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both compacts do make some reference to the climate. The \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180528_draft_rev_2_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest draft of the migration compact\u003c/a> calls on U.N. members to “better map, understand, predict and address migration movements, including those resulting from sudden- and slow-onset natural disasters, environmental degradation, the adverse effects of climate change” and “cooperate to identify, develop and strengthen solutions, including planned relocation and visa options” for climate migrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/5b1579427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugee compact\u003c/a> stops much shorter, only mentioning climate as one of many factors that “may interact with the drivers of refugee movements.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the compacts should encourage countries to create new legal processes to document and manage climate migrants “so people can move before the water is literally lapping at their feet,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sais-jhu.edu/users/nhall20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Hall\u003c/a>, a migration expert at Johns Hopkins University. As an example, she cited a plan in New Zealand to \u003ca href=\"https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/new-zealand-creates-special-refugee-visa-for-pacific-islanders-affected-by-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer up to 100 special climate visas\u003c/a> to Pacific Islanders — although that process is still in development and isn’t likely to open for several years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the language in the compacts is too vague to spur much progress, she says, and in any case neither compact will be legally binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to be up front that the global compacts are not going to transform the landscape for climate migrants,” Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate refugees pose a number of unique challenges for international policymakers compared to those displaced by persecution, the traditional driver recognized by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/1951-refugee-convention.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1951 UN Refugee Convention\u003c/a>. While some people, like the Puerto Ricans displaced by Maria, are affected by a specific disaster, many others are forced to move because of slow-onset changes like sea level rise and desertification, which can make it hard to identify them as climate refugees. Researchers are still working to understand how climate change interacts with the panoply of other factors, including national security and local economic trends, that might prompt a family to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the majority of today’s climate refugees are displaced within the borders of their own country, whereas the new compacts focus exclusively on cross-border movement. And for Pacific island nations that face a truly existential threat from sea level rise, there’s no legal precedent to guide how they might relocate to new territory in another country — if they \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/no-retreat-climate-change-and-voluntary-immobility-pacific-islands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even want to move\u003c/a>. Even a comparatively simpler effort — \u003ca href=\"http:/isledejeancharles.la.gov/phase-1-resettlement-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to relocate a community of fewer than 100 people in Louisiana\u003c/a> whose island home, Isle de Jean Charles, has lost 98 percent of its land to sea level rise since the 1950s, to a new town 40 miles inland — has taken several years and cost $50 million and still faces setbacks, including complaints from the predominantly Native American residents that the state government didn’t adequately involve them in the planning process.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is there are tens of millions of these people, and we don’t agree on what we can do about them,” Yayboke says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the wave of nationalism and anti-immigrant sentiment that has swept across Europe and the U.S. in recent years has made it a challenge for the U.N. to even get governments to follow existing refugee protocol, let alone expand it to cover an entirely new class of refugee, Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To get any progressive international policy, much less hard law, is almost impossible in today’s climate,” she says. “We’re not going to get any kind of binding convention on displaced people due to climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. pulled out of the migration compact in December, \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/363014-us-pulls-out-of-global-compact-on-migration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">citing concerns\u003c/a> that it could impede the Trump administration’s immigration agenda. While that means the final agreement will be missing any commitment from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/top-25-destinations-international-migrants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world’s number-one migrant destination\u003c/a>, it does remove a potential roadblock to including climate-specific language, given Trump’s disbelief in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, the global compacts aren’t the end of the issue. A different U.N. task force that was established in the Paris climate agreement is set to deliver a new set of recommendations on climate refugees around the same time the compacts are adopted. They will likely focus on measures individual countries can take to prevent climate refugees from being displaced in the first place, says \u003ca href=\"https://sidw.org/mariam-traore-chazalnoel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariam Traore Chazalnoel\u003c/a>, a climate expert at the U.N.’s International Organization for Migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people don’t actually want to migrate,” she says. “They would rather stay where they are. But they need the \u003cem>means\u003c/em> to stay where they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could include programs to train and equip farmers for drought tolerance, she says, raise homes out of flood plains, and other measures aimed at increasing communities’ resilience to climate shocks. Yayboke believes that development agencies need to step up funding for climate adaptation programs, which can help prevent displacement and reduce government spending on recovery from predictable natural disasters later on.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are spending so much money on this stuff, but we’re being totally reactive,” he says. “There are proactive things we can do that we’re just not doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few places are more illustrative of that problem than Bangladesh. According to the CSIS report, up to 70 percent of the five million people living in Dhaka’s slums were displaced from their original home by environmental disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation and scope of this problem is entirely new, and of biblical proportions,” says Steve Trent, executive director of the Environmental Justice Foundation, which released its own \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/reports/climate-displacement-in-bangladesh\">report\u003c/a> on Bangladesh in 2017. “It demands an entirely new legal convention. The global compacts are a start, but it’s clear that they’re not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.timmcdonnell.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Tim McDonnell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist covering the environment, conflict and related issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Follow him on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/timmcdonnell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Twitter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/timothy.m.mcdonnell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Instagram\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Refugees+The+World+Barely+Pays+Attention+To&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1926237/climate-refugees-lack-media-attention-and-legal-protections","authors":["byline_science_1926237"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_37","science_40"],"tags":["science_182","science_194","science_74","science_192","science_556","science_206"],"featImg":"science_1926238","label":"source_science_1926237"},"science_1926139":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1926139","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1926139","score":null,"sort":[1529525538000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"u-s-stepping-up-earths-protection-from-asteroids-comets","title":"U.S. Stepping Up Earth’s Protection From Asteroids, Comets","publishDate":1529525538,"format":"standard","headTitle":"U.S. Stepping Up Earth’s Protection From Asteroids, Comets | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The U.S. government is stepping up efforts to protect the planet from incoming asteroids that could wipe out entire regions or even continents.[contextly_sidebar id=”nngCvgE8P0N1gLm6bMdv7Cqcg3DA6CVI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science and Technology Council released \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/National-Near-Earth-Object-Preparedness-Strategy-and-Action-Plan-23-pages-1MB.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a report Wednesday\u003c/a> calling for improved asteroid detection, tracking and deflection. NASA is participating, along with federal emergency and White House officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Th report says that incoming asteroids could have “major environmental, economic, and geopolitical consequences” even if the impact occurs outside of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, scientists know of no asteroids or comets heading our way. But one could sneak up on us, and that’s why the government says it wants a better plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s planetary defense officer, Lindley Johnson, says scientists have found 95 percent of all near-Earth objects measuring one kilometer (two-thirds of a mile) or bigger. But the hunt is still on for the remaining 5 percent and smaller rocks that could still inflict big damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The National Science and Technology Council released a report calling for improved asteroid detection, tracking and deflection. NASA is participating, along with federal emergency and White House officials.\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927786,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":167},"headData":{"title":"U.S. Stepping Up Earth’s Protection From Asteroids, Comets | KQED","description":"The National Science and Technology Council released a report calling for improved asteroid detection, tracking and deflection. NASA is participating, along with federal emergency and White House officials.\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"U.S. Stepping Up Earth’s Protection From Asteroids, Comets","datePublished":"2018-06-20T20:12:18.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:03:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Marcia Dunn\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1926139/u-s-stepping-up-earths-protection-from-asteroids-comets","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. government is stepping up efforts to protect the planet from incoming asteroids that could wipe out entire regions or even continents.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science and Technology Council released \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/National-Near-Earth-Object-Preparedness-Strategy-and-Action-Plan-23-pages-1MB.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a report Wednesday\u003c/a> calling for improved asteroid detection, tracking and deflection. NASA is participating, along with federal emergency and White House officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Th report says that incoming asteroids could have “major environmental, economic, and geopolitical consequences” even if the impact occurs outside of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, scientists know of no asteroids or comets heading our way. But one could sneak up on us, and that’s why the government says it wants a better plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s planetary defense officer, Lindley Johnson, says scientists have found 95 percent of all near-Earth objects measuring one kilometer (two-thirds of a mile) or bigger. But the hunt is still on for the remaining 5 percent and smaller rocks that could still inflict big damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1926139/u-s-stepping-up-earths-protection-from-asteroids-comets","authors":["byline_science_1926139"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1073","science_74","science_5175","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1926141","label":"source_science_1926139"},"science_1925870":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1925870","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1925870","score":null,"sort":[1529344223000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"james-hansen-wishes-he-wasnt-so-right-about-global-warming","title":"James Hansen Wishes He Wasn’t So Right About Global Warming","publishDate":1529344223,"format":"standard","headTitle":"James Hansen Wishes He Wasn’t So Right About Global Warming | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>James Hansen wishes he was wrong. He wasn’t.[contextly_sidebar id=”6WMcRN0nmxMf0PcjwhPaC5o3BRVUKI9k”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s top climate scientist in 1988, Hansen warned the world on a record hot June day 30 years ago that global warming was here and worsening. In a scientific study that came out a couple months later, he even forecast how warm it would get, depending on emissions of heat-trapping gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hotter world that Hansen envisioned in 1988 has pretty much come true so far, more or less. Three decades later, most climate scientists interviewed rave about the accuracy of Hansen’s predictions given the technology of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen won’t say, “I told you so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to be right in that sense,” Hansen told The Associated Press, in an interview is his New York penthouse apartment. That’s because being right means the world is warming at an unprecedented pace and ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland are melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen said what he really wishes happened is “that the warning be heeded and actions be taken.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They weren’t. Hansen, now 77, regrets not being “able to make this story clear enough for the public.”[contextly_sidebar id=”jUCTxsyugjWjlt4W8NjVjYKxNAKLh71F”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming was not what Hansen set out to study when he joined NASA in 1972. The Iowa native studied Venus — a planet with a runaway greenhouse-effect run — when he got interested in Earth’s ozone hole. As he created computer simulations, he realized that “this planet was more interesting than Venus.” And more important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his 1988 study, Hansen and colleagues used three different scenarios for emissions of heat-trapping gases — high, low and medium. Hansen and other scientists concentrated on the middle scenario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen projected that by 2017, the globe’s five-year average temperature would be about 1.85 degrees (1.03 degree Celsius) higher than the 1950 to 1980 NASA-calculated average. NASA’s five-year average global temperature ending in 2017 was 1.48 degrees above the 30-year average. (He did not take into account that the sun would be cooling a tad, which would reduce warming nearly two-tenths of a degree Fahrenheit, said the Scripps Institution of Oceanography’s Jeff Severinghaus.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen also predicted a certain number of days of extreme weather — temperature above 95 degrees, freezing days, and nights when the temperatures that don’t drop below 75 — per year for four U.S. cities in the decade of the 2010s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen’s forecast generally underestimated this decade’s warming in Washington, overestimated it in Omaha, was about right in New York and mixed in Memphis.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In 1998, James Hansen proclaimed that global warming was already here. Until then most scientists merely warned of future warming. He left NASA in 2013, devoting more time to what he calls his “anti-government job” of advocacy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927797,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":469},"headData":{"title":"James Hansen Wishes He Wasn’t So Right About Global Warming | KQED","description":"In 1998, James Hansen proclaimed that global warming was already here. Until then most scientists merely warned of future warming. He left NASA in 2013, devoting more time to what he calls his “anti-government job” of advocacy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"James Hansen Wishes He Wasn’t So Right About Global Warming","datePublished":"2018-06-18T17:50:23.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:03:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Seth Borenstein\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1925870/james-hansen-wishes-he-wasnt-so-right-about-global-warming","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>James Hansen wishes he was wrong. He wasn’t.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s top climate scientist in 1988, Hansen warned the world on a record hot June day 30 years ago that global warming was here and worsening. In a scientific study that came out a couple months later, he even forecast how warm it would get, depending on emissions of heat-trapping gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hotter world that Hansen envisioned in 1988 has pretty much come true so far, more or less. Three decades later, most climate scientists interviewed rave about the accuracy of Hansen’s predictions given the technology of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen won’t say, “I told you so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to be right in that sense,” Hansen told The Associated Press, in an interview is his New York penthouse apartment. That’s because being right means the world is warming at an unprecedented pace and ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland are melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen said what he really wishes happened is “that the warning be heeded and actions be taken.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They weren’t. Hansen, now 77, regrets not being “able to make this story clear enough for the public.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming was not what Hansen set out to study when he joined NASA in 1972. The Iowa native studied Venus — a planet with a runaway greenhouse-effect run — when he got interested in Earth’s ozone hole. As he created computer simulations, he realized that “this planet was more interesting than Venus.” And more important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his 1988 study, Hansen and colleagues used three different scenarios for emissions of heat-trapping gases — high, low and medium. Hansen and other scientists concentrated on the middle scenario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen projected that by 2017, the globe’s five-year average temperature would be about 1.85 degrees (1.03 degree Celsius) higher than the 1950 to 1980 NASA-calculated average. NASA’s five-year average global temperature ending in 2017 was 1.48 degrees above the 30-year average. (He did not take into account that the sun would be cooling a tad, which would reduce warming nearly two-tenths of a degree Fahrenheit, said the Scripps Institution of Oceanography’s Jeff Severinghaus.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen also predicted a certain number of days of extreme weather — temperature above 95 degrees, freezing days, and nights when the temperatures that don’t drop below 75 — per year for four U.S. cities in the decade of the 2010s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen’s forecast generally underestimated this decade’s warming in Washington, overestimated it in Omaha, was about right in New York and mixed in Memphis.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1925870/james-hansen-wishes-he-wasnt-so-right-about-global-warming","authors":["byline_science_1925870"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_182","science_74","science_192","science_556"],"featImg":"science_1688787","label":"source_science_1925870"},"science_1923037":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1923037","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1923037","score":null,"sort":[1524672621000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"you-are-here-scientists-unveil-precise-map-of-more-than-a-billion-stars","title":"You Are Here: Scientists Unveil Precise Map Of More Than A Billion Stars","publishDate":1524672621,"format":"standard","headTitle":"You Are Here: Scientists Unveil Precise Map Of More Than A Billion Stars | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Wednesday was the day astronomers said goodbye to the old Milky Way they had known and loved and hello to a new view of our home galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A European Space Agency mission called Gaia just released a long-awaited treasure trove of data: precise measurements of 1.7 billion stars.[contextly_sidebar id=”709hGNeCYVKYRtWX26UTNPtzC40wHWmZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unprecedented for scientists to know the exact brightness, distances, motions and colors of more than a billion stars. The information will yield the best three-dimensional map of our galaxy ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very big deal. I’ve been working on trying to understand the Milky Way and the formation of the Milky Way for a large fraction of my scientific career, and the amount of information this is revealing in some sense is thousands or even hundreds of thousands of times larger than any amount of information we’ve had previously,” said David Hogg, an astrophysicist at New York University and the Flatiron Institute. “We’re really talking about an immense change to our knowledge about the Milky Way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gaia spacecraft launched in 2013 and is orbiting our sun, about a million miles away from Earth. Although it has surveyed a huge number of stars, Gaia is charting only about 1 percent of what is out there. The Milky Way contains around 100 billion stars\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”5XjbuME0flYsWORZ85UnSWw1Gk81ykkL”]For 7 million stars, Gaia even has measurements showing their velocity as they move toward or away from the spacecraft. “This is just a fantastic new addition,” said Anthony Brown of the Netherlands’ Leiden University, with the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Gaia released some initial results but that was just a tease compared with Wednesday’s massive data dump. Astronomers around the world have been planning how to attack it for months, knowing that discoveries are just waiting in there for the taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Enjoy it,” Antonella Vallenari, another member of the consortium from the Astronomical Observatory of Padua in Italy, said at a news conference as she announced that the data was becoming available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European team presented new images of our galaxy based on some initial analyses of the data, along with little movies that simulated what it would be like to fly through the stars. “It’s not fake, it’s real measurements,” Brown said. “We know exactly where the stars are.”contextly_sidebar id=”Ir2Iaj0fPamG4yingCyxT1KB2RySZ68J”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists around the world who were watching the event online struggled to take it all in. “This is like massive scientific progress and we were blinked an image,” said Jackie Faherty, an astronomer at the American Museum of Natural History, one of more than a dozen astronomers who woke up before dawn and gathered together at the Flatiron Institute in New York City to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it was time to play, as the scientists bent their heads over their laptops and tried to download data. Researchers are expecting a slew of discoveries in the coming hours and days, but analyses will go on for years and even decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the data we’re going to be working on for the rest of my career. Probably no data set will rival this,” Faherty said. “It’s the excitement of the day that we see it. It’s why we were up at 5 a.m. to get here. It’s exciting to be around each other and trying to get the data all at once. It’s a day we’re going to remember.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=You+Are+Here%3A+Scientists+Unveil+Precise+Map+Of+More+Than+A+Billion+Stars&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers are saying the unveiling represents \"massive scientific progress\". The much anticipated undertaking will yield the best three-dimensional map of our galaxy ever. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927968,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":632},"headData":{"title":"You Are Here: Scientists Unveil Precise Map Of More Than A Billion Stars | KQED","description":"Researchers are saying the unveiling represents "massive scientific progress". The much anticipated undertaking will yield the best three-dimensional map of our galaxy ever. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"You Are Here: Scientists Unveil Precise Map Of More Than A Billion Stars","datePublished":"2018-04-25T16:10:21.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:06:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Nell Greenfieldboyce\u003cbr />NPR","nprImageAgency":"ESA/Gaia/DPAC","nprStoryId":"605622779","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=605622779&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/25/605622779/you-are-here-scientists-unveil-precise-map-of-more-than-a-billion-stars?ft=nprml&f=605622779","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 25 Apr 2018 10:38:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 25 Apr 2018 09:03:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 25 Apr 2018 10:38:37 -0400","path":"/science/1923037/you-are-here-scientists-unveil-precise-map-of-more-than-a-billion-stars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wednesday was the day astronomers said goodbye to the old Milky Way they had known and loved and hello to a new view of our home galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A European Space Agency mission called Gaia just released a long-awaited treasure trove of data: precise measurements of 1.7 billion stars.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unprecedented for scientists to know the exact brightness, distances, motions and colors of more than a billion stars. The information will yield the best three-dimensional map of our galaxy ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very big deal. I’ve been working on trying to understand the Milky Way and the formation of the Milky Way for a large fraction of my scientific career, and the amount of information this is revealing in some sense is thousands or even hundreds of thousands of times larger than any amount of information we’ve had previously,” said David Hogg, an astrophysicist at New York University and the Flatiron Institute. “We’re really talking about an immense change to our knowledge about the Milky Way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gaia spacecraft launched in 2013 and is orbiting our sun, about a million miles away from Earth. Although it has surveyed a huge number of stars, Gaia is charting only about 1 percent of what is out there. The Milky Way contains around 100 billion stars\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>For 7 million stars, Gaia even has measurements showing their velocity as they move toward or away from the spacecraft. “This is just a fantastic new addition,” said Anthony Brown of the Netherlands’ Leiden University, with the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Gaia released some initial results but that was just a tease compared with Wednesday’s massive data dump. Astronomers around the world have been planning how to attack it for months, knowing that discoveries are just waiting in there for the taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Enjoy it,” Antonella Vallenari, another member of the consortium from the Astronomical Observatory of Padua in Italy, said at a news conference as she announced that the data was becoming available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European team presented new images of our galaxy based on some initial analyses of the data, along with little movies that simulated what it would be like to fly through the stars. “It’s not fake, it’s real measurements,” Brown said. “We know exactly where the stars are.”contextly_sidebar id=”Ir2Iaj0fPamG4yingCyxT1KB2RySZ68J”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists around the world who were watching the event online struggled to take it all in. “This is like massive scientific progress and we were blinked an image,” said Jackie Faherty, an astronomer at the American Museum of Natural History, one of more than a dozen astronomers who woke up before dawn and gathered together at the Flatiron Institute in New York City to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it was time to play, as the scientists bent their heads over their laptops and tried to download data. Researchers are expecting a slew of discoveries in the coming hours and days, but analyses will go on for years and even decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the data we’re going to be working on for the rest of my career. Probably no data set will rival this,” Faherty said. “It’s the excitement of the day that we see it. It’s why we were up at 5 a.m. to get here. It’s exciting to be around each other and trying to get the data all at once. It’s a day we’re going to remember.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=You+Are+Here%3A+Scientists+Unveil+Precise+Map+Of+More+Than+A+Billion+Stars&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1923037/you-are-here-scientists-unveil-precise-map-of-more-than-a-billion-stars","authors":["byline_science_1923037"],"categories":["science_28","science_35","science_37","science_3151","science_40"],"tags":["science_1073","science_74","science_1272","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1923038","label":"source_science_1923037"},"science_1921467":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921467","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921467","score":null,"sort":[1521568551000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sweet-science-putting-corn-syrup-to-work-on-earths-origins","title":"Sweet Science: Putting Corn Syrup to Work on Earth’s Origins","publishDate":1521568551,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Sweet Science: Putting Corn Syrup to Work on Earth’s Origins | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>How has the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918564/this-moment-on-earth-because-climate-change-is-everyones-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth evolved\u003c/a>, and what’s in store for the future? It’s a sticky question that has graduate student Loes van Dam covered in corn syrup by the end of a day in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thought using a computer model would be limiting. So she designed and built a large tank, filled it with 2,000 pounds of corn syrup, and added six counter-rotating belts to study how tectonic plates drift and shift.[contextly_sidebar id=”KDs6ze7eM9vxpD2PzE0wF1mwmVVcWrRm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The corn syrup represents the Earth’s mantle, which melts to form magma at volcanoes and ridges. The belts are the drifting and shifting tectonic plates. Their intersection is the ocean ridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syrup in the tank, which measures 5 feet wide, 5 feet long and 1½ feet tall, slowly moves as the belts pull apart. Cameras record the flow in what van Dam has named the “ridge zone replicator.” One minute of each experiment equals more than a million years in time, to show how tectonic plates \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921142/coming-soon-to-a-planet-near-you-live-high-definition-video-from-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">move mantle material.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really cool that with our little experiments, we get clues about how this process has been going on in the past and why those plates are positioned the way they are now,” said van Dam, who studies geological oceanography at the University of Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography in Narragansett.[contextly_sidebar id=”p1e6zk6XW6ymNypfrKhWR0VLlJOOrNMb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How plates drift is not thoroughly understood, and computer simulations have difficulty capturing it. Her experiments aim to show how plate tectonics created the sea floor over billions of years, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920994/did-the-moon-come-from-a-giant-space-donut\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how those forces\u003c/a> are at work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can understand the flow at all points in the syrup. We’re not limited to measuring at a few points, like in a numerical simulation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her experiments are showing that the lava that erupts from volcanoes to form new sea floor may originate at a shallower depth in the Earth than geologists currently think. The model shows more horizontal flow of mantle material than previous models have shown.[contextly_sidebar id=”T4fiTe3Kh2k48FLSyzjQSpVSghXCFeox”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may tell researchers more about the chemical makeup of the Earth’s interior, said URI Professor Chris Kincaid, an expert in geophysical oceanography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To his knowledge, he said, it’s the first 3-D model of a mid-ocean ridge system that can migrate in any direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s trying to put together a clearer picture of the evolution of the Earth,” he said. “If you’re trying to understand how the Earth is changing in the future, you need to know that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dam, 23 and born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, moved to Novato, California, when she was young. She always picked up rocks that fascinated her and got her first introduction to plate tectonics in a third-grade earth science class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is funded with a grant from the National Science Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Experiments show how plate tectonics created the sea floor and how those forces are still at work today.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928082,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":504},"headData":{"title":"Sweet Science: Putting Corn Syrup to Work on Earth’s Origins | KQED","description":"Experiments show how plate tectonics created the sea floor and how those forces are still at work today.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Sweet Science: Putting Corn Syrup to Work on Earth’s Origins","datePublished":"2018-03-20T17:55:51.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:08:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Geology","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Jennifer Mcdermott\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1921467/sweet-science-putting-corn-syrup-to-work-on-earths-origins","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How has the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918564/this-moment-on-earth-because-climate-change-is-everyones-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth evolved\u003c/a>, and what’s in store for the future? It’s a sticky question that has graduate student Loes van Dam covered in corn syrup by the end of a day in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thought using a computer model would be limiting. So she designed and built a large tank, filled it with 2,000 pounds of corn syrup, and added six counter-rotating belts to study how tectonic plates drift and shift.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The corn syrup represents the Earth’s mantle, which melts to form magma at volcanoes and ridges. The belts are the drifting and shifting tectonic plates. Their intersection is the ocean ridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syrup in the tank, which measures 5 feet wide, 5 feet long and 1½ feet tall, slowly moves as the belts pull apart. Cameras record the flow in what van Dam has named the “ridge zone replicator.” One minute of each experiment equals more than a million years in time, to show how tectonic plates \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921142/coming-soon-to-a-planet-near-you-live-high-definition-video-from-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">move mantle material.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really cool that with our little experiments, we get clues about how this process has been going on in the past and why those plates are positioned the way they are now,” said van Dam, who studies geological oceanography at the University of Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography in Narragansett.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How plates drift is not thoroughly understood, and computer simulations have difficulty capturing it. Her experiments aim to show how plate tectonics created the sea floor over billions of years, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920994/did-the-moon-come-from-a-giant-space-donut\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how those forces\u003c/a> are at work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can understand the flow at all points in the syrup. We’re not limited to measuring at a few points, like in a numerical simulation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her experiments are showing that the lava that erupts from volcanoes to form new sea floor may originate at a shallower depth in the Earth than geologists currently think. The model shows more horizontal flow of mantle material than previous models have shown.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may tell researchers more about the chemical makeup of the Earth’s interior, said URI Professor Chris Kincaid, an expert in geophysical oceanography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To his knowledge, he said, it’s the first 3-D model of a mid-ocean ridge system that can migrate in any direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s trying to put together a clearer picture of the evolution of the Earth,” he said. “If you’re trying to understand how the Earth is changing in the future, you need to know that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dam, 23 and born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, moved to Novato, California, when she was young. She always picked up rocks that fascinated her and got her first introduction to plate tectonics in a third-grade earth science class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is funded with a grant from the National Science Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921467/sweet-science-putting-corn-syrup-to-work-on-earths-origins","authors":["byline_science_1921467"],"categories":["science_35","science_38","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_74","science_218","science_843","science_3543","science_309","science_1999"],"featImg":"science_1921468","label":"source_science_1921467"},"science_1917989":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1917989","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1917989","score":null,"sort":[1511800071000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"video-a-view-of-a-breathing-earth","title":"NASA's Time-Lapse Video: View of a Breathing Earth","publishDate":1511800071,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s Time-Lapse Video: View of a Breathing Earth | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>For this post-Thanksgiving week, I’d like to suggest a \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/38806-nasa-satellites-watch-earth-breathe-video.html\">remarkable video\u003c/a> produced over two decades by NASA scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites monitored populations of plant life on land and oceans, mapping variations of green regions of vegetation and snow cover on the North and South Poles. As seasons pass, we witness a rhythmic dance between white and green, as if the planet itself were breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”QNrelCvGQBrOJhBLm3a1pv67awjbGfDL”]Vegetation on land is represented on a scale from brown (low vegetation) to dark green (lots of vegetation). In the ocean, populations of microscopic phytoplankton — a type of algae that uses sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugar — are indicated on a scale from purple (low) to yellow (high).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see the Earth changing daily and with the seasons as a living planet — its plants, surface winds, and sea currents responding to the energy coming from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visualization collated data from Earth-observing satellites like the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (\u003ca href=\"https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/\">SeaWiFS\u003c/a>), which started collecting data in 1997, and the Terra, Aqua, and Suomi NPP weather satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes over the past two decades help scientists understand how the planet is responding both locally and globally to warming trends. Warming ocean temperatures, for example, slow the growth of phytoplankton and, thus, its ability to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Also visible is the shrinking of the polar caps as the years go by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going out into space is not only for the purpose of looking outwards. It allows us to look back at our planet as a whole, follow its changes and rhythms, so that we can better learn how to coexist with it and protect its resources for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"hr\">\n\u003chr>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Marcelo Gleiser is a theoretical physicist and writer — and a professor of natural philosophy, physics and astronomy at Dartmouth College. He is the director of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ice.dartmouth.edu/\">Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement\u003c/a>\u003cem> at Dartmouth, co-founder of 13.7 and an active promoter of science to the general public. His latest book is \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://marcelogleiser.com/books/the-simple-beauty-of-the-unexpected-a-natural-philosophers-quest-for-trout-and-the-meaning-of-everything\">The Simple Beauty of the Unexpected: A Natural Philosopher’s Quest for Trout and the Meaning of Everything\u003c/a>\u003cem>. You can keep up with Marcelo on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/93dHI\">Facebook\u003c/a>\u003cem> and Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/mgleiser\">@mgleiser\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this visualization, based on data collected by scientists, we see Earth changing — its plants, surface winds, and sea currents responding to the energy coming from the sun, says Marcelo Gleiser.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928289,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":388},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Time-Lapse Video: View of a Breathing Earth | KQED","description":"In this visualization, based on data collected by scientists, we see Earth changing — its plants, surface winds, and sea currents responding to the energy coming from the sun, says Marcelo Gleiser.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's Time-Lapse Video: View of a Breathing Earth","datePublished":"2017-11-27T16:27:51.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:11:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/336057477/marcelo-gleiser\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marcelo Gleiser\u003c/a>\u003c/br>NPR","path":"/science/1917989/video-a-view-of-a-breathing-earth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For this post-Thanksgiving week, I’d like to suggest a \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/38806-nasa-satellites-watch-earth-breathe-video.html\">remarkable video\u003c/a> produced over two decades by NASA scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites monitored populations of plant life on land and oceans, mapping variations of green regions of vegetation and snow cover on the North and South Poles. As seasons pass, we witness a rhythmic dance between white and green, as if the planet itself were breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Vegetation on land is represented on a scale from brown (low vegetation) to dark green (lots of vegetation). In the ocean, populations of microscopic phytoplankton — a type of algae that uses sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugar — are indicated on a scale from purple (low) to yellow (high).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see the Earth changing daily and with the seasons as a living planet — its plants, surface winds, and sea currents responding to the energy coming from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visualization collated data from Earth-observing satellites like the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (\u003ca href=\"https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/\">SeaWiFS\u003c/a>), which started collecting data in 1997, and the Terra, Aqua, and Suomi NPP weather satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes over the past two decades help scientists understand how the planet is responding both locally and globally to warming trends. Warming ocean temperatures, for example, slow the growth of phytoplankton and, thus, its ability to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Also visible is the shrinking of the polar caps as the years go by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going out into space is not only for the purpose of looking outwards. It allows us to look back at our planet as a whole, follow its changes and rhythms, so that we can better learn how to coexist with it and protect its resources for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"hr\">\n\u003chr>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Marcelo Gleiser is a theoretical physicist and writer — and a professor of natural philosophy, physics and astronomy at Dartmouth College. He is the director of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ice.dartmouth.edu/\">Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement\u003c/a>\u003cem> at Dartmouth, co-founder of 13.7 and an active promoter of science to the general public. His latest book is \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://marcelogleiser.com/books/the-simple-beauty-of-the-unexpected-a-natural-philosophers-quest-for-trout-and-the-meaning-of-everything\">The Simple Beauty of the Unexpected: A Natural Philosopher’s Quest for Trout and the Meaning of Everything\u003c/a>\u003cem>. You can keep up with Marcelo on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/93dHI\">Facebook\u003c/a>\u003cem> and Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/mgleiser\">@mgleiser\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1917989/video-a-view-of-a-breathing-earth","authors":["byline_science_1917989"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_74","science_3370","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1917990","label":"source_science_1917989"},"science_25586":{"type":"posts","id":"science_25586","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"25586","score":null,"sort":[1419458457000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-data-from-rosetta-spacecraft-sheds-light-on-origins-of-earths-oceans","title":"New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth's Oceans","publishDate":1419458457,"format":"aside","headTitle":"New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth’s Oceans | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25591\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rosettas-selfie-with-comet.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25591\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rosettas-selfie-with-comet.jpg\" alt=\"ESA's Rosetta spacecraft snapped this selfie with comet 67P/C-G. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft snapped this selfie with comet 67P/C-G. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After several months of analysis of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft has yielded some intriguing, and maybe unexpected, results. This data is refueling a long-running debate in the scientific community about a matter closer to home: the origin of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has long been debated exactly how Earth acquired its oceans. Were the waters of our oceans part of the Earth’s original stock of materials, or was it added later? Was it a combination of these? It is thought that any water present in the original formation of the Earth should have boiled away due to Earth’s hot, molten-rock temperatures–in which case some, if not most, of the ocean’s waters must have arrived after Earth cooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four and a half billion years, how could we possibly tell where the water came from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is in chemistry—particularly the chemistry of the hydrogen contained in water molecules. Hydrogen comes in different forms, or isotopes, the simplest of which contains a single proton in its nucleus. The hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium each contain a proton, plus one and two neutrons, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proportion of water molecules containing deuterium atoms compared to “normal” water molecules possessing only hydrogen is a key ratio that can be used to match one sample to another—for example, matching the hydrogen-deuterium ratio in Earth’s ocean water to that sampled from a particular comet, sort of like matching the DNA found at a crime scene to an individual suspect. In this case, the “crime” being investigated is the appearance of Earth’s oceans—so we can probably be lenient on any suspects we match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hydrogen-deuterium ratio in a sample of water is an indicator of the conditions that prevailed when the water formed, and so varies depending on where it originated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">After sampling the water chemistry of 11 comets, only one is a match to Earth’s oceans\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After sampling the water chemistry of 11 different comets, including the most recent measurements by Rosetta, some unexpected results have surfaced. Of the sampled comets, only one of them matched the chemistry of Earth’s ocean water: the \u003ca title=\"Comet Hartley 2\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20033-comet-hartley-2.html\">comet 103P/Hartley 2\u003c/a>, a \u003ca title=\"Jupiter-family Comet\" href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/J/Jupiter-family+comets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jupiter-family comet\u003c/a>. A Jupiter-family comet is found within the orbit of Jupiter, circling the sun in less than 20 years, a class of comet once believed to have originated in the Kuiper Belt, beyond the orbit of Neptune. So, Hartley 2’s contribution to the debate, on its surface, suggested that Earth’s ocean water, at least in part, came from Kuiper Belt comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta, however, has \u003ca title=\"Rosetta Results\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_fuels_debate_on_origin_of_Earth_s_oceans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measured the hydrogen-deuterium ratio\u003c/a> of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, also a Jupiter-family comet, as not only three times higher than that of Hartley 2 and Earth’s water, but higher also than samples obtained from comets that originated in the Oort Cloud, the vast shell of distant comets far beyond the Kuiper Belt. This suggests that Jupiter-family comets may have more diverse origins than originally thought, composed of members that came from different regions of the solar system. Yet, if the waters of Earth were delivered by a mixture of comets of different lineage, its chemistry should reflect that fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new data from Rosetta has not only put into question the extent to which comet collisions may have contributed to our oceans, it has strengthened an idea that some, if not much, of Earth’s ocean water came not from comets, but from a source much closer to home. Measurements of the water hydrogen-deuterium ratio in samples of meteorites that originated in the Main Asteroid Belt have also shown a positive match to Earth water chemistry, fingering asteroid impacts as a potential major culprit in the watering of our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the comet and spacecraft glide closer to the Sun in the months ahead, reaching a closest and warmest approach to the sun next August, Rosetta will continue to gather data as the comet heats up, spewing materials into space that have been frozen in it since the earliest times of our solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After several months of analysis of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft has yielded some intriguing, and maybe, unexpected results. The data is refueling a long-running debate in the scientific community about a matter closer to home: the origin of Earth's oceans.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932474,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":734},"headData":{"title":"New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth's Oceans | KQED","description":"After several months of analysis of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft has yielded some intriguing, and maybe, unexpected results. The data is refueling a long-running debate in the scientific community about a matter closer to home: the origin of Earth's oceans.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Data from Rosetta Spacecraft Sheds Light on Origins of Earth's Oceans","datePublished":"2014-12-24T22:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:21:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/25586/new-data-from-rosetta-spacecraft-sheds-light-on-origins-of-earths-oceans","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25591\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rosettas-selfie-with-comet.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25591\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rosettas-selfie-with-comet.jpg\" alt=\"ESA's Rosetta spacecraft snapped this selfie with comet 67P/C-G. (Rosetta/ESA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft snapped this selfie with comet 67P/C-G. (Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After several months of analysis of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft has yielded some intriguing, and maybe unexpected, results. This data is refueling a long-running debate in the scientific community about a matter closer to home: the origin of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has long been debated exactly how Earth acquired its oceans. Were the waters of our oceans part of the Earth’s original stock of materials, or was it added later? Was it a combination of these? It is thought that any water present in the original formation of the Earth should have boiled away due to Earth’s hot, molten-rock temperatures–in which case some, if not most, of the ocean’s waters must have arrived after Earth cooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four and a half billion years, how could we possibly tell where the water came from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is in chemistry—particularly the chemistry of the hydrogen contained in water molecules. Hydrogen comes in different forms, or isotopes, the simplest of which contains a single proton in its nucleus. The hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium each contain a proton, plus one and two neutrons, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proportion of water molecules containing deuterium atoms compared to “normal” water molecules possessing only hydrogen is a key ratio that can be used to match one sample to another—for example, matching the hydrogen-deuterium ratio in Earth’s ocean water to that sampled from a particular comet, sort of like matching the DNA found at a crime scene to an individual suspect. In this case, the “crime” being investigated is the appearance of Earth’s oceans—so we can probably be lenient on any suspects we match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hydrogen-deuterium ratio in a sample of water is an indicator of the conditions that prevailed when the water formed, and so varies depending on where it originated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">After sampling the water chemistry of 11 comets, only one is a match to Earth’s oceans\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After sampling the water chemistry of 11 different comets, including the most recent measurements by Rosetta, some unexpected results have surfaced. Of the sampled comets, only one of them matched the chemistry of Earth’s ocean water: the \u003ca title=\"Comet Hartley 2\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20033-comet-hartley-2.html\">comet 103P/Hartley 2\u003c/a>, a \u003ca title=\"Jupiter-family Comet\" href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/J/Jupiter-family+comets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jupiter-family comet\u003c/a>. A Jupiter-family comet is found within the orbit of Jupiter, circling the sun in less than 20 years, a class of comet once believed to have originated in the Kuiper Belt, beyond the orbit of Neptune. So, Hartley 2’s contribution to the debate, on its surface, suggested that Earth’s ocean water, at least in part, came from Kuiper Belt comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta, however, has \u003ca title=\"Rosetta Results\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_fuels_debate_on_origin_of_Earth_s_oceans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measured the hydrogen-deuterium ratio\u003c/a> of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, also a Jupiter-family comet, as not only three times higher than that of Hartley 2 and Earth’s water, but higher also than samples obtained from comets that originated in the Oort Cloud, the vast shell of distant comets far beyond the Kuiper Belt. This suggests that Jupiter-family comets may have more diverse origins than originally thought, composed of members that came from different regions of the solar system. Yet, if the waters of Earth were delivered by a mixture of comets of different lineage, its chemistry should reflect that fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new data from Rosetta has not only put into question the extent to which comet collisions may have contributed to our oceans, it has strengthened an idea that some, if not much, of Earth’s ocean water came not from comets, but from a source much closer to home. Measurements of the water hydrogen-deuterium ratio in samples of meteorites that originated in the Main Asteroid Belt have also shown a positive match to Earth water chemistry, fingering asteroid impacts as a potential major culprit in the watering of our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the comet and spacecraft glide closer to the Sun in the months ahead, reaching a closest and warmest approach to the sun next August, Rosetta will continue to gather data as the comet heats up, spewing materials into space that have been frozen in it since the earliest times of our solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/25586/new-data-from-rosetta-spacecraft-sheds-light-on-origins-of-earths-oceans","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_144","science_145","science_74","science_1216","science_64","science_575","science_843","science_1215","science_576"],"featImg":"science_25591","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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