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Previously she was environment correspondent at Southern California Public Radio. Her work has also appeared at The New York Times, The Guardian, on NPR, at High Country News, on Code Switch, and other national outlets. She has been honored with awards from Public Radio News Directors Incorporated, Investigative Reporters and Editors, the Society for Professional Journalists, the Los Angeles Press Club, and RTNDA Edward R. Murrow awards, among others.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"Mollydacious","facebook":null,"instagram":"https://www.instagram.com/radiomolly/","linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Molly Peterson | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/mpeterson"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1920335":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1920335","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1920335","score":null,"sort":[1519747280000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cancer-causing-chemical-detected-in-fountaingrove-drinking-water","title":"Cancer-Causing Chemical Found in Some Santa Rosa Drinking Water","publishDate":1519747280,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Cancer-Causing Chemical Found in Some Santa Rosa Drinking Water | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Some drinking water in Santa Rosa remains undrinkable months after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/north-bay-fires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Bay fires\u003c/a>, and pressure is mounting on the city’s water department to locate and control the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is very interested to get people back and rebuilt into their homes, of course, as soon as possible,” says Bennett Horenstein, the City of Santa Rosa’s Water Director.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire.’\u003ccite>Bennett Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water Department\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fire savaged the neighborhood around Fountaingrove parkway last October. Where more than 350 families once lived, 13 homes remain standing. In November, people returning to the neighborhood complained of foul smelling and tasting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers for Santa Rosa’s water department isolated water service for Fountaingrove, in an aim to prevent wider contamination. The department \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomacountyrecovers.org/not-drink-not-boil-water-advisory-issued-two-specific-areas-fountaingrove/\">ordered\u003c/a> residents not to drink or boil the water there. Then its tests found benzene, a chemical that can cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire,” says Horenstein, “specifically the heating and burning of different plastic components in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”GtYvC57AGilad5nS8LixjHYFgyORRCxR”]Initial sampling found benzene in the Fountaingrove water main, the local service components, and the lines that connected to destroyed properties. The city has now \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\">gathered\u003c/a> more than 300 water samples, examining them with the help of a forensic chemist. And water officials say evidence points to burned polyethylene plastic, found in service lines to homes and other components of the water system, as a source of benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service lines fed water from a main to individual properties, and melted above ground, potentially releasing toxic chemicals. The water lines in that part of Santa Rosa lost pressure in the fire, which officials say could have helped benzene to spread further when equipment melted\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920337\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-160x124.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-800x618.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-768x593.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1920x1482.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1180x911.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-960x741.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-240x185.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-375x289.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-520x401.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Benzene has been found in a number of locations burned in last year’s North Bay Fires. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Test results and forensic science have made other explanations seem less likely. So far, sampling has not found petroleum byproducts in the contamination, which would be expected if the benzene came from underground tanks or soil. But samples have shown the presence of vinyl chloride, which is linked to melted plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very logical source as far as we’re concerned,” says Bruce Burton, Northern California section chief for the State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Drinking Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California water regulations set a limit for carcinogenic benzene at one part per billion. Initial samples found 87 instances where that limit was exceeded, mostly, but not exclusively, in the Fountaingrove neighborhood. A second round of sampling in February found more benzene, including at seven locations outside the quarantined area. Horenstein stressed that the benzene in areas outside Fountaingrove was less pervasive, and had not been found in the city’s mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8fhBNx5dRmkNAqTdVZR5GsT99sWt4egf”]Still, water department investigators \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/documentcenter/view/18949\">now\u003c/a> are looking for melted plastic components, benzene, and explanations in Coffey Park as well as Fountaingrove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aren’t seeing [the contamination] broad-based, everywhere,” says Horenstein. “We’re just seeing some, maybe 10 percent of these homes, have concerns with benzene. And that, we really don’t know why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as DDW’s Burton knows, plastic pipes spreading water contamination after a catastrophic fire event is unprecedented. But he acknowledges Santa Rosa’s problems may have implications for future fires in other cities\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> “Certainly if we were faced with similar circumstances again, we would want the system to test to see if this had happened,” Burton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pressure is mounting on Santa Rosa to take action for another reason too: Horenstein says testing for benzene, finding damaged water systems components, and replacing melted pipe could cost “twenty, forty, fifty” million dollars – an unanticipated cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa will seek disaster response assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency to address this problem. But the clock is ticking. Horenstein says the city has “weeks” to wrap up its investigation, and until mid-April to determine the scope of the contamination.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some drinking water in Santa Rosa remains undrinkable months after the North Bay fires, and pressure is mounting on the city’s water department to locate and control the cause.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928173,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":706},"headData":{"title":"Cancer-Causing Chemical Found in Some Santa Rosa Drinking Water | KQED","description":"Some drinking water in Santa Rosa remains undrinkable months after the North Bay fires, and pressure is mounting on the city’s water department to locate and control the cause.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/02/PetersonBenzeneFountaingrove.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1920335/cancer-causing-chemical-detected-in-fountaingrove-drinking-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some drinking water in Santa Rosa remains undrinkable months after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/north-bay-fires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Bay fires\u003c/a>, and pressure is mounting on the city’s water department to locate and control the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is very interested to get people back and rebuilt into their homes, of course, as soon as possible,” says Bennett Horenstein, the City of Santa Rosa’s Water Director.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire.’\u003ccite>Bennett Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water Department\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fire savaged the neighborhood around Fountaingrove parkway last October. Where more than 350 families once lived, 13 homes remain standing. In November, people returning to the neighborhood complained of foul smelling and tasting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers for Santa Rosa’s water department isolated water service for Fountaingrove, in an aim to prevent wider contamination. The department \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomacountyrecovers.org/not-drink-not-boil-water-advisory-issued-two-specific-areas-fountaingrove/\">ordered\u003c/a> residents not to drink or boil the water there. Then its tests found benzene, a chemical that can cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire,” says Horenstein, “specifically the heating and burning of different plastic components in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Initial sampling found benzene in the Fountaingrove water main, the local service components, and the lines that connected to destroyed properties. The city has now \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\">gathered\u003c/a> more than 300 water samples, examining them with the help of a forensic chemist. And water officials say evidence points to burned polyethylene plastic, found in service lines to homes and other components of the water system, as a source of benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service lines fed water from a main to individual properties, and melted above ground, potentially releasing toxic chemicals. The water lines in that part of Santa Rosa lost pressure in the fire, which officials say could have helped benzene to spread further when equipment melted\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920337\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-160x124.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-800x618.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-768x593.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1920x1482.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1180x911.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-960x741.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-240x185.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-375x289.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-520x401.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Benzene has been found in a number of locations burned in last year’s North Bay Fires. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Test results and forensic science have made other explanations seem less likely. So far, sampling has not found petroleum byproducts in the contamination, which would be expected if the benzene came from underground tanks or soil. But samples have shown the presence of vinyl chloride, which is linked to melted plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very logical source as far as we’re concerned,” says Bruce Burton, Northern California section chief for the State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Drinking Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California water regulations set a limit for carcinogenic benzene at one part per billion. Initial samples found 87 instances where that limit was exceeded, mostly, but not exclusively, in the Fountaingrove neighborhood. A second round of sampling in February found more benzene, including at seven locations outside the quarantined area. Horenstein stressed that the benzene in areas outside Fountaingrove was less pervasive, and had not been found in the city’s mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Still, water department investigators \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/documentcenter/view/18949\">now\u003c/a> are looking for melted plastic components, benzene, and explanations in Coffey Park as well as Fountaingrove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aren’t seeing [the contamination] broad-based, everywhere,” says Horenstein. “We’re just seeing some, maybe 10 percent of these homes, have concerns with benzene. And that, we really don’t know why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as DDW’s Burton knows, plastic pipes spreading water contamination after a catastrophic fire event is unprecedented. But he acknowledges Santa Rosa’s problems may have implications for future fires in other cities\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> “Certainly if we were faced with similar circumstances again, we would want the system to test to see if this had happened,” Burton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pressure is mounting on Santa Rosa to take action for another reason too: Horenstein says testing for benzene, finding damaged water systems components, and replacing melted pipe could cost “twenty, forty, fifty” million dollars – an unanticipated cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa will seek disaster response assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency to address this problem. But the clock is ticking. Horenstein says the city has “weeks” to wrap up its investigation, and until mid-April to determine the scope of the contamination.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1920335/cancer-causing-chemical-detected-in-fountaingrove-drinking-water","authors":["11223"],"categories":["science_29","science_35","science_39","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_1273","science_3370","science_5181","science_813","science_3476","science_554"],"featImg":"science_1920345","label":"science"},"science_1914130":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1914130","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1914130","score":null,"sort":[1501770628000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-much-drinking-water-has-california-lost-to-oil-industry-waste-no-one-knows","title":"How Much Drinking Water Has California Lost to Oil Industry Waste? No One Knows","publishDate":1501770628,"format":"image","headTitle":"How Much Drinking Water Has California Lost to Oil Industry Waste? No One Knows | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>California survived its historic drought, in large part by using groundwater. It was a lifeline in the Central Valley, where it was the only source of water for many farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators are charged with protecting that groundwater, but for years they failed to do so. Through a series of mistakes and miscommunication, they allowed oil companies to put wastewater into drinking water aquifers that were supposed to be safeguarded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a KQED investigation reveals that regulators still know little about the actual impact on the state’s groundwater reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those errors was discovered by an unlikely person: Bill Samarin, a farmer in California’s San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and agriculture are the big employers in Tulare County, where Samarin lives. Among the citrus and almond orchards, you see steel pumpjacks bobbing above the treetops. So criticizing either of those industries doesn’t make you popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t set well with people around here,” Samarin said. “You’re some kind of environmentalist, which isn’t a very accepted thing to be if you’re a farmer out in this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin is not an environmentalist. He describes himself as a “pretty conservative guy.” So what he discovered about the oil industry put him in unfamiliar territory, straining relationships in this tight-knit community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Biggest Issue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started with the oil field not far from his orchard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Is this even possible that they could be taking wastewater and injecting it into drinking water?’\u003ccite>Bill Samarin, farmer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“From our house, we could look across and it’s probably about three-quarters of a mile,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County officials had received an application to expand that oil field and allow more drilling. Given how close it was to his property, Samarin started doing some homework.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I looked into it further, I found out actually that the biggest issue out here isn’t the things you see on top of the ground,” he said. “The biggest issue out here is the wastewater and how they’re getting rid of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies in California produce tons of wastewater. On average, for every barrel of oil, a California oil well produces 19 barrels of water, often laden with salts, trace metals and chemicals like benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have to get rid of it somehow and in this area here, they pump it into the ground,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1914135\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/KQED_CAOilWstwtr.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"711\">It’s the standard way in which oil companies dispose of wastewater in California: using injection wells, which are not much more than a pipe going into the ground with a gauge to monitor water pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, the wastewater is deposited pretty deep, below the usable groundwater, into aquifers that are already too salty to be drinkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin decided to look up all the wells near his orchard, to see where the wastewater was going. He couldn’t believe what he found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was just stunned, stunned by how close it was to groundwater,” Samarin said. He uses groundwater on his crops, along with a lot of other farmers in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just drilled a well here,” he said. “We drilled down to 740 feet. The injection wells in this area are injecting at similar depths.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alarmed, Samarin went to the local water regulators, the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board. They told him how a water law, known as the Safe Drinking Water Act, works. Groundwater that’s potentially drinkable is automatically off limits for oil companies for wastewater disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if groundwater quality is already tainted by oil or salts, then companies can get permission from state agencies and the federal Environmental Protection Agency to put wastewater there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulators gave Samarin a map of the land around his orchard that had been approved for wastewater disposal, as well as the areas that were protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people probably would have stopped there, but not Samarin. He wanted to know how close those injection wells were to his protected aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Digging Through the Maps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin didn’t have to turn very far for help. His son, Alex, works with maps for a living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re both curious people,” said the younger Samarin. “Once the question is asked, we want to see what the answer is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He plotted coordinates for all the wastewater wells on top of the land approved for wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Six out of the seven did fall within the allowable aquifer,” he said. “One was completely outside of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That meant an oil company was putting its wastewater into a protected aquifer that was supposed to be off-limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just stunned,” recalls Bill. “It was like: is this even possible that they could be taking wastewater and injecting it into drinking water? Can you imagine that that actually occurs in California in this day and age?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1077\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-1020x572.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-1180x662.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wastewater injection well in San Joaquin County. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He decided to take it to county officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Tulare County held hearings about whether to allow the oil operation near Samarin’s orchard to expand, and he filed an appeal against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wanted the county to know about the mistake: that regulators with the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources\u003c/a> had permitted a wastewater well that it shouldn’t have. Over a decade, it had pumped 80 million gallons of wastewater into the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the hearing, Samarin presented his report, going over everything he and his son had found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Produced water associated with oil production can contain many constituents that may endanger the environment or the public health,” he testified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the meeting was opened for comments, Burton Ellison, a recently-retired regulator with DOGGR, challenged Samarin’s findings, calling them untrue. “Every one of those wells went through a rigorous review,” Ellison told the hearing. “As a matter of fact, I reviewed some of them back in 2008.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, county supervisors denied Samarin’s appeal, stating that regulating wastewater was the state’s job, not theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin let it drop for the time being. “I left it to other contacts,” he said. “The state water board knew about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It looks like a completely broken system.’\u003ccite>Briana Mordick, Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Six months later, those state water regulators reviewing wastewater wells discovered that Samarin had been right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ordered the errant injection well that Samarin had found be shut down. The oil company, Modus, Inc., responded that its wastewater didn’t contaminate the aquifer because it had the same salt level as the aquifer it was going into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Samarin didn’t know was that his wasn’t an isolated case. It was happening all over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Broken System”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are thousands of wells spread all across the state that are potentially impacting clean drinking water,” says Briana Mordick of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State oil regulators grant permits for wastewater injection wells, so knowing the boundaries between protected and unprotected aquifers is crucial. But for decades, Mordick says, state regulators confused those boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a pretty shocking state of affairs,” says Mordick. “Just poor communication, poor record-keeping. It looks like a completely broken system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our records weren’t solid,” admits Teresa Schilling, a spokesperson for the division of oil and gas. “They were missing in many cases and it’s essential that we have accurate records.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/ScienceOilWastewaterISommer170802.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Oil and Groundwater – Part 1\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Pumpjack1.jpg\"]\u003cbr>\nIn some cases, the aquifer maps were decades old with fuzzy boundaries. In other cases, the records regulators used to make decisions were mixed up 30 years ago. The Environmental Protection Agency had a complete list of the protected aquifers, but for unknown reasons, California oil regulators were working from an incomplete list that didn’t include 11 protected aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that the public has concern about what’s at stake with their drinking water,” says Schilling. “We all know we have a right to clean drinking water and we have a right to expect that our government will take care of that for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What regulators are doing now, Schilling says, is reviewing records for thousands of wastewater injection wells, looking for mistakes. So far, about 175 wells have been shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But six years after the problems emerged, there are still hundreds of wastewater wells operating in protected aquifers, mostly in Kern and Tulare counties. Schilling says these aquifers aren’t drinking-water quality and the state is going through the process of approving them for wastewater disposal. That was supposed to happen by February, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/17/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the process is still unfinished\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”15pcTtN87lI8MC5yd6uoTZdzBsD7cLTU”]“It’s very hard as a government entity to move fast but this has been a top priority at the Department of Conservation,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Minimal Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still not fully understood is what impact all this has had on the quality of California’s drinking-water aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The testing that has been performed has been minimal, I would say,” says John Borkovich of the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has tested some of the drinking water wells within a mile of the wastewater wells that were wrongly permitted. The tests looked at the quality of the drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borkovich says officials have found no correlation between wastewater injection and “anything we’re finding in the water supply wells.” So far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because we haven’t seen anything, doesn’t mean there isn’t an issue out there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next, bigger challenge is determining what the long-term impact of wastewater has been on the larger aquifers. Some wastewater wells have been operating for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/oilwastewaterpt2.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Oil and Groundwater – Part 2\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Oil-CentralValley.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED asked oil regulators for records showing contamination levels of the wastewater that oil companies put into the cleanest aquifers. Officials say they can’t produce those records for KQED, because the information is in stacks of paperwork, spread across several regional offices. They also say the division of oil and gas isn’t looking at that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how far back the permitting problems go, it could be a challenge for the state to reconstruct what’s happened underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t necessarily have good records of what the quality of that water would have been 20 years ago when they started doing this,” said NRDC’s Mordick. “So trying to figure out whether their actions have impacted the water is really difficult at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mordick adds that the state may be overlooking certain chemicals in their testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the complicating things is that the state doesn’t require disclosure of most of the stuff that oil and gas operators use,” Mordick says. “Things like drilling fluids, or maintenance fluids, enhanced oil recovery operations, so really, we wouldn’t know what to test for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aquifers in question may not contain groundwater that California needs right now, but future droughts are inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those resources are becoming more and more valuable over time,” says Mordick. “Protecting our groundwater is really important. They need to follow the rules and California needs to step up and take this seriously because they haven’t been for a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water regulators say they hope to figure out what the larger impacts have been in the years ahead, but have no set timeline. The risk is that they’ve allowed oil companies to contaminate drinking water aquifers to such an extent that Californians may have permanently lost those sources of fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For years, California regulators mistakenly allowed oil companies to put their wastewater in protected aquifers.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928454,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":67,"wordCount":2102},"headData":{"title":"How Much Drinking Water Has California Lost to Oil Industry Waste? No One Knows | KQED","description":"For years, California regulators mistakenly allowed oil companies to put their wastewater in protected aquifers.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1914130/how-much-drinking-water-has-california-lost-to-oil-industry-waste-no-one-knows","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/ScienceOilWastewaterISommer170802.mp3","audioDuration":405000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California survived its historic drought, in large part by using groundwater. It was a lifeline in the Central Valley, where it was the only source of water for many farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators are charged with protecting that groundwater, but for years they failed to do so. Through a series of mistakes and miscommunication, they allowed oil companies to put wastewater into drinking water aquifers that were supposed to be safeguarded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a KQED investigation reveals that regulators still know little about the actual impact on the state’s groundwater reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those errors was discovered by an unlikely person: Bill Samarin, a farmer in California’s San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and agriculture are the big employers in Tulare County, where Samarin lives. Among the citrus and almond orchards, you see steel pumpjacks bobbing above the treetops. So criticizing either of those industries doesn’t make you popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t set well with people around here,” Samarin said. “You’re some kind of environmentalist, which isn’t a very accepted thing to be if you’re a farmer out in this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin is not an environmentalist. He describes himself as a “pretty conservative guy.” So what he discovered about the oil industry put him in unfamiliar territory, straining relationships in this tight-knit community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Biggest Issue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started with the oil field not far from his orchard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Is this even possible that they could be taking wastewater and injecting it into drinking water?’\u003ccite>Bill Samarin, farmer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“From our house, we could look across and it’s probably about three-quarters of a mile,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County officials had received an application to expand that oil field and allow more drilling. Given how close it was to his property, Samarin started doing some homework.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I looked into it further, I found out actually that the biggest issue out here isn’t the things you see on top of the ground,” he said. “The biggest issue out here is the wastewater and how they’re getting rid of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies in California produce tons of wastewater. On average, for every barrel of oil, a California oil well produces 19 barrels of water, often laden with salts, trace metals and chemicals like benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have to get rid of it somehow and in this area here, they pump it into the ground,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1914135\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/KQED_CAOilWstwtr.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"711\">It’s the standard way in which oil companies dispose of wastewater in California: using injection wells, which are not much more than a pipe going into the ground with a gauge to monitor water pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, the wastewater is deposited pretty deep, below the usable groundwater, into aquifers that are already too salty to be drinkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin decided to look up all the wells near his orchard, to see where the wastewater was going. He couldn’t believe what he found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was just stunned, stunned by how close it was to groundwater,” Samarin said. He uses groundwater on his crops, along with a lot of other farmers in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just drilled a well here,” he said. “We drilled down to 740 feet. The injection wells in this area are injecting at similar depths.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alarmed, Samarin went to the local water regulators, the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board. They told him how a water law, known as the Safe Drinking Water Act, works. Groundwater that’s potentially drinkable is automatically off limits for oil companies for wastewater disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if groundwater quality is already tainted by oil or salts, then companies can get permission from state agencies and the federal Environmental Protection Agency to put wastewater there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulators gave Samarin a map of the land around his orchard that had been approved for wastewater disposal, as well as the areas that were protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people probably would have stopped there, but not Samarin. He wanted to know how close those injection wells were to his protected aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Digging Through the Maps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin didn’t have to turn very far for help. His son, Alex, works with maps for a living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re both curious people,” said the younger Samarin. “Once the question is asked, we want to see what the answer is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He plotted coordinates for all the wastewater wells on top of the land approved for wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Six out of the seven did fall within the allowable aquifer,” he said. “One was completely outside of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That meant an oil company was putting its wastewater into a protected aquifer that was supposed to be off-limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just stunned,” recalls Bill. “It was like: is this even possible that they could be taking wastewater and injecting it into drinking water? Can you imagine that that actually occurs in California in this day and age?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1077\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-1020x572.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-1180x662.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wastewater injection well in San Joaquin County. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He decided to take it to county officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Tulare County held hearings about whether to allow the oil operation near Samarin’s orchard to expand, and he filed an appeal against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wanted the county to know about the mistake: that regulators with the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources\u003c/a> had permitted a wastewater well that it shouldn’t have. Over a decade, it had pumped 80 million gallons of wastewater into the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the hearing, Samarin presented his report, going over everything he and his son had found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Produced water associated with oil production can contain many constituents that may endanger the environment or the public health,” he testified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the meeting was opened for comments, Burton Ellison, a recently-retired regulator with DOGGR, challenged Samarin’s findings, calling them untrue. “Every one of those wells went through a rigorous review,” Ellison told the hearing. “As a matter of fact, I reviewed some of them back in 2008.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, county supervisors denied Samarin’s appeal, stating that regulating wastewater was the state’s job, not theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin let it drop for the time being. “I left it to other contacts,” he said. “The state water board knew about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It looks like a completely broken system.’\u003ccite>Briana Mordick, Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Six months later, those state water regulators reviewing wastewater wells discovered that Samarin had been right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ordered the errant injection well that Samarin had found be shut down. The oil company, Modus, Inc., responded that its wastewater didn’t contaminate the aquifer because it had the same salt level as the aquifer it was going into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Samarin didn’t know was that his wasn’t an isolated case. It was happening all over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Broken System”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are thousands of wells spread all across the state that are potentially impacting clean drinking water,” says Briana Mordick of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State oil regulators grant permits for wastewater injection wells, so knowing the boundaries between protected and unprotected aquifers is crucial. But for decades, Mordick says, state regulators confused those boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a pretty shocking state of affairs,” says Mordick. “Just poor communication, poor record-keeping. It looks like a completely broken system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our records weren’t solid,” admits Teresa Schilling, a spokesperson for the division of oil and gas. “They were missing in many cases and it’s essential that we have accurate records.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audio","attributes":{"named":{"src":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/ScienceOilWastewaterISommer170802.mp3","program":"KQED Science","title":"Oil and Groundwater – Part 1","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Pumpjack1.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nIn some cases, the aquifer maps were decades old with fuzzy boundaries. In other cases, the records regulators used to make decisions were mixed up 30 years ago. The Environmental Protection Agency had a complete list of the protected aquifers, but for unknown reasons, California oil regulators were working from an incomplete list that didn’t include 11 protected aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that the public has concern about what’s at stake with their drinking water,” says Schilling. “We all know we have a right to clean drinking water and we have a right to expect that our government will take care of that for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What regulators are doing now, Schilling says, is reviewing records for thousands of wastewater injection wells, looking for mistakes. So far, about 175 wells have been shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But six years after the problems emerged, there are still hundreds of wastewater wells operating in protected aquifers, mostly in Kern and Tulare counties. Schilling says these aquifers aren’t drinking-water quality and the state is going through the process of approving them for wastewater disposal. That was supposed to happen by February, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/17/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the process is still unfinished\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“It’s very hard as a government entity to move fast but this has been a top priority at the Department of Conservation,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Minimal Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still not fully understood is what impact all this has had on the quality of California’s drinking-water aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The testing that has been performed has been minimal, I would say,” says John Borkovich of the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has tested some of the drinking water wells within a mile of the wastewater wells that were wrongly permitted. The tests looked at the quality of the drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borkovich says officials have found no correlation between wastewater injection and “anything we’re finding in the water supply wells.” So far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because we haven’t seen anything, doesn’t mean there isn’t an issue out there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next, bigger challenge is determining what the long-term impact of wastewater has been on the larger aquifers. Some wastewater wells have been operating for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audio","attributes":{"named":{"src":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/oilwastewaterpt2.mp3","program":"KQED Science","title":"Oil and Groundwater – Part 2","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Oil-CentralValley.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED asked oil regulators for records showing contamination levels of the wastewater that oil companies put into the cleanest aquifers. Officials say they can’t produce those records for KQED, because the information is in stacks of paperwork, spread across several regional offices. They also say the division of oil and gas isn’t looking at that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how far back the permitting problems go, it could be a challenge for the state to reconstruct what’s happened underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t necessarily have good records of what the quality of that water would have been 20 years ago when they started doing this,” said NRDC’s Mordick. “So trying to figure out whether their actions have impacted the water is really difficult at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mordick adds that the state may be overlooking certain chemicals in their testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the complicating things is that the state doesn’t require disclosure of most of the stuff that oil and gas operators use,” Mordick says. “Things like drilling fluids, or maintenance fluids, enhanced oil recovery operations, so really, we wouldn’t know what to test for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aquifers in question may not contain groundwater that California needs right now, but future droughts are inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those resources are becoming more and more valuable over time,” says Mordick. “Protecting our groundwater is really important. They need to follow the rules and California needs to step up and take this seriously because they haven’t been for a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water regulators say they hope to figure out what the larger impacts have been in the years ahead, but have no set timeline. The risk is that they’ve allowed oil companies to contaminate drinking water aquifers to such an extent that Californians may have permanently lost those sources of fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1914130/how-much-drinking-water-has-california-lost-to-oil-industry-waste-no-one-knows","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_33","science_35","science_40","science_3423","science_98"],"tags":["science_1273","science_3370","science_490","science_952","science_2541","science_2581"],"featImg":"science_1914131","label":"science"},"science_1775289":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1775289","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1775289","score":null,"sort":[1498600663000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trump-administration-moves-to-withdraw-clean-water-rule","title":"Trump Administration Moves to Withdraw Clean-Water Rule","publishDate":1498600663,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Trump Administration Moves to Withdraw Clean-Water Rule | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>WASHINGTON — The Trump administration moved Tuesday to roll back an Obama administration policy that protected more than half the nation’s streams from pollution but drew attacks from farmers, fossil fuel companies and property-rights groups as federal overreach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2015 regulation sought to settle a debate over which waterways are covered under the Clean Water Act, which has dragged on for years and remained murky despite two Supreme Court rulings. President Donald Trump issued an executive order in February instructing the Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to rescind or revise the Obama rule, which environmentalists say is essential to protecting water for human consumption and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Pq5z5FZqqDKp1mfVHhiLm2J93w9mYAYG”]In a statement, the agencies announced plans to begin the withdrawal process, describing it as an interim step. When it is completed, the agencies said, they will undergo a broader review of which waters should fall under federal jurisdiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are taking significant action to return power to the states and provide regulatory certainty to our nation’s farmers and businesses,” EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt said, adding that the re-evaluation would be “thoughtful, transparent and collaborative with other agencies and the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups denounced the move, saying it would remove drinking water safeguards for one in three Americans while jeopardizing thousands of streams that flow into larger rivers and lakes, plus wetlands that filter pollutants and soak up floodwaters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clean water is vital to our ecology, our health and our quality of life,” said John Rumpler, senior attorney with Environment America. “Repealing the Clean Water Rule turns the mission of the EPA on its head.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA and the Army Corps said dismantling the Obama rule would not change existing practices because the measure has been stayed by the 6th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals in Cincinnati in response to opponents’ lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed repeal is the latest in a series of Trump moves to undo President Barack Obama’s environmental legacy, including withdrawal from the Paris climate change accord, rescinding the Clean Power Plan that sought to curb carbon emissions from coal-burning power plants and reversing a moratorium on leasing federal lands for coal mining. Trump also has proposed deep cuts in the EPA budget.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Trump administration is moving to roll back an Obama administration policy that protected more than half the nation's streams from pollution but drew attacks from farmers, fossil fuel companies and property-rights groups as federal overreach.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928598,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":393},"headData":{"title":"Trump Administration Moves to Withdraw Clean-Water Rule | KQED","description":"The Trump administration is moving to roll back an Obama administration policy that protected more than half the nation's streams from pollution but drew attacks from farmers, fossil fuel companies and property-rights groups as federal overreach.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"John Flesher and Michael Biesecker\u003c/br>Associated Press","path":"/science/1775289/trump-administration-moves-to-withdraw-clean-water-rule","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>WASHINGTON — The Trump administration moved Tuesday to roll back an Obama administration policy that protected more than half the nation’s streams from pollution but drew attacks from farmers, fossil fuel companies and property-rights groups as federal overreach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2015 regulation sought to settle a debate over which waterways are covered under the Clean Water Act, which has dragged on for years and remained murky despite two Supreme Court rulings. President Donald Trump issued an executive order in February instructing the Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to rescind or revise the Obama rule, which environmentalists say is essential to protecting water for human consumption and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In a statement, the agencies announced plans to begin the withdrawal process, describing it as an interim step. When it is completed, the agencies said, they will undergo a broader review of which waters should fall under federal jurisdiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are taking significant action to return power to the states and provide regulatory certainty to our nation’s farmers and businesses,” EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt said, adding that the re-evaluation would be “thoughtful, transparent and collaborative with other agencies and the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups denounced the move, saying it would remove drinking water safeguards for one in three Americans while jeopardizing thousands of streams that flow into larger rivers and lakes, plus wetlands that filter pollutants and soak up floodwaters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clean water is vital to our ecology, our health and our quality of life,” said John Rumpler, senior attorney with Environment America. “Repealing the Clean Water Rule turns the mission of the EPA on its head.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA and the Army Corps said dismantling the Obama rule would not change existing practices because the measure has been stayed by the 6th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals in Cincinnati in response to opponents’ lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed repeal is the latest in a series of Trump moves to undo President Barack Obama’s environmental legacy, including withdrawal from the Paris climate change accord, rescinding the Clean Power Plan that sought to curb carbon emissions from coal-burning power plants and reversing a moratorium on leasing federal lands for coal mining. Trump also has proposed deep cuts in the EPA budget.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1775289/trump-administration-moves-to-withdraw-clean-water-rule","authors":["byline_science_1775289"],"categories":["science_35","science_98"],"tags":["science_1273"],"featImg":"science_283624","label":"science"},"science_993029":{"type":"posts","id":"science_993029","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"993029","score":null,"sort":[1474422025000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drinking-water-of-some-californians-exceeds-limit-for-erin-brockovich-chemical","title":"Drinking Water of Some Californians Exceeds Limit for ‘Erin Brockovich’ Chemical","publishDate":1474422025,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Drinking Water of Some Californians Exceeds Limit for ‘Erin Brockovich’ Chemical | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>When Erin Brockovich went after PG&E for poisoning groundwater in the desert town of Hinkley, California — a campaign that later became a film starring Julia Roberts — the toxic chemical was a heavy metal called hexavalent chromium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as chromium 6, the chemical is listed under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65//p65single080516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prop 65 \u003c/a>as causing cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/chrome0908.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developmental harm and reproductive harm\u003c/a> in both men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2016/09/erin-brockovich-chemical-drinking-water-more-200-million-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>out today finds Hinkley isn’t the only California city with chromium 6 contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found 11 water districts serving some 400,000 Californians had hexavalent chromium in their tap water at levels above the state’s legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Above the Legal Limit\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The state’s limit for chromium 6 in drinking water is 10 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/aa656a24-7e8c-11e6-94fa-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also found the vast majority of samples from water districts serving roughly 8.5 million Californians across the state had hexavalent chromium at levels below the legal limit, but above the public health goal set by state scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/chromium-six-found-in-us-tap-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>is from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a>, a watchdog agency based in Washington, D.C. The non-profit analyzed data the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collected from water utilities across the country between 2013 and 2015. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2016-chromium6-lower-48.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive map\u003c/a> developed from the data shows chromium 6 levels in California and throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was eye opening,” says Bill Walker, co-author of the Environmental Working Group report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not trying to say the chromium 6 situation is as bad as the Flint situation but we’re saying if you start to look at it more closely you can find some really disturbing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-KU9ds\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/KU9ds/2/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe chemical occurs naturally in the environment from \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the erosion of \u003c/span>natural\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> chromium deposits\u003c/span> but it’s also manufactured and used in stainless steel production, metal finishing, chrome plating, leather tanning, and to prevent corrosion in electrical plant cooling towers, as was the case in Hinkley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the workplace, the main way people might be exposed to chromium 6 is through drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulates \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=13096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chromium 6 in work environments\u003c/a>, the EPA doesn’t regulate chromium 6 in drinking water. In fact, California is the only state that does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And California has two standards: a legally enforceable \u003cem>limit\u003c/em> on chromium 6 in drinking water, and a much lower public health \u003cem>goal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Does the state want us to drink distilled water? Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.’\u003ccite>Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Toxicologists at the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment set the public health goal for chromium intake at .02 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public health goal must represent a negligible health risk. State scientists said at .02 ppb, the risk of developing cancer for people who drink the water daily for 70 years is no more than a one-in-a-million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires the legal limit be set “as close as is \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technically and economically feasible\u003c/a>” to the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the California Department of Public Health set a legally enforceable level in 2014, it took into account factors such as how costly it would be for water districts to monitor and clean up the chemical. Public health officials set the legally enforceable level 500 times higher than the public health goal, at 10 parts per billion. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/chromium6/chromium_fact_sheet_2015_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was the first\u003c/a> drinking water standard for chromium 6 in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s legal limit represents a cancer risk of 500 people per-one-million, for people who drink the water daily for 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials found that getting chromium 6 levels below 10 ppb added significantly to the cost of compliance. To set the legal limit only half as high, at 5 ppb, would have tripled the cost. To reach 1 ppb, the cost would have been 11 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the EWG report, Los Banos water samples registered the highest level of chromium 6, at 31.5 ppb, followed by Kerman City at 19.2 ppb and Patterson City at 18 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities that tested above the state’s legal limit run from Sacramento to Los Angeles through California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the water districts that tested below the legal limit, but above the public health goal are Hollister, L.A. County Waterworks Districts and Vacaville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Residents concerned about elevated levels should “contact their water system to see exactly what is going on and what the treatment is,” says state water board public information officer Andrew DiLuccia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since January 2015, public water systems in California have been required to test for chromium 6 in drinking water. If the contamination is above the legal limit, the district must test its water supplies four times a year. If the average of four consecutive tests exceeds the legal limit, the supplier is in violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since water filtration and well construction is expensive and time-consuming, \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/lawbook/sb385_hexavalent_chromium_compliance_fnl_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 385\u003c/a> gives water districts until 2020 to get their chromium 6 levels below the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one city manager says California’s relatively new 10 ppb rule is too stringent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does the state want us to drink distilled water?” asks Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director. “Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the EWG report show Kerman’s average chromium 6 level at 19.2 ppb, nearly double the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says the cleaning costs would be millions of dollars and would raise residents’ water bills from $35 a month to $150 just to pay for filtering, disposal, and operational overhead associated with removing the chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we can’t afford,” he says. “The people of this community can’t afford to pay for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kesq.com/news/indio-water-authority-opens-chromium-6-treatment-plants/33941540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indio Water Authority\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20141107/NEWS/141104274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soquel Creek\u003c/a> have been able to pay for removal and are now supplying water to their customers that tests below the legal limit for chromium 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Willows, a small town between Redding and Sacramento, held a \u003ca href=\"https://www.calwater.com/latest_news/cal-water-holds-ribbon-cutting-ceremony-to-celebrate-completion-of-chromium-6-treatment-plant-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ribbon cutting ceremony\u003c/a> to celebrate the successful installation of an ion exchange filtration system. The state-funded water purifier removes chromium 6 from its wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerman has also received state funding under \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>. But Moore says the $3.5 million won’t cover all the costs to test, install and maintain six new groundwater wells in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For individuals who want to remove chromium 6 from their tap, there are several types of water filters that will do it, including reverse osmosis filters that are available at many hardware stores. The EWG also has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/ewgs-water-filter-buying-guide?system_type=&technology=&contamcode=1080&submit_ty_1=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A study out today reports on levels of hexavalent chromium in water districts across the country.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929597,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/aa656a24-7e8c-11e6-94fa-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map","//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/KU9ds/2/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1252},"headData":{"title":"Drinking Water of Some Californians Exceeds Limit for ‘Erin Brockovich’ Chemical | KQED","description":"A study out today reports on levels of hexavalent chromium in water districts across the country.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/993029/drinking-water-of-some-californians-exceeds-limit-for-erin-brockovich-chemical","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Erin Brockovich went after PG&E for poisoning groundwater in the desert town of Hinkley, California — a campaign that later became a film starring Julia Roberts — the toxic chemical was a heavy metal called hexavalent chromium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as chromium 6, the chemical is listed under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65//p65single080516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prop 65 \u003c/a>as causing cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/chrome0908.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developmental harm and reproductive harm\u003c/a> in both men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2016/09/erin-brockovich-chemical-drinking-water-more-200-million-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>out today finds Hinkley isn’t the only California city with chromium 6 contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found 11 water districts serving some 400,000 Californians had hexavalent chromium in their tap water at levels above the state’s legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Above the Legal Limit\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The state’s limit for chromium 6 in drinking water is 10 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/aa656a24-7e8c-11e6-94fa-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also found the vast majority of samples from water districts serving roughly 8.5 million Californians across the state had hexavalent chromium at levels below the legal limit, but above the public health goal set by state scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/chromium-six-found-in-us-tap-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>is from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a>, a watchdog agency based in Washington, D.C. The non-profit analyzed data the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collected from water utilities across the country between 2013 and 2015. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2016-chromium6-lower-48.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive map\u003c/a> developed from the data shows chromium 6 levels in California and throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was eye opening,” says Bill Walker, co-author of the Environmental Working Group report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not trying to say the chromium 6 situation is as bad as the Flint situation but we’re saying if you start to look at it more closely you can find some really disturbing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-KU9ds\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/KU9ds/2/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe chemical occurs naturally in the environment from \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the erosion of \u003c/span>natural\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> chromium deposits\u003c/span> but it’s also manufactured and used in stainless steel production, metal finishing, chrome plating, leather tanning, and to prevent corrosion in electrical plant cooling towers, as was the case in Hinkley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the workplace, the main way people might be exposed to chromium 6 is through drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulates \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=13096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chromium 6 in work environments\u003c/a>, the EPA doesn’t regulate chromium 6 in drinking water. In fact, California is the only state that does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And California has two standards: a legally enforceable \u003cem>limit\u003c/em> on chromium 6 in drinking water, and a much lower public health \u003cem>goal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Does the state want us to drink distilled water? Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.’\u003ccite>Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Toxicologists at the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment set the public health goal for chromium intake at .02 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public health goal must represent a negligible health risk. State scientists said at .02 ppb, the risk of developing cancer for people who drink the water daily for 70 years is no more than a one-in-a-million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires the legal limit be set “as close as is \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technically and economically feasible\u003c/a>” to the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the California Department of Public Health set a legally enforceable level in 2014, it took into account factors such as how costly it would be for water districts to monitor and clean up the chemical. Public health officials set the legally enforceable level 500 times higher than the public health goal, at 10 parts per billion. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/chromium6/chromium_fact_sheet_2015_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was the first\u003c/a> drinking water standard for chromium 6 in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s legal limit represents a cancer risk of 500 people per-one-million, for people who drink the water daily for 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials found that getting chromium 6 levels below 10 ppb added significantly to the cost of compliance. To set the legal limit only half as high, at 5 ppb, would have tripled the cost. To reach 1 ppb, the cost would have been 11 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the EWG report, Los Banos water samples registered the highest level of chromium 6, at 31.5 ppb, followed by Kerman City at 19.2 ppb and Patterson City at 18 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities that tested above the state’s legal limit run from Sacramento to Los Angeles through California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the water districts that tested below the legal limit, but above the public health goal are Hollister, L.A. County Waterworks Districts and Vacaville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Residents concerned about elevated levels should “contact their water system to see exactly what is going on and what the treatment is,” says state water board public information officer Andrew DiLuccia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since January 2015, public water systems in California have been required to test for chromium 6 in drinking water. If the contamination is above the legal limit, the district must test its water supplies four times a year. If the average of four consecutive tests exceeds the legal limit, the supplier is in violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since water filtration and well construction is expensive and time-consuming, \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/lawbook/sb385_hexavalent_chromium_compliance_fnl_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 385\u003c/a> gives water districts until 2020 to get their chromium 6 levels below the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one city manager says California’s relatively new 10 ppb rule is too stringent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does the state want us to drink distilled water?” asks Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director. “Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the EWG report show Kerman’s average chromium 6 level at 19.2 ppb, nearly double the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says the cleaning costs would be millions of dollars and would raise residents’ water bills from $35 a month to $150 just to pay for filtering, disposal, and operational overhead associated with removing the chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we can’t afford,” he says. “The people of this community can’t afford to pay for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kesq.com/news/indio-water-authority-opens-chromium-6-treatment-plants/33941540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indio Water Authority\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20141107/NEWS/141104274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soquel Creek\u003c/a> have been able to pay for removal and are now supplying water to their customers that tests below the legal limit for chromium 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Willows, a small town between Redding and Sacramento, held a \u003ca href=\"https://www.calwater.com/latest_news/cal-water-holds-ribbon-cutting-ceremony-to-celebrate-completion-of-chromium-6-treatment-plant-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ribbon cutting ceremony\u003c/a> to celebrate the successful installation of an ion exchange filtration system. The state-funded water purifier removes chromium 6 from its wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerman has also received state funding under \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>. But Moore says the $3.5 million won’t cover all the costs to test, install and maintain six new groundwater wells in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For individuals who want to remove chromium 6 from their tap, there are several types of water filters that will do it, including reverse osmosis filters that are available at many hardware stores. The EWG also has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/ewgs-water-filter-buying-guide?system_type=&technology=&contamcode=1080&submit_ty_1=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/993029/drinking-water-of-some-californians-exceeds-limit-for-erin-brockovich-chemical","authors":["5432"],"categories":["science_29","science_39","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_1273"],"featImg":"science_1008622","label":"science"},"science_23789":{"type":"posts","id":"science_23789","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"23789","score":null,"sort":[1416319203000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"designing-california-cities-for-a-long-term-drought","title":"Designing California Cities for a Long-Term Drought","publishDate":1416319203,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Designing California Cities for a Long-Term Drought | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/11/20141118science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23886\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/boat3s-222.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23886 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/boat3s-222.gif\" alt=\"boat3s-222\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED Science reporter Amy Standen kayaks near the end of the L.A. River, where it sheds its concrete channel. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s consider the possibility that this drought we’re in could last more than than just a few dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologic history in California is marked by epic droughts — droughts lasting decades, even centuries. There’s no way of knowing whether we’re at the start of one of those, but scientists say it’s possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, most Californians live in cities designed, to a great extent, on the promise of nearly endless water, imported from wetter parts of the state via massive engineering projects like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Water_Project\">California State Water Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to imagine a collision looming between how we expect water to behave — piped, channelized, pumped according to our needs — and how it may increasingly behave in coming years — sporadic, unpredictable, sometimes too much, sometimes too little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When water doesn’t do what we want it to anymore, how does that change the way we live?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Case-Study in Water Hubris\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin this story, I wanted to visit a place that could symbolize the near-complete domination of man over nature. And while there are plenty of options for this — \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/\">especially \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Sea\">in \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">California\u003c/a> — the Los Angeles River stood out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, on a cloudless November afternoon, I found myself scrambling down a steep riprap embankment with a two-seater kayak, accompanied by a local artist and river guide named Steve Appleton.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It just became one monolithic trapezoidal channel.’ \u003ccite>–Steve Appleton\u003cbr>\nL.A. Artist and River Guide\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right away, it was clear how little of the L.A. River looks anything like a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While efforts are underway to \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140719-los-angeles-river-restoration-kayaking-greenway/\">restore some stretches\u003c/a> of the river to a more natural, riverlike state, many of the L.A. River’s 42-miles look like a concrete bathtub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes a spot about a half mile upstream of the river’s terminus in Long Beach Harbor where getting wet requires something akin to rock-climbing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, the industrial vibe was very much intact. On an overpass just north of us, a sign warned anyone who might be temped to do anything fun or outdoorsy:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Danger: No swimming, diving. Waterskiing, jet skiing, sailboarding or other water-contact sports prohibited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, once upon a time, this river was a river. People who lived here fished in it and drank from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Los Angeles River, like all rivers, was unruly. After devastating floods in the 1930s, the Army Corps of Engineers paved it over and channelized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1200px-Bull_creek_north_from_victory-1024x732.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23935\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1200px-Bull_creek_north_from_victory-1024x732.jpg\" alt=\"Bull Creek, an L.A. River tributary, flows in the city's Lake Balboa neighborhood. (<a title="User:Junkyardsparkle" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Junkyardsparkle">Junkyardsparkle</a>/<a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/">Wikimedia Commons</a>)\" width=\"640\" height=\"458\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bull Creek, an L.A. River tributary, flows in the city’s Lake Balboa neighborhood. (Junkyardsparkle/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city had begun getting its water from elsewhere. A massive aqueduct pulled in water from the Owens Valley, some 300 miles to the northeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of all this engineering, two things happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One: Water suddenly seemed endless. “There it is, take it,” city water director and self-taught engineer William Mulholland famously told the residents of Los Angeles when the aqueduct opened in 1913. Today almost 4 million people live in L.A., which is amazing when you consider that this place gets as much water as Casablanca, Morocco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two: The river? You could almost forget it existed. It was buried and channelized, blocked off by chain link fence as the city expanded up to its concrete banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just became one monolithic trapezoidal channel,” says Appleton, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Within Modern Plumbing, an Ancient Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we take it for granted that water can be engineered into submission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s an idea that comes from somewhere. And that somewhere is ancient Rome, according to David Sedlak, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at UC Berkeley and author of a new history of water, \u003ca href=\"http://www.water4point0.com/\">Water 4.0\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”9AAr94v6sIFrynk9CAwP4B25eLHWUGEN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Romans gave us the idea of public baths, public toilets, fountains and the convenience of water coming directly into your neighborhood,” Sedlak says. “They were able to provide close to 100 gallons per person, per day, which is similar to what we use in some of our modern cities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancient Romans did this in much the same way we do today, by importing water in giant aqueducts from distant places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the Romans, too, water seemed endless. They staged mock naval battles in giant stadiums, floating actual ships in artificial lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pride of ancient Rome, Sedlak says, was its hundreds of public fountains, which ran without stopping and served as focal points for civic life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Romans were the richest kids on the block in the ancient world, and as anyone who’s read Roman history knows, they were not hesitant to show the rest of the world how rich they were,” Sedlak says. “For the people who visited it, it must have been a marvel. They must have taken home with them this idea that the Romans were rich and technologically advanced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my ears, Sedlak is not just talking about Rome. He’s talking about California, too. California’s massive aqueducts, its vast networks of pumps and dams, allowed cities to bloom in our deserts and provided a foundation for an economy the size of Russia’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water doesn’t play by those rules anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Designing for a New Water Order\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2013 was the driest year in history; 2014 is not far behind. Climate change is expected to exacerbate this scarcity by making flows from the Sierra snowpack unreliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, cities are growing. There’s more competition between cities, farms and ecosystems for precious fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23941\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS13030_Elmer_Ave_Before_After_4.jpg-alt_178.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23941\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS13030_Elmer_Ave_Before_After_4.jpg-alt_178.jpg\" alt=\"A creek bed runs beside a sidewalk on Elmer Avenue in Los Angeles. (Courtesy of TreePeople)\" width=\"320\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “bioswale” running alongside a sidewalk on Elmer Avenue in Los Angeles soaks up rainwater and sends it to an underground storage chamber. (Courtesy of TreePeople)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This brings us to a prototype for the future city, which exists on a single block of Elmer Avenue, in a working-class neighborhood of East Los Angeles called Sun Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited, I knew I wanted to meet people who lived on this particular block. But everyone I stopped seemed to have come from somewhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Martin, for example, was here power-walking with a friend. Neither lives on Elmer Avenue, but they come here for walks. Martin says it’s the nicest block in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This wasn’t always the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a few years ago, Elmer Avenue had a problem with floods. Heavy rains turned intersections into lakes, and turned sidewalks – such as they were – into muddy swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in 2009, the city embarked on a plan to install new technologies on Elmer Avenue that would transform the way the block used water, including the rain that fell here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In many of the yards – though not all – the Kentucky bluegrass has been removed,” observed Hadley Arnold, my tour guide for the day and a co-director of the \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/\">Arid Lands Institute\u003c/a> at Woodbury University in Burbank, which trains architects and designers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the residents here have replaced their lawns with drought-tolerant landscaping, such as California live oak, rosemary and sage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bigger changes on Elmer Avenue are less obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Cities Permeable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.7 million \u003ca href=\"https://lafoundation.org/research/landscape-performance-series/case-studies/case-study/381/\">overhaul\u003c/a> installed “bio-swales” at the foot of the curbs, to absorb rainwater into underground “galleries” that collect and store it. About half the homes added rain-collecting barrels, which provide water for irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, when it rains, rather than sending rain water into the sewer and treating it like garbage (as most streets do), or – in a real downpour – flooding the sidewalk, Elmer Avenue soaks water into the ground and stores it for later use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In an average rain year,” says Arnold, “this block puts enough water for approximately 30 families for a year into the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, Elmer Avenue is permeable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about it, this is the opposite of ancient Rome, the opposite of California’s giant aqueducts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elmer Avenue uses what it gets naturally, rather than relying entirely on imported water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold says it’s a good start, but that more dramatic design changes should follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at those peaked roofs,” she tells me. “It’s a useless vestige that has no authentic purpose in this place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the homes in this neighborhood have triangular roofs, modeled on homes in colder climates where roofs are designed to shed ice and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roofs here in Los Angeles’ sunbaked neighborhoods should look different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roofs that are like a wide mouth open to the sky,” Arnold says. “Roofs that are like a cup or a bowl, or an umbrella turned upside down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cities should, where possible, be porous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold is part of a \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/discover/events/divining-la\">collaborative effort\u003c/a> to map the parts of the city where underground aquifers could safely absorb rain water, and the parts that might be better suited for above-ground capture. She believes this tool could be useful for developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities, Arnold says, should be designed to \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/project/where-it-lets-reuse-it\">work with\u003c/a> the water that appears there naturally, not throw it away, only to import more from distant places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Futuristic Structures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, “speculative” architects are turning their attention to how buildings might be redesigned to accommodate local water sources and a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a bright and airy studio in San Francisco’s Dogpatch neighborhood, Nataly Gattegno, a co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.future-cities-lab.net/\">Future Cities Lab\u003c/a>, introduces me to Hydramax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.future-cities-lab.net/hydramax/\">Hydramax\u003c/a> is a model of a theoretical structure (the word “building” doesn’t quite feel adequate; Gattegno calls it a “port machine”) designed for the San Francisco waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23877\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Credit-Future-Cities-Lab-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23877\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Credit-Future-Cities-Lab-2.jpg\" alt='A rendering of the \"Hydramax,\" a futuristic building designed to capture water from the air, among other things. (Courtesy of Future Cities Lab) ' width=\"750\" height=\"606\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendering of the “Hydramax,” a futuristic building designed to capture water from the air, among other things. (Courtesy of Future Cities Lab)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You have a shell,” explains Gattegno, “where all the occupation and habitation occurs. There are places to live in, places to shop. Then the next tier is [for] hydroponics, where food is grown.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydramax anticipates a future where sea-level rise causes tides that regularly drench the waterfront. The structure can function submerged or dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Covering the top of it are fabric structures, 90 feet long, that wave back and forth. They’re fog-harvesting “feathers” which can extract moisture from fog and channel it into the hydroponic farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s About Accommodating Water, Not Fighting It\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Gattegno whether she thought the Hydramax would ever get built. To me, it seemed unlikely; the structure seemed expensive, almost permanently futuristic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gattegno told me sure, she’d love to see the Hydramax and other far-out projects be built one day. But that’s not really the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The point she wants to make (just like Hadley Arnold and David Sedlak) is that the old ways of building cities and supplying them with water — ideas we borrowed from the ancient Romans — may no longer make sense in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past we’ve controlled water,” says Gattegno. “We’ve told it what to do, what pipes to move through, what aqueducts to be contained in, and in this case, we’re proposing a completely alternative model, a model where water maybe is slightly controlled — it’s still controlled in a certain way, or at least it has a kind of known set of properties that we can leverage — but at the same time, it’s also left to be part of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of burying plumbing underneath the street or behind walls, water infrastructure is the Hydramax’s centerpiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one example, she says, of how cities might be redesigned not to just survive the current drought, but be transformed by it, perhaps for the better.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists say it’s possible California’s drought may last a lot longer than a few years. No one knows for sure, but we could all simply have to adjust to a drier climate. That could mean changing the way we build cities to make them more porous. The 'Hydramax,' a futuristic design pictured above, rises with the tide and captures water from the air.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932605,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":75,"wordCount":2089},"headData":{"title":"Designing California Cities for a Long-Term Drought | KQED","description":"Scientists say it’s possible California’s drought may last a lot longer than a few years. No one knows for sure, but we could all simply have to adjust to a drier climate. That could mean changing the way we build cities to make them more porous. The 'Hydramax,' a futuristic design pictured above, rises with the tide and captures water from the air.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/11/20141118science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/23789/designing-california-cities-for-a-long-term-drought","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/11/20141118science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23886\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/boat3s-222.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23886 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/boat3s-222.gif\" alt=\"boat3s-222\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED Science reporter Amy Standen kayaks near the end of the L.A. River, where it sheds its concrete channel. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s consider the possibility that this drought we’re in could last more than than just a few dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologic history in California is marked by epic droughts — droughts lasting decades, even centuries. There’s no way of knowing whether we’re at the start of one of those, but scientists say it’s possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, most Californians live in cities designed, to a great extent, on the promise of nearly endless water, imported from wetter parts of the state via massive engineering projects like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Water_Project\">California State Water Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to imagine a collision looming between how we expect water to behave — piped, channelized, pumped according to our needs — and how it may increasingly behave in coming years — sporadic, unpredictable, sometimes too much, sometimes too little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When water doesn’t do what we want it to anymore, how does that change the way we live?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Case-Study in Water Hubris\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin this story, I wanted to visit a place that could symbolize the near-complete domination of man over nature. And while there are plenty of options for this — \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/\">especially \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Sea\">in \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">California\u003c/a> — the Los Angeles River stood out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, on a cloudless November afternoon, I found myself scrambling down a steep riprap embankment with a two-seater kayak, accompanied by a local artist and river guide named Steve Appleton.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It just became one monolithic trapezoidal channel.’ \u003ccite>–Steve Appleton\u003cbr>\nL.A. Artist and River Guide\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right away, it was clear how little of the L.A. River looks anything like a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While efforts are underway to \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140719-los-angeles-river-restoration-kayaking-greenway/\">restore some stretches\u003c/a> of the river to a more natural, riverlike state, many of the L.A. River’s 42-miles look like a concrete bathtub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes a spot about a half mile upstream of the river’s terminus in Long Beach Harbor where getting wet requires something akin to rock-climbing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, the industrial vibe was very much intact. On an overpass just north of us, a sign warned anyone who might be temped to do anything fun or outdoorsy:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Danger: No swimming, diving. Waterskiing, jet skiing, sailboarding or other water-contact sports prohibited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, once upon a time, this river was a river. People who lived here fished in it and drank from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Los Angeles River, like all rivers, was unruly. After devastating floods in the 1930s, the Army Corps of Engineers paved it over and channelized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1200px-Bull_creek_north_from_victory-1024x732.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23935\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1200px-Bull_creek_north_from_victory-1024x732.jpg\" alt=\"Bull Creek, an L.A. River tributary, flows in the city's Lake Balboa neighborhood. (<a title="User:Junkyardsparkle" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Junkyardsparkle">Junkyardsparkle</a>/<a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/">Wikimedia Commons</a>)\" width=\"640\" height=\"458\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bull Creek, an L.A. River tributary, flows in the city’s Lake Balboa neighborhood. (Junkyardsparkle/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city had begun getting its water from elsewhere. A massive aqueduct pulled in water from the Owens Valley, some 300 miles to the northeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of all this engineering, two things happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One: Water suddenly seemed endless. “There it is, take it,” city water director and self-taught engineer William Mulholland famously told the residents of Los Angeles when the aqueduct opened in 1913. Today almost 4 million people live in L.A., which is amazing when you consider that this place gets as much water as Casablanca, Morocco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two: The river? You could almost forget it existed. It was buried and channelized, blocked off by chain link fence as the city expanded up to its concrete banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just became one monolithic trapezoidal channel,” says Appleton, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Within Modern Plumbing, an Ancient Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we take it for granted that water can be engineered into submission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s an idea that comes from somewhere. And that somewhere is ancient Rome, according to David Sedlak, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at UC Berkeley and author of a new history of water, \u003ca href=\"http://www.water4point0.com/\">Water 4.0\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Romans gave us the idea of public baths, public toilets, fountains and the convenience of water coming directly into your neighborhood,” Sedlak says. “They were able to provide close to 100 gallons per person, per day, which is similar to what we use in some of our modern cities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancient Romans did this in much the same way we do today, by importing water in giant aqueducts from distant places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the Romans, too, water seemed endless. They staged mock naval battles in giant stadiums, floating actual ships in artificial lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pride of ancient Rome, Sedlak says, was its hundreds of public fountains, which ran without stopping and served as focal points for civic life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Romans were the richest kids on the block in the ancient world, and as anyone who’s read Roman history knows, they were not hesitant to show the rest of the world how rich they were,” Sedlak says. “For the people who visited it, it must have been a marvel. They must have taken home with them this idea that the Romans were rich and technologically advanced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my ears, Sedlak is not just talking about Rome. He’s talking about California, too. California’s massive aqueducts, its vast networks of pumps and dams, allowed cities to bloom in our deserts and provided a foundation for an economy the size of Russia’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water doesn’t play by those rules anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Designing for a New Water Order\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2013 was the driest year in history; 2014 is not far behind. Climate change is expected to exacerbate this scarcity by making flows from the Sierra snowpack unreliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, cities are growing. There’s more competition between cities, farms and ecosystems for precious fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23941\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS13030_Elmer_Ave_Before_After_4.jpg-alt_178.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23941\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS13030_Elmer_Ave_Before_After_4.jpg-alt_178.jpg\" alt=\"A creek bed runs beside a sidewalk on Elmer Avenue in Los Angeles. (Courtesy of TreePeople)\" width=\"320\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “bioswale” running alongside a sidewalk on Elmer Avenue in Los Angeles soaks up rainwater and sends it to an underground storage chamber. (Courtesy of TreePeople)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This brings us to a prototype for the future city, which exists on a single block of Elmer Avenue, in a working-class neighborhood of East Los Angeles called Sun Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited, I knew I wanted to meet people who lived on this particular block. But everyone I stopped seemed to have come from somewhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Martin, for example, was here power-walking with a friend. Neither lives on Elmer Avenue, but they come here for walks. Martin says it’s the nicest block in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This wasn’t always the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a few years ago, Elmer Avenue had a problem with floods. Heavy rains turned intersections into lakes, and turned sidewalks – such as they were – into muddy swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in 2009, the city embarked on a plan to install new technologies on Elmer Avenue that would transform the way the block used water, including the rain that fell here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In many of the yards – though not all – the Kentucky bluegrass has been removed,” observed Hadley Arnold, my tour guide for the day and a co-director of the \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/\">Arid Lands Institute\u003c/a> at Woodbury University in Burbank, which trains architects and designers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the residents here have replaced their lawns with drought-tolerant landscaping, such as California live oak, rosemary and sage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bigger changes on Elmer Avenue are less obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Cities Permeable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.7 million \u003ca href=\"https://lafoundation.org/research/landscape-performance-series/case-studies/case-study/381/\">overhaul\u003c/a> installed “bio-swales” at the foot of the curbs, to absorb rainwater into underground “galleries” that collect and store it. About half the homes added rain-collecting barrels, which provide water for irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, when it rains, rather than sending rain water into the sewer and treating it like garbage (as most streets do), or – in a real downpour – flooding the sidewalk, Elmer Avenue soaks water into the ground and stores it for later use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In an average rain year,” says Arnold, “this block puts enough water for approximately 30 families for a year into the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, Elmer Avenue is permeable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about it, this is the opposite of ancient Rome, the opposite of California’s giant aqueducts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elmer Avenue uses what it gets naturally, rather than relying entirely on imported water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold says it’s a good start, but that more dramatic design changes should follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at those peaked roofs,” she tells me. “It’s a useless vestige that has no authentic purpose in this place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the homes in this neighborhood have triangular roofs, modeled on homes in colder climates where roofs are designed to shed ice and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roofs here in Los Angeles’ sunbaked neighborhoods should look different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roofs that are like a wide mouth open to the sky,” Arnold says. “Roofs that are like a cup or a bowl, or an umbrella turned upside down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cities should, where possible, be porous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold is part of a \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/discover/events/divining-la\">collaborative effort\u003c/a> to map the parts of the city where underground aquifers could safely absorb rain water, and the parts that might be better suited for above-ground capture. She believes this tool could be useful for developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities, Arnold says, should be designed to \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/project/where-it-lets-reuse-it\">work with\u003c/a> the water that appears there naturally, not throw it away, only to import more from distant places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Futuristic Structures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, “speculative” architects are turning their attention to how buildings might be redesigned to accommodate local water sources and a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a bright and airy studio in San Francisco’s Dogpatch neighborhood, Nataly Gattegno, a co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.future-cities-lab.net/\">Future Cities Lab\u003c/a>, introduces me to Hydramax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.future-cities-lab.net/hydramax/\">Hydramax\u003c/a> is a model of a theoretical structure (the word “building” doesn’t quite feel adequate; Gattegno calls it a “port machine”) designed for the San Francisco waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23877\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Credit-Future-Cities-Lab-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23877\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Credit-Future-Cities-Lab-2.jpg\" alt='A rendering of the \"Hydramax,\" a futuristic building designed to capture water from the air, among other things. (Courtesy of Future Cities Lab) ' width=\"750\" height=\"606\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendering of the “Hydramax,” a futuristic building designed to capture water from the air, among other things. (Courtesy of Future Cities Lab)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You have a shell,” explains Gattegno, “where all the occupation and habitation occurs. There are places to live in, places to shop. Then the next tier is [for] hydroponics, where food is grown.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydramax anticipates a future where sea-level rise causes tides that regularly drench the waterfront. The structure can function submerged or dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Covering the top of it are fabric structures, 90 feet long, that wave back and forth. They’re fog-harvesting “feathers” which can extract moisture from fog and channel it into the hydroponic farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s About Accommodating Water, Not Fighting It\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Gattegno whether she thought the Hydramax would ever get built. To me, it seemed unlikely; the structure seemed expensive, almost permanently futuristic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gattegno told me sure, she’d love to see the Hydramax and other far-out projects be built one day. But that’s not really the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The point she wants to make (just like Hadley Arnold and David Sedlak) is that the old ways of building cities and supplying them with water — ideas we borrowed from the ancient Romans — may no longer make sense in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past we’ve controlled water,” says Gattegno. “We’ve told it what to do, what pipes to move through, what aqueducts to be contained in, and in this case, we’re proposing a completely alternative model, a model where water maybe is slightly controlled — it’s still controlled in a certain way, or at least it has a kind of known set of properties that we can leverage — but at the same time, it’s also left to be part of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of burying plumbing underneath the street or behind walls, water infrastructure is the Hydramax’s centerpiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one example, she says, of how cities might be redesigned not to just survive the current drought, but be transformed by it, perhaps for the better.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/23789/designing-california-cities-for-a-long-term-drought","authors":["210"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_46","science_31","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_1273","science_64","science_110"],"featImg":"science_23876","label":"science_1151"},"science_14054":{"type":"posts","id":"science_14054","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"14054","score":null,"sort":[1392132622000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality","title":"Record Drought Could Hurt Water Quality","publishDate":1392132622,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Record Drought Could Hurt Water Quality | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14071\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14071\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Shasta Lake this year (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels in the reservoir behind Shasta Dam in November. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This weekend’s heavy rainfall was a welcome sight, but it wasn’t enough to end California’s record drought. State officials are still facing tough choices about how to make the low water supply last through the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with little water in streams and rivers, declining water quality could be an even bigger challenge, potentially raising problems for drinking water and causing harmful algal blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials made their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/31/state-water-project-deliveries-canceled-because-of-drought\">first major water quality decision\u003c/a> at the end of January, ordering that reservoir operators in Northern California limit water releases from dams. About 144,000 acre-feet of water will be held back this month, water that’s normally required to flow into rivers and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The freshwater will be used later in the year to keep seawater away from drinking water intakes. The Delta is where freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater from San Francisco Bay. When there isn’t enough freshwater pushing against the Bay’s tides, saltwater creeps into the Delta, where canals and aqueducts draw water that supplies 25 million Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failing to take this action could result in our reservoirs running out of water later in the year, which means no available water to prevent saltwater intrusion in the Delta,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “That would result in ruined water supplies both in the Delta and south of the Delta and major environmental impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Water Districts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even beyond saltwater intruding, water quality in the Delta is likely to suffer due to salty agricultural runoff, which is concentrated as the slow-moving water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The San Joaquin River at this point is primarily agricultural drainage and wastewater treatment effluent,” explained William Fleenor of UC Davis’s Center for Watershed Sciences. “Those concentrations will be in the Delta and we won’t be flushing them out as fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts that rely on the Delta for drinking water say it’s a cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re watching salinity levels very closely,” said Jennifer Allen, spokesperson for the Contra Costa Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14067\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14067\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\" alt=\"Seawater (in red) pushes into the Delta when the inflow from rivers is low. (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seawater (in red) from San Francisco Bay pushes into the Delta when freshwater from rivers is low (blue). (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/\">Contra Costa Water Distric\u003c/a>t gets 100 percent of its supply from the Delta and serves 500,000 people in Antioch, Concord, Martinez and Pittsburg. The district withdraws that water through the Contra Costa Canal, which taps into the Delta not far from the saltwater-freshwater mixing zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1976-77 drought, salt levels in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/wqDamHistory.asp\">their water exceeded public health limits\u003c/a>, prompting water rationing orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has since built the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/\">Los Vaqueros Reservoir\u003c/a>, which stores higher quality water from the wet months that can be blended with lower quality water coming from the Delta in dry months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something the district normally does, but “what’s different this year is that we’ve notice the salt levels rising earlier than normal,” said Allen. Los Vaqueros Reservoir is in relatively good shape this year, holding 79 percent of its storage capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poor water quality could also reach massive pumps in the South Delta that feed water to the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California. That includes Santa Clara County and East Bay cities like Fremont and Livermore. But officials have announced that very little water will be delivered through that system, simply because of the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water treatment plants are built to handle salt, as well as other contaminants like bromide and organic carbon, but poor water quality raises their operating costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll cost them more to treat,” said Fleenor. “It’s quite expensive to remove chloride”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water quality problems are only expected to get worse with sea level rise, which would push saltwater farther into the Delta. A UC Davis study found that \u003ca href=\"http://retrocee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund/papers/Chen2010.pdf\">water treatment costs could more than double\u003c/a> with a one-foot rise in sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Effects on Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”6dfc1a71e88f65ca185ee886de193e28″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and residents living in the Delta itself also have an eye on their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re concerned about the water quality,” said Mike Robinson of Robinson Farms Feed Company, which grows alfalfa and hay on Roberts Island in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It becomes a question later on in the year whether you want to irrigate or not, because high salt content will hurt, damage or kill some crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson says they’re already seeing saltier water than they normally do. “We’d just stop irrigating at some point if we have to,” he says. “I hope the storms put a lot of snow in the mountains cause that’s our only chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials say keeping water in upstream reservoirs now will allow them to flush it into the Delta later in the year, meeting water quality standards. Those standards are lowered in years that are critically dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly the standards will be met,” said Tom Howard, director of the State Water Resources Control Board. “That’s the intent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harmful Algae Blooms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water quality problems may not be avoidable. Lower water levels usually mean the water is warmer, which encourages harmful blue-green algae called \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/ssr/microcystis.cfm\">Microcystis\u003c/a>. The algae blooms, first noticed in the Delta around 2000, produce a liver toxin that affects people, fish and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\" alt=\"A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"294\" height=\"260\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We expect to see very large blooms if the low flows continue to occur,” said Peggy Lehman, a scientist with the California Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It grows in warm conditions and we already have high nutrients in the water that facilitate it,” Lehman said. “It sits on the surface and it looks a bit like green cornflakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms normally begin in June or July, but could be seen earlier this year. Harmful effects have been in seen in Delta fish that play a key role in the ecosystem, like threadfin shad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are health affects to people that use Delta water, so we’re watching that very closely,” said Lehman. “If people see it in the water column, they don’t want to swim there and want to make sure they aren’t drinking it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the first of two posts on water quality problems caused by the drought. Tomorrow, we look at the impacts on endangered fish and wildlife.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With low water levels in rivers, water quality could suffer, creating toxic algae blooms and causing concerns for water districts.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934207,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1136},"headData":{"title":"Record Drought Could Hurt Water Quality | KQED","description":"With low water levels in rivers, water quality could suffer, creating toxic algae blooms and causing concerns for water districts.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/14054/record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14071\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14071\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Shasta Lake this year (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels in the reservoir behind Shasta Dam in November. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This weekend’s heavy rainfall was a welcome sight, but it wasn’t enough to end California’s record drought. State officials are still facing tough choices about how to make the low water supply last through the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with little water in streams and rivers, declining water quality could be an even bigger challenge, potentially raising problems for drinking water and causing harmful algal blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials made their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/31/state-water-project-deliveries-canceled-because-of-drought\">first major water quality decision\u003c/a> at the end of January, ordering that reservoir operators in Northern California limit water releases from dams. About 144,000 acre-feet of water will be held back this month, water that’s normally required to flow into rivers and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The freshwater will be used later in the year to keep seawater away from drinking water intakes. The Delta is where freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater from San Francisco Bay. When there isn’t enough freshwater pushing against the Bay’s tides, saltwater creeps into the Delta, where canals and aqueducts draw water that supplies 25 million Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failing to take this action could result in our reservoirs running out of water later in the year, which means no available water to prevent saltwater intrusion in the Delta,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “That would result in ruined water supplies both in the Delta and south of the Delta and major environmental impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Water Districts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even beyond saltwater intruding, water quality in the Delta is likely to suffer due to salty agricultural runoff, which is concentrated as the slow-moving water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The San Joaquin River at this point is primarily agricultural drainage and wastewater treatment effluent,” explained William Fleenor of UC Davis’s Center for Watershed Sciences. “Those concentrations will be in the Delta and we won’t be flushing them out as fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts that rely on the Delta for drinking water say it’s a cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re watching salinity levels very closely,” said Jennifer Allen, spokesperson for the Contra Costa Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14067\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14067\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\" alt=\"Seawater (in red) pushes into the Delta when the inflow from rivers is low. (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seawater (in red) from San Francisco Bay pushes into the Delta when freshwater from rivers is low (blue). (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/\">Contra Costa Water Distric\u003c/a>t gets 100 percent of its supply from the Delta and serves 500,000 people in Antioch, Concord, Martinez and Pittsburg. The district withdraws that water through the Contra Costa Canal, which taps into the Delta not far from the saltwater-freshwater mixing zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1976-77 drought, salt levels in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/wqDamHistory.asp\">their water exceeded public health limits\u003c/a>, prompting water rationing orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has since built the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/\">Los Vaqueros Reservoir\u003c/a>, which stores higher quality water from the wet months that can be blended with lower quality water coming from the Delta in dry months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something the district normally does, but “what’s different this year is that we’ve notice the salt levels rising earlier than normal,” said Allen. Los Vaqueros Reservoir is in relatively good shape this year, holding 79 percent of its storage capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poor water quality could also reach massive pumps in the South Delta that feed water to the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California. That includes Santa Clara County and East Bay cities like Fremont and Livermore. But officials have announced that very little water will be delivered through that system, simply because of the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water treatment plants are built to handle salt, as well as other contaminants like bromide and organic carbon, but poor water quality raises their operating costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll cost them more to treat,” said Fleenor. “It’s quite expensive to remove chloride”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water quality problems are only expected to get worse with sea level rise, which would push saltwater farther into the Delta. A UC Davis study found that \u003ca href=\"http://retrocee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund/papers/Chen2010.pdf\">water treatment costs could more than double\u003c/a> with a one-foot rise in sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Effects on Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and residents living in the Delta itself also have an eye on their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re concerned about the water quality,” said Mike Robinson of Robinson Farms Feed Company, which grows alfalfa and hay on Roberts Island in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It becomes a question later on in the year whether you want to irrigate or not, because high salt content will hurt, damage or kill some crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson says they’re already seeing saltier water than they normally do. “We’d just stop irrigating at some point if we have to,” he says. “I hope the storms put a lot of snow in the mountains cause that’s our only chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials say keeping water in upstream reservoirs now will allow them to flush it into the Delta later in the year, meeting water quality standards. Those standards are lowered in years that are critically dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly the standards will be met,” said Tom Howard, director of the State Water Resources Control Board. “That’s the intent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harmful Algae Blooms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water quality problems may not be avoidable. Lower water levels usually mean the water is warmer, which encourages harmful blue-green algae called \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/ssr/microcystis.cfm\">Microcystis\u003c/a>. The algae blooms, first noticed in the Delta around 2000, produce a liver toxin that affects people, fish and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\" alt=\"A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"294\" height=\"260\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We expect to see very large blooms if the low flows continue to occur,” said Peggy Lehman, a scientist with the California Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It grows in warm conditions and we already have high nutrients in the water that facilitate it,” Lehman said. “It sits on the surface and it looks a bit like green cornflakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms normally begin in June or July, but could be seen earlier this year. Harmful effects have been in seen in Delta fish that play a key role in the ecosystem, like threadfin shad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are health affects to people that use Delta water, so we’re watching that very closely,” said Lehman. “If people see it in the water column, they don’t want to swim there and want to make sure they aren’t drinking it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the first of two posts on water quality problems caused by the drought. Tomorrow, we look at the impacts on endangered fish and wildlife.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/14054/record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_1273","science_572","science_100","science_997","science_110"],"featImg":"science_14071","label":"science_1151"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. 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By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago.\r\n\r\n[http_redir]","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Drought Watch Archives | KQED Science","description":"What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's The Lowdown) [iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"] We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the background and rounding up all the stories we’ve produced. Relief at Last In early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago. 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