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She has won several regional Emmy awards, a regional and a national Edward R. Murrow award. The Association for Health Journalists awarded Lesley best beat coverage. The Society of Professional Journalists has recognized her reporting several times. The Society of Environmental Journalists spotlighted her ongoing coverage of California's historic drought. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before joining KQED in 2016, she covered food and sustainability for Capital Public Radio, the environment for Colorado Public Radio, and reported for both KUOW and KCTS9 in Seattle. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When not hunched over her laptop Lesley enjoys skiing with her toddler, surfing with her husband or scheming their next globetrotting adventure. Before motherhood she relished dancing tango till sunrise. 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Prior to joining KQED Science, Sarah worked in a brand new role as Digital Marketing Strategist at WPSU Penn State.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"sarahkmohamad","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"about","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sarah Mohamad | KQED","description":"Engagement Producer and Reporter, KQED Science","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/smohamad"},"mschiffman":{"type":"authors","id":"11833","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11833","found":true},"name":"Mimi Schiffman","firstName":"Mimi","lastName":"Schiffman","slug":"mschiffman","email":"mschiffman@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Mimi Schiffman is a producer for Deep Look.\r\n\r\nPrior to joining the Deep Look team she made hundreds of stories over more than a decade as a producer, director of photography and/or editor. \r\n\r\nShe's filmed lemurs finger painting (a favorite pastime of the amazing Duke Lemur Center inhabitants), stayed awake for 36 hours while trailing the first person with dwarfism to complete an Ironman (shout out to John Young, aka \"The Hammer\") and got to interview the late, great Anthony Bourdain.\r\n \r\nFun facts: Mimi's first job was weighing foraminifera - single cell organisms - in tiny foil cups, and she once got a river designated as “Wild and scenic.” She’s passionate about animals in general but very specifically her rescue dog, Henry. 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You’re on the Menu","publishDate":1701184594,"format":"video","headTitle":"Dog Ticks Are Changing Their Diet. You’re on the Menu | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Like its name suggests, the brown dog tick dines on dog blood. But as temperatures rise, they’re more likely to feast on you, too. That’s a problem, because the brown dog tick is a vector for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a disease that’s deadly to both dogs and humans.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>To pet a dog is to know peace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But who’s this interloper? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a brown dog tick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re the most widespread tick in the world, and the most adapted to living among us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown dog ticks are thought to have evolved alongside burrowing carnivores like foxes and weasels – and came indoors when we domesticated dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can be found in and around homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what’s worse, they spread bacteria that can be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They aren’t the ticks known for carrying Lyme disease. Those are blacklegged ticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brown dog tick has grooves along its back, and they’re a solid, reddish brown. See the difference?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjad085\">Assistant professor of animal science at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo Laura Backus, whose research on the brown dog tick we explored in this episode, has spent a lot of time looking into tick populations in California and Mexico during her Ph.D. and postdoc at the University of California, Davis. Check out her team’s work exploring the role of wildlife in tick-borne diseases in this paper!\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://bugscope.beckman.illinois.edu/\">Microscopist T Josek took the incredible pictures of the brown dog tick’s Haller’s organ you saw in this episode. Learn more about their organization, Bugscope at the University of Illinois’s Beckman Institute here.\u003cbr>\n[/pullquote]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter what kind of tick they are, they want one thing: blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to find that blood, they use what’s called the Haller’s organ, one near the tip of each foreleg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ticks use them to pick up chemical signals from the air: carbon dioxide, pheromones and humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe the Haller’s organ even lets ticks detect the body heat of their prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All ticks have them, but they use them differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blacklegged tick “quests” – it stays put, waving its forelegs to sense when it can hop aboard a host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brown dog tick hunts, using that Haller’s organ to home in on a potential target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As its name suggests, a brown dog tick is happy to take all its meals from dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the right conditions, the brown dog tick will dine on you, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a problem, because they can transmit bacteria that cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a terrible disease that can kill both dogs and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rocky Mountain spotted fever usually occurs in small clusters in the United States and is relatively rare. But outbreaks in northern Mexico have killed hundreds of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And rising temperatures due to climate change are sparking some troubling tick behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s particularly hot out, brown dog ticks start craving human blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To investigate this, University of California, Davis researchers put a very good dog in a box and a very good human in another, connected by a plastic tube with hungry brown dog ticks inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t worry – there’s a screen here and here. The ticks can’t actually get them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At room temperature, the ticks preferred dogs. But when researchers heated up the tube, to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, brown dog ticks preferred – you guessed it – us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are still trying to determine why. In the meantime, researchers are developing vaccines to protect us from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tick treatments can keep the pests off of dogs. But they’re expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sonoran Desert, in Southern California, volunteers remove ticks by putting their tweezers right up against a dog’s skin and pulling straight up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one is full of dog blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they give the dogs oral medicine for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look at these happy pals!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then it’s back to the petting frenzy you both deserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hi, it’s Laura. Wanna know more about those blacklegged ticks? Zoom in with us to see just how they dig in with a gnarly mouth covered in hooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, please don’t forget to subscribe and click that little notification bell. Thanks for watching!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Like its name suggests, the brown dog tick dines on dog blood. But as temperatures rise, they're more likely to feast on you, too. That's a problem, because the brown dog tick is a vector for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a disease that's deadly to both dogs and humans.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845816,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":742},"headData":{"title":"Dog Ticks Are Changing Their Diet. You’re on the Menu | KQED","description":"Like its name suggests, the brown dog tick dines on dog blood. But as temperatures rise, they're more likely to feast on you, too. That's a problem, because the brown dog tick is a vector for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a disease that's deadly to both dogs and humans.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/ZAcVQQWa9Pw","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1985541/dog-ticks-are-changing-their-diet-youre-on-the-menu","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Like its name suggests, the brown dog tick dines on dog blood. But as temperatures rise, they’re more likely to feast on you, too. That’s a problem, because the brown dog tick is a vector for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a disease that’s deadly to both dogs and humans.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>To pet a dog is to know peace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But who’s this interloper? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a brown dog tick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re the most widespread tick in the world, and the most adapted to living among us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown dog ticks are thought to have evolved alongside burrowing carnivores like foxes and weasels – and came indoors when we domesticated dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can be found in and around homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what’s worse, they spread bacteria that can be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They aren’t the ticks known for carrying Lyme disease. Those are blacklegged ticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brown dog tick has grooves along its back, and they’re a solid, reddish brown. See the difference?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjad085\">Assistant professor of animal science at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo Laura Backus, whose research on the brown dog tick we explored in this episode, has spent a lot of time looking into tick populations in California and Mexico during her Ph.D. and postdoc at the University of California, Davis. Check out her team’s work exploring the role of wildlife in tick-borne diseases in this paper!\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://bugscope.beckman.illinois.edu/\">Microscopist T Josek took the incredible pictures of the brown dog tick’s Haller’s organ you saw in this episode. Learn more about their organization, Bugscope at the University of Illinois’s Beckman Institute here.\u003cbr>\n","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter what kind of tick they are, they want one thing: blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to find that blood, they use what’s called the Haller’s organ, one near the tip of each foreleg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ticks use them to pick up chemical signals from the air: carbon dioxide, pheromones and humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe the Haller’s organ even lets ticks detect the body heat of their prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All ticks have them, but they use them differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blacklegged tick “quests” – it stays put, waving its forelegs to sense when it can hop aboard a host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brown dog tick hunts, using that Haller’s organ to home in on a potential target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As its name suggests, a brown dog tick is happy to take all its meals from dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the right conditions, the brown dog tick will dine on you, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a problem, because they can transmit bacteria that cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a terrible disease that can kill both dogs and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rocky Mountain spotted fever usually occurs in small clusters in the United States and is relatively rare. But outbreaks in northern Mexico have killed hundreds of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And rising temperatures due to climate change are sparking some troubling tick behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s particularly hot out, brown dog ticks start craving human blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To investigate this, University of California, Davis researchers put a very good dog in a box and a very good human in another, connected by a plastic tube with hungry brown dog ticks inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t worry – there’s a screen here and here. The ticks can’t actually get them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At room temperature, the ticks preferred dogs. But when researchers heated up the tube, to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, brown dog ticks preferred – you guessed it – us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are still trying to determine why. In the meantime, researchers are developing vaccines to protect us from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tick treatments can keep the pests off of dogs. But they’re expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sonoran Desert, in Southern California, volunteers remove ticks by putting their tweezers right up against a dog’s skin and pulling straight up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one is full of dog blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they give the dogs oral medicine for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look at these happy pals!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then it’s back to the petting frenzy you both deserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hi, it’s Laura. Wanna know more about those blacklegged ticks? Zoom in with us to see just how they dig in with a gnarly mouth covered in hooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, please don’t forget to subscribe and click that little notification bell. Thanks for watching!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1985541/dog-ticks-are-changing-their-diet-youre-on-the-menu","authors":["11833"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_31","science_32","science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_2266","science_4414","science_83","science_157"],"featImg":"science_1985542","label":"science_1935"},"science_1984932":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984932","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984932","score":null,"sort":[1698318016000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-can-i-protect-my-dog-from-san-francisco-coyotes","title":"How Can I Protect My Dog From San Francisco Coyotes?","publishDate":1698318016,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How Can I Protect My Dog From San Francisco Coyotes? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>If you think you have seen more coyotes roaming San Francisco’s parks lately, you might be right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pan3.10549\">new study\u003c/a> found exactly that. People reported an increasing number of coyote sightings to San Francisco’s animal control over the past decade. Researchers analyzed 4,000 of these and also found the number of reports “constituting conflict” has been on the rise over the past five years, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things like a dog being taken by a coyote, or a person was boldly approached by a coyote trying to get food from them,” said the study’s lead author, \u003ca href=\"https://scrappynaturalist.com/\">Christine Wilkinson\u003c/a>. Wilkinson is a conservation scientist at UC Berkeley and the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of those conflict reports involve dogs, especially off-leash dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coyotes, like dogs, are canids, so they see dogs as fellow creatures and sometimes rivals and sometimes prey,” said Deb Campbell from San Francisco Animal Care and Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coyotes will follow with people walking their dogs and sometimes get protective if dogs are near their dens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jump straight to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#dogconflicts\">When am I more likely to have a coyote conflict?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#coyotebehavior\">What is normal coyote behavior? What should I do if a coyote approaches me (and my dog)?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#coyotecoexist\">What can we do to make coexisting with coyotes a little easier?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>San Francisco’s coyotes: a brief history\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Coyotes play an important role in our ecosystem. They primarily feed on rodents, which helps control pests in our communities, and they are highly intelligent and adaptable animals that have learned to survive and thrive in urban and residential areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coyotes are native to California and have been roaming San Francisco green spaces since the 20th century. Records show that they were seen in Golden Gate Park since as early as 1925. However, coyotes started to disappear due to habitat loss caused by urban expansion in the area, hunting and poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2002, they made their comeback to places like the Presidio and other parks around San Francisco. Since then, coyotes have populated various green spaces across the city, according to Campbell. [aside postID='science_1942170,news_11799871,news_11442179' label='Related coverage']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t know the exact number of coyotes in the Bay Area. There’s no rigorous program to track them. But Campbell estimates there are “dozens” of coyotes in the city today — probably not more than 100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way to truly know the population, just like how we would not be able to say how many raccoons live in the city. We pick up close to 30 dead coyotes each year,” Campbell said, noting they are mostly hit by cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help understand coyote behavior, animal control started collecting phone and email reports of coyote sightings in 2006 and via an online form in 2017. “These community-curated data sets that have all this information about people’s experiences are really special,” Wilkinson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data helps researchers like Wilkinson get a sense of coyote sighting trends and what’s happening on the ground with the coyotes and their behavior and ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"dogconflicts\">\u003c/a>When do dog conflicts increase?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Coyote pupping season typically runs from March until September. It’s the time when female coyotes are getting ready to give birth to their pups and when their pups are born. Coyote parents are more protective of their homes or denning areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early summer, coyote parents are more active and protective of their pups as their young ones venture out of their dens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get a lot of reports during denning and pupping season where coyotes will follow people with dogs, usually medium to large dogs, arch their back, show their teeth, basically they do their best to look menacing — all behaviors that are saying ‘go away,’” Campbell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coyotes exhibit these protective behaviors towards canines, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://presidio.gov/about/sustainability/coyotes-in-the-presidio\">Presidio website\u003c/a>. Places like the Presidio, where many of our coyotes roam, typically close sections of trails near a den area to dog walking during pupping season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell said the coyotes will “escort” or follow dogs away from their dens until they feel the dog is no longer a threat. “People walking their dogs often mistake this protective behavior for aggression,” Campbell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unintended consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns between 2020 and 2022 was an increase in coyote conflicts, which could be due to the animals having more space for themselves, with less human interaction, Wilkinson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"coyotebehavior\">\u003c/a>What is normal coyote behavior? What should I do if a coyote approaches me (and my dog)?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>We should remember that coyotes are timid animals with a natural fear of humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although they tend to be most active in the evenings and early mornings, they can move around throughout the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urban coyotes don’t have many large predators and have not learned to view humans as hunting predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you find yourself within 50 feet of a coyote, and it approaches you or does not move away, animal control officials recommend that you make yourself appear big, yell, wave your arms, maintain eye contact with them and practice other hazing techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell emphasizes that small dogs should be picked up and all dogs should be on leashes, no matter what size. Coyotes look at small dogs as prey — like rabbits or squirrels — and can snatch them if an opportunity presents itself. All the small dogs taken by coyotes in San Francisco have been off-leash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t stress enough how important it is to keep dogs on leash for their safety,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell advises people to haze persistent coyotes or try to frighten them into leaving. Shaking a can full of pennies, popping an umbrella or opening a plastic garbage bag — things that make a loud noise — will usually convince a coyote to move along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this doesn’t work near dens. Coyotes protecting dens will not be affected by hazing. “Their pups are too important to them,” Campbell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always look out for signs posted about coyote activity in the city. They could be indicators that dens are nearby. The best thing to do, Campbell said, is avoid these areas in the first place. But if you encounter a coyote or are being “escorted” away from a coyote’s den, you should slowly walk away and not run.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"coyotecoexist\">\u003c/a>What can we do to make coexisting with coyotes easier?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Feeding coyotes is illegal and can have trickle-down effects that influence coyote behavior, Wilkinson said. If city coyotes become too aggressive, then officials with animal control might have to remove them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The wildcard in all of this is intentional feeding,” Campbell said. Coyotes can lose their natural wariness of humans when people feed them, and they may begin to approach unsuspecting folks looking for an easy handout. They will return to neighborhoods with an easy food source and walk up to others to see if anyone else is willing to give them dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s frustrating for our agency, the wildlife experts we work with, and the people living in neighborhoods where their neighbors just keep feeding and attracting coyotes,” animal control’s Campbell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell and Wilkinson encourage us to contribute coyote sighting reports in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also recommend educating yourself and your neighbors about how to appropriately haze, what circumstances you should and shouldn’t do so, and what’s normal and not normal coyote behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do a little due diligence because it’s a team sport to get to a place of coexistence with our urban wildlife,” Wilkinson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies like the one Wilkinson is leading help researchers understand how to work with community members to tailor outreach to people’s needs. “In the end, it’s the folks that are experiencing these challenges or interactions on the ground that are the ones that are going to be the first responders to creating coexistence with these animals,” Wilkinson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfanimalcare.org/living-with-urban-wildlife/coyote-sightings/\">Here’s where you can report your coyote sightings\u003c/a> in San Francisco. And here’s \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSds4kpxAk2pC9rxfBa2AX5SuZSquTAapw3Z8G4M5IwYwsCW2w/viewform\">another form to report sightings in the East Bay and Marin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco residents can call animal control at 415-554-9400 for immediate assistance with animal-related emergencies, like a coyote acting strangely, or to report an injured, ill or dead coyote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"San Francisco coyote sightings have spiked over the past decade.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845850,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1433},"headData":{"title":"How Can I Protect My Dog From San Francisco Coyotes? | KQED","description":"San Francisco coyote sightings have spiked over the past decade.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Coyotes","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984932/how-can-i-protect-my-dog-from-san-francisco-coyotes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you think you have seen more coyotes roaming San Francisco’s parks lately, you might be right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pan3.10549\">new study\u003c/a> found exactly that. People reported an increasing number of coyote sightings to San Francisco’s animal control over the past decade. Researchers analyzed 4,000 of these and also found the number of reports “constituting conflict” has been on the rise over the past five years, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things like a dog being taken by a coyote, or a person was boldly approached by a coyote trying to get food from them,” said the study’s lead author, \u003ca href=\"https://scrappynaturalist.com/\">Christine Wilkinson\u003c/a>. Wilkinson is a conservation scientist at UC Berkeley and the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of those conflict reports involve dogs, especially off-leash dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coyotes, like dogs, are canids, so they see dogs as fellow creatures and sometimes rivals and sometimes prey,” said Deb Campbell from San Francisco Animal Care and Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coyotes will follow with people walking their dogs and sometimes get protective if dogs are near their dens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jump straight to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#dogconflicts\">When am I more likely to have a coyote conflict?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#coyotebehavior\">What is normal coyote behavior? What should I do if a coyote approaches me (and my dog)?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#coyotecoexist\">What can we do to make coexisting with coyotes a little easier?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>San Francisco’s coyotes: a brief history\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Coyotes play an important role in our ecosystem. They primarily feed on rodents, which helps control pests in our communities, and they are highly intelligent and adaptable animals that have learned to survive and thrive in urban and residential areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coyotes are native to California and have been roaming San Francisco green spaces since the 20th century. Records show that they were seen in Golden Gate Park since as early as 1925. However, coyotes started to disappear due to habitat loss caused by urban expansion in the area, hunting and poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2002, they made their comeback to places like the Presidio and other parks around San Francisco. Since then, coyotes have populated various green spaces across the city, according to Campbell. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1942170,news_11799871,news_11442179","label":"Related coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t know the exact number of coyotes in the Bay Area. There’s no rigorous program to track them. But Campbell estimates there are “dozens” of coyotes in the city today — probably not more than 100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way to truly know the population, just like how we would not be able to say how many raccoons live in the city. We pick up close to 30 dead coyotes each year,” Campbell said, noting they are mostly hit by cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help understand coyote behavior, animal control started collecting phone and email reports of coyote sightings in 2006 and via an online form in 2017. “These community-curated data sets that have all this information about people’s experiences are really special,” Wilkinson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data helps researchers like Wilkinson get a sense of coyote sighting trends and what’s happening on the ground with the coyotes and their behavior and ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"dogconflicts\">\u003c/a>When do dog conflicts increase?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Coyote pupping season typically runs from March until September. It’s the time when female coyotes are getting ready to give birth to their pups and when their pups are born. Coyote parents are more protective of their homes or denning areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early summer, coyote parents are more active and protective of their pups as their young ones venture out of their dens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get a lot of reports during denning and pupping season where coyotes will follow people with dogs, usually medium to large dogs, arch their back, show their teeth, basically they do their best to look menacing — all behaviors that are saying ‘go away,’” Campbell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coyotes exhibit these protective behaviors towards canines, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://presidio.gov/about/sustainability/coyotes-in-the-presidio\">Presidio website\u003c/a>. Places like the Presidio, where many of our coyotes roam, typically close sections of trails near a den area to dog walking during pupping season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell said the coyotes will “escort” or follow dogs away from their dens until they feel the dog is no longer a threat. “People walking their dogs often mistake this protective behavior for aggression,” Campbell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unintended consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns between 2020 and 2022 was an increase in coyote conflicts, which could be due to the animals having more space for themselves, with less human interaction, Wilkinson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"coyotebehavior\">\u003c/a>What is normal coyote behavior? What should I do if a coyote approaches me (and my dog)?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>We should remember that coyotes are timid animals with a natural fear of humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although they tend to be most active in the evenings and early mornings, they can move around throughout the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urban coyotes don’t have many large predators and have not learned to view humans as hunting predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you find yourself within 50 feet of a coyote, and it approaches you or does not move away, animal control officials recommend that you make yourself appear big, yell, wave your arms, maintain eye contact with them and practice other hazing techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell emphasizes that small dogs should be picked up and all dogs should be on leashes, no matter what size. Coyotes look at small dogs as prey — like rabbits or squirrels — and can snatch them if an opportunity presents itself. All the small dogs taken by coyotes in San Francisco have been off-leash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t stress enough how important it is to keep dogs on leash for their safety,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell advises people to haze persistent coyotes or try to frighten them into leaving. Shaking a can full of pennies, popping an umbrella or opening a plastic garbage bag — things that make a loud noise — will usually convince a coyote to move along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this doesn’t work near dens. Coyotes protecting dens will not be affected by hazing. “Their pups are too important to them,” Campbell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always look out for signs posted about coyote activity in the city. They could be indicators that dens are nearby. The best thing to do, Campbell said, is avoid these areas in the first place. But if you encounter a coyote or are being “escorted” away from a coyote’s den, you should slowly walk away and not run.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"coyotecoexist\">\u003c/a>What can we do to make coexisting with coyotes easier?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Feeding coyotes is illegal and can have trickle-down effects that influence coyote behavior, Wilkinson said. If city coyotes become too aggressive, then officials with animal control might have to remove them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The wildcard in all of this is intentional feeding,” Campbell said. Coyotes can lose their natural wariness of humans when people feed them, and they may begin to approach unsuspecting folks looking for an easy handout. They will return to neighborhoods with an easy food source and walk up to others to see if anyone else is willing to give them dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s frustrating for our agency, the wildlife experts we work with, and the people living in neighborhoods where their neighbors just keep feeding and attracting coyotes,” animal control’s Campbell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell and Wilkinson encourage us to contribute coyote sighting reports in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also recommend educating yourself and your neighbors about how to appropriately haze, what circumstances you should and shouldn’t do so, and what’s normal and not normal coyote behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do a little due diligence because it’s a team sport to get to a place of coexistence with our urban wildlife,” Wilkinson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies like the one Wilkinson is leading help researchers understand how to work with community members to tailor outreach to people’s needs. “In the end, it’s the folks that are experiencing these challenges or interactions on the ground that are the ones that are going to be the first responders to creating coexistence with these animals,” Wilkinson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfanimalcare.org/living-with-urban-wildlife/coyote-sightings/\">Here’s where you can report your coyote sightings\u003c/a> in San Francisco. And here’s \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSds4kpxAk2pC9rxfBa2AX5SuZSquTAapw3Z8G4M5IwYwsCW2w/viewform\">another form to report sightings in the East Bay and Marin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco residents can call animal control at 415-554-9400 for immediate assistance with animal-related emergencies, like a coyote acting strangely, or to report an injured, ill or dead coyote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984932/how-can-i-protect-my-dog-from-san-francisco-coyotes","authors":["11631"],"categories":["science_2874","science_35","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4992","science_2266","science_4417","science_5183"],"featImg":"science_1984935","label":"source_science_1984932"},"science_1981429":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1981429","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1981429","score":null,"sort":[1675346438000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"these-covid-sniffing-canines-are-on-the-job-at-nursing-homes-in-marin-county","title":"These COVID-Sniffing Canines Are on the Job at Nursing Homes in Marin County","publishDate":1675346438,"format":"audio","headTitle":"These COVID-Sniffing Canines Are on the Job at Nursing Homes in Marin County | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Dogs are detecting COVID in long-term care facilities in California, with an accuracy almost on par with rapid tests. Currently, two white labradors named Scarlett and Rizzo are on the job in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In less than a half hour, dogs can scan hundreds of patients at a nursing home by sniffing their shoes and ankles. If they identify COVID, they will sit down next to the suspected resident. A rapid antigen test can verify the results.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Dr. Carol Glaser, medical officer, California's infectious disease labs\"]‘We use them to sniff bombs. We use them for drugs. They can search for dead bodies under thousands of tons of rubble. It’s not surprising that they would be able to do this.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The canines are sniffing for unique volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released in human breath or sweat when someone is positive for COVID. Dogs have hundreds of millions more specialized odor-detecting neurons than humans, which means a dog can detect the equivalent of one drop of a liquid in 20 Olympic-sized swimming pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what we use dogs for,” said Dr. Carol Glaser, medical officer for California’s infectious disease labs. “We use them to sniff bombs. We use them for drugs. They can search for dead bodies under thousands of tons of rubble. It’s not surprising that they would be able to do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"An elderly person wearing a black top and blue jeans sits in a wheelchair while a person dressed in a hospital uniform stands over a person in bed with a dog beside them.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long-term care facility residents are receiving support from Bay Area nonprofit Early Alert Canines sniffing dogs trained to detect COVID. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Marin County Health and Human Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In COVID field trials, Scarlett and Rizzo are right about 80% of the time, compared to \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2795599\">antigen tests at 81%–91%\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that they can get better,” said Glaser. “We know in the controlled lab setting, when they were using what’s called the scent wheel, they were over 95% very consistently. So, we know we can get there.”[aside postID=\"news_11938585,science_1938255\" label=\"Related Post\"]The scent wheel is like a multiple-choice test with various odors. The device is a training tool that can desensitize dogs to non-target odors they may encounter during searches. During eight weeks of initial training, Scarlett and Rizzo correctly identified the socks of COVID-positive patients nearly all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the fall of 2021, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcfoundation.org/stories/project-uses-dogs-detect-covid-19#:~:text=Scarlett%20and%20Rizzo%2C%20COVID%2D19,tested%20COVID%2D19%20infected%20individuals.\">the dogs sniffed for COVID at schools around San Francisco\u003c/a>. They screened students before and after proms, and the canines were helpful in special needs classrooms where students often struggled to self-swab. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/06/16/1104931711/dogs-trained-to-sniff-out-covid-in-schools-are-getting-a-lot-of-love-for-their-e\">Similar efforts\u003c/a> have unfolded in Florida, Hawaii and Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers across the world are training dogs to detect COVID. A team in \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0268382\">France\u003c/a> and scientists in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427105v1\">United Arab Emirates\u003c/a> worked with dogs who identified COVID in sweat samples collected from people’s armpits. In \u003ca href=\"https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/5/e008024\">Finland\u003c/a>, four dogs were trained to detect COVID at the airport using skin samples collected from various body parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981445\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Two dogs wearing collars attached to leashes in a hallway with one sitting on the right and the other standing to the left.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White labs Scarlett and Rizzo have been trained by Bay Area nonprofit Early Alert Canines in a laboratory setting to detect odors specific to COVID-19. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Marin County Health and Human Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Currently, dogs are trained to monitor patients with diabetes. If a patient’s blood sugar drops or spikes, canines alert owners with a paw or a nudge to head off a medical emergency. However, as this \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/02/12/798481601/the-hope-and-hype-of-diabetic-alert-dogs\">NPR investigation\u003c/a> highlighted, “The diabetic alert dog industry is unstandardized and largely unregulated. And the science on a dog’s ability to reliably sniff out blood sugar changes is, at best, inconclusive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with COVID sniffers, more research is needed before people can fully depend on dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Glaser hopes canines can eventually sniff for influenza or norovirus at nursing homes. She says sweeping a facility with dogs is much cheaper than traditional testing, requires fewer staff and eliminates the majority of plastic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know it may be that this has been under our noses, so to speak, and we haven’t even recognized it,” said Dr. Matt Willis, public health officer for Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981443\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981443\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Two people wearing face masks, medical gear and gloves stand in front of a mobile maintenance table with medical supplies on top.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Medical workers check confirmatory COVID tests to ensure the pilot program data reflects accurate results. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Marin County Health and Human Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says the bias toward tech solutions prevented people from tapping canines earlier in the pandemic. Willis envisions a day when all public health departments train canine units just like the police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could imagine dogs moving from facility to facility or school to school, and just screening everyone in a matter of minutes,” said Willis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes Scarlett and Rizzo — the COVID dogs — can detect the virus a day or two earlier than a traditional test will register as positive. But overall, the canines are still not quite as sensitive as lab tests. As soon as they are, the state plans to scale canine diagnostics for COVID across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dogs are detecting COVID in long-term care facilities in California, with an accuracy almost on par with rapid tests. The dogs are sniffing for unique volatile organic compounds released in human breath or sweat when someone is positive for COVID.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846101,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":836},"headData":{"title":"These COVID-Sniffing Canines Are on the Job at Nursing Homes in Marin County | KQED","description":"Dogs are detecting COVID in long-term care facilities in California, with an accuracy almost on par with rapid tests. The dogs are sniffing for unique volatile organic compounds released in human breath or sweat when someone is positive for COVID.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/55e2a6e5-5ddc-4a78-adcc-af9e014a623f/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1981429/these-covid-sniffing-canines-are-on-the-job-at-nursing-homes-in-marin-county","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dogs are detecting COVID in long-term care facilities in California, with an accuracy almost on par with rapid tests. Currently, two white labradors named Scarlett and Rizzo are on the job in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In less than a half hour, dogs can scan hundreds of patients at a nursing home by sniffing their shoes and ankles. If they identify COVID, they will sit down next to the suspected resident. A rapid antigen test can verify the results.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We use them to sniff bombs. We use them for drugs. They can search for dead bodies under thousands of tons of rubble. It’s not surprising that they would be able to do this.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Dr. Carol Glaser, medical officer, California's infectious disease labs","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The canines are sniffing for unique volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released in human breath or sweat when someone is positive for COVID. Dogs have hundreds of millions more specialized odor-detecting neurons than humans, which means a dog can detect the equivalent of one drop of a liquid in 20 Olympic-sized swimming pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what we use dogs for,” said Dr. Carol Glaser, medical officer for California’s infectious disease labs. “We use them to sniff bombs. We use them for drugs. They can search for dead bodies under thousands of tons of rubble. It’s not surprising that they would be able to do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"An elderly person wearing a black top and blue jeans sits in a wheelchair while a person dressed in a hospital uniform stands over a person in bed with a dog beside them.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2445-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long-term care facility residents are receiving support from Bay Area nonprofit Early Alert Canines sniffing dogs trained to detect COVID. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Marin County Health and Human Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In COVID field trials, Scarlett and Rizzo are right about 80% of the time, compared to \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2795599\">antigen tests at 81%–91%\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that they can get better,” said Glaser. “We know in the controlled lab setting, when they were using what’s called the scent wheel, they were over 95% very consistently. So, we know we can get there.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11938585,science_1938255","label":"Related Post "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The scent wheel is like a multiple-choice test with various odors. The device is a training tool that can desensitize dogs to non-target odors they may encounter during searches. During eight weeks of initial training, Scarlett and Rizzo correctly identified the socks of COVID-positive patients nearly all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the fall of 2021, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcfoundation.org/stories/project-uses-dogs-detect-covid-19#:~:text=Scarlett%20and%20Rizzo%2C%20COVID%2D19,tested%20COVID%2D19%20infected%20individuals.\">the dogs sniffed for COVID at schools around San Francisco\u003c/a>. They screened students before and after proms, and the canines were helpful in special needs classrooms where students often struggled to self-swab. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/06/16/1104931711/dogs-trained-to-sniff-out-covid-in-schools-are-getting-a-lot-of-love-for-their-e\">Similar efforts\u003c/a> have unfolded in Florida, Hawaii and Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers across the world are training dogs to detect COVID. A team in \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0268382\">France\u003c/a> and scientists in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427105v1\">United Arab Emirates\u003c/a> worked with dogs who identified COVID in sweat samples collected from people’s armpits. In \u003ca href=\"https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/5/e008024\">Finland\u003c/a>, four dogs were trained to detect COVID at the airport using skin samples collected from various body parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981445\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Two dogs wearing collars attached to leashes in a hallway with one sitting on the right and the other standing to the left.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2491-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White labs Scarlett and Rizzo have been trained by Bay Area nonprofit Early Alert Canines in a laboratory setting to detect odors specific to COVID-19. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Marin County Health and Human Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Currently, dogs are trained to monitor patients with diabetes. If a patient’s blood sugar drops or spikes, canines alert owners with a paw or a nudge to head off a medical emergency. However, as this \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/02/12/798481601/the-hope-and-hype-of-diabetic-alert-dogs\">NPR investigation\u003c/a> highlighted, “The diabetic alert dog industry is unstandardized and largely unregulated. And the science on a dog’s ability to reliably sniff out blood sugar changes is, at best, inconclusive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with COVID sniffers, more research is needed before people can fully depend on dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Glaser hopes canines can eventually sniff for influenza or norovirus at nursing homes. She says sweeping a facility with dogs is much cheaper than traditional testing, requires fewer staff and eliminates the majority of plastic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know it may be that this has been under our noses, so to speak, and we haven’t even recognized it,” said Dr. Matt Willis, public health officer for Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981443\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981443\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Two people wearing face masks, medical gear and gloves stand in front of a mobile maintenance table with medical supplies on top.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/02/IMG_2469-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Medical workers check confirmatory COVID tests to ensure the pilot program data reflects accurate results. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Marin County Health and Human Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says the bias toward tech solutions prevented people from tapping canines earlier in the pandemic. Willis envisions a day when all public health departments train canine units just like the police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could imagine dogs moving from facility to facility or school to school, and just screening everyone in a matter of minutes,” said Willis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes Scarlett and Rizzo — the COVID dogs — can detect the virus a day or two earlier than a traditional test will register as positive. But overall, the canines are still not quite as sensitive as lab tests. As soon as they are, the state plans to scale canine diagnostics for COVID across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1981429/these-covid-sniffing-canines-are-on-the-job-at-nursing-homes-in-marin-county","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_2266","science_4414"],"featImg":"science_1981442","label":"science"},"science_1942973":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1942973","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1942973","score":null,"sort":[1559843801000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"your-dogs-stress-may-be-mirroring-your-own","title":"Your Dog's Stress May Be Mirroring Your Own","publishDate":1559843801,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Your Dog’s Stress May Be Mirroring Your Own | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>If you are neurotic and anxious, your dog may be feeling the stress, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1558787814000343\">Numerous\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://nebraska.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/evidence-for-a-synchronization-of-hormonal-states-between-humans-\">studies\u003c/a> have found that dogs and their owners can experience synchronized emotions and stress levels, especially during acutely stressful or exciting activities such as competitions or police work. A new study followed dogs and their owners over the course of months to see how stress hormones in both animal and human changed over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest that dogs may be quite sensitive to human stress. “If the owner is stressed, then the dog is also likely to mirror that stress,” explains Lina Roth, a professor at Linkoping University in Sweden and an author of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-43851-x\">study published today\u003c/a> in Nature’s\u003cem> Scientific Reports.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth and her colleagues surveyed 58 dogs and their owners. Owners answered questions about traits including extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism and openness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also were asked to fill out surveys scoring their dogs on traits such as excitability, responsiveness to training, aggression and fearfulness. The researchers then took hair samples from the dogs and their owners to test for the stress-related hormone cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cortisol is incorporated in hair as it grows, so we get kind of a retrospective of our cortisol secretions,” Roth explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that dog cortisol levels seemed to mirror the personality traits of their owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the owner’s personality that influenced the dog’s hair cortisol level, rather than the dog’s personality itself,” Roth says. The correlation was stronger between dogs and owners who compete together than it was between owners and dogs who don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to competing dogs, it could actually be that they spend more time together, and that this training could increase this emotional closeness,” Roth speculates, though she adds that “this is a correlation, so we really don’t know the mechanism behind this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth says she would like to do follow-up studies looking at more dog breeds — this research focused on border collies and Shetland sheepdogs. She is also interested in how owner gender might influence the results. This study included only female owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosemary Strasser, a behavioral neuroendocrinologist at the University of Nebraska, Omaha, who has studied connections between dogs and humans, says the new research is exciting and that it raises further questions about how dogs and humans influence each other emotionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big question: Could dogs also influence human stress levels over time? “Especially with dogs being used as service or support dogs for individuals,” Strasser says, “if you place a confident, outgoing dog in a home, how does it influence the personality of that owner? Is it always one-directional? That would be a very interesting further extension of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous research has suggested that the personality and attitude of a dog owner can influence how emotionally attached that person becomes to their pet. “A person who likes dogs and wants a dog will interact with that dog differently than a person who may be given or exposed to a dog that they don’t necessarily want,” Strasser says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both researchers caution that dog owners should not read the new research results and worry that their personalities are harming their animals. The study doesn’t suggest, for example, that neurotic humans are causing their dogs to act neurotically, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you should be anxious that, if you’re stressed, you might harm your dog,” Roth says. “Instead, your dog is a social support for you, and you are a social support for the dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=You+May+Be+Stressing+Out+Your+Dog&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When people who own dogs are stressed, their dogs also get stressed, a new study suggests. It's another indication of how emotionally synchronized dogs and their humans can be.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848627,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":631},"headData":{"title":"Your Dog's Stress May Be Mirroring Your Own | KQED","description":"When people who own dogs are stressed, their dogs also get stressed, a new study suggests. It's another indication of how emotionally synchronized dogs and their humans can be.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Bela Szandelszky","nprByline":"Rebecca Hersher \u003cbr/> NPR \u003cbr>","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"729328198","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=729328198&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/06/06/729328198/you-may-be-stressing-out-your-dog?ft=nprml&f=729328198","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 06 Jun 2019 10:37:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 06 Jun 2019 09:00:15 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 06 Jun 2019 10:37:45 -0400","path":"/science/1942973/your-dogs-stress-may-be-mirroring-your-own","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you are neurotic and anxious, your dog may be feeling the stress, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1558787814000343\">Numerous\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://nebraska.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/evidence-for-a-synchronization-of-hormonal-states-between-humans-\">studies\u003c/a> have found that dogs and their owners can experience synchronized emotions and stress levels, especially during acutely stressful or exciting activities such as competitions or police work. A new study followed dogs and their owners over the course of months to see how stress hormones in both animal and human changed over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest that dogs may be quite sensitive to human stress. “If the owner is stressed, then the dog is also likely to mirror that stress,” explains Lina Roth, a professor at Linkoping University in Sweden and an author of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-43851-x\">study published today\u003c/a> in Nature’s\u003cem> Scientific Reports.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth and her colleagues surveyed 58 dogs and their owners. Owners answered questions about traits including extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism and openness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also were asked to fill out surveys scoring their dogs on traits such as excitability, responsiveness to training, aggression and fearfulness. The researchers then took hair samples from the dogs and their owners to test for the stress-related hormone cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cortisol is incorporated in hair as it grows, so we get kind of a retrospective of our cortisol secretions,” Roth explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that dog cortisol levels seemed to mirror the personality traits of their owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the owner’s personality that influenced the dog’s hair cortisol level, rather than the dog’s personality itself,” Roth says. The correlation was stronger between dogs and owners who compete together than it was between owners and dogs who don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to competing dogs, it could actually be that they spend more time together, and that this training could increase this emotional closeness,” Roth speculates, though she adds that “this is a correlation, so we really don’t know the mechanism behind this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth says she would like to do follow-up studies looking at more dog breeds — this research focused on border collies and Shetland sheepdogs. She is also interested in how owner gender might influence the results. This study included only female owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosemary Strasser, a behavioral neuroendocrinologist at the University of Nebraska, Omaha, who has studied connections between dogs and humans, says the new research is exciting and that it raises further questions about how dogs and humans influence each other emotionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big question: Could dogs also influence human stress levels over time? “Especially with dogs being used as service or support dogs for individuals,” Strasser says, “if you place a confident, outgoing dog in a home, how does it influence the personality of that owner? Is it always one-directional? That would be a very interesting further extension of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous research has suggested that the personality and attitude of a dog owner can influence how emotionally attached that person becomes to their pet. “A person who likes dogs and wants a dog will interact with that dog differently than a person who may be given or exposed to a dog that they don’t necessarily want,” Strasser says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both researchers caution that dog owners should not read the new research results and worry that their personalities are harming their animals. The study doesn’t suggest, for example, that neurotic humans are causing their dogs to act neurotically, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you should be anxious that, if you’re stressed, you might harm your dog,” Roth says. “Instead, your dog is a social support for you, and you are a social support for the dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=You+May+Be+Stressing+Out+Your+Dog&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1942973/your-dogs-stress-may-be-mirroring-your-own","authors":["byline_science_1942973"],"categories":["science_2874"],"tags":["science_1120","science_2266","science_3838"],"featImg":"science_1942978","label":"source_science_1942973"},"science_1926952":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1926952","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1926952","score":null,"sort":[1530910834000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"study-provides-clues-to-fate-of-early-north-american-dogs","title":"Study Provides Clues to Fate of Early North American Dogs","publishDate":1530910834,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Study Provides Clues to Fate of Early North American Dogs | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A new study provides fresh evidence that the first dogs of North America all but disappeared after the arrival of Europeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only surviving legacy appears to be a cancer that arose from the cells of a dog that lived more than 8,000 years ago and has since spread to other canines throughout the world, an international team reported Thursday in the journal Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers compared the genomes of ancient and modern American dogs. Results confirm that the first domesticated dogs of North America arrived with people from Asia over the same Bering land bridge used much earlier by humans. These dogs thrived for thousands of years, but mostly vanished after contact with Europeans. Scientists don’t know why they disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just find it really surprising,” says geneticist Elinor Karlsson from the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, who did not participate in the study. “There were millions and millions of dogs all over the continent (that) died out after the Europeans arrived. And the fact that we don’t know anything about it is kind of a big hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an attempt to fill in the historical gaps, researchers sequenced the genetic material of 71 dog remains collected from bones found in Siberia, the United States and Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they compared it to the genetic makeup of modern pooches, they confirmed what other scientists have long suggested: The first dogs of North America, similar to Arctic dogs like Siberian huskies or Alaskan malamutes, were brought to the continent when people crossed the land bridge that formed between Russia and Canada. It’s not known when the dogs first arrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Elaine Ostrander, a canine genetics expert from the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, this finding reveals something about our own behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where people go, so go their dogs,” said Ostrander, who was not part of the study. “This study reinforces that idea and takes it back to nearly the beginning of dogdom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers could not find any trace of ancient dog DNA in modern-day village dogs from South America or pre-Columbian breeds like the xoloitzcuintli, the Mexican hairless dog. Less than 4 percent of the genome of modern American dogs can be traced back to those that lived before the Europeans came, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The indigenous dogs did appear to leave a genetic legacy: a rare dog cancer known as canine transmissible venereal tumor, or CTVT, that affected a single dog several thousand years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the closest remaining vestige of this lost dog lineage,” co-author Elizabeth Murchison, a geneticist at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The indigenous dogs did appear to leave a genetic legacy: a rare dog cancer that affected a single dog several thousand years ago.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927727,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":460},"headData":{"title":"Study Provides Clues to Fate of Early North American Dogs | KQED","description":"The indigenous dogs did appear to leave a genetic legacy: a rare dog cancer that affected a single dog several thousand years ago.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Animals","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Emiliano Rodriguez Mega\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1926952/study-provides-clues-to-fate-of-early-north-american-dogs","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study provides fresh evidence that the first dogs of North America all but disappeared after the arrival of Europeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only surviving legacy appears to be a cancer that arose from the cells of a dog that lived more than 8,000 years ago and has since spread to other canines throughout the world, an international team reported Thursday in the journal Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers compared the genomes of ancient and modern American dogs. Results confirm that the first domesticated dogs of North America arrived with people from Asia over the same Bering land bridge used much earlier by humans. These dogs thrived for thousands of years, but mostly vanished after contact with Europeans. Scientists don’t know why they disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just find it really surprising,” says geneticist Elinor Karlsson from the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, who did not participate in the study. “There were millions and millions of dogs all over the continent (that) died out after the Europeans arrived. And the fact that we don’t know anything about it is kind of a big hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an attempt to fill in the historical gaps, researchers sequenced the genetic material of 71 dog remains collected from bones found in Siberia, the United States and Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they compared it to the genetic makeup of modern pooches, they confirmed what other scientists have long suggested: The first dogs of North America, similar to Arctic dogs like Siberian huskies or Alaskan malamutes, were brought to the continent when people crossed the land bridge that formed between Russia and Canada. It’s not known when the dogs first arrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Elaine Ostrander, a canine genetics expert from the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, this finding reveals something about our own behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where people go, so go their dogs,” said Ostrander, who was not part of the study. “This study reinforces that idea and takes it back to nearly the beginning of dogdom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers could not find any trace of ancient dog DNA in modern-day village dogs from South America or pre-Columbian breeds like the xoloitzcuintli, the Mexican hairless dog. Less than 4 percent of the genome of modern American dogs can be traced back to those that lived before the Europeans came, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The indigenous dogs did appear to leave a genetic legacy: a rare dog cancer known as canine transmissible venereal tumor, or CTVT, that affected a single dog several thousand years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the closest remaining vestige of this lost dog lineage,” co-author Elizabeth Murchison, a geneticist at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1926952/study-provides-clues-to-fate-of-early-north-american-dogs","authors":["byline_science_1926952"],"categories":["science_2874","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1120","science_374","science_2266","science_260"],"featImg":"science_1926956","label":"source_science_1926952"},"science_1916913":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1916913","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1916913","score":null,"sort":[1508444468000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-just-became-first-state-to-ban-puppy-mill-sales","title":"California Just Became First State to Ban 'Puppy Mill' Sales","publishDate":1508444468,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Just Became First State to Ban ‘Puppy Mill’ Sales | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>A radical change is coming to California’s pet industry. On Friday\u003cem>, \u003c/em>the state became the first requiring pet stores to sell animals from shelter and rescue centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billStatusClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB485\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assembly Bill 485\u003c/a>, which says dogs, cats and rabbits sold in California can’t come from large commercial breeding facilities. These operations, dubbed “puppy mills” and “kitten factories,” are often unsafe and inhumane, according to activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Puppy mill” owners over-breed females in order to provide a steady and inexpensive supply of puppies to pet stores, says Brandy Kuentzel from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfspca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals\u003c/a>. Diseases, mass breeding and inbreeding that lead to genetic defects and behavioral problems are also common.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Many California pet stores sell animals from out-of-state “puppy mills,” which are targeted under the new law.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Though California has fewer ‘puppy mills’ than other states, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.aspca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals\u003c/a> Senior Director of State Legislation Susan Riggs, store owners still buy puppy mills from other states. Puppy mill pets raised in the Midwest often end up in California, Riggs says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepuppymillproject.org/about-puppy-mills/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puppy Mill Project\u003c/a>, a non-profit animal rights group, says more than two\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>million puppies are bred in mills each year. Most pet store puppies come from puppy mills and pet stores are the main point of sale for puppy mills, helping the operations stay in business, according to the Puppy Mill Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riggs says the new law will stop the flow of out-of-state pets into California outlets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Research and investigations time and time again have demonstrated that the source of those animals are from out-of-state puppy mill breeders,” says Riggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just dogs and cats that will benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916929\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 393px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1916929 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1-e1508375312766.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"393\" height=\"474\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1-e1508375312766.jpg 576w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1-e1508375312766-160x193.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1-e1508375312766-240x290.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1-e1508375312766-375x452.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1-e1508375312766-520x627.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco SPCA volunteer Kat Soong walks a pit bull mix around the Mission neighborhood. \u003ccite>(SF SPCA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a super game changer for the rabbit industry,” says Kuentzel. “They’re animals that are often over-looked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuentzel says customers buy the pets without knowing how to care for them or how much they’ll cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So a lot of people decide they don’t want them and they end up in shelters; it can be really hard to re-home them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jade Lehmkuhl has bunnies at her Sacramento store, \u003ca href=\"http://www.incredpets.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Incredible Pets\u003c/a>. She’ll have to stop selling them, but says she doesn’t mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at the big picture, it ’s the right thing to do,” says Lehmkuhl. “There are too many homeless rabbits, there are too many homeless animals in general for people to just be going out and buying baby animals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the law went into place, 36 jurisdictions including San Francisco banned the sale of animals from “puppy mills.” The legislation expands the rule statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill opponents, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.akc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Kennel Club\u003c/a>, say the ban will reduce access to new pets from professionally licensed breeders. But the ban only applies to stores. Individuals will still be able to buy direct from breeders or buy pets online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new law takes effect in 2019 and violators will receive a $500 fine.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California is the first state banning the sale of animals from \"puppy mills\" and \"kitten farms\" which are often unsafe and inhumane, according to animal rights activists.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928332,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":571},"headData":{"title":"California Just Became First State to Ban 'Puppy Mill' Sales | KQED","description":"California is the first state banning the sale of animals from "puppy mills" and "kitten farms" which are often unsafe and inhumane, according to animal rights activists.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1916913/california-just-became-first-state-to-ban-puppy-mill-sales","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A radical change is coming to California’s pet industry. On Friday\u003cem>, \u003c/em>the state became the first requiring pet stores to sell animals from shelter and rescue centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billStatusClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB485\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assembly Bill 485\u003c/a>, which says dogs, cats and rabbits sold in California can’t come from large commercial breeding facilities. These operations, dubbed “puppy mills” and “kitten factories,” are often unsafe and inhumane, according to activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Puppy mill” owners over-breed females in order to provide a steady and inexpensive supply of puppies to pet stores, says Brandy Kuentzel from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfspca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals\u003c/a>. Diseases, mass breeding and inbreeding that lead to genetic defects and behavioral problems are also common.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Many California pet stores sell animals from out-of-state “puppy mills,” which are targeted under the new law.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Though California has fewer ‘puppy mills’ than other states, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.aspca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals\u003c/a> Senior Director of State Legislation Susan Riggs, store owners still buy puppy mills from other states. Puppy mill pets raised in the Midwest often end up in California, Riggs says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepuppymillproject.org/about-puppy-mills/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puppy Mill Project\u003c/a>, a non-profit animal rights group, says more than two\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>million puppies are bred in mills each year. Most pet store puppies come from puppy mills and pet stores are the main point of sale for puppy mills, helping the operations stay in business, according to the Puppy Mill Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riggs says the new law will stop the flow of out-of-state pets into California outlets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Research and investigations time and time again have demonstrated that the source of those animals are from out-of-state puppy mill breeders,” says Riggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just dogs and cats that will benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916929\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 393px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1916929 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1-e1508375312766.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"393\" height=\"474\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1-e1508375312766.jpg 576w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1-e1508375312766-160x193.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1-e1508375312766-240x290.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1-e1508375312766-375x452.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/2015.10.27-629-1-e1508375312766-520x627.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco SPCA volunteer Kat Soong walks a pit bull mix around the Mission neighborhood. \u003ccite>(SF SPCA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a super game changer for the rabbit industry,” says Kuentzel. “They’re animals that are often over-looked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuentzel says customers buy the pets without knowing how to care for them or how much they’ll cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So a lot of people decide they don’t want them and they end up in shelters; it can be really hard to re-home them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jade Lehmkuhl has bunnies at her Sacramento store, \u003ca href=\"http://www.incredpets.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Incredible Pets\u003c/a>. She’ll have to stop selling them, but says she doesn’t mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at the big picture, it ’s the right thing to do,” says Lehmkuhl. “There are too many homeless rabbits, there are too many homeless animals in general for people to just be going out and buying baby animals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the law went into place, 36 jurisdictions including San Francisco banned the sale of animals from “puppy mills.” The legislation expands the rule statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill opponents, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.akc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Kennel Club\u003c/a>, say the ban will reduce access to new pets from professionally licensed breeders. But the ban only applies to stores. Individuals will still be able to buy direct from breeders or buy pets online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new law takes effect in 2019 and violators will receive a $500 fine.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1916913/california-just-became-first-state-to-ban-puppy-mill-sales","authors":["5432"],"categories":["science_2874","science_40"],"tags":["science_1120","science_2266"],"featImg":"science_1916928","label":"science"},"science_27145":{"type":"posts","id":"science_27145","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"27145","score":null,"sort":[1423587304000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-a-narcoleptic-dog-can-teach-us-about-sleep","title":"What a Narcoleptic Dog Can Teach Us About Sleep","publishDate":1423587304,"format":"aside","headTitle":"What a Narcoleptic Dog Can Teach Us About Sleep | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27148\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson-e1423551319547-1024x573.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27148\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson-e1423551319547-1024x573.jpg\" alt=\"(Courtesy Emmanuel Mignot)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"573\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford University professor Emmanuel Mignot adopted Watson from Vermont soon after his previous narcoleptic dog Bear passed away. (Courtesy Emmanuel Mignot)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Emmanuel Mignot’s new Chihuahua, Watson, is small enough to fit in a handbag, somewhat skittish around strangers and utterly vanquished by a slice of lamb chop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I spoke to Mignot on the phone, he held the receiver next to Watson so I could hear for myself. The two of them had been snuggling on Mignot’s leather sofa when I asked what it would take to hear Watson’s narcolepsy in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mignot produced a lamb chop from his refrigerator and offered his pet a bite. I pressed my ear into the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Parts of this interview aired on the California Report. Listen \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/archive/R201503020850/c\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that a narcoleptic Chihuahua doesn’t make a whole lot of noise as it crumples to a cataplexic puddle on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a narcoleptic dog, Mignot is the owner you want. As director of Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"http://sleep.stanford.edu/\">Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine\u003c/a>, founded by the legendary sleep researcher William Dement, Mignot helped oversee the country’s first and largest pack of narcolepsy research dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dogs – about 80 of them at the program’s peak – were mostly Dobermans and Labradors, collected over the years mostly via word-of-mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narcolepsy in dogs is vanishingly rare. Mignot estimates that about one in a million dogs have the disease compared to one in 2,000 humans. In 1999, Mignot \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/1999/august11/narcolepsy-811.html\">identified\u003c/a> the genetic cause of canine narcolepsy: a mutation that blocks a response to hypocretin, a brain chemical that keeps us awake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27149\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 416px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson_2-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27149\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson_2-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"(Becky Bach)\" width=\"416\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watson has a form of narcolepsy that has one of two causes and becomes apparent when he’s overly excited and then collapses. (Becky Bach)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Mignot and others believe another, “sporadic” form of narcolpesy may be caused by an immune reaction, perhaps to the flu. He believes dogs may experience this type as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mignot, who was born in France, cooed French reassurances to his new companion, Watson sprang back into action, attacking the lamb chop that had been his undoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mignot told me he hopes that narcoleptic dog research – dormant for the last decade or so – might have its own revival to answer new questions about sleep disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did you find Watson?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I received an email from a veterinarian in Vermont, telling me they had a dog with narcolepsy. In this case, [an owner], seeing that the dog was collapsing and falling asleep all the time, didn’t want to keep him. So he had returned the dog to the breeder, who took it to the vet. They didn’t really know what to do with the dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was good timing. You probably know that I had another dog with narcolepsy before, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/17/stanford-sleep-researcher-mourns-the-loss-of-narcoleptic-dog/\">Bear\u003c/a>, and he just passed away. So it was almost like a reincarnation of Bear!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took the plane [to Vermont] and I brought him back. And I have to say he’s really adorable. I would have never thought I’d get a Chihuahua. He’s a crazy little spring on four legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Except when he’s asleep, that is…\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes he’s definitely sleepier than other dogs. There are times when you see he really needs to take a nap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s very cute. You see him fading, like “Oof, I fall asleep” and he kind of crumples, you know? Then he lifts his head again, like he nods, trying to stay awake. And he looks at you with his eyes half closed and you have the feeling like he’s telling you “I love you,” but in fact he’s falling asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘He doesn’t fall from very high – I mean, he’s a Chihuahua.’\u003ccite>–Emmanuel MignotStanford University professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Falling asleep a lot is one aspect of narcolepsy. But another symptom is cataplexy, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. When Watson gets excited sometimes he becomes completely paralyzed. That happens with good food, but it has to be really good food, like a piece of chicken, or filet mignon. He gets excited and then –boom! — he’s paralyzed. Sometimes it’s just the back legs and he stumbles. Or sometimes he falls on the floor and can’t move for a few seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans [who have narcolepsy] it can happen when patients are laughing or joking, but with dogs it’s anything that he’s very happy about. For example it’s not uncommon that [I come home from work and] he’s running around, so happy to see me and then – boom! — he collapses and he can’t move for a few seconds or minutes. That’s called cataplexy. It’s a symptom that’s classic of narcolepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like going on the beach. We often go to the beach and he runs around and loves to run around and very often, when he’s too happy – poof! – he collapses on the sand. And he’s paralyzed for a few seconds to a minute sometimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You make this cataplexy sound cute and charming. But is it painful for him, or stressful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t think it bothers him. He doesn’t fall from very high – I mean, he’s a Chihuahua. So he doesn’t really hurt himself. When he’s down, you can sense sometimes there’s frustration, like his nose is in front of a piece of food, and he’s trying to fight it. But it lasts for only a few seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best cure is to have him well rested. He has a normal life. It’s not severe enough that he needs to be treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Narcolepsy is a lot more stressful for people than for dogs, sounds like.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With humans, if you can nap at any time the disease is much less severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know a few patients who don’t get treated and have special lifestyle where they wake up, work for an hour and a half or so, then take a nap for a half an hour, work a bit more, and so on. If you can live like this, you can almost have a normal life. But in our society it’s usually impossible. That’s why narcolepsy is a terrible disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> [contextly_sidebar id=”xl2mSAc2xg8ykuvm03gR2Vadm631697Y”]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford no longer maintains a pack of narcoleptic dogs for research purposes. Is there anything you can still learn from Watson?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think there’s still a mystery around narcolepsy that we have not solved. I mean thanks to the dogs, we found the cause of narcolepsy was this lack of this chemical in the brain, called hypocretin – a chemical produced by cells in the brain. When it’s not there you have narcolepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And sometimes this happens because of a genetic mutation. But other times it’s spontaneous?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, we think that in these cases, it’s an immune disease, triggered by the flu. People develop a reaction to the flu that is abnormal and instead of just fighting flu they kind of confuse the flu with the cell that produced this chemical, hypocretin, and destroy it. Then you have narcolepsy. But we still don’t understand this process very well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the dogs we have probably developed narcolepsy the same way. I wouldn’t be surprised if we discover something new again that helps us understand how the immune system is killing the hypocretin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Watson, I don’t know if it’s the genetic form with the mutation, or if it’s the sporadic kind. I have blood samples from all the dogs who were in the colony. It’ll be interesting to sequence all these dogs that have sporadic form and see if we can find something else that will eliminate the human disease.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Stanford retired its famed pack of narcoleptic research dogs almost a decade ago. But one researcher says there's more to be learned from a sleepy Chihuahua puppy who goes limp at the sight of a good snack. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932288,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1401},"headData":{"title":"What a Narcoleptic Dog Can Teach Us About Sleep | KQED","description":"Stanford retired its famed pack of narcoleptic research dogs almost a decade ago. But one researcher says there's more to be learned from a sleepy Chihuahua puppy who goes limp at the sight of a good snack. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/27145/what-a-narcoleptic-dog-can-teach-us-about-sleep","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27148\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson-e1423551319547-1024x573.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27148\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson-e1423551319547-1024x573.jpg\" alt=\"(Courtesy Emmanuel Mignot)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"573\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford University professor Emmanuel Mignot adopted Watson from Vermont soon after his previous narcoleptic dog Bear passed away. (Courtesy Emmanuel Mignot)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Emmanuel Mignot’s new Chihuahua, Watson, is small enough to fit in a handbag, somewhat skittish around strangers and utterly vanquished by a slice of lamb chop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I spoke to Mignot on the phone, he held the receiver next to Watson so I could hear for myself. The two of them had been snuggling on Mignot’s leather sofa when I asked what it would take to hear Watson’s narcolepsy in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mignot produced a lamb chop from his refrigerator and offered his pet a bite. I pressed my ear into the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Parts of this interview aired on the California Report. Listen \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/archive/R201503020850/c\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that a narcoleptic Chihuahua doesn’t make a whole lot of noise as it crumples to a cataplexic puddle on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a narcoleptic dog, Mignot is the owner you want. As director of Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"http://sleep.stanford.edu/\">Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine\u003c/a>, founded by the legendary sleep researcher William Dement, Mignot helped oversee the country’s first and largest pack of narcolepsy research dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dogs – about 80 of them at the program’s peak – were mostly Dobermans and Labradors, collected over the years mostly via word-of-mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narcolepsy in dogs is vanishingly rare. Mignot estimates that about one in a million dogs have the disease compared to one in 2,000 humans. In 1999, Mignot \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/1999/august11/narcolepsy-811.html\">identified\u003c/a> the genetic cause of canine narcolepsy: a mutation that blocks a response to hypocretin, a brain chemical that keeps us awake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27149\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 416px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson_2-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27149\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson_2-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"(Becky Bach)\" width=\"416\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watson has a form of narcolepsy that has one of two causes and becomes apparent when he’s overly excited and then collapses. (Becky Bach)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Mignot and others believe another, “sporadic” form of narcolpesy may be caused by an immune reaction, perhaps to the flu. He believes dogs may experience this type as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mignot, who was born in France, cooed French reassurances to his new companion, Watson sprang back into action, attacking the lamb chop that had been his undoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mignot told me he hopes that narcoleptic dog research – dormant for the last decade or so – might have its own revival to answer new questions about sleep disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did you find Watson?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I received an email from a veterinarian in Vermont, telling me they had a dog with narcolepsy. In this case, [an owner], seeing that the dog was collapsing and falling asleep all the time, didn’t want to keep him. So he had returned the dog to the breeder, who took it to the vet. They didn’t really know what to do with the dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was good timing. You probably know that I had another dog with narcolepsy before, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/17/stanford-sleep-researcher-mourns-the-loss-of-narcoleptic-dog/\">Bear\u003c/a>, and he just passed away. So it was almost like a reincarnation of Bear!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took the plane [to Vermont] and I brought him back. And I have to say he’s really adorable. I would have never thought I’d get a Chihuahua. He’s a crazy little spring on four legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Except when he’s asleep, that is…\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes he’s definitely sleepier than other dogs. There are times when you see he really needs to take a nap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s very cute. You see him fading, like “Oof, I fall asleep” and he kind of crumples, you know? Then he lifts his head again, like he nods, trying to stay awake. And he looks at you with his eyes half closed and you have the feeling like he’s telling you “I love you,” but in fact he’s falling asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘He doesn’t fall from very high – I mean, he’s a Chihuahua.’\u003ccite>–Emmanuel MignotStanford University professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Falling asleep a lot is one aspect of narcolepsy. But another symptom is cataplexy, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. When Watson gets excited sometimes he becomes completely paralyzed. That happens with good food, but it has to be really good food, like a piece of chicken, or filet mignon. He gets excited and then –boom! — he’s paralyzed. Sometimes it’s just the back legs and he stumbles. Or sometimes he falls on the floor and can’t move for a few seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans [who have narcolepsy] it can happen when patients are laughing or joking, but with dogs it’s anything that he’s very happy about. For example it’s not uncommon that [I come home from work and] he’s running around, so happy to see me and then – boom! — he collapses and he can’t move for a few seconds or minutes. That’s called cataplexy. It’s a symptom that’s classic of narcolepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like going on the beach. We often go to the beach and he runs around and loves to run around and very often, when he’s too happy – poof! – he collapses on the sand. And he’s paralyzed for a few seconds to a minute sometimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You make this cataplexy sound cute and charming. But is it painful for him, or stressful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t think it bothers him. He doesn’t fall from very high – I mean, he’s a Chihuahua. So he doesn’t really hurt himself. When he’s down, you can sense sometimes there’s frustration, like his nose is in front of a piece of food, and he’s trying to fight it. But it lasts for only a few seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best cure is to have him well rested. He has a normal life. It’s not severe enough that he needs to be treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Narcolepsy is a lot more stressful for people than for dogs, sounds like.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With humans, if you can nap at any time the disease is much less severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know a few patients who don’t get treated and have special lifestyle where they wake up, work for an hour and a half or so, then take a nap for a half an hour, work a bit more, and so on. If you can live like this, you can almost have a normal life. But in our society it’s usually impossible. That’s why narcolepsy is a terrible disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford no longer maintains a pack of narcoleptic dogs for research purposes. Is there anything you can still learn from Watson?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think there’s still a mystery around narcolepsy that we have not solved. I mean thanks to the dogs, we found the cause of narcolepsy was this lack of this chemical in the brain, called hypocretin – a chemical produced by cells in the brain. When it’s not there you have narcolepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And sometimes this happens because of a genetic mutation. But other times it’s spontaneous?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, we think that in these cases, it’s an immune disease, triggered by the flu. People develop a reaction to the flu that is abnormal and instead of just fighting flu they kind of confuse the flu with the cell that produced this chemical, hypocretin, and destroy it. Then you have narcolepsy. But we still don’t understand this process very well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the dogs we have probably developed narcolepsy the same way. I wouldn’t be surprised if we discover something new again that helps us understand how the immune system is killing the hypocretin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Watson, I don’t know if it’s the genetic form with the mutation, or if it’s the sporadic kind. I have blood samples from all the dogs who were in the colony. It’ll be interesting to sequence all these dogs that have sporadic form and see if we can find something else that will eliminate the human disease.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/27145/what-a-narcoleptic-dog-can-teach-us-about-sleep","authors":["210"],"categories":["science_39","science_40"],"tags":["science_2266","science_5187"],"featImg":"science_27148","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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