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Here's What to Expect","publishDate":1627995629,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Latest Global Climate Report Is Set to Publish. Here’s What to Expect | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It’s been nearly a decade since the United Nations released its last climate change assessment. That dire \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a>, which was published in 2014, described in detail how the burning of fossil fuels is altering the climate, leading to increasingly severe drought, worsening wildfires, and mass die-offs of coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, hundreds of the world’s top scientists hashed out final details of the next U.N. report, as much of the world is tested, again, by scorching heat waves, destructive floods, and megafires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Lara Kueppers, climate scientist at Berkeley Lab\"]‘This is our best and most comprehensive update on the state of international climate science, and it provides a foundation for international policy development as we move forward.’[/pullquote]The next iteration of the assessment could be published on Aug. 9, pending approval by the researchers convened by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It will be the sixth edition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This latest report aims to guide government decisions on addressing global warming and adapting to its impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975970/climate-scientists-meet-as-dangerous-fires-floods-and-droughts-test-the-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> reported\u003c/a> that the new IPCC study will include a set of five hypothetical policy scenarios, “a collection of imaginary worlds in which countries pursue different sets of climate policies.” These scenarios will take into account carbon emissions reductions, population growth, economic development, and technological change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our best and most comprehensive update on the state of international climate science, and it provides a foundation for international policy development as we move forward,” Lara Kueppers, a UC Berkeley professor and climate scientist at Berkeley Lab, told KQED’s Brian Watt last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But given the breakneck pace at which climate science is evolving, and the escalating destruction from warming-driven environmental disasters, Kueppers thinks it’s time for faster, locally focused assessments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve really left it up to the IPCC, but it’s clear that scientific support for local planning and decision-making is necessary — and the need for this is only growing,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers interview has been lightly edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do the IPCC assessments get used?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At best, this document will spur more concerted policy action on climate. At worst it will be a virtual doorstop. The printed and bound versions of these past assessments are quite weighty. Unfortunately, current climate commitments, including the pledges by the Biden administration and other nations, are still insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement’s goal to limit warming to one-and-a-half degrees globally, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://climateactiontracker.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Action Tracker,\u003c/a> which follows all of these commitments closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]My hope is really that all that we’ve learned [since the last assessment published], from the warming that we’ve seen in the ocean, to the rapid changes that we’ve seen in the cryosphere, to even the more finely resolved images of future impacts on human health and livelihoods, spurs the needed policy progress that nations around the world hope to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you describe the pace at which climate science is evolving?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate research and the effects of human economic activity on the climate really have a long history. And the scope and the depth of the science has really advanced quite rapidly in recent decades. But at the same time, the fundamentals have really remained the same for a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the end of the 1800s, a Swedish scientist named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1903/arrhenius/biographical/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Svante Arrhenius\u003c/a> provided the first \u003ca href=\"https://www.rsc.org/images/Arrhenius1896_tcm18-173546.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimate \u003c/a> of how increasing global CO2 from burning coal would push up temperatures around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was a grainy black and white photograph of future climate. But the subsequent research has really added important color and resolution to that photograph. And I would say now the state of climate science has provided a high-definition image of what we can expect as the climate continues to evolve. And these recent events, even just the last year, are a trailer of our climate future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Our governor says California is experiencing climate change fast forward. The impacts are here now and happening fast. Sounds like you agree with him? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"climate-change\"]I absolutely agree. California, like everywhere else on the planet, is experiencing the changing climate right now. We know that episodic droughts are natural occurrences in the state, but coupled with higher temperatures, this really puts incredible stress on agriculture and on our natural ecosystems. The warmer temperatures are drying vegetation faster and leading to longer fire seasons. And our firefighters really recognize this as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the warmer winters are allowing populations of tree-damaging insects to multiply faster, and they’re putting drought-stressed forests at greater risk. We are well on the path to a new climate normal. And that path is going to be pretty rocky in nearly every part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Given all of that, do we need these big U.N. reports to come faster?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think so. In the past decades, we’ve really been content to leave the climate change policy to international diplomats, our federal, and even state representatives. The science input that they get, we’ve left up to the IPCC. But it’s clear that scientific support for local planning and decision-making is necessary — and the need for this is only growing. An influx of information every seven years is not quite adequate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the U.N. has asked the IPCC for more specific, policy-directed interim reports. We need to address these needs. And to do that, we require new kinds of partnerships between scientists and communities and new organizational infrastructure as well. This is a pretty tall order, but I know it’s one that many climate researchers are willing to support. And I expect that there are communities around the state who would be very grateful to have more regular input and a clearer vision for what their communities can expect as they make decisions about issues like land-use planning or public safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Hundreds of the world’s top scientists are hashing out final details of the next UN climate report, as the world is tested, again, by extreme heat, drought, flood and fires.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846489,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1027},"headData":{"title":"The Latest Global Climate Report Is Set to Publish. Here's What to Expect | KQED","description":"Hundreds of the world’s top scientists are hashing out final details of the next UN climate report, as the world is tested, again, by extreme heat, drought, flood and fires.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Latest Global Climate Report Is Set to Publish. Here's What to Expect","datePublished":"2021-08-03T13:00:29.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:28:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate Change","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/8b846060-bb90-4793-a774-ad75013a9d9b/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1976060/the-latest-global-climate-report-is-set-to-publish-next-month-heres-what-to-expect","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s been nearly a decade since the United Nations released its last climate change assessment. That dire \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a>, which was published in 2014, described in detail how the burning of fossil fuels is altering the climate, leading to increasingly severe drought, worsening wildfires, and mass die-offs of coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, hundreds of the world’s top scientists hashed out final details of the next U.N. report, as much of the world is tested, again, by scorching heat waves, destructive floods, and megafires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘This is our best and most comprehensive update on the state of international climate science, and it provides a foundation for international policy development as we move forward.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Lara Kueppers, climate scientist at Berkeley Lab","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The next iteration of the assessment could be published on Aug. 9, pending approval by the researchers convened by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It will be the sixth edition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This latest report aims to guide government decisions on addressing global warming and adapting to its impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975970/climate-scientists-meet-as-dangerous-fires-floods-and-droughts-test-the-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> reported\u003c/a> that the new IPCC study will include a set of five hypothetical policy scenarios, “a collection of imaginary worlds in which countries pursue different sets of climate policies.” These scenarios will take into account carbon emissions reductions, population growth, economic development, and technological change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our best and most comprehensive update on the state of international climate science, and it provides a foundation for international policy development as we move forward,” Lara Kueppers, a UC Berkeley professor and climate scientist at Berkeley Lab, told KQED’s Brian Watt last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But given the breakneck pace at which climate science is evolving, and the escalating destruction from warming-driven environmental disasters, Kueppers thinks it’s time for faster, locally focused assessments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve really left it up to the IPCC, but it’s clear that scientific support for local planning and decision-making is necessary — and the need for this is only growing,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers interview has been lightly edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do the IPCC assessments get used?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At best, this document will spur more concerted policy action on climate. At worst it will be a virtual doorstop. The printed and bound versions of these past assessments are quite weighty. Unfortunately, current climate commitments, including the pledges by the Biden administration and other nations, are still insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement’s goal to limit warming to one-and-a-half degrees globally, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://climateactiontracker.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Action Tracker,\u003c/a> which follows all of these commitments closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>My hope is really that all that we’ve learned [since the last assessment published], from the warming that we’ve seen in the ocean, to the rapid changes that we’ve seen in the cryosphere, to even the more finely resolved images of future impacts on human health and livelihoods, spurs the needed policy progress that nations around the world hope to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you describe the pace at which climate science is evolving?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate research and the effects of human economic activity on the climate really have a long history. And the scope and the depth of the science has really advanced quite rapidly in recent decades. But at the same time, the fundamentals have really remained the same for a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the end of the 1800s, a Swedish scientist named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1903/arrhenius/biographical/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Svante Arrhenius\u003c/a> provided the first \u003ca href=\"https://www.rsc.org/images/Arrhenius1896_tcm18-173546.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimate \u003c/a> of how increasing global CO2 from burning coal would push up temperatures around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was a grainy black and white photograph of future climate. But the subsequent research has really added important color and resolution to that photograph. And I would say now the state of climate science has provided a high-definition image of what we can expect as the climate continues to evolve. And these recent events, even just the last year, are a trailer of our climate future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Our governor says California is experiencing climate change fast forward. The impacts are here now and happening fast. Sounds like you agree with him? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"related coverage ","tag":"climate-change"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>I absolutely agree. California, like everywhere else on the planet, is experiencing the changing climate right now. We know that episodic droughts are natural occurrences in the state, but coupled with higher temperatures, this really puts incredible stress on agriculture and on our natural ecosystems. The warmer temperatures are drying vegetation faster and leading to longer fire seasons. And our firefighters really recognize this as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the warmer winters are allowing populations of tree-damaging insects to multiply faster, and they’re putting drought-stressed forests at greater risk. We are well on the path to a new climate normal. And that path is going to be pretty rocky in nearly every part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Given all of that, do we need these big U.N. reports to come faster?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think so. In the past decades, we’ve really been content to leave the climate change policy to international diplomats, our federal, and even state representatives. The science input that they get, we’ve left up to the IPCC. But it’s clear that scientific support for local planning and decision-making is necessary — and the need for this is only growing. An influx of information every seven years is not quite adequate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the U.N. has asked the IPCC for more specific, policy-directed interim reports. We need to address these needs. And to do that, we require new kinds of partnerships between scientists and communities and new organizational infrastructure as well. This is a pretty tall order, but I know it’s one that many climate researchers are willing to support. And I expect that there are communities around the state who would be very grateful to have more regular input and a clearer vision for what their communities can expect as they make decisions about issues like land-use planning or public safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1976060/the-latest-global-climate-report-is-set-to-publish-next-month-heres-what-to-expect","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_3730"],"tags":["science_194","science_3253","science_1460"],"featImg":"science_1976062","label":"source_science_1976060"},"science_1938127":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1938127","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1938127","score":null,"sort":[1550601676000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"grandfather-of-climate-science-wallace-broecker-dies-at-87","title":"'Grandfather of Climate Science' Wallace Broecker Dies at 87","publishDate":1550601676,"format":"standard","headTitle":"‘Grandfather of Climate Science’ Wallace Broecker Dies at 87 | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Wallace Broecker, a climate scientist who brought the term “global warming” into the public and scientific lexicon, died on Monday. He was 87.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker, a professor in the department of earth and environmental science at Columbia, was among the early scientists who raised alarms about the drastic changes in the planet’s climate that humans could bring about over a relatively short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His 1975 \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/189/4201/460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>“Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?” predicted the current rise in global temperatures as a result of increased carbon dioxide levels — and popularized the term “global warming” to describe the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geoscientist was also known for recognizing the global “\u003ca href=\"https://press.princeton.edu/titles/9162.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conveyor belt\u003c/a>,” a system of deep-ocean currents that circulate water between the continents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Solomon, director of Columbia’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, where Broecker worked, called his late colleague a force for scientific innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is difficult to imagine … a Columbia University without [Broecker’s] intellectual vision, his gift for distilling the important from the merely interesting, and his sustained passion for his science, his colleagues, and his planet,” Solomon wrote in an email to colleagues that he shared with NPR. “One of the last of the giants of our field no longer walks among us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker’s work focused on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2246\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean’s role in climate change\u003c/a> and the behavior of the climate throughout the planet’s history, as \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/17/science/scientist-at-work-wallace-s-broecker-iconoclastic-guru-of-the-climate-debate.html?smid=tw-share\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported in 1998\u003c/a>. As early as the ’70s, Broecker spoke openly about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">need to restrict fossil fuels\u003c/a> and the disruptive effects that just a few degrees of warming could have on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate system is an angry beast and we are poking it with sticks,” he told the \u003cem>Times\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He accumulated a long list of honors and awards, including a National Medal of Science, the Balzan Prize, the BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award and honorary doctorates from Harvard, Cambridge and Oxford, among other universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory\u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/cdf38be8fc6d49cc8cd1baa4d0a919ea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told The Associated Press\u003c/a> that Broecker died in a New York hospital and that he had been ailing in recent months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker was born in Chicago in 1931 and grew up in Oak Park, according to AP. He received his bachelor’s and master’s from Columbia University, as well as his doctorate in geology, which he earned in 1958. He joined the university’s faculty the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a testament to his impact on the field, Broecker came to be known by his peers as the “grandfather of climate science” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/summer12/features4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dean of climate scientists\u003c/a>.” But to his many friends, he was just “Wally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Broecker was an early advocate for reducing fossil fuels to avoid the disruptive effects of climate change and brought the term \"global warming\" into the mainstream.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848845,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":478},"headData":{"title":"'Grandfather of Climate Science' Wallace Broecker Dies at 87 | KQED","description":"Broecker was an early advocate for reducing fossil fuels to avoid the disruptive effects of climate change and brought the term "global warming" into the mainstream.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"'Grandfather of Climate Science' Wallace Broecker Dies at 87","datePublished":"2019-02-19T18:41:16.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:07:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Gregorio Borgia","nprByline":"Francesca Paris\u003cbr/>NPR","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"695797869","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=695797869&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/18/695797869/grandfather-of-climate-science-wallace-broecker-dies-at-87?ft=nprml&f=695797869","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 19 Feb 2019 00:12:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 18 Feb 2019 23:35:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 19 Feb 2019 00:12:15 -0500","path":"/science/1938127/grandfather-of-climate-science-wallace-broecker-dies-at-87","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wallace Broecker, a climate scientist who brought the term “global warming” into the public and scientific lexicon, died on Monday. He was 87.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker, a professor in the department of earth and environmental science at Columbia, was among the early scientists who raised alarms about the drastic changes in the planet’s climate that humans could bring about over a relatively short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His 1975 \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/189/4201/460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>“Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?” predicted the current rise in global temperatures as a result of increased carbon dioxide levels — and popularized the term “global warming” to describe the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geoscientist was also known for recognizing the global “\u003ca href=\"https://press.princeton.edu/titles/9162.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conveyor belt\u003c/a>,” a system of deep-ocean currents that circulate water between the continents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Solomon, director of Columbia’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, where Broecker worked, called his late colleague a force for scientific innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is difficult to imagine … a Columbia University without [Broecker’s] intellectual vision, his gift for distilling the important from the merely interesting, and his sustained passion for his science, his colleagues, and his planet,” Solomon wrote in an email to colleagues that he shared with NPR. “One of the last of the giants of our field no longer walks among us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker’s work focused on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2246\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean’s role in climate change\u003c/a> and the behavior of the climate throughout the planet’s history, as \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/17/science/scientist-at-work-wallace-s-broecker-iconoclastic-guru-of-the-climate-debate.html?smid=tw-share\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported in 1998\u003c/a>. As early as the ’70s, Broecker spoke openly about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">need to restrict fossil fuels\u003c/a> and the disruptive effects that just a few degrees of warming could have on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate system is an angry beast and we are poking it with sticks,” he told the \u003cem>Times\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He accumulated a long list of honors and awards, including a National Medal of Science, the Balzan Prize, the BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award and honorary doctorates from Harvard, Cambridge and Oxford, among other universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory\u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/cdf38be8fc6d49cc8cd1baa4d0a919ea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told The Associated Press\u003c/a> that Broecker died in a New York hospital and that he had been ailing in recent months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker was born in Chicago in 1931 and grew up in Oak Park, according to AP. He received his bachelor’s and master’s from Columbia University, as well as his doctorate in geology, which he earned in 1958. He joined the university’s faculty the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a testament to his impact on the field, Broecker came to be known by his peers as the “grandfather of climate science” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/summer12/features4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dean of climate scientists\u003c/a>.” But to his many friends, he was just “Wally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1938127/grandfather-of-climate-science-wallace-broecker-dies-at-87","authors":["byline_science_1938127"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_16","science_40"],"tags":["science_194","science_3253","science_3301","science_556","science_3838"],"featImg":"science_1938128","label":"source_science_1938127"},"science_1922038":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922038","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922038","score":null,"sort":[1523970008000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-mystery-of-the-upside-down-catfish","title":"The Mystery of the Upside-Down Catfish","publishDate":1523970008,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Mystery of the Upside-Down Catfish | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Normally, an upside-down fish in your tank is bad news. As in, it’s time for a new goldfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because most fish have an internal air sac called a swim bladder that allows them to control their buoyancy and orientation. They fill the bladder with air when they want to rise, and deflate it when they want to sink. Fish without swim bladders, like sharks, have to swim constantly to keep from dropping to the bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an aquarium fish is listing to one side or flops over on its back, it often means it has swim bladder disease, a potentially life-threatening condition usually brought on by parasites, overfeeding or high nitrate levels in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922046\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922046\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blotched upside-down catfish is one of seven species that swim in an inverted position. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But for a few remarkable fish, being upside down means everything is great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, seven species of catfish native to Central Africa live most of their lives upended. These topsy-turvy swimmers are anatomically identical to their right-side-up cousins, despite having such an unusual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People’s fascination with the odd alignment of these fish goes back centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our sense of where we are in space evolved very early in vertebrates,” said John Friel, director of the Alabama Museum of Natural History, and a catfish specialist. “When you have something that kind of bucks that trend, you have to wonder why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside-down catfish have been carved into Egyptian tomb walls dating back 4,000 years. Today, they’re more often found in aquariums, where they can live up to 15 years and grow to be 4 inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies of these quizzical fish have found a number of reasons why swimming upside down makes a lot of sense — and there’s even a climate change angle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whiskers, called barbels, help the catfish sense food near the surface. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Robert Blake, a biology professor at the University of British Columbia, showed that, for fish, it’s just as efficient to swim upside down as it is to swim right side up. Blake, who died in 2016, found “no significant difference” in the two postures, as long as the fish was far enough below the waterline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the picture changes near the surface. Whether you’re a fish or an Olympic swimmer, that’s when “wave drag” comes into play. Wave drag is the turbulence produced by friction — basically, splashing — which makes it harder to swim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an upside-down position, fish produce a lot less wave drag, according to Blake’s research. That means upside-down catfish do a better job feeding on insect larvae at the waterline than their right-side-up counterparts, which have to return to deeper water to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s something else at the surface that’s even more important to a fish’s survival than food: oxygen. The gas essential to life readily dissolves from the air into the water, where it becomes concentrated in a thin layer at the waterline — right where the upside-down catfish’s mouth and gills are perfectly positioned to get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That ability can be critical for survival when the water becomes depleted of oxygen, a condition called hypoxia — which occurs naturally in some river systems, especially if they are marked by low light and dense vegetation, as in swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The upside-down catfish seems to have a whole suite of adaptations that make life at the surface more tenable,” said Lauren Chapman, a biology professor at McGill University who has been studying for more than two decades how fish respond to hypoxia in African river systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922082\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_wide-swimming.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922082\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_wide-swimming.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An upside-down catfish swims near the waterline. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one experiment, Chapman compared how upside-down and right-side-up catfish performed under low-oxygen conditions in a laboratory. She found that their swimming positions allowed the upside-down fish to breathe at the surface more easily, while the right-side-up ones had to work harder for the same benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside-down swimming didn’t necessarily evolve in response to hypoxia, Chapman said. But for many fish in the wild, oxygen levels in the water can have a big impact, including increased gill size and smaller egg numbers, which eventually could lead to the formation of separate species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When human activity, such as industrial pollution or farm runoff, causes hypoxia, the results are more catastrophic. The contamination feeds algal blooms and ultimately bacteria that consume the water’s oxygen. In places as far-flung as the Gulf of Mexico and Africa’s Lake Victoria, human-caused hypoxia has led to large-scale die-offs of marine life, called dead zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just a little local issue,” said Chapman. “We have a very serious global issue with increasingly frequent and intense hypoxic events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922081\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The upside-down catfish is marked by its dark underbelly. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate change has brought the issue of hypoxia further into focus, in part because warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen. For many fish species, it could be a case of adapt quickly or perish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists estimate that upside-down catfish have been working out their own survival strategy for as long at 35 million years. Besides their breathing and feeding behavior, the blotched upside-down catfish from the Congo Basin has also evolved a dark patch on its underside to make it harder to see against dark water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That coloration is remarkable because it’s the opposite of most sea creatures, which tend to be darker on top and lighter on the bottom, a common adaptation called countershading that offsets the effects of sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blotched upside-down catfish’s reverse countershading has earned it the scientific name \u003cem>nigriventris\u003c/em>, which means black-bellied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have been unable to pinpoint much in the catfish’s anatomy to explain why it swims the way it does. Researchers at Nara Medical University School of Medicine in Japan, led by Ken Ohnishi, even looked at the fish’s inner ear, site of the bones that control orientation in vertebrates, and found nothing unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922047\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_barrel-roll.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_barrel-roll.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While these unusual catfish sometimes turn right side up to feed, they soon return to their preferred position.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the mystery of the upside-down catfish persists, for now, as a puzzle for future scientists. “These catfish have always been interesting to people who are looking for things that are out of the ordinary,” said Friel.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You might think this upside-down catfish is sick or confused, but swimming this way makes a lot of sense.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927993,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1127},"headData":{"title":"The Mystery of the Upside-Down Catfish | KQED","description":"You might think this upside-down catfish is sick or confused, but swimming this way makes a lot of sense.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Mystery of the Upside-Down Catfish","datePublished":"2018-04-17T13:00:08.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:06:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/eurCBOJMrsE","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1922038/the-mystery-of-the-upside-down-catfish","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Normally, an upside-down fish in your tank is bad news. As in, it’s time for a new goldfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because most fish have an internal air sac called a swim bladder that allows them to control their buoyancy and orientation. They fill the bladder with air when they want to rise, and deflate it when they want to sink. Fish without swim bladders, like sharks, have to swim constantly to keep from dropping to the bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an aquarium fish is listing to one side or flops over on its back, it often means it has swim bladder disease, a potentially life-threatening condition usually brought on by parasites, overfeeding or high nitrate levels in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922046\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922046\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blotched upside-down catfish is one of seven species that swim in an inverted position. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But for a few remarkable fish, being upside down means everything is great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, seven species of catfish native to Central Africa live most of their lives upended. These topsy-turvy swimmers are anatomically identical to their right-side-up cousins, despite having such an unusual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People’s fascination with the odd alignment of these fish goes back centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our sense of where we are in space evolved very early in vertebrates,” said John Friel, director of the Alabama Museum of Natural History, and a catfish specialist. “When you have something that kind of bucks that trend, you have to wonder why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside-down catfish have been carved into Egyptian tomb walls dating back 4,000 years. Today, they’re more often found in aquariums, where they can live up to 15 years and grow to be 4 inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies of these quizzical fish have found a number of reasons why swimming upside down makes a lot of sense — and there’s even a climate change angle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whiskers, called barbels, help the catfish sense food near the surface. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Robert Blake, a biology professor at the University of British Columbia, showed that, for fish, it’s just as efficient to swim upside down as it is to swim right side up. Blake, who died in 2016, found “no significant difference” in the two postures, as long as the fish was far enough below the waterline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the picture changes near the surface. Whether you’re a fish or an Olympic swimmer, that’s when “wave drag” comes into play. Wave drag is the turbulence produced by friction — basically, splashing — which makes it harder to swim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an upside-down position, fish produce a lot less wave drag, according to Blake’s research. That means upside-down catfish do a better job feeding on insect larvae at the waterline than their right-side-up counterparts, which have to return to deeper water to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s something else at the surface that’s even more important to a fish’s survival than food: oxygen. The gas essential to life readily dissolves from the air into the water, where it becomes concentrated in a thin layer at the waterline — right where the upside-down catfish’s mouth and gills are perfectly positioned to get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That ability can be critical for survival when the water becomes depleted of oxygen, a condition called hypoxia — which occurs naturally in some river systems, especially if they are marked by low light and dense vegetation, as in swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The upside-down catfish seems to have a whole suite of adaptations that make life at the surface more tenable,” said Lauren Chapman, a biology professor at McGill University who has been studying for more than two decades how fish respond to hypoxia in African river systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922082\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_wide-swimming.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922082\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_wide-swimming.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An upside-down catfish swims near the waterline. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one experiment, Chapman compared how upside-down and right-side-up catfish performed under low-oxygen conditions in a laboratory. She found that their swimming positions allowed the upside-down fish to breathe at the surface more easily, while the right-side-up ones had to work harder for the same benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside-down swimming didn’t necessarily evolve in response to hypoxia, Chapman said. But for many fish in the wild, oxygen levels in the water can have a big impact, including increased gill size and smaller egg numbers, which eventually could lead to the formation of separate species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When human activity, such as industrial pollution or farm runoff, causes hypoxia, the results are more catastrophic. The contamination feeds algal blooms and ultimately bacteria that consume the water’s oxygen. In places as far-flung as the Gulf of Mexico and Africa’s Lake Victoria, human-caused hypoxia has led to large-scale die-offs of marine life, called dead zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just a little local issue,” said Chapman. “We have a very serious global issue with increasingly frequent and intense hypoxic events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922081\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The upside-down catfish is marked by its dark underbelly. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate change has brought the issue of hypoxia further into focus, in part because warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen. For many fish species, it could be a case of adapt quickly or perish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists estimate that upside-down catfish have been working out their own survival strategy for as long at 35 million years. Besides their breathing and feeding behavior, the blotched upside-down catfish from the Congo Basin has also evolved a dark patch on its underside to make it harder to see against dark water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That coloration is remarkable because it’s the opposite of most sea creatures, which tend to be darker on top and lighter on the bottom, a common adaptation called countershading that offsets the effects of sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blotched upside-down catfish’s reverse countershading has earned it the scientific name \u003cem>nigriventris\u003c/em>, which means black-bellied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have been unable to pinpoint much in the catfish’s anatomy to explain why it swims the way it does. Researchers at Nara Medical University School of Medicine in Japan, led by Ken Ohnishi, even looked at the fish’s inner ear, site of the bones that control orientation in vertebrates, and found nothing unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922047\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_barrel-roll.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_barrel-roll.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While these unusual catfish sometimes turn right side up to feed, they soon return to their preferred position.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the mystery of the upside-down catfish persists, for now, as a puzzle for future scientists. “These catfish have always been interesting to people who are looking for things that are out of the ordinary,” said Friel.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922038/the-mystery-of-the-upside-down-catfish","authors":["11090","11376"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_35","science_86"],"tags":["science_3253","science_3370","science_248","science_1490"],"featImg":"science_1922041","label":"science_1935"},"science_1921475":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921475","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921475","score":null,"sort":[1521645553000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"live-blog-federal-judge-oversees-climate-change-tutorial","title":"Live Blog: Federal Judge Oversees Climate Change Tutorial","publishDate":1521645553,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Live Blog: Federal Judge Oversees Climate Change Tutorial | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:56pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup wraps up today’s first ever court-mandated climate crash course by showing off his very cool space tie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Alsup shows off his space tie for science day \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976547821204619264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup has tie (painted?) with what looks like a Hubble snapshot of deep space – yellow galaxies on blue. He’s ready to science!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Nathanael Johnson (@SavorTooth) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SavorTooth/status/976475761132453889?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:553pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup tells attorneys for the other defendants that they have two weeks to sign on to Chevron’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge is issuing an order to other defendants explaining whether they agree with every statement Boutrous said. “You can’t get away with sitting here in silence and then later saying he wasn’t speaking for us.” They’ve got two weeks \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976546870322388992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Concluding the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, Judge Alsup tells counsel for other fossil fuel defendants that they have 2 weeks to file statements specifying whether they disagree with any points / concessions made by Chevron’s attorney. Should be interesting to see their responses!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976547719975133189?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:45pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Judge Alsup poses an interesting question about wildfires: Don’t they emit a lot of carbon dioxide into the air? Is that a tiny factor in the overall rise of CO2 emissions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Molly Peterson observes that the judge may be trying to compare wildfire CO2 emissions to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wuebbles tells the judge that while he has not done the math on fire emissions, it is small compared to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 3 percent of annual U.S. greenhouse gas emissions come from wildfires, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.forestfoundation.org/wildfires-and-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Forest Foundation\u003c/a>. The Los Angeles Daily News \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2017/12/14/in-californias-wildfires-a-looming-threat-to-climate-goals-smolders/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported last year\u003c/a> that in less than one week, wildfires in Southern California released harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:19pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Climate science has advanced in the years since 2012, notes Nobel-prize winning climate researcher Wuebbles. He is responding to Chevron’s tactic of limiting their tutorial to certain years, a move that some say serves to downplay the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Plaintiff cities get Don Wuebbles up there to say that “science did not stop” after 2012, when IPCC 5 stops…he’s here to talk to the National Climate Assessment \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\">https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538039680868352?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Wuebbles wrote a chapter of the IPCC and is clarifying that the 2017 National Climate Assessment has newer reliable science in it as well \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538368182923264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:18pm: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>To wrap up the climate tutorial, city plaintiffs have called Donald Wuebbles, lead author of the U.S. National Climate Assessment, to speak about the best available science on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Seventeen of the last 18 years are the warmest on record, says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Wuebbles?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@Wuebbles\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976539725606481920?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:16pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> And that’s a wrap for Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s Boutrous finishes main presentation on science with a quote from Oakland’s bond disclosure (about not being able to predict natural events)…which isn’t exactly peer-reviewed. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976537517875871744?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:11pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> An interesting strategy being employed by the defense is to limit reports on sea level rise to certain years, a tactic which some say is misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s presentation on sea level rise focuses on IPCC from 2013, which means observations end a couple of years before that. Sea level rise science has advanced significantly since the last IPCC, as Gary Griggs indicated earlier. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534296033837056?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This is why a judge’s “tutorial” on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climate?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climate\u003c/a> can be dangerous: what recourse is there when Chevron presents data and graphics that are completely misleading? How do they get challenged? \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Peter Gleick (@PeterGleick) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PeterGleick/status/976534289335701505?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:55am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron just informed Judge Alsup that he is presenting on behalf of his client alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting: Alsup to Chevron attny I thought you were presenting for all the defendants. Do they agree with you? Boutrous: I’m just presenting for Chevron. Alsup: Okay at some point I’m going to ask them all if they agree. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ClimateTutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ClimateTutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976530769165172736?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Both presentations also strongly influenced by Judge’s self-directed research, questions, and interests. When Chevron lawyer can’t answer scientific questions, Alsup has been more likely to let it go. Alsup pressed scientists further. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\">https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534880979791872?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:48am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Along with attempting to poke holes at the certainty of climate science, the defense is also arguing that the \u003cem>extraction\u003c/em> of fossil fuels is not the problem, rather its the \u003cem>use\u003c/em> of their product. That would seem to relate back to their earlier “collective responsibility” argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s lawyer at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> – “IPCC does not say it’s the extraction of fossil fuels [that causes climate change], it’s the energy use – the economic activity – that generates emissions.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976526523103506433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>11:27am:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> Judge Alsup is apparently a fan of physicist Svante Arrhenius, who in 1896, made the first estimate of climate sensitivity, calculating that surface temperatures would rise by 4-6°C if carbon dioxide emissions doubled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup professes admiration for Arrhenius: ‘Don’t you think it’s amazing that that guy..with just the back of an envelope with pencil and paper, could have made that projection that even today sounds pretty reasonable?’ Chevron atty agrees: ‘These scientists are brilliant.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Debra Kahn (@debra_kahn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debra_kahn/status/976521407466106880?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup shows his science nerd side. Marvels that at end of 19th C. Svante Arrhenius predicted roughly the same temp rise from CO2 increase as modern models. “He was one guy in an early age and using his brain and some data … You have to admire that.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976520479090425856?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The strategy apparently being employed by Chevron lawyers is to argue that climate science is filled with uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">At the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, it appears that Chevron’s strategy is to portray climate science as a field that is characterised by significant uncertainty and conflicting scientific theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976519729614475264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">“That’s how science works. It’s trial and error…It’s cumulative; it’s self-correcting.” – Chevron lawyer emphasizes uncertainty of Arrhenius’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatescience?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatescience\u003c/a> in 1951. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976516202867580928?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s graphs seem mostly to end around 2010 or 2012, which helps minimize the visual impact of the record temperatures in more recent years \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976525027276288001?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:10am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’S Molly Peterson reports that during the summary portion of early 20th century climate science, Judge Alsup interrupted the Chevron attorney to point out that he skipped meterologist Guy Callendar’s landmark 1938 report linking fossil fuels to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read more about Callendar’s findings at \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/apr/22/guy-callendar-climate-fossil-fuels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Someone established a Twitter account in 2014 for Guy Callendar, the scientist referenced by Judge Alsup in the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\">https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976521896782016512?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>10:58am: \u003c/strong>Remarks on\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the defense’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge and Chevron attorney seem to establish that since 1951, it’s been accepted that CO2 has a warming effect. Oil company attorney isn’t great at answering judge’s science questions; does it matter? Hard to say. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976517515999244288?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting that Alsup was quick to prevent plaintiffs from “getting political” but hasn’t said anything about Chevron critiquing policies of SF & Oakland, and those recommended by IPCC, in first five minutes of presentation \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976506236253302784?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:35am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron is largely relying on data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron presenting a history of IPCC summaries, not a history of science as requested. And then, warming is partly “how people are living their lives.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976508965252055041?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters at the hearing note that no experts are presenting on behalf of the oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Defendants leaving science to lawyer, plaintiffs to scientists. Both OK, just noting difference in strategy. Probably woulda been good to have a scientist answer Alsup on solar fluctuations, tho. Lawyer says “it just happens” 🤷🏻♀️\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976512549582598144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>10:16am: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Environmental journalist Warren Cornwall:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">No indication so far that oil companies will be calling scientists to talk to Judge Alsup today. Chevron attorney is doing the talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976506832331026433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Avi Garbow, former general counsel at the Environmental Protection Agency under the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells KQED that Chevron supports\u003c/a> the scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels is the leading cause of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion,” said Garbow. “Chevron accepts that and that’s what it will present to the court in the tutorial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, oil industry lawyers will argue that the courtroom is not the proper forum for tackling climate change issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:11am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Climate reporter Amy Westervelt tweeting from the courtroom:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Griggs: 10-year flood that would have come once every 10 years is now coming 10 times a year. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976504429149958144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:41am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Retired Judge Alice C. Hill, whose work now focuses on preparing for the impacts of climate change, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lawfareblog.com/catastrophic-risks-climate-change-us-turns-its-back-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writing in\u003c/a> national security blog \u003cem>LawFare:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>This isn’t the stuff of science fiction. It is happening already, right here in the United States. It just gets worse—a lot worse—the more carbon we send up into the atmosphere. Just as America suffers, so will the rest of the world. And some of their suffering will spill back onto us. We already have plenty of examples of how climate impacts in other countries threaten global stability and our national security. These include the historic drought in Syria that drove over a million people, mostly young men, to move to cities in search of work and which, in turn, contributed to civil unrest and unprecedented mass migration.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a> is done with his presentation. The next witness for plaintiffs is \u003ca href=\"https://eps.ucsc.edu/faculty/Profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=griggs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gary Griggs\u003c/a>, professor of Earth Sciences at the University of California Santa Cruz. Grigg will focus on how sea level rise is affecting San Franciso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Griggs: Showing chart of sea level rise, steep rate of increase 20,000 years ago and then even steeper rate of increase today. Discussion of lower sea levels thousands of years ago, including ancient peoples crossing the land bridge to North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Deborah Moore (@debmoore_UCS) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debmoore_UCS/status/976495452383096832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:14am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>On the question of liability for the impacts of climate change:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen notes it is possible to trace CO2 emissions directly to products sold by individual companies. Highly relevant to question of \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> for fossil fuel companies. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976489073966657536?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Now we’re getting to a key legal point in this climate lawsuit against oil companies. Myles Allen tells Judge Alsup “It’s possible to trace these emissions directly to products sold by individual companies.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976489669650075648?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:05am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Today’s tutorial, a key early step in the case, is divided into two parts. The first part is 60 minutes and will have both sides presenting the history of climate change study. The second portion will have both sides present the best available science on climate science, including data on coastal flooding and sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">It’s kind of a climate change greatest hits: Allen recaps how Roger Revelle in 1957 made the crucial observation that simple chemistry limits the amount of carbon dioxide that the oceans can take up. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976487828765908992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:42am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Jessica Wentz, a lawyer at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sabin Center for Climate Change Law\u003c/a>, is live tweeting from Judge Alsup’s courtroom in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen: “the important point here is that we don’t just have a theory… we have direct observations from space” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976482927843225600?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A report \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/files/2018/02/Adler-2018-02-U.S.-Climate-Change-Litigation-in-the-Age-of-Trump-Year-One.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued by the Sabin Center\u003c/a> in February titled “\u003cem>U.S. Climate Change Litigation in the Age of Trump\u003c/em>,” finds that lawsuits calling for climate protections exceeded those that opposed climate deregulation by roughly 3:1 (73% to 27%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cases mark a surge in “municipalities suing fossil fuel companies under state common law and a suite of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuits seeking transparency from the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:36am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’s Craig Miller \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes that oil industry lawyers\u003c/a> will not try to debate climate science during today’s hearing. Their strategy instead will be to have the case thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>They’ve filed a motion to have the case dismissed, arguing that the courtroom is not the appropriate place to set climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:29am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> First mention of Sventus Arrenhius, who wrote what’s widely considered to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.friendsofscience.org/assets/documents/Arrhenius%201906,%20final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first paper on climate change.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Molly Peterson\u003c/a> reports that Judge Alsup is establishing himself as an active questioner in the climate tutorial, interrupting Allen and asking for clarification on powerpoint graphs.\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:19am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The first expert presenting to Judge Alsup is the Environmental Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a>, who is arguing for liability for oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">First presenter for plaintiffs at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> tutorial is Myles Allen, Oxford professor who has advocated for quantifying human responsibility\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Oil must pay for climate change. Now we can calculate how much \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\">https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976476202742398976?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:15am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> A federal judge in San Francisco is getting a five-hour crash course on climate science today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge William Alsup is presiding over a lawsuit filed by Oakland and San Francisco against\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> several oil companies\u003c/a> for the costs of climate change impacts. Alsup has taken the unusual step of asking both sides to present their views on the state of climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow our blog for special live coverage. KQED’s Molly Peterson is also tweeting live from the courtroom at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@mollydacious\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921476 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Special live coverage of today's climate science tutorial taking place in a San Francisco federal court. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928081,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":98,"wordCount":2677},"headData":{"title":"Live Blog: Federal Judge Oversees Climate Change Tutorial | KQED","description":"Special live coverage of today's climate science tutorial taking place in a San Francisco federal court. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Live Blog: Federal Judge Oversees Climate Change Tutorial","datePublished":"2018-03-21T15:19:13.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:08:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"nprByline":"KQED SCIENCE","path":"/science/1921475/live-blog-federal-judge-oversees-climate-change-tutorial","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:56pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup wraps up today’s first ever court-mandated climate crash course by showing off his very cool space tie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Alsup shows off his space tie for science day \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976547821204619264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup has tie (painted?) with what looks like a Hubble snapshot of deep space – yellow galaxies on blue. He’s ready to science!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Nathanael Johnson (@SavorTooth) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SavorTooth/status/976475761132453889?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:553pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup tells attorneys for the other defendants that they have two weeks to sign on to Chevron’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge is issuing an order to other defendants explaining whether they agree with every statement Boutrous said. “You can’t get away with sitting here in silence and then later saying he wasn’t speaking for us.” They’ve got two weeks \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976546870322388992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Concluding the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, Judge Alsup tells counsel for other fossil fuel defendants that they have 2 weeks to file statements specifying whether they disagree with any points / concessions made by Chevron’s attorney. Should be interesting to see their responses!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976547719975133189?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:45pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Judge Alsup poses an interesting question about wildfires: Don’t they emit a lot of carbon dioxide into the air? Is that a tiny factor in the overall rise of CO2 emissions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Molly Peterson observes that the judge may be trying to compare wildfire CO2 emissions to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wuebbles tells the judge that while he has not done the math on fire emissions, it is small compared to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 3 percent of annual U.S. greenhouse gas emissions come from wildfires, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.forestfoundation.org/wildfires-and-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Forest Foundation\u003c/a>. The Los Angeles Daily News \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2017/12/14/in-californias-wildfires-a-looming-threat-to-climate-goals-smolders/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported last year\u003c/a> that in less than one week, wildfires in Southern California released harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:19pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Climate science has advanced in the years since 2012, notes Nobel-prize winning climate researcher Wuebbles. He is responding to Chevron’s tactic of limiting their tutorial to certain years, a move that some say serves to downplay the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Plaintiff cities get Don Wuebbles up there to say that “science did not stop” after 2012, when IPCC 5 stops…he’s here to talk to the National Climate Assessment \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\">https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538039680868352?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Wuebbles wrote a chapter of the IPCC and is clarifying that the 2017 National Climate Assessment has newer reliable science in it as well \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538368182923264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:18pm: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>To wrap up the climate tutorial, city plaintiffs have called Donald Wuebbles, lead author of the U.S. National Climate Assessment, to speak about the best available science on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Seventeen of the last 18 years are the warmest on record, says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Wuebbles?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@Wuebbles\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976539725606481920?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:16pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> And that’s a wrap for Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s Boutrous finishes main presentation on science with a quote from Oakland’s bond disclosure (about not being able to predict natural events)…which isn’t exactly peer-reviewed. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976537517875871744?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:11pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> An interesting strategy being employed by the defense is to limit reports on sea level rise to certain years, a tactic which some say is misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s presentation on sea level rise focuses on IPCC from 2013, which means observations end a couple of years before that. Sea level rise science has advanced significantly since the last IPCC, as Gary Griggs indicated earlier. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534296033837056?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This is why a judge’s “tutorial” on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climate?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climate\u003c/a> can be dangerous: what recourse is there when Chevron presents data and graphics that are completely misleading? How do they get challenged? \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Peter Gleick (@PeterGleick) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PeterGleick/status/976534289335701505?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:55am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron just informed Judge Alsup that he is presenting on behalf of his client alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting: Alsup to Chevron attny I thought you were presenting for all the defendants. Do they agree with you? Boutrous: I’m just presenting for Chevron. Alsup: Okay at some point I’m going to ask them all if they agree. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ClimateTutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ClimateTutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976530769165172736?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Both presentations also strongly influenced by Judge’s self-directed research, questions, and interests. When Chevron lawyer can’t answer scientific questions, Alsup has been more likely to let it go. Alsup pressed scientists further. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\">https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534880979791872?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:48am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Along with attempting to poke holes at the certainty of climate science, the defense is also arguing that the \u003cem>extraction\u003c/em> of fossil fuels is not the problem, rather its the \u003cem>use\u003c/em> of their product. That would seem to relate back to their earlier “collective responsibility” argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s lawyer at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> – “IPCC does not say it’s the extraction of fossil fuels [that causes climate change], it’s the energy use – the economic activity – that generates emissions.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976526523103506433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>11:27am:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> Judge Alsup is apparently a fan of physicist Svante Arrhenius, who in 1896, made the first estimate of climate sensitivity, calculating that surface temperatures would rise by 4-6°C if carbon dioxide emissions doubled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup professes admiration for Arrhenius: ‘Don’t you think it’s amazing that that guy..with just the back of an envelope with pencil and paper, could have made that projection that even today sounds pretty reasonable?’ Chevron atty agrees: ‘These scientists are brilliant.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Debra Kahn (@debra_kahn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debra_kahn/status/976521407466106880?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup shows his science nerd side. Marvels that at end of 19th C. Svante Arrhenius predicted roughly the same temp rise from CO2 increase as modern models. “He was one guy in an early age and using his brain and some data … You have to admire that.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976520479090425856?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The strategy apparently being employed by Chevron lawyers is to argue that climate science is filled with uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">At the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, it appears that Chevron’s strategy is to portray climate science as a field that is characterised by significant uncertainty and conflicting scientific theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976519729614475264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">“That’s how science works. It’s trial and error…It’s cumulative; it’s self-correcting.” – Chevron lawyer emphasizes uncertainty of Arrhenius’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatescience?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatescience\u003c/a> in 1951. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976516202867580928?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s graphs seem mostly to end around 2010 or 2012, which helps minimize the visual impact of the record temperatures in more recent years \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976525027276288001?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:10am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’S Molly Peterson reports that during the summary portion of early 20th century climate science, Judge Alsup interrupted the Chevron attorney to point out that he skipped meterologist Guy Callendar’s landmark 1938 report linking fossil fuels to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read more about Callendar’s findings at \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/apr/22/guy-callendar-climate-fossil-fuels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Someone established a Twitter account in 2014 for Guy Callendar, the scientist referenced by Judge Alsup in the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\">https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976521896782016512?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>10:58am: \u003c/strong>Remarks on\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the defense’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge and Chevron attorney seem to establish that since 1951, it’s been accepted that CO2 has a warming effect. Oil company attorney isn’t great at answering judge’s science questions; does it matter? Hard to say. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976517515999244288?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting that Alsup was quick to prevent plaintiffs from “getting political” but hasn’t said anything about Chevron critiquing policies of SF & Oakland, and those recommended by IPCC, in first five minutes of presentation \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976506236253302784?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:35am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron is largely relying on data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron presenting a history of IPCC summaries, not a history of science as requested. And then, warming is partly “how people are living their lives.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976508965252055041?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters at the hearing note that no experts are presenting on behalf of the oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Defendants leaving science to lawyer, plaintiffs to scientists. Both OK, just noting difference in strategy. Probably woulda been good to have a scientist answer Alsup on solar fluctuations, tho. Lawyer says “it just happens” 🤷🏻♀️\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976512549582598144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>10:16am: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Environmental journalist Warren Cornwall:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">No indication so far that oil companies will be calling scientists to talk to Judge Alsup today. Chevron attorney is doing the talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976506832331026433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Avi Garbow, former general counsel at the Environmental Protection Agency under the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells KQED that Chevron supports\u003c/a> the scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels is the leading cause of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion,” said Garbow. “Chevron accepts that and that’s what it will present to the court in the tutorial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, oil industry lawyers will argue that the courtroom is not the proper forum for tackling climate change issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:11am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Climate reporter Amy Westervelt tweeting from the courtroom:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Griggs: 10-year flood that would have come once every 10 years is now coming 10 times a year. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976504429149958144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:41am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Retired Judge Alice C. Hill, whose work now focuses on preparing for the impacts of climate change, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lawfareblog.com/catastrophic-risks-climate-change-us-turns-its-back-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writing in\u003c/a> national security blog \u003cem>LawFare:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>This isn’t the stuff of science fiction. It is happening already, right here in the United States. It just gets worse—a lot worse—the more carbon we send up into the atmosphere. Just as America suffers, so will the rest of the world. And some of their suffering will spill back onto us. We already have plenty of examples of how climate impacts in other countries threaten global stability and our national security. These include the historic drought in Syria that drove over a million people, mostly young men, to move to cities in search of work and which, in turn, contributed to civil unrest and unprecedented mass migration.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a> is done with his presentation. The next witness for plaintiffs is \u003ca href=\"https://eps.ucsc.edu/faculty/Profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=griggs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gary Griggs\u003c/a>, professor of Earth Sciences at the University of California Santa Cruz. Grigg will focus on how sea level rise is affecting San Franciso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Griggs: Showing chart of sea level rise, steep rate of increase 20,000 years ago and then even steeper rate of increase today. Discussion of lower sea levels thousands of years ago, including ancient peoples crossing the land bridge to North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Deborah Moore (@debmoore_UCS) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debmoore_UCS/status/976495452383096832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:14am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>On the question of liability for the impacts of climate change:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen notes it is possible to trace CO2 emissions directly to products sold by individual companies. Highly relevant to question of \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> for fossil fuel companies. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976489073966657536?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Now we’re getting to a key legal point in this climate lawsuit against oil companies. Myles Allen tells Judge Alsup “It’s possible to trace these emissions directly to products sold by individual companies.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976489669650075648?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:05am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Today’s tutorial, a key early step in the case, is divided into two parts. The first part is 60 minutes and will have both sides presenting the history of climate change study. The second portion will have both sides present the best available science on climate science, including data on coastal flooding and sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">It’s kind of a climate change greatest hits: Allen recaps how Roger Revelle in 1957 made the crucial observation that simple chemistry limits the amount of carbon dioxide that the oceans can take up. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976487828765908992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:42am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Jessica Wentz, a lawyer at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sabin Center for Climate Change Law\u003c/a>, is live tweeting from Judge Alsup’s courtroom in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen: “the important point here is that we don’t just have a theory… we have direct observations from space” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976482927843225600?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A report \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/files/2018/02/Adler-2018-02-U.S.-Climate-Change-Litigation-in-the-Age-of-Trump-Year-One.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued by the Sabin Center\u003c/a> in February titled “\u003cem>U.S. Climate Change Litigation in the Age of Trump\u003c/em>,” finds that lawsuits calling for climate protections exceeded those that opposed climate deregulation by roughly 3:1 (73% to 27%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cases mark a surge in “municipalities suing fossil fuel companies under state common law and a suite of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuits seeking transparency from the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:36am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’s Craig Miller \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes that oil industry lawyers\u003c/a> will not try to debate climate science during today’s hearing. Their strategy instead will be to have the case thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>They’ve filed a motion to have the case dismissed, arguing that the courtroom is not the appropriate place to set climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:29am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> First mention of Sventus Arrenhius, who wrote what’s widely considered to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.friendsofscience.org/assets/documents/Arrhenius%201906,%20final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first paper on climate change.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Molly Peterson\u003c/a> reports that Judge Alsup is establishing himself as an active questioner in the climate tutorial, interrupting Allen and asking for clarification on powerpoint graphs.\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:19am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The first expert presenting to Judge Alsup is the Environmental Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a>, who is arguing for liability for oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">First presenter for plaintiffs at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> tutorial is Myles Allen, Oxford professor who has advocated for quantifying human responsibility\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Oil must pay for climate change. Now we can calculate how much \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\">https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976476202742398976?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:15am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> A federal judge in San Francisco is getting a five-hour crash course on climate science today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge William Alsup is presiding over a lawsuit filed by Oakland and San Francisco against\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> several oil companies\u003c/a> for the costs of climate change impacts. Alsup has taken the unusual step of asking both sides to present their views on the state of climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow our blog for special live coverage. KQED’s Molly Peterson is also tweeting live from the courtroom at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@mollydacious\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921476 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921475/live-blog-federal-judge-oversees-climate-change-tutorial","authors":["byline_science_1921475"],"categories":["science_31","science_32","science_33","science_35","science_37","science_40"],"tags":["science_194","science_3253","science_192","science_3370","science_2288","science_5183"],"featImg":"science_1921493","label":"source_science_1921475"},"science_1921434":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921434","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921434","score":null,"sort":[1521561651000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal","title":"Climate's Day in Court: Maybe Not the Great Debate, But Still a 'Big Deal'","publishDate":1521561651,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Climate’s Day in Court: Maybe Not the Great Debate, But Still a ‘Big Deal’ | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The spotlight will be on a San Francisco courtroom Wednesday, when climate science finally gets its day in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion.’\u003ccite>Avi Garbow, Chevron attorney, on human-caused climate change\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The cities of Oakland and San Francisco are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suing several oil companies\u003c/a> for the costs of adapting to climate change impacts, such as rising sea levels that threaten to flood critical infrastructure. Judge William Alsup has taken the unusual step of asking both sides to present their views on the state of climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Molly Peterson will be tweeting live from the courtroom during Wednesday’s hearing. Follow her at @Mollydacious and in special live online coverage from KQED Science.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it might not be the “great debate” that many are anticipating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil industry lawyers say they will not try to debate climate science in federal court during the hearing, but they will try to have the case thrown out. They’ve filed a motion to have the case dismissed, arguing that the courtroom is not the appropriate place to set climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think they’re in a little bit of an awkward position here.’\u003ccite>Dave Owen, UC Hastings College of the Law\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lipshutz says Chevron supports the scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels like oil and gas is the leading cause of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion,” said Avi Garbow, who was general counsel at the Environmental Protection Agency under the Obama administration and for this case, Lipshutz’ wing man at Chevron’s outside law firm of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chevron accepts that and that’s what it will present to the court in the tutorial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both say their client will present “a neutral assessment of the science,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.slideshare.net/ipcc-media/highlights-of-the-ipcc-fifth-assessment-report-55890466\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">based on a 2014 report\u003c/a> from the United Nations’ International Panel on Climate Change, which pegs greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels as the prime driver of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that in itself will raise questions that could prove vexing to the oil companies if and when the case gets any farther.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they’re in a little bit of an awkward position here,” says Dave Owen, an environmental law professor at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge has asked for a timeline of the evolving climate science, which Chevron lawyers say they will include. Legal experts say that could expose inconsistencies on the part of the oil companies and create an opportunity for plaintiffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they say that this is the understood science and we knew it all along, then they are stuck trying to explain their earlier public statements and positions,” says Owen. “And that could matter because one of the things the plaintiffs are trying to argue here is that these companies deliberately misled the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron’s lawyers say they will carry the ball in Wednesday’s courtroom “tutorial” for the defendants as a group, which includes oil giants BP and Exxon-Mobil. They say they won’t be calling any expert witnesses, but as the oil companies downplay the drama, the significance of the event is undeniable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A bunch of oil company lawyers are going to walk into federal district court and declare their acceptance of the science of climate change,” says Owen. “That’s a big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928086,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":676},"headData":{"title":"Climate's Day in Court: Maybe Not the Great Debate, But Still a 'Big Deal' | KQED","description":"The spotlight will be on a San Francisco courtroom Wednesday, when climate science finally gets its day in court. 'That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion.'Avi Garbow, Chevron attorney, on human-caused climate change The cities of Oakland and San Francisco are suing several oil","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Climate's Day in Court: Maybe Not the Great Debate, But Still a 'Big Deal'","datePublished":"2018-03-20T16:00:51.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:08:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The spotlight will be on a San Francisco courtroom Wednesday, when climate science finally gets its day in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion.’\u003ccite>Avi Garbow, Chevron attorney, on human-caused climate change\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The cities of Oakland and San Francisco are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suing several oil companies\u003c/a> for the costs of adapting to climate change impacts, such as rising sea levels that threaten to flood critical infrastructure. Judge William Alsup has taken the unusual step of asking both sides to present their views on the state of climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Molly Peterson will be tweeting live from the courtroom during Wednesday’s hearing. Follow her at @Mollydacious and in special live online coverage from KQED Science.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it might not be the “great debate” that many are anticipating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil industry lawyers say they will not try to debate climate science in federal court during the hearing, but they will try to have the case thrown out. They’ve filed a motion to have the case dismissed, arguing that the courtroom is not the appropriate place to set climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think they’re in a little bit of an awkward position here.’\u003ccite>Dave Owen, UC Hastings College of the Law\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lipshutz says Chevron supports the scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels like oil and gas is the leading cause of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion,” said Avi Garbow, who was general counsel at the Environmental Protection Agency under the Obama administration and for this case, Lipshutz’ wing man at Chevron’s outside law firm of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chevron accepts that and that’s what it will present to the court in the tutorial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both say their client will present “a neutral assessment of the science,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.slideshare.net/ipcc-media/highlights-of-the-ipcc-fifth-assessment-report-55890466\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">based on a 2014 report\u003c/a> from the United Nations’ International Panel on Climate Change, which pegs greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels as the prime driver of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that in itself will raise questions that could prove vexing to the oil companies if and when the case gets any farther.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they’re in a little bit of an awkward position here,” says Dave Owen, an environmental law professor at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge has asked for a timeline of the evolving climate science, which Chevron lawyers say they will include. Legal experts say that could expose inconsistencies on the part of the oil companies and create an opportunity for plaintiffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they say that this is the understood science and we knew it all along, then they are stuck trying to explain their earlier public statements and positions,” says Owen. “And that could matter because one of the things the plaintiffs are trying to argue here is that these companies deliberately misled the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron’s lawyers say they will carry the ball in Wednesday’s courtroom “tutorial” for the defendants as a group, which includes oil giants BP and Exxon-Mobil. They say they won’t be calling any expert witnesses, but as the oil companies downplay the drama, the significance of the event is undeniable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A bunch of oil company lawyers are going to walk into federal district court and declare their acceptance of the science of climate change,” says Owen. “That’s a big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_31","science_40"],"tags":["science_5193","science_194","science_3253","science_3370"],"featImg":"science_1921454","label":"source_science_1921434"},"science_1865833":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1865833","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1865833","score":null,"sort":[1500571333000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"climate-scientist-says-he-was-demoted-for-speaking-out-on-climate-change","title":"Climate Scientist Says He Was Demoted for Speaking Out on Climate Change","publishDate":1500571333,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Climate Scientist Says He Was Demoted for Speaking Out on Climate Change | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A former head policy adviser at the Interior Department is accusing the Trump Administration of reassigning him to a lesser position for speaking out about the dangers of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joel Clement, a scientist who was director of the Interior Department’s Office of Policy Analysis for much of the Obama Administration, was recently reassigned to work to an “accounting office,” the agency’s Office of Natural Resources and Revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”yV3FisnIYMThkAHx6DWQqxuF45oPszH1″]In an \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/im-a-scientist-the-trump-administration-reassigned-me-for-speaking-up-about-climate-change/2017/07/19/389b8dce-6b12-11e7-9c15-177740635e83_story.html?utm_term=.d6ba6061ea46\">op-ed\u003c/a> published Wednesday in \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em>, he wrote that he believes he was retaliated against for “speaking out publicly about the dangers that climate change poses to Alaska Native communities.” He says that he’s turning whistleblower on an administration that “chooses silence over science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his former role, Clement advised the Obama Administration on Arctic issues. He authorized a \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/migrated/ppa/upload/Managing-for-the-Future-in-a-Rapidly-Changing-Arctic-2013.pdf\">report\u003c/a> to Obama in 2013 that warned the Arctic is warming faster than any other region on Earth and that the implications of the change would include “rapid coastal erosion threatening villages and facilities, loss of wildlife habitat, ecosystem instability… and unpredictable impacts on subsistence activities and critical social needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clement wrote in the op-ed that in the months preceding his reassignment, he had raised the issue with White House officials, senior Interior officials and the international community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is clear to me that the administration was so uncomfortable with this work, and my disclosures, that I was reassigned with the intent to coerce me into leaving the federal government,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told lawmakers last month that he aims to reduce the workforce of his agency by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/06/27/534597219/president-trump-looks-to-slash-nearly-4-000-interior-department-jobs\">4,000 employees\u003c/a> to achieve a “balanced budget.” And to achieve those cuts, he said the agency would rely on buyouts, attrition and reassignments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At an earlier event, Zinke \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/eenewspm/2017/06/20/stories/1060056320\">told reporters\u003c/a> the agency was about to enter “probably the greatest reorganization in the history of the Department of the Interior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the same time, there were reports that a massive reshuffling of senior Interior Department officials was underway. Clement \u003ca href=\"http://www.ktoo.org/2017/06/19/interior-secretary-reassigns-top-climate-policy-adviser/\">was confirmed to be one of them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His op-ed appears to be his first public comment since the reassignment. In it, Clement says he’s hoping for a thorough investigation into the Interior Department’s actions. “The threat to these Alaska Native communities is not theoretical. This is not a policy debate,” he writes. “Retaliation against me for those disclosures is unlawful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department has not responded to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impacts of climate change are already being felt in Alaska’s coastal communities. Residents of the island community of Shishmaref, Alaska, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/18/490519540/threatened-by-rising-seas-an-alaskan-village-decides-to-relocate\">voted to relocate\u003c/a> last year because of rising sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny village of Newtok \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/10/509176361/alaskan-village-citing-climate-change-seeks-disaster-relief-in-order-to-relocate\">asked the Obama Administration\u003c/a> for disaster relief resources to help relocate their entire community, but their request was denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration has downplayed the effects and threat of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many mentions of it have been removed from government websites. Funding for climate research has been stripped from proposed budgets. In early June, President Trump announced that the U.S. would withdraw from the Paris Climate accords.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his confirmation hearings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/17/510335071/trump-pick-to-head-interior-department-says-climate-change-is-not-a-hoax\">Zinke told lawmakers\u003c/a> that he believes the climate is changing and that man is an influence, but that he thinks there’s debate on “what that influence is [and] what can we do about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Scientist+Says+He+Was+Demoted+For+Speaking+Out+On+Climate+Change&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Joel Clement, who was director of the Interior Department's Office of Policy Analysis during the Obama administration, says in a newspaper op-ed that he was reassigned to an \"accounting office.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928510,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":599},"headData":{"title":"Climate Scientist Says He Was Demoted for Speaking Out on Climate Change | KQED","description":"Joel Clement, who was director of the Interior Department's Office of Policy Analysis during the Obama administration, says in a newspaper op-ed that he was reassigned to an "accounting office."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Climate Scientist Says He Was Demoted for Speaking Out on Climate Change","datePublished":"2017-07-20T17:22:13.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:15:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"http://www.npr.org/","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Mario Tama","nprByline":"Nathan Rott\u003c/br>NPR","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"538216232","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=538216232&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/07/19/538216232/climate-scientist-says-he-was-demoted-for-speaking-out-on-climate-change?ft=nprml&f=538216232","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 19 Jul 2017 23:13:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 19 Jul 2017 23:13:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 19 Jul 2017 23:14:04 -0400","path":"/science/1865833/climate-scientist-says-he-was-demoted-for-speaking-out-on-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A former head policy adviser at the Interior Department is accusing the Trump Administration of reassigning him to a lesser position for speaking out about the dangers of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joel Clement, a scientist who was director of the Interior Department’s Office of Policy Analysis for much of the Obama Administration, was recently reassigned to work to an “accounting office,” the agency’s Office of Natural Resources and Revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/im-a-scientist-the-trump-administration-reassigned-me-for-speaking-up-about-climate-change/2017/07/19/389b8dce-6b12-11e7-9c15-177740635e83_story.html?utm_term=.d6ba6061ea46\">op-ed\u003c/a> published Wednesday in \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em>, he wrote that he believes he was retaliated against for “speaking out publicly about the dangers that climate change poses to Alaska Native communities.” He says that he’s turning whistleblower on an administration that “chooses silence over science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his former role, Clement advised the Obama Administration on Arctic issues. He authorized a \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/migrated/ppa/upload/Managing-for-the-Future-in-a-Rapidly-Changing-Arctic-2013.pdf\">report\u003c/a> to Obama in 2013 that warned the Arctic is warming faster than any other region on Earth and that the implications of the change would include “rapid coastal erosion threatening villages and facilities, loss of wildlife habitat, ecosystem instability… and unpredictable impacts on subsistence activities and critical social needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clement wrote in the op-ed that in the months preceding his reassignment, he had raised the issue with White House officials, senior Interior officials and the international community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is clear to me that the administration was so uncomfortable with this work, and my disclosures, that I was reassigned with the intent to coerce me into leaving the federal government,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told lawmakers last month that he aims to reduce the workforce of his agency by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/06/27/534597219/president-trump-looks-to-slash-nearly-4-000-interior-department-jobs\">4,000 employees\u003c/a> to achieve a “balanced budget.” And to achieve those cuts, he said the agency would rely on buyouts, attrition and reassignments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At an earlier event, Zinke \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/eenewspm/2017/06/20/stories/1060056320\">told reporters\u003c/a> the agency was about to enter “probably the greatest reorganization in the history of the Department of the Interior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the same time, there were reports that a massive reshuffling of senior Interior Department officials was underway. Clement \u003ca href=\"http://www.ktoo.org/2017/06/19/interior-secretary-reassigns-top-climate-policy-adviser/\">was confirmed to be one of them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His op-ed appears to be his first public comment since the reassignment. In it, Clement says he’s hoping for a thorough investigation into the Interior Department’s actions. “The threat to these Alaska Native communities is not theoretical. This is not a policy debate,” he writes. “Retaliation against me for those disclosures is unlawful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department has not responded to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impacts of climate change are already being felt in Alaska’s coastal communities. Residents of the island community of Shishmaref, Alaska, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/18/490519540/threatened-by-rising-seas-an-alaskan-village-decides-to-relocate\">voted to relocate\u003c/a> last year because of rising sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny village of Newtok \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/10/509176361/alaskan-village-citing-climate-change-seeks-disaster-relief-in-order-to-relocate\">asked the Obama Administration\u003c/a> for disaster relief resources to help relocate their entire community, but their request was denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration has downplayed the effects and threat of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many mentions of it have been removed from government websites. Funding for climate research has been stripped from proposed budgets. In early June, President Trump announced that the U.S. would withdraw from the Paris Climate accords.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his confirmation hearings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/17/510335071/trump-pick-to-head-interior-department-says-climate-change-is-not-a-hoax\">Zinke told lawmakers\u003c/a> that he believes the climate is changing and that man is an influence, but that he thinks there’s debate on “what that influence is [and] what can we do about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Scientist+Says+He+Was+Demoted+For+Speaking+Out+On+Climate+Change&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1865833/climate-scientist-says-he-was-demoted-for-speaking-out-on-climate-change","authors":["byline_science_1865833"],"categories":["science_31","science_40"],"tags":["science_194","science_3253","science_3370"],"featImg":"science_1865946","label":"source_science_1865833"},"science_1299645":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1299645","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1299645","score":null,"sort":[1483976689000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-climate-change-continues-to-be-a-tough-sell","title":"Why Climate Change Continues to Be a Tough Sell","publishDate":1483976689,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Why Climate Change Continues to Be a Tough Sell | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>So, 2016 goes down in the books as the warmest year on record, globally. And a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/01/04/noaa-challenged-the-global-warming-pause-now-new-research-says-the-agency-was-right/?utm_term=.21202c1bf357\">new report affirms\u003c/a> that a “pause” in global warming, often cited by climate science contrarians, never happened. So that should settle this climate thing once and for all, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wrong,” seems to be the view of many Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question of how people make up their minds about climate change turns out to be complicated, which helps explain figures due to be released next week by Yale and George Mason Universities as part of the ongoing \u003ca href=\"http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/about/projects/global-warmings-six-americas/\">Six Americas study\u003c/a> of climate attitudes. The project’s most recent survey shows that while seven in 10 U.S. adults believe that the planet is heating up, only about half (53 percent) will concede that human activity is driving it, despite overwhelming scientific evidence to that effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re ideally objective when we think and decide, but that isn’t what we actually do,” Ohio State University decision sciences expert Ellen Peters \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/whats-the-best-way-to-convince-a-climate-change-denier/\">told NPR’s Science Friday\u003c/a>. In matters as potentially disruptive as the course of the climate, “We tend to seek out, interpret and weigh information according to what we wanted to believe ahead of time,” said Peters. That would apply, of course, to those on both sides of the argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a nut that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateaccountability.org/pdf/Oreskes%20Jul13.pdf\">Naomi Oreskes\u003c/a> has been trying to crack for more than a decade. One of the nation’s most notable science historians, Oreskes has written extensively about the tactics of climate science deniers and their motives. In December, the Commonwealth Club of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/\">Climate One\u003c/a> program gave Oreskes its annual Stephen H. Schneider Award for achievement in climate science communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years ago, Oreskes and co-author Erik Conway wrote \u003ca href=\"http://www.merchantsofdoubt.org/\">Merchants of Doubt\u003c/a>, which detailed how the fossil fuel industry co-opted scientists and bankrolled “disinformation” campaigns to counter warnings about global warming and hamstring government efforts to engage on the climate front.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Oreskes agrees that the disinclination to accept climate science can be traced to more than a corporate conspiracy. Other factors in the complex matrix of climate attitudes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Government is the Problem”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impulse to reject climate science goes to the heart of American culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a long history of being suspicious about government,” says Oreskes, and for better or worse, the most meaningful countermeasures to climate change require some level of government intervention, such as regulating and taxing carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think our version of it dates to Ronald Reagan (“Government is the problem”) but it’s a really deep element in American society if you think about it. Our government was set up so that the federal government would be weak, so that it wouldn’t concentrate too much power in Washington D.C.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ask Not What You Can Do for Your Country\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Americans have also come to see potential climate solutions as a threat to their lifestyle. A survey by the Pew Research Center last summer found that six in 10 Americans believed they’d have to make “major changes to their way of life” to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s also sort of the idea that the American way of life is a life of plenty,” says Oreskes. “Many people, if you try to talk to them about climate change, what they hear you saying is, ‘You’re a bad person—the way you live is bad,'” explains Oreskes. “You’re doing this terrible thing which is going to kill people in Bangladesh.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oreskes cautions against using the “language of sacrifice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the key challenge for us is to figure out how we shift our energy systems in ways that protect our prosperity rather than ways that cause us to be poor,” she says. “And this is really crucial because a lot of people want to imply that if we do something about climate change, it’s going to cost us a ton of money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often held up as proof to the contrary is California, which has seen its economy grow steadily despite having the nation’s most aggressive policies to cut greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blame it on the Media\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why not? We deserve it. After all, \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/10/19/13342250/presidential-debates-climate-change\">not a single question\u003c/a> about climate was raised throughout the series of televised presidential debates during the 2016 campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is fundamentally a climate silence in America today,” says Ed Maibach, who directs the George Mason half of the Six Americas project. He says most respondents to their surveys say they “rarely hear about it in the media,” nor do they often hear people discussing climate or have conversations about it themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an all-hands-on-deck situation,” says Maibach. “We need all voices in America talking about climate change and throwing their support behind climate solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Why do nearly half of Americans still doubt the science? Researchers who study the question weigh in on the underlying fears and perceptions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929215,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":857},"headData":{"title":"Why Climate Change Continues to Be a Tough Sell | KQED","description":"Why do nearly half of Americans still doubt the science? Researchers who study the question weigh in on the underlying fears and perceptions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why Climate Change Continues to Be a Tough Sell","datePublished":"2017-01-09T15:44:49.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:26:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/01/ScienceUnderSiegeWEBAudioMiller170109.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1299645/why-climate-change-continues-to-be-a-tough-sell","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>So, 2016 goes down in the books as the warmest year on record, globally. And a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/01/04/noaa-challenged-the-global-warming-pause-now-new-research-says-the-agency-was-right/?utm_term=.21202c1bf357\">new report affirms\u003c/a> that a “pause” in global warming, often cited by climate science contrarians, never happened. So that should settle this climate thing once and for all, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wrong,” seems to be the view of many Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question of how people make up their minds about climate change turns out to be complicated, which helps explain figures due to be released next week by Yale and George Mason Universities as part of the ongoing \u003ca href=\"http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/about/projects/global-warmings-six-americas/\">Six Americas study\u003c/a> of climate attitudes. The project’s most recent survey shows that while seven in 10 U.S. adults believe that the planet is heating up, only about half (53 percent) will concede that human activity is driving it, despite overwhelming scientific evidence to that effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re ideally objective when we think and decide, but that isn’t what we actually do,” Ohio State University decision sciences expert Ellen Peters \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/whats-the-best-way-to-convince-a-climate-change-denier/\">told NPR’s Science Friday\u003c/a>. In matters as potentially disruptive as the course of the climate, “We tend to seek out, interpret and weigh information according to what we wanted to believe ahead of time,” said Peters. That would apply, of course, to those on both sides of the argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a nut that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateaccountability.org/pdf/Oreskes%20Jul13.pdf\">Naomi Oreskes\u003c/a> has been trying to crack for more than a decade. One of the nation’s most notable science historians, Oreskes has written extensively about the tactics of climate science deniers and their motives. In December, the Commonwealth Club of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/\">Climate One\u003c/a> program gave Oreskes its annual Stephen H. Schneider Award for achievement in climate science communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years ago, Oreskes and co-author Erik Conway wrote \u003ca href=\"http://www.merchantsofdoubt.org/\">Merchants of Doubt\u003c/a>, which detailed how the fossil fuel industry co-opted scientists and bankrolled “disinformation” campaigns to counter warnings about global warming and hamstring government efforts to engage on the climate front.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Oreskes agrees that the disinclination to accept climate science can be traced to more than a corporate conspiracy. Other factors in the complex matrix of climate attitudes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Government is the Problem”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impulse to reject climate science goes to the heart of American culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a long history of being suspicious about government,” says Oreskes, and for better or worse, the most meaningful countermeasures to climate change require some level of government intervention, such as regulating and taxing carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think our version of it dates to Ronald Reagan (“Government is the problem”) but it’s a really deep element in American society if you think about it. Our government was set up so that the federal government would be weak, so that it wouldn’t concentrate too much power in Washington D.C.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ask Not What You Can Do for Your Country\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Americans have also come to see potential climate solutions as a threat to their lifestyle. A survey by the Pew Research Center last summer found that six in 10 Americans believed they’d have to make “major changes to their way of life” to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s also sort of the idea that the American way of life is a life of plenty,” says Oreskes. “Many people, if you try to talk to them about climate change, what they hear you saying is, ‘You’re a bad person—the way you live is bad,'” explains Oreskes. “You’re doing this terrible thing which is going to kill people in Bangladesh.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oreskes cautions against using the “language of sacrifice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the key challenge for us is to figure out how we shift our energy systems in ways that protect our prosperity rather than ways that cause us to be poor,” she says. “And this is really crucial because a lot of people want to imply that if we do something about climate change, it’s going to cost us a ton of money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often held up as proof to the contrary is California, which has seen its economy grow steadily despite having the nation’s most aggressive policies to cut greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blame it on the Media\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why not? We deserve it. After all, \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/10/19/13342250/presidential-debates-climate-change\">not a single question\u003c/a> about climate was raised throughout the series of televised presidential debates during the 2016 campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is fundamentally a climate silence in America today,” says Ed Maibach, who directs the George Mason half of the Six Americas project. He says most respondents to their surveys say they “rarely hear about it in the media,” nor do they often hear people discussing climate or have conversations about it themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an all-hands-on-deck situation,” says Maibach. “We need all voices in America talking about climate change and throwing their support behind climate solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1299645/why-climate-change-continues-to-be-a-tough-sell","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_31","science_32","science_35","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_194","science_3253"],"featImg":"science_1302405","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. 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