A Dry Winter: These Satellite Photos Show How Sierra Snowpack Compares to Last Year
After a Dry January, California Snowpack is Trending Below Normal
Time's Up on Groundwater Plans: One of the Most Important New California Water Laws in 50 Years Explained
Why We Can't Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack
580 Billion Gallons. That's How Much Water Was Added to Reservoirs by Recent Storms
California’s Plan to Store Water Underground Could Risk Contamination
Sierra Snowpack Still Skimpy After March Storms
The Sierra 'Snow Line' Seems To Be Moving Uphill — Rapidly
Sierra Snowpack Still on Track for Record Year
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Find her on Twitter and Instagram @Scatter_Cushion.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e646090632bd7fef75fff4616269ff8c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"Scatter_Cushion","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amanda Heidt | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e646090632bd7fef75fff4616269ff8c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e646090632bd7fef75fff4616269ff8c?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aheidt"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1956543":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1956543","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1956543","score":null,"sort":[1581034097000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"before-and-after-see-californias-sierra-snowpack-by-satellite","title":"A Dry Winter: These Satellite Photos Show How Sierra Snowpack Compares to Last Year","publishDate":1581034097,"format":"image","headTitle":"A Dry Winter: These Satellite Photos Show How Sierra Snowpack Compares to Last Year | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>After a snow-packed winter of 2019, there are signs that this year’s Sierra Nevada snow season could wind up below average. At the start of 2020, the statewide snowpack was 90% of normal for the time of year. That level dropped to 72% at the end of January and is now at 64% . State water officials say our reservoirs have plenty of water now — but we’ll need more winter storms to replenish the snowpack in time for the spring runoff. The forecast for the Lake Tahoe area, at least for the next 10 days, calls for mostly sunny skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at how this snow season is stacking up. Move the sliders below to compare the terrain between February 2019 and February 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Southern Sierra\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 6, 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 1, 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=e928a318-4f97-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Mono Lake\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Jan. 27, 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 1, 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=7bc08df2-490e-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Sierra Nevada\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Jan. 24, 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 4, 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=df63a754-490e-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After a dry spell, Sierra Nevada snowpack is trending below average. Here's a satellite look at how this snow season compares to last.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847807,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":164},"headData":{"title":"A Dry Winter: These Satellite Photos Show How Sierra Snowpack Compares to Last Year | KQED","description":"After a dry spell, Sierra Nevada snowpack is trending below average. Here's a satellite look at how this snow season compares to last.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1956543/before-and-after-see-californias-sierra-snowpack-by-satellite","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After a snow-packed winter of 2019, there are signs that this year’s Sierra Nevada snow season could wind up below average. At the start of 2020, the statewide snowpack was 90% of normal for the time of year. That level dropped to 72% at the end of January and is now at 64% . State water officials say our reservoirs have plenty of water now — but we’ll need more winter storms to replenish the snowpack in time for the spring runoff. The forecast for the Lake Tahoe area, at least for the next 10 days, calls for mostly sunny skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at how this snow season is stacking up. Move the sliders below to compare the terrain between February 2019 and February 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Southern Sierra\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 6, 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 1, 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=e928a318-4f97-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Mono Lake\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Jan. 27, 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 1, 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=7bc08df2-490e-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Sierra Nevada\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Jan. 24, 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 4, 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=df63a754-490e-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1956543/before-and-after-see-californias-sierra-snowpack-by-satellite","authors":["11368","6387"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3180","science_3370","science_2773","science_109","science_1127"],"featImg":"science_1956604","label":"source_science_1956543"},"science_1956314":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1956314","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1956314","score":null,"sort":[1580413485000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"after-a-dry-january-california-snowpack-is-trending-below-normal","title":"After a Dry January, California Snowpack is Trending Below Normal","publishDate":1580413485,"format":"standard","headTitle":"After a Dry January, California Snowpack is Trending Below Normal | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>State water officials say the snowpack near Lake Tahoe is 79 percent of the historical average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2020/January-2020-Snow-Survey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> conducted the second monthly snow survey of the year Thursday morning at Phillips Station snow course in the Sierra Nevada, south of Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one of 260 stations that measures snowpack statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snowpack across the state is averaging 72 percent of what’s normal for the start of February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR’s Jan. 2 snow survey tracked the Sierra snowpack at close to average for the beginning of the year. But California experienced a dry January that slowed the accumulation of snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In comparison to where we were just a month ago … snow and precipitation statewide were well below average,” said Sean de Guzman, chief of DWR’s Snow Surveys and Water Supply Forecasting Section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CA_DWR/status/1222981468147740672\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936797/why-we-cant-stop-talking-about-californias-sierra-snowpack\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">record snowpack\u003c/a> as Snow Water Equivalent (also known as Snow Water Content); it measures how much water the snow contains. They record the depth in inches that would be produced by melting the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data helps scientists determine how much water will melt during the spring and summer months to replenish California’s reservoirs. The runoff of melting Sierra snow provides about one-third of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://sierranevada.ca.gov/ca-primary-watershed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">water supply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this month’s below average snowpack measurements, de Guzman says the water supply in California’s reservoirs is currently in good shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Luckily, our reservoirs statewide are either at or above their historical averages for this time of year thanks, in part, to just how wet of a water year 2019 was,” de Guzman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California typically receives about half of its annual precipitation in the months of December, January and February. De Guzman says a few big storms could bring the state’s snowpack back on track for 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still need to wait and see what the next few months will bring us,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials will continue to monitor snowpack through April 1, when it typically reaches its peak and the spring runoff begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"State water officials say the Sierra Nevada snowpack is measuring below average for this time of year.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847844,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":367},"headData":{"title":"After a Dry January, California Snowpack is Trending Below Normal | KQED","description":"State water officials say the Sierra Nevada snowpack is measuring below average for this time of year.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1956314/after-a-dry-january-california-snowpack-is-trending-below-normal","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/f9a13f91-eb95-4836-9407-ab53012a9069/audio.mp3","audioDuration":59000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>State water officials say the snowpack near Lake Tahoe is 79 percent of the historical average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2020/January-2020-Snow-Survey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> conducted the second monthly snow survey of the year Thursday morning at Phillips Station snow course in the Sierra Nevada, south of Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one of 260 stations that measures snowpack statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snowpack across the state is averaging 72 percent of what’s normal for the start of February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR’s Jan. 2 snow survey tracked the Sierra snowpack at close to average for the beginning of the year. But California experienced a dry January that slowed the accumulation of snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In comparison to where we were just a month ago … snow and precipitation statewide were well below average,” said Sean de Guzman, chief of DWR’s Snow Surveys and Water Supply Forecasting Section.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1222981468147740672"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Scientists \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936797/why-we-cant-stop-talking-about-californias-sierra-snowpack\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">record snowpack\u003c/a> as Snow Water Equivalent (also known as Snow Water Content); it measures how much water the snow contains. They record the depth in inches that would be produced by melting the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data helps scientists determine how much water will melt during the spring and summer months to replenish California’s reservoirs. The runoff of melting Sierra snow provides about one-third of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://sierranevada.ca.gov/ca-primary-watershed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">water supply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this month’s below average snowpack measurements, de Guzman says the water supply in California’s reservoirs is currently in good shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Luckily, our reservoirs statewide are either at or above their historical averages for this time of year thanks, in part, to just how wet of a water year 2019 was,” de Guzman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California typically receives about half of its annual precipitation in the months of December, January and February. De Guzman says a few big storms could bring the state’s snowpack back on track for 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still need to wait and see what the next few months will bring us,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials will continue to monitor snowpack through April 1, when it typically reaches its peak and the spring runoff begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1956314/after-a-dry-january-california-snowpack-is-trending-below-normal","authors":["11368"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3180","science_3370","science_5185","science_1462","science_1243","science_1127"],"featImg":"science_1956335","label":"source_science_1956314"},"science_1955916":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1955916","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1955916","score":null,"sort":[1579507290000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"times-up-on-groundwater-plans-one-of-the-most-important-new-california-water-laws-in-50-years-explained","title":"Time's Up on Groundwater Plans: One of the Most Important New California Water Laws in 50 Years Explained","publishDate":1579507290,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Time’s Up on Groundwater Plans: One of the Most Important New California Water Laws in 50 Years Explained | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Much of California’s water supply is a hidden asset: Deep below the surface, rocks, gravel and sand store water like a sponge, in an underground zone called an aquifer. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] Managers for 21 ‘critically overdrafted’ basins have a Jan. 31 deadline to submit groundwater management plans. [/pullquote]\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In dry years, this groundwater has been tapped to save farms, keep grass green and provide drinking water to millions of Californians. But over time, people have taken more water out than nature has put back in. Estimates vary, but according to the U.S. Geological Survey, California pumped 41 trillion gallons of water fom the ground in about 100 years, through 2013. In some parts of the Central Valley, that means land has been dropping \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/ca-water-ls/science/land-subsidence-san-joaquin-valley?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">around a foot a year\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The landmark \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a>, or SGMA, requires some of the state’s thirstiest areas form local “Groundwater Sustainability Agencies” and submit long-term plans by Jan. 31 for keeping aquifers healthy. Together, those plans will add up to a big reveal, as g\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">roundwater managers finally disclose how badly they believe their aquifers are overdrawn, and a collective picture emerges. It’s a major shift and arguably the most important new California water law in 50 years. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here are some key things to know about the groundwater situation in California and how the law will impact the state. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Until six years ago, California did not routinely regulate or monitor groundwater. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The California Constitution decrees that water use has to be reasonable and beneficial, but the state has placed few limits on how water can be pumped from the ground. A 1914 law empowering the state water board to manage the resource omitted groundwater. You can blame the lack of regulation partly on 18th-century Spanish colonists who brought with them the idea that a landowner is entitled to all of the water below the surface, without any obligation to share it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the beginning of the 20th century, water was still plentiful in California, and the idea of unfettered access to groundwater made sense in a state lush with wetlands. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So for the last century, landowners continued to think of groundwater as pretty much a birthright. It’s become an essential component of California’s water portfolio: S\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tate officials say 30 million residents rely on groundwater for at least some portion of their drinking supply, and i\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n the driest years, people keep basically sticking a straw into the earth to slake their thirst. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>Water at the surface is connected to the water hidden below. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The water from California’s rivers and streams, along with rainwater, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">seeps into the ground, where it remains among the rocks, gravel and sand. Between these surface and sub-surface supplies lies the water table, which is what hydrologists call the top of the area that has been saturated underground. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using too much groundwater affects not only surface water supplies but also entire ecosystems. Pumping from the earth deep enough to suck water out can lower the groundwater table and dry out surface soils. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rivers and streams feed more than 500 aquifers around California. Less than a quarter of these account for the overwhelming majority of groundwater pumping. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>In these basins, this landmark law already has begun to transform the Central Valley. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For decades, farmers fought the regulation and monitoring of groundwater tooth and nail. Now that it’s here, SGMA has already begun to change the region’s economy and landscape, as some farmers have sold or fallowed land in antipation of the coming changes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Policy Institute of California \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-and-the-future-of-the-san-joaquin-valley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">predicts\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that agricultural interests may have to let 750,000 acres of land go fallow, mostly in parts of the San Joaquin Valley where the most severe overpumping has occurred.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farmers may also have to cycle current crops out for those requiring less water. For example, almonds are water-intensive but have been profitable in recent years; those margins would change if water becomes much more expensive than it is now. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Some local water managers have a lot of work to show by the end of the month. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are 21 “critically overdrafted” basins for which officials must submit groundwater management plans by Jan. 31. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In each area where people have habitually pumped more than has come back in, local water managers have to figure out how much they’ve taken from underground, and how water at the surface replenishes those stores. Each region has to propose ways to monitor groundwater over multiple intervals: day-to-day, short-term, seasonal, and yearslong. Basically, they’re creating monitoring systems, in some cases from scratch, to help determine whether conditions are changing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The groundwater plans are built around models for how to share water in a way that’s sustainable by 2040. Each one can be a little different, but local managers and the state have to check up on every single one and meet interim deadlines every five years. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> can accept the plans as is or ask for tweaks. DWR can also refer the plans to the state water board for intervention, meaning that local officials may have to try again if the state judges a plan unlikely to succeed. In extreme cases, the state may have to step in to settle disputes over local rights.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>This isn’t just a Valley problem.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balancing aquifers like bank accounts will cost money and effort in the Bay Area and other parts of the state. Two years from now, managers for dozens more groundwater basins with state-designated risk ratings of high or medium must submit their own plans to the State Water Resources Control Board. They include water managers in Sonoma, Napa, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though these plans will take years to come into focus, plenty of political decisions remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State requirements for sustainable regional groundwater management haven’t taken away anyone’s rights; the rules have changed how localities must meet their water needs from now on. Even the plans submitted by the locally formed groundwater agencies that will meet this year’s deadline haven’t absolutely nailed down who gets to use what in the future. The coming decisions and politics about water may be tense, but the alternative is that one day, wells could run dry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The landmark Sustainable Groundwater Management Act aims to keep aquifers healthy by requiring plans from newly formed local agencies. The policy represents a major shift, mandated by arguably the most important new California water law in 50 years. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847887,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1098},"headData":{"title":"Time's Up on Groundwater Plans: One of the Most Important New California Water Laws in 50 Years Explained | KQED","description":"The landmark Sustainable Groundwater Management Act aims to keep aquifers healthy by requiring plans from newly formed local agencies. The policy represents a major shift, mandated by arguably the most important new California water law in 50 years. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2020/01/CamhiPetersonSustainableGroundwater.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":285,"path":"/science/1955916/times-up-on-groundwater-plans-one-of-the-most-important-new-california-water-laws-in-50-years-explained","audioDuration":285000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Much of California’s water supply is a hidden asset: Deep below the surface, rocks, gravel and sand store water like a sponge, in an underground zone called an aquifer. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":" Managers for 21 ‘critically overdrafted’ basins have a Jan. 31 deadline to submit groundwater management plans. ","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In dry years, this groundwater has been tapped to save farms, keep grass green and provide drinking water to millions of Californians. But over time, people have taken more water out than nature has put back in. Estimates vary, but according to the U.S. Geological Survey, California pumped 41 trillion gallons of water fom the ground in about 100 years, through 2013. In some parts of the Central Valley, that means land has been dropping \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/ca-water-ls/science/land-subsidence-san-joaquin-valley?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">around a foot a year\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The landmark \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a>, or SGMA, requires some of the state’s thirstiest areas form local “Groundwater Sustainability Agencies” and submit long-term plans by Jan. 31 for keeping aquifers healthy. Together, those plans will add up to a big reveal, as g\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">roundwater managers finally disclose how badly they believe their aquifers are overdrawn, and a collective picture emerges. It’s a major shift and arguably the most important new California water law in 50 years. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here are some key things to know about the groundwater situation in California and how the law will impact the state. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Until six years ago, California did not routinely regulate or monitor groundwater. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The California Constitution decrees that water use has to be reasonable and beneficial, but the state has placed few limits on how water can be pumped from the ground. A 1914 law empowering the state water board to manage the resource omitted groundwater. You can blame the lack of regulation partly on 18th-century Spanish colonists who brought with them the idea that a landowner is entitled to all of the water below the surface, without any obligation to share it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the beginning of the 20th century, water was still plentiful in California, and the idea of unfettered access to groundwater made sense in a state lush with wetlands. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So for the last century, landowners continued to think of groundwater as pretty much a birthright. It’s become an essential component of California’s water portfolio: S\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tate officials say 30 million residents rely on groundwater for at least some portion of their drinking supply, and i\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n the driest years, people keep basically sticking a straw into the earth to slake their thirst. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>Water at the surface is connected to the water hidden below. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The water from California’s rivers and streams, along with rainwater, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">seeps into the ground, where it remains among the rocks, gravel and sand. Between these surface and sub-surface supplies lies the water table, which is what hydrologists call the top of the area that has been saturated underground. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using too much groundwater affects not only surface water supplies but also entire ecosystems. Pumping from the earth deep enough to suck water out can lower the groundwater table and dry out surface soils. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rivers and streams feed more than 500 aquifers around California. Less than a quarter of these account for the overwhelming majority of groundwater pumping. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>In these basins, this landmark law already has begun to transform the Central Valley. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For decades, farmers fought the regulation and monitoring of groundwater tooth and nail. Now that it’s here, SGMA has already begun to change the region’s economy and landscape, as some farmers have sold or fallowed land in antipation of the coming changes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Policy Institute of California \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-and-the-future-of-the-san-joaquin-valley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">predicts\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that agricultural interests may have to let 750,000 acres of land go fallow, mostly in parts of the San Joaquin Valley where the most severe overpumping has occurred.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farmers may also have to cycle current crops out for those requiring less water. For example, almonds are water-intensive but have been profitable in recent years; those margins would change if water becomes much more expensive than it is now. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Some local water managers have a lot of work to show by the end of the month. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are 21 “critically overdrafted” basins for which officials must submit groundwater management plans by Jan. 31. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In each area where people have habitually pumped more than has come back in, local water managers have to figure out how much they’ve taken from underground, and how water at the surface replenishes those stores. Each region has to propose ways to monitor groundwater over multiple intervals: day-to-day, short-term, seasonal, and yearslong. Basically, they’re creating monitoring systems, in some cases from scratch, to help determine whether conditions are changing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The groundwater plans are built around models for how to share water in a way that’s sustainable by 2040. Each one can be a little different, but local managers and the state have to check up on every single one and meet interim deadlines every five years. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> can accept the plans as is or ask for tweaks. DWR can also refer the plans to the state water board for intervention, meaning that local officials may have to try again if the state judges a plan unlikely to succeed. In extreme cases, the state may have to step in to settle disputes over local rights.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>This isn’t just a Valley problem.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balancing aquifers like bank accounts will cost money and effort in the Bay Area and other parts of the state. Two years from now, managers for dozens more groundwater basins with state-designated risk ratings of high or medium must submit their own plans to the State Water Resources Control Board. They include water managers in Sonoma, Napa, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though these plans will take years to come into focus, plenty of political decisions remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State requirements for sustainable regional groundwater management haven’t taken away anyone’s rights; the rules have changed how localities must meet their water needs from now on. Even the plans submitted by the locally formed groundwater agencies that will meet this year’s deadline haven’t absolutely nailed down who gets to use what in the future. The coming decisions and politics about water may be tense, but the alternative is that one day, wells could run dry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1955916/times-up-on-groundwater-plans-one-of-the-most-important-new-california-water-laws-in-50-years-explained","authors":["11223"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_36","science_38","science_40","science_3423","science_98"],"tags":["science_3180","science_194","science_3370"],"featImg":"science_1955973","label":"source_science_1955916"},"science_1936797":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1936797","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1936797","score":null,"sort":[1548921691000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-we-cant-stop-talking-about-californias-sierra-snowpack","title":"Why We Can't Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack","publishDate":1548921691,"format":"image","headTitle":"Why We Can’t Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It’s not just skiers who have been whipsawed this season between fear of another dry winter and delight over the epic January snowfall in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also paying close attention: water wonks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://sierranevada.ca.gov/ca-primary-watershed/\">water supply\u003c/a>. What determines just how much water is derived from that snow is called the “snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this week, water stored in accumulated Sierra snows was running just about average for late January, and amounted to about 60 percent of the average on April 1, when the snowpack is typically at its peak for the year. “Average” is good news compared to where things stood less than a month ago, when the snowpack was only about two-thirds of the early-January average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can really make up a lot of ground if we just have a couple of kind of heavy-hitting storms,” says Ben Hatchett, a snow watcher at the Desert Research Institute in Nevada. “And we sure did, and the people rejoiced — both at the ski resorts and hopefully at the water management and other agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What’s the Snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term snowpack refers to the amount of snow on the ground at a given time. When scientists measure snowpack, they’re typically concerned with the Snow Water Equivalent (also known as Snow Water Content). The Snow Water Equivalent is how much water, measured as depth in inches\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>would be produced by melting the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s water supply.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thus, the Snow Water Equivalent, or SWE, takes into account a particular snow’s density, and it can vary widely: Colorado’s powder may be luxurious for skiers, but because it’s less dense it contains less water. Meanwhile, the snow that skiers call “\u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=sierra%20cement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra cement\u003c/a>” is much denser and thus full of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources and other organizations monitor the snowpack by conducting monthly \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow surveys\u003c/a>, which help inform projections of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/reportapp/javareports?name=WSI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water supply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this video, KQED Science Editor Craig Miller ventures into the Sierra with veteran state surveyor \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936327/californias-snow-guru-on-advances-in-snowpack-tech-and-the-future-of-california-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Gerhke\u003c/a>, to see how traditional manual snow surveys are taken.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xojdkhJwZxY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing: It’s Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Merced hydrology professor Rogers Bales has been studying the Sierra Nevada snowpack for roughly three decades. He says the importance of the snowpack comes down to its functioning as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of California’s precipitation comes during the cold, wet season when the crops and forests don’t need as much water,” Bales explains. He notes that farmers use \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. “[They] need a lot of water in the summer, when there’s very little or no precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the snow comes in. Its natural ability to store water is why the Sierra snowpack is often referred to as California’s “frozen reservoir.” As spring sets in, the snowpack begins to melt. Water that’s not absorbed into the ground, called“runoff,” trickles into mountain streams, which feed rivers and eventually aqueducts and reservoirs, where it can be stored for use throughout the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So timing is everything when it comes to the melting of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the runoff to be as late as possible, as close to when we need it as possible,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, that runoff begins in April, and in wet years, it can continue to flow through August, according to Bales. But in years with less precipitation, and therefore less accumulation of snow, the runoff can wind down as early as May. That leaves farmers with less reserves for those dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern, Bales says, is runoff that comes too early, triggered by warmer temperatures and rains over the mountains during winter months. Runoff occurring before April has the potential to cause flooding downstream. In February 2017, storms caused the equivalent of a full season’s runoff in the Feather River watershed to pour into Oroville Reservoir, in Butte County. Ultimately, attempts to release huge volumes of water through Oroville Dam caused both the main and emergency spillways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/oroville-dam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collapse\u003c/a>, forcing evacuation orders for 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937431\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before and after the snowstorms: satellite images of Sequoia on Jan. 4, 2019 and Jan 23, 2019, after the Sierra Nevada was pummeled with snow. \u003ccite>(Couresty \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\">Planet\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future: Warming Temperatures Mean a Smaller Snowpack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming climate is already shrinking California’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, temperatures in the mountains are rising, leading to more “rain-on-snow” events, when warming temperatures cause it to rain where there’s already snow on the ground. That accelerates the melt, which produces runoff that’s out of sync with California’s seasonal water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accepted rule of thumb, according to Bales, is that for every two degrees Celsius (3.6 F) of increased surface temperature, the snowline will rise 1,000 feet in elevation, which makes for a kind of double-whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting rain instead of snow,” says Bales, “and [the snow is] melting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just speculation, according to Alan Rhoades, a climate modeler with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He says that climate change has already begun to impact the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have had roughly about a one-degree Celsius [1.3 F] increase over the last 50 years in the Western United States in terms of surface temperature.” Rhoades says. “And so the timing [of runoff] has been shifting earlier and earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research conducted by Rhoades and colleagues published in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> predicts that more than three-quarters of the snowpack in the Sierra Nevada could be gone by the close of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-017-3606-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate modeling scenarios\u003c/a> that I’ve seen predict about a 30 to 60 percent decline by mid-century in average snowpack in winter months,” Rhoades says. “By the end of the century that\u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ramps up\u003c/a> to about 70 to 80 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-160x78.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-768x373.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1020x496.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1180x573.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-960x466.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-240x117.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-375x182.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-520x253.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate models predict drastic reductions of snowpack in the Western U.S. by the end of the Century. Image from 4th National Climate Assessment. \u003ccite>(Hari Krishnan and Michael Wehner/Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But, Rhoades says, this forecast is not set in stone. His projections are based on a “high-emissions scenario” that contributes to surface warming. In other words, it assumes minimal progress in reducing warming emissions like carbon dioxide and methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside, if the world succeeds in making drastic cuts in climate emissions, the picture needn’t be so grim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 2018-19 Season\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half California’s annual precipitation typically falls within three months, from December through February. After an eerily dry November — the first storms didn’t roll in until nearly Thanksgiving — the January storms have more than made up for lost time, with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river storm\u003c/a> dropping several feet of snow on the Sierra and pushing the statewide snowpack to above normal: 103 percent of average, as measured on Jan. 17, versus just 67 percent on Jan. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next snow survey is scheduled for Feb. 1. Despite the good season to date, water wonks and worriers will be keeping a close tab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If Californians seem obsessed with the volume of snow in the Sierra, there's a good reason.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848869,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1297},"headData":{"title":"Why We Can't Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack | KQED","description":"If Californians seem obsessed with the volume of snow in the Sierra, there's a good reason.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1936797/why-we-cant-stop-talking-about-californias-sierra-snowpack","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s not just skiers who have been whipsawed this season between fear of another dry winter and delight over the epic January snowfall in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also paying close attention: water wonks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://sierranevada.ca.gov/ca-primary-watershed/\">water supply\u003c/a>. What determines just how much water is derived from that snow is called the “snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this week, water stored in accumulated Sierra snows was running just about average for late January, and amounted to about 60 percent of the average on April 1, when the snowpack is typically at its peak for the year. “Average” is good news compared to where things stood less than a month ago, when the snowpack was only about two-thirds of the early-January average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can really make up a lot of ground if we just have a couple of kind of heavy-hitting storms,” says Ben Hatchett, a snow watcher at the Desert Research Institute in Nevada. “And we sure did, and the people rejoiced — both at the ski resorts and hopefully at the water management and other agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What’s the Snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term snowpack refers to the amount of snow on the ground at a given time. When scientists measure snowpack, they’re typically concerned with the Snow Water Equivalent (also known as Snow Water Content). The Snow Water Equivalent is how much water, measured as depth in inches\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>would be produced by melting the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s water supply.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thus, the Snow Water Equivalent, or SWE, takes into account a particular snow’s density, and it can vary widely: Colorado’s powder may be luxurious for skiers, but because it’s less dense it contains less water. Meanwhile, the snow that skiers call “\u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=sierra%20cement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra cement\u003c/a>” is much denser and thus full of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources and other organizations monitor the snowpack by conducting monthly \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow surveys\u003c/a>, which help inform projections of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/reportapp/javareports?name=WSI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water supply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this video, KQED Science Editor Craig Miller ventures into the Sierra with veteran state surveyor \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936327/californias-snow-guru-on-advances-in-snowpack-tech-and-the-future-of-california-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Gerhke\u003c/a>, to see how traditional manual snow surveys are taken.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing: It’s Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Merced hydrology professor Rogers Bales has been studying the Sierra Nevada snowpack for roughly three decades. He says the importance of the snowpack comes down to its functioning as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of California’s precipitation comes during the cold, wet season when the crops and forests don’t need as much water,” Bales explains. He notes that farmers use \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. “[They] need a lot of water in the summer, when there’s very little or no precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the snow comes in. Its natural ability to store water is why the Sierra snowpack is often referred to as California’s “frozen reservoir.” As spring sets in, the snowpack begins to melt. Water that’s not absorbed into the ground, called“runoff,” trickles into mountain streams, which feed rivers and eventually aqueducts and reservoirs, where it can be stored for use throughout the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So timing is everything when it comes to the melting of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the runoff to be as late as possible, as close to when we need it as possible,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, that runoff begins in April, and in wet years, it can continue to flow through August, according to Bales. But in years with less precipitation, and therefore less accumulation of snow, the runoff can wind down as early as May. That leaves farmers with less reserves for those dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern, Bales says, is runoff that comes too early, triggered by warmer temperatures and rains over the mountains during winter months. Runoff occurring before April has the potential to cause flooding downstream. In February 2017, storms caused the equivalent of a full season’s runoff in the Feather River watershed to pour into Oroville Reservoir, in Butte County. Ultimately, attempts to release huge volumes of water through Oroville Dam caused both the main and emergency spillways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/oroville-dam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collapse\u003c/a>, forcing evacuation orders for 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937431\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before and after the snowstorms: satellite images of Sequoia on Jan. 4, 2019 and Jan 23, 2019, after the Sierra Nevada was pummeled with snow. \u003ccite>(Couresty \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\">Planet\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future: Warming Temperatures Mean a Smaller Snowpack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming climate is already shrinking California’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, temperatures in the mountains are rising, leading to more “rain-on-snow” events, when warming temperatures cause it to rain where there’s already snow on the ground. That accelerates the melt, which produces runoff that’s out of sync with California’s seasonal water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accepted rule of thumb, according to Bales, is that for every two degrees Celsius (3.6 F) of increased surface temperature, the snowline will rise 1,000 feet in elevation, which makes for a kind of double-whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting rain instead of snow,” says Bales, “and [the snow is] melting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just speculation, according to Alan Rhoades, a climate modeler with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He says that climate change has already begun to impact the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have had roughly about a one-degree Celsius [1.3 F] increase over the last 50 years in the Western United States in terms of surface temperature.” Rhoades says. “And so the timing [of runoff] has been shifting earlier and earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research conducted by Rhoades and colleagues published in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> predicts that more than three-quarters of the snowpack in the Sierra Nevada could be gone by the close of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-017-3606-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate modeling scenarios\u003c/a> that I’ve seen predict about a 30 to 60 percent decline by mid-century in average snowpack in winter months,” Rhoades says. “By the end of the century that\u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ramps up\u003c/a> to about 70 to 80 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-160x78.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-768x373.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1020x496.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1180x573.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-960x466.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-240x117.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-375x182.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-520x253.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate models predict drastic reductions of snowpack in the Western U.S. by the end of the Century. Image from 4th National Climate Assessment. \u003ccite>(Hari Krishnan and Michael Wehner/Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But, Rhoades says, this forecast is not set in stone. His projections are based on a “high-emissions scenario” that contributes to surface warming. In other words, it assumes minimal progress in reducing warming emissions like carbon dioxide and methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside, if the world succeeds in making drastic cuts in climate emissions, the picture needn’t be so grim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 2018-19 Season\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half California’s annual precipitation typically falls within three months, from December through February. After an eerily dry November — the first storms didn’t roll in until nearly Thanksgiving — the January storms have more than made up for lost time, with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river storm\u003c/a> dropping several feet of snow on the Sierra and pushing the statewide snowpack to above normal: 103 percent of average, as measured on Jan. 17, versus just 67 percent on Jan. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next snow survey is scheduled for Feb. 1. Despite the good season to date, water wonks and worriers will be keeping a close tab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1936797/why-we-cant-stop-talking-about-californias-sierra-snowpack","authors":["11368"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3180","science_3370","science_1004","science_109","science_1462"],"featImg":"science_1937429","label":"source_science_1936797"},"science_1937133":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1937133","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1937133","score":null,"sort":[1548373402000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"580-billion-gallons-thats-how-much-water-recent-storms-added-to-california-reservoirs","title":"580 Billion Gallons. That's How Much Water Was Added to Reservoirs by Recent Storms","publishDate":1548373402,"format":"standard","headTitle":"580 Billion Gallons. That’s How Much Water Was Added to Reservoirs by Recent Storms | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The round of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936853/here-comes-the-big-bay-area-storm-dangerous-blizzard-conditions-in-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">storms\u003c/a> that soaked California in recent weeks has brought a huge influx of water to the state. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/01/23/california-rainfall-reservoir-level-sierra-snow/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new analysis\u003c/a> by The Mercury News, California reservoirs are now holding an additional 580 billion gallons compared to the start of the year. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/weather/article/Sierra-snow-pack-size-percent-of-average-2019-13552288.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snowpack\u003c/a> also got a big boost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report utilized data from 47 key reservoirs monitored by the \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state\u003c/a>. Mercury News reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor Paul Rogers reported the story, which was published Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers spoke with KQED Science Editor Danielle Venton about the analysis and what it means for the state’s water supply. Here are excerpts from that conversation edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>580 billion gallons sounds like a lot of water. Is there a way to put that into context?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water we’re talking about is enough for the needs of 9 million California residents for a year.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does this influx signal for the state’s water supply in 2019?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is really good news for California’s summer water outlook. The amount of water that we had stored in these reservoirs was below the historical average until the January storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We had kind of a lackluster November and December. Now with all this rain and snow, the the reservoir levels are brought up to normal [for this time of year].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also had a huge impact on the Sierra snowpack, which went from 69 percent of normal on New Year’s Day to 114 percent of normal today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s three wettest months are December through February. Given it’s still January, how important are the current totals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the misery of the five-year drought we had recently, just getting anywhere near normal is cause for celebration for a lot of water managers and water agencies around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Danielle Venton and Peter Arcuni contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The round of storms that soaked California in recent weeks has brought a huge influx of water to the state, according to a new analysis by The Mercury News.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927183,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":333},"headData":{"title":"580 Billion Gallons. That's How Much Water Was Added to Reservoirs by Recent Storms | KQED","description":"The round of storms that soaked California in recent weeks has brought a huge influx of water to the state, according to a new analysis by The Mercury News.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Science","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1937133/580-billion-gallons-thats-how-much-water-recent-storms-added-to-california-reservoirs","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The round of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936853/here-comes-the-big-bay-area-storm-dangerous-blizzard-conditions-in-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">storms\u003c/a> that soaked California in recent weeks has brought a huge influx of water to the state. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/01/23/california-rainfall-reservoir-level-sierra-snow/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new analysis\u003c/a> by The Mercury News, California reservoirs are now holding an additional 580 billion gallons compared to the start of the year. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/weather/article/Sierra-snow-pack-size-percent-of-average-2019-13552288.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snowpack\u003c/a> also got a big boost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report utilized data from 47 key reservoirs monitored by the \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state\u003c/a>. Mercury News reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor Paul Rogers reported the story, which was published Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers spoke with KQED Science Editor Danielle Venton about the analysis and what it means for the state’s water supply. Here are excerpts from that conversation edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>580 billion gallons sounds like a lot of water. Is there a way to put that into context?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water we’re talking about is enough for the needs of 9 million California residents for a year.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does this influx signal for the state’s water supply in 2019?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is really good news for California’s summer water outlook. The amount of water that we had stored in these reservoirs was below the historical average until the January storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We had kind of a lackluster November and December. Now with all this rain and snow, the the reservoir levels are brought up to normal [for this time of year].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also had a huge impact on the Sierra snowpack, which went from 69 percent of normal on New Year’s Day to 114 percent of normal today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s three wettest months are December through February. Given it’s still January, how important are the current totals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the misery of the five-year drought we had recently, just getting anywhere near normal is cause for celebration for a lot of water managers and water agencies around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Danielle Venton and Peter Arcuni contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1937133/580-billion-gallons-thats-how-much-water-recent-storms-added-to-california-reservoirs","authors":["6387"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3841","science_3180","science_572","science_3370","science_3834","science_1213","science_1127","science_2878","science_365"],"featImg":"science_1934744","label":"source_science_1937133"},"science_1928264":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1928264","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1928264","score":null,"sort":[1537383697000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-plan-for-underground-water-storage-will-increase-chromium-risk","title":"California’s Plan to Store Water Underground Could Risk Contamination","publishDate":1537383697,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California’s Plan to Store Water Underground Could Risk Contamination | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>As California begins handing out $2.5 billion in state funds for several new \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927929/bay-area-water-supply-gets-billion-dollar-boost\">water management projects\u003c/a>, a shift is taking place in the ways officials are considering storing water. To contend with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\">likelihood of future extreme droughts\u003c/a>, some of these \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927711/the-great-era-of-california-dam-building-may-be-over-heres-whats-next\">new strategies\u003c/a> rely on underground aquifers — an approach far removed from traditional dam-based water storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While diversifying the toolbelt of water management strategies will likely help insulate the state against loss, a group of researchers at Stanford University are drawing attention to a risk they say has long ridden under the radar of public consciousness: the introduction of dangerous chemicals into California groundwater, both through industrial and natural pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chromium in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chromium exists naturally in two main forms that are dependent on the local chemistry of the soils. One — chromium-3 \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/chromium-compounds.pdf\">(Cr-3)\u003c/a> — is benign, and in fact can be beneficial in the body. But chromium-6 (Cr-6) is toxic, linked by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration with\u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hexavalentchromium/healtheffects.html\"> health issues \u003c/a>including asthma-like symptoms, irritation of the nose, throat, eyes or skin, and in extreme cases lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b06627\">New research\u003c/a> draws from a growing database of groundwater data to map the elemental metal chromium in wells across the state. Researchers included wells used by government agencies to monitor pollution and the progress of cleaning projects, in addition to wells used for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it occurs naturally, it can also enter the ground through human activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People know we have industrial contamination,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/scott-fendorf\">Scott Fendorf\u003c/a> a Stanford soil chemist and co-author on the study. “That is clear within the data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fendorf points to the work of activists who are fighting against industrial pollution, as Erin Brockovich did in her 1993 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/science-jan-june13-hinkley_03-13\">court case\u003c/a> against Pacific Gas & Electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s just not the only threat to groundwater. If you’re thinking larger, the natural contaminants are really widespread.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly true in California, Fendorf says, where the geology is rich in chromium-carrying rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927929/bay-area-water-supply-gets-billion-dollar-boost\">Also from KQED: These Bay Area Water Projects Got $1 Billion in Funding\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where is it All Coming From?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fendorf and his collaborators found that all of the almost 16,000 wells they analyzed — spread throughout the majority of the state — showed Cr-6 present in low trace amounts. However, a smaller subset of wells, including 26 percent of monitoring wells and 7 percent of supply wells, had levels high enough to exceed a previous state-mandated maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 parts per billion (ppb).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to mapping chromium exposure throughout California, researchers wanted to identify the sources. By looking at other compounds found alongside Cr-6, they were able to identify three possible points of contamination: industry, agriculture, and natural input.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Industries such as metal plating were linked to high Cr-6 levels in the areas outside of Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay. Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the United States, and San Francisco’s proximity to Silicon Valley drives much of its industrial growth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the more rural Central Valley, researchers found that chromium was being introduced into the groundwater through agricultural practices. The heavy use of fertilizers meant that chromium was often found alongside nitrogen-based compounds which provide nutrients for crops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But parts of the Central Valley also pointed to a different source, one that researchers highlighted in their study: the presence of natural chromium in the land itself and its ability to shift from benign to toxic over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Within the rocks, chromium is found in areas where oceanic and continental plates come together, as in California where the Pacific plate and North American Plate meet along the San Andreas Fault. Serpentinite is a common rock found in these zones, to which chromium lends a distinctive green color.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930018\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1930018 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chromium is responsible for the vivid green color of serpentinite rocks, which are common in California due to its geology. The oceanic Pacific plate and continental North American Plate meet along the San Andreas Fault, which runs the length of the state. \u003ccite>(Ian Newman)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Natural sources explained the chromium concentrations in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, which are close to natural outcroppings of serpentinite. It also explained how more isolated areas such as the Mojave could have elevated chromium levels despite being far from sources of industrial pollution.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Fendorf, humans have the capability to aggravate these natural processes through their activities. The intentional use of chemicals to clean up toxic industrial contamination in the soil (called \u003ca href=\"https://clu-in.org/download/Citizens/a_citizens_guide_to_in_situ_chemical_oxidation.pdf\">in-situ chemical oxidation\u003c/a>), for example, can have the unintended consequence of turning the relatively harmless form (Cr-3) into the more dangerous from (Cr-6).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another culprit, he says, is the overdrawing of water from the underlying aquifer, often for agricultural use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water table is made of many stacked layers, alternating between sections of loose, wet gravel and sand and tightly-packed layers of fine clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The clay acts as a sponge with all this naturally chromium-rich dirty water in it,” says Fendorf, “And when you start overdrawing, you put pressure on the clays and start pushing dirty water into the main water that you’re pumping out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much is Too Much?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ultimately, Fendorf’s work shows that industry and agriculture are responsible for the most concentrated sources of chromium contamination. However, the effects of natural chromium impact a much larger area of California and a greater proportion of the drinking water supply.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite the fact that chromium is present throughout California, federal and state agencies are still scrambling to decide on an acceptable minimum level.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Our agency was formed for that purpose, to protect the groundwater basin that is so important. It has always been our top priority.’\u003ccite>Steve Bigley, Coachella Valley Water District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While the EPA is tasked with setting federal MCLs, the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in drinking water, California has historically set many of its own thresholds with respect to environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 2014, California set the state MCL for Cr-6 in drinking water at 10 ppb due to the perceived risks of exposure. However, in September 2017 this threshold was suspended by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.html\">court ruling\u003c/a> for failing to consider the cost to agencies and industries attempting to comply with the ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/chromium-drinking-water\">federal\u003c/a> MCL (100 ppb) and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.html\">state\u003c/a> MCL (50 ppb) are at odds, with both entities working to establish new guidelines based on updated regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pilot Project Hints at Cleaner Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fortunately, there are promising methods for treating toxic chromium contamination on the horizon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/steve-bigley-21268820/\">Steve Bigley\u003c/a> is the Director for the Environmental Services department at the Coachella Valley Water District, a \u003ca href=\"http://ca-coachellavwd.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/57/District-Boundary-Map-PDF?bidId=\">district\u003c/a> whose boundaries are split down the middle by the San Andreas Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so much naturally-occurring chromium ground up into the sands along the fault, management officials here have had to grapple with the Cr-6 issue for decades. As many as a third of their drinking water supply wells, all of which are pulling from local groundwater sources, were found to exceed the 10 ppb limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the state rescinded its MCL in 2014, Bigley and his team had already begun a project to install costly treatment facilities to remove Cr-6 and remain compliant with the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qIU4OS2tKFSePD3YiQXBCQLOws3w3Xq5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the regulations currently under review, Bigley says they were able to table such expensive projects and experiment with promising new technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district recently completed a full-scale \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvwd.org/383/Stannous-Chloride-Demonstration-Project\">pilot project\u003c/a> to reduce Cr-6 to the relatively harmless Cr-3 using stannous chloride, an approved drinking water and food additive. They were able to quickly deploy inexpensive, easy-to-operate equipment capable of treating an entire water system over the course of two months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The benefits go so far beyond cost,” Bigley says. “It is much more environmentally friendly because it has a much smaller footprint and doesn’t produce the toxic wastes that come with conventional treatment technologies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Eyes a New MCL\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the broader state level, water management agencies are taking notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darrin Polhemus is the Deputy Director of the California State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Water Quality, and he has made Cr-6 assessments priority number one for his department in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the removal of the previous regulations, they are now working with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.html\">Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment\u003c/a> to establish a new MCL which balances a suggested \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/water/chemicals/phg/cr6phg072911.pdf\">Public Health Goal\u003c/a> of 50 ppb against the economic cost inherent in treating affected drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not just trying to plug the hole that a judge found in our previous regulations,” he said. “We want to do a thorough job from scratch to incorporate new technology and research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points to stannous chloride as one of several advances that have lowered the cost of treatment since the last round of research a \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/water/chemicals/phg/cr6phg072911.pdf\">decade ago\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board expects to have a draft of their recommendation ready for public comment in the summer of 2019 and a final MCL established six to nine months later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California's unique geology may be putting state residents at risk from a natural but occasionally toxic element.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927477,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":46,"wordCount":1568},"headData":{"title":"California’s Plan to Store Water Underground Could Risk Contamination | KQED","description":"California's unique geology may be putting state residents at risk from a natural but occasionally toxic element.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1928264/californias-plan-for-underground-water-storage-will-increase-chromium-risk","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As California begins handing out $2.5 billion in state funds for several new \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927929/bay-area-water-supply-gets-billion-dollar-boost\">water management projects\u003c/a>, a shift is taking place in the ways officials are considering storing water. To contend with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\">likelihood of future extreme droughts\u003c/a>, some of these \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927711/the-great-era-of-california-dam-building-may-be-over-heres-whats-next\">new strategies\u003c/a> rely on underground aquifers — an approach far removed from traditional dam-based water storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While diversifying the toolbelt of water management strategies will likely help insulate the state against loss, a group of researchers at Stanford University are drawing attention to a risk they say has long ridden under the radar of public consciousness: the introduction of dangerous chemicals into California groundwater, both through industrial and natural pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chromium in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chromium exists naturally in two main forms that are dependent on the local chemistry of the soils. One — chromium-3 \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/chromium-compounds.pdf\">(Cr-3)\u003c/a> — is benign, and in fact can be beneficial in the body. But chromium-6 (Cr-6) is toxic, linked by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration with\u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hexavalentchromium/healtheffects.html\"> health issues \u003c/a>including asthma-like symptoms, irritation of the nose, throat, eyes or skin, and in extreme cases lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b06627\">New research\u003c/a> draws from a growing database of groundwater data to map the elemental metal chromium in wells across the state. Researchers included wells used by government agencies to monitor pollution and the progress of cleaning projects, in addition to wells used for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it occurs naturally, it can also enter the ground through human activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People know we have industrial contamination,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/scott-fendorf\">Scott Fendorf\u003c/a> a Stanford soil chemist and co-author on the study. “That is clear within the data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fendorf points to the work of activists who are fighting against industrial pollution, as Erin Brockovich did in her 1993 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/science-jan-june13-hinkley_03-13\">court case\u003c/a> against Pacific Gas & Electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s just not the only threat to groundwater. If you’re thinking larger, the natural contaminants are really widespread.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly true in California, Fendorf says, where the geology is rich in chromium-carrying rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927929/bay-area-water-supply-gets-billion-dollar-boost\">Also from KQED: These Bay Area Water Projects Got $1 Billion in Funding\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where is it All Coming From?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fendorf and his collaborators found that all of the almost 16,000 wells they analyzed — spread throughout the majority of the state — showed Cr-6 present in low trace amounts. However, a smaller subset of wells, including 26 percent of monitoring wells and 7 percent of supply wells, had levels high enough to exceed a previous state-mandated maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 parts per billion (ppb).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to mapping chromium exposure throughout California, researchers wanted to identify the sources. By looking at other compounds found alongside Cr-6, they were able to identify three possible points of contamination: industry, agriculture, and natural input.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Industries such as metal plating were linked to high Cr-6 levels in the areas outside of Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay. Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the United States, and San Francisco’s proximity to Silicon Valley drives much of its industrial growth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the more rural Central Valley, researchers found that chromium was being introduced into the groundwater through agricultural practices. The heavy use of fertilizers meant that chromium was often found alongside nitrogen-based compounds which provide nutrients for crops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But parts of the Central Valley also pointed to a different source, one that researchers highlighted in their study: the presence of natural chromium in the land itself and its ability to shift from benign to toxic over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Within the rocks, chromium is found in areas where oceanic and continental plates come together, as in California where the Pacific plate and North American Plate meet along the San Andreas Fault. Serpentinite is a common rock found in these zones, to which chromium lends a distinctive green color.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930018\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1930018 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chromium is responsible for the vivid green color of serpentinite rocks, which are common in California due to its geology. The oceanic Pacific plate and continental North American Plate meet along the San Andreas Fault, which runs the length of the state. \u003ccite>(Ian Newman)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Natural sources explained the chromium concentrations in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, which are close to natural outcroppings of serpentinite. It also explained how more isolated areas such as the Mojave could have elevated chromium levels despite being far from sources of industrial pollution.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Fendorf, humans have the capability to aggravate these natural processes through their activities. The intentional use of chemicals to clean up toxic industrial contamination in the soil (called \u003ca href=\"https://clu-in.org/download/Citizens/a_citizens_guide_to_in_situ_chemical_oxidation.pdf\">in-situ chemical oxidation\u003c/a>), for example, can have the unintended consequence of turning the relatively harmless form (Cr-3) into the more dangerous from (Cr-6).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another culprit, he says, is the overdrawing of water from the underlying aquifer, often for agricultural use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water table is made of many stacked layers, alternating between sections of loose, wet gravel and sand and tightly-packed layers of fine clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The clay acts as a sponge with all this naturally chromium-rich dirty water in it,” says Fendorf, “And when you start overdrawing, you put pressure on the clays and start pushing dirty water into the main water that you’re pumping out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much is Too Much?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ultimately, Fendorf’s work shows that industry and agriculture are responsible for the most concentrated sources of chromium contamination. However, the effects of natural chromium impact a much larger area of California and a greater proportion of the drinking water supply.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite the fact that chromium is present throughout California, federal and state agencies are still scrambling to decide on an acceptable minimum level.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Our agency was formed for that purpose, to protect the groundwater basin that is so important. It has always been our top priority.’\u003ccite>Steve Bigley, Coachella Valley Water District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While the EPA is tasked with setting federal MCLs, the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in drinking water, California has historically set many of its own thresholds with respect to environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 2014, California set the state MCL for Cr-6 in drinking water at 10 ppb due to the perceived risks of exposure. However, in September 2017 this threshold was suspended by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.html\">court ruling\u003c/a> for failing to consider the cost to agencies and industries attempting to comply with the ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/chromium-drinking-water\">federal\u003c/a> MCL (100 ppb) and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.html\">state\u003c/a> MCL (50 ppb) are at odds, with both entities working to establish new guidelines based on updated regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pilot Project Hints at Cleaner Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fortunately, there are promising methods for treating toxic chromium contamination on the horizon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/steve-bigley-21268820/\">Steve Bigley\u003c/a> is the Director for the Environmental Services department at the Coachella Valley Water District, a \u003ca href=\"http://ca-coachellavwd.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/57/District-Boundary-Map-PDF?bidId=\">district\u003c/a> whose boundaries are split down the middle by the San Andreas Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so much naturally-occurring chromium ground up into the sands along the fault, management officials here have had to grapple with the Cr-6 issue for decades. As many as a third of their drinking water supply wells, all of which are pulling from local groundwater sources, were found to exceed the 10 ppb limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the state rescinded its MCL in 2014, Bigley and his team had already begun a project to install costly treatment facilities to remove Cr-6 and remain compliant with the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the regulations currently under review, Bigley says they were able to table such expensive projects and experiment with promising new technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district recently completed a full-scale \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvwd.org/383/Stannous-Chloride-Demonstration-Project\">pilot project\u003c/a> to reduce Cr-6 to the relatively harmless Cr-3 using stannous chloride, an approved drinking water and food additive. They were able to quickly deploy inexpensive, easy-to-operate equipment capable of treating an entire water system over the course of two months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The benefits go so far beyond cost,” Bigley says. “It is much more environmentally friendly because it has a much smaller footprint and doesn’t produce the toxic wastes that come with conventional treatment technologies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Eyes a New MCL\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the broader state level, water management agencies are taking notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darrin Polhemus is the Deputy Director of the California State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Water Quality, and he has made Cr-6 assessments priority number one for his department in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the removal of the previous regulations, they are now working with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.html\">Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment\u003c/a> to establish a new MCL which balances a suggested \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/water/chemicals/phg/cr6phg072911.pdf\">Public Health Goal\u003c/a> of 50 ppb against the economic cost inherent in treating affected drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not just trying to plug the hole that a judge found in our previous regulations,” he said. “We want to do a thorough job from scratch to incorporate new technology and research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points to stannous chloride as one of several advances that have lowered the cost of treatment since the last round of research a \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/water/chemicals/phg/cr6phg072911.pdf\">decade ago\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board expects to have a draft of their recommendation ready for public comment in the summer of 2019 and a final MCL established six to nine months later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1928264/californias-plan-for-underground-water-storage-will-increase-chromium-risk","authors":["11520"],"categories":["science_29","science_35","science_38","science_39","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3180","science_3370","science_490","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1930258","label":"science"},"science_1921902":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921902","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921902","score":null,"sort":[1522679446000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"skimpy-sierra-snowpack-leaves-a-lot-hanging-on-next-winter","title":"Sierra Snowpack Still Skimpy After March Storms","publishDate":1522679446,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Sierra Snowpack Still Skimpy After March Storms | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The fifth most productive March on record for snow wasn’t enough to make up for disappointing precipitation throughout the key months of December, January and February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heading into the April measurement of the Sierra Nevada snowpack, water content \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/swccond.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stood at more than 40 percent\u003c/a> below normal. It’s just 57 percent of the long-term average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A system lining up in the Pacific could bring in a late-season bonus of snowfall later this week, but at this point there’s little that could save this from being a dry water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=1b51f6ee-33ae-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Climatologist Michael Anderson tried to put the best face on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not too little, too late, but…helpful. But not enough,” is the way he described the month of March following a symposium on — ironically enough — extreme precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says there’s a temperature sweet spot for winter storms that deliver snow with the highest water content, which is really what matters. Too cold and the storm can’t hold sufficient water vapor, too warm and the snow line (the elevation where rain turns to snow) gets pushed higher up the hill, causing more precipitation to fall as rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=4d668f0a-33ae-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the warmer storms and the higher-elevation snow lines, you don’t have enough time with the cold air to build that pack,” Anderson explains. This winter, he says, we just didn’t hit the sweet spot often enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even this year’s disappointing pack beats by a long shot the same date in 2015, when the snowpack clocked in at 5 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday’s official survey of the snowpack is significant, as April 1 is considered the peak of the snow season, before accumulated snows begin to melt and become runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=7aca0b98-33ae-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen the bulk of our precipitation,” Anderson says, pointing out that 90 percent of a typical year’s precipitation falls between October 1 and April 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack provides about a third of California’s water supply. Last year’s abundant rain and snow left many of the state’s largest reservoirs brimming. That “carryover” should stave off another drought emergency this summer, but it means Californians will count that much more heavily on next year’s wet season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really that look ahead of, ‘What does next year bring,'” says Anderson, “and this kind of year brings that to the forefront.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Before and after: thank goodness for March. Check out the images in this post to see how one month helped plump up the snowpack.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928052,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":428},"headData":{"title":"Sierra Snowpack Still Skimpy After March Storms | KQED","description":"Before and after: thank goodness for March. Check out the images in this post to see how one month helped plump up the snowpack.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1921902/skimpy-sierra-snowpack-leaves-a-lot-hanging-on-next-winter","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The fifth most productive March on record for snow wasn’t enough to make up for disappointing precipitation throughout the key months of December, January and February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heading into the April measurement of the Sierra Nevada snowpack, water content \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/swccond.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stood at more than 40 percent\u003c/a> below normal. It’s just 57 percent of the long-term average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A system lining up in the Pacific could bring in a late-season bonus of snowfall later this week, but at this point there’s little that could save this from being a dry water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=1b51f6ee-33ae-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Climatologist Michael Anderson tried to put the best face on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not too little, too late, but…helpful. But not enough,” is the way he described the month of March following a symposium on — ironically enough — extreme precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says there’s a temperature sweet spot for winter storms that deliver snow with the highest water content, which is really what matters. Too cold and the storm can’t hold sufficient water vapor, too warm and the snow line (the elevation where rain turns to snow) gets pushed higher up the hill, causing more precipitation to fall as rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=4d668f0a-33ae-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the warmer storms and the higher-elevation snow lines, you don’t have enough time with the cold air to build that pack,” Anderson explains. This winter, he says, we just didn’t hit the sweet spot often enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even this year’s disappointing pack beats by a long shot the same date in 2015, when the snowpack clocked in at 5 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday’s official survey of the snowpack is significant, as April 1 is considered the peak of the snow season, before accumulated snows begin to melt and become runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=7aca0b98-33ae-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen the bulk of our precipitation,” Anderson says, pointing out that 90 percent of a typical year’s precipitation falls between October 1 and April 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack provides about a third of California’s water supply. Last year’s abundant rain and snow left many of the state’s largest reservoirs brimming. That “carryover” should stave off another drought emergency this summer, but it means Californians will count that much more heavily on next year’s wet season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really that look ahead of, ‘What does next year bring,'” says Anderson, “and this kind of year brings that to the forefront.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921902/skimpy-sierra-snowpack-leaves-a-lot-hanging-on-next-winter","authors":["221"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3180","science_1462"],"featImg":"science_1921826","label":"source_science_1921902"},"science_1917907":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1917907","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1917907","score":null,"sort":[1511373611000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-sierra-snow-line-seems-to-be-moving-uphill-rapidly","title":"The Sierra 'Snow Line' Seems To Be Moving Uphill — Rapidly","publishDate":1511373611,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Sierra ‘Snow Line’ Seems To Be Moving Uphill — Rapidly | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>If you make the winter run to Tahoe on a regular basis, it might seem like you’ve had to go farther up the hill to find snow in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists say it’s not your imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been keeping their eyes on the “snow line,” the point of elevation where rain turns to snow (or vice versa) during winter storms in the northern Sierra. What they found is that warming temperatures have pushed that level uphill by 1,200-to-1,500 feet in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that sounds like a lot, even the lead author of the study was surprised when the data came in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Definitely,” says Ben Hatchett at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno. “That was a lot of rise in the snow line.” Hatchett says it means more rain and less snow in the mountains overall — and the trend appears to be accelerating. “If this trend continues,” he adds, “that does not bode very well for the northern California watershed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/30/see-how-one-years-snowpack-buried-the-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depends on the Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> to store about a third of the state’s water supply, holding onto it well into the spring months when it can gradually melt into downstream reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1715px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917924 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png\" alt=\"The snow line study focused on the northern Sierra Nevada over a ten-year period.\" width=\"1715\" height=\"1768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png 1715w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-160x165.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-800x825.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-768x792.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-1020x1052.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-1180x1216.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-960x990.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-240x247.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-375x387.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-520x536.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1715px) 100vw, 1715px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The snow line study focused on the norhern Sierra Nevada over a ten-year period. \u003ccite>(MDPI/Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/9/11/899/html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published this week\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Water\u003c/em>, used specialized snow level-sensing radar to monitor the rain-snow transition line over a ten-year period. Then the research team cross-checked the results with temperature data to estimate changes in the snow line back to the mid-20th century. What they found, says Hatchett, was that the last decade saw the biggest decrease in the proportion of precipitation falling as snow compared to any decade going back to 1951 (the earliest point examined).\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is striking,” says Roger Bales, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://snri.ucmerced.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Research Institute\u003c/a> at UC Merced and was not on the study team. “This is a huge move uphill.” Though Bales advises caution reading too much into any analysis over a relatively short period of time, he adds that “the Sierra Nevada seems to be changing faster than predicted by the past ‘average’ climate projections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are more skeptical of the results. Noting the relatively short time span of the study, NASA snow hydrologist Tom Painter noted, “That’s not what one would call a trend.” Painter spends much of his time in the Sierra and above it with NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917911\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2550px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917911 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png\" alt='Graph shows the difference in snow elevation between warmer and colder storms. The Sierra has been experiencing more \"warm\" storms overall. Click image to enlarge.' width=\"2550\" height=\"1463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png 2550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-160x92.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-800x459.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-768x441.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1020x585.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1920x1102.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1180x677.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-960x551.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-240x138.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-375x215.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-520x298.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2550px) 100vw, 2550px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph shows the difference in snow elevation between warmer and colder storms. The Sierra has been experiencing more “warm” storms overall. Click image to enlarge. (NOAA Earth Systems Research Lab) \u003ccite>(WRCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hatchett acknowledges that the matter needs further study, but he does see an emergent trend and attributes much of it to warmer ocean temperatures and an increase in winter storms known as “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/21/new-research-shows-atmospheric-rivers-wreak-havoc-around-the-globe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>,” which tend to be on the warm side and hence drop rain at relatively high elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re saying is not that all storms are getting warmer,” notes Hatchett, “but in a statistical sense, we’re having more warm storms than we are cool storms. and that’s concerning because the future is projected to have more of these strong, warm storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results suggest that warmer ocean temperatures off the West Coast may be contributing to more precipitation as rain than snow in the northern Sierra,” adds Nina Oakley, regional climatologist at the \u003ca href=\"https://wrcc.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Regional Climate Center\u003c/a> and a member of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That alone would hardly come as a shock to most climate scientists, who for years have predicted this as a symptom of the warming climate. But the pace of the transition suggested by this study is arresting. The team found that three percent more precipitation fell as rain rather than snow in each year from 2008-2017 than in the previous five-year period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That could certainly change how we manage our water resources,” says Hatchett, “but if it’s a trend that continues, that’s certainly cause for much concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That concern would extend beyond the water supply to Sierra ski resorts and the entire mountain ecosystem, which had developed around the presence of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was a collaboration of researchers at the WRCC and its parent Desert Research Institute, several U.S. universities and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists call new study results \"striking\" and say it has big implications -- and not just for skiers.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928293,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":790},"headData":{"title":"The Sierra 'Snow Line' Seems To Be Moving Uphill — Rapidly | KQED","description":"Scientists call new study results "striking" and say it has big implications -- and not just for skiers.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1917907/the-sierra-snow-line-seems-to-be-moving-uphill-rapidly","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you make the winter run to Tahoe on a regular basis, it might seem like you’ve had to go farther up the hill to find snow in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists say it’s not your imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been keeping their eyes on the “snow line,” the point of elevation where rain turns to snow (or vice versa) during winter storms in the northern Sierra. What they found is that warming temperatures have pushed that level uphill by 1,200-to-1,500 feet in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that sounds like a lot, even the lead author of the study was surprised when the data came in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Definitely,” says Ben Hatchett at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno. “That was a lot of rise in the snow line.” Hatchett says it means more rain and less snow in the mountains overall — and the trend appears to be accelerating. “If this trend continues,” he adds, “that does not bode very well for the northern California watershed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/30/see-how-one-years-snowpack-buried-the-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depends on the Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> to store about a third of the state’s water supply, holding onto it well into the spring months when it can gradually melt into downstream reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1715px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917924 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png\" alt=\"The snow line study focused on the northern Sierra Nevada over a ten-year period.\" width=\"1715\" height=\"1768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png 1715w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-160x165.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-800x825.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-768x792.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-1020x1052.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-1180x1216.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-960x990.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-240x247.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-375x387.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-520x536.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1715px) 100vw, 1715px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The snow line study focused on the norhern Sierra Nevada over a ten-year period. \u003ccite>(MDPI/Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/9/11/899/html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published this week\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Water\u003c/em>, used specialized snow level-sensing radar to monitor the rain-snow transition line over a ten-year period. Then the research team cross-checked the results with temperature data to estimate changes in the snow line back to the mid-20th century. What they found, says Hatchett, was that the last decade saw the biggest decrease in the proportion of precipitation falling as snow compared to any decade going back to 1951 (the earliest point examined).\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is striking,” says Roger Bales, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://snri.ucmerced.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Research Institute\u003c/a> at UC Merced and was not on the study team. “This is a huge move uphill.” Though Bales advises caution reading too much into any analysis over a relatively short period of time, he adds that “the Sierra Nevada seems to be changing faster than predicted by the past ‘average’ climate projections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are more skeptical of the results. Noting the relatively short time span of the study, NASA snow hydrologist Tom Painter noted, “That’s not what one would call a trend.” Painter spends much of his time in the Sierra and above it with NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917911\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2550px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917911 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png\" alt='Graph shows the difference in snow elevation between warmer and colder storms. The Sierra has been experiencing more \"warm\" storms overall. Click image to enlarge.' width=\"2550\" height=\"1463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png 2550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-160x92.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-800x459.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-768x441.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1020x585.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1920x1102.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1180x677.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-960x551.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-240x138.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-375x215.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-520x298.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2550px) 100vw, 2550px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph shows the difference in snow elevation between warmer and colder storms. The Sierra has been experiencing more “warm” storms overall. Click image to enlarge. (NOAA Earth Systems Research Lab) \u003ccite>(WRCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hatchett acknowledges that the matter needs further study, but he does see an emergent trend and attributes much of it to warmer ocean temperatures and an increase in winter storms known as “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/21/new-research-shows-atmospheric-rivers-wreak-havoc-around-the-globe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>,” which tend to be on the warm side and hence drop rain at relatively high elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re saying is not that all storms are getting warmer,” notes Hatchett, “but in a statistical sense, we’re having more warm storms than we are cool storms. and that’s concerning because the future is projected to have more of these strong, warm storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results suggest that warmer ocean temperatures off the West Coast may be contributing to more precipitation as rain than snow in the northern Sierra,” adds Nina Oakley, regional climatologist at the \u003ca href=\"https://wrcc.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Regional Climate Center\u003c/a> and a member of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That alone would hardly come as a shock to most climate scientists, who for years have predicted this as a symptom of the warming climate. But the pace of the transition suggested by this study is arresting. The team found that three percent more precipitation fell as rain rather than snow in each year from 2008-2017 than in the previous five-year period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That could certainly change how we manage our water resources,” says Hatchett, “but if it’s a trend that continues, that’s certainly cause for much concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That concern would extend beyond the water supply to Sierra ski resorts and the entire mountain ecosystem, which had developed around the presence of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was a collaboration of researchers at the WRCC and its parent Desert Research Institute, several U.S. universities and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1917907/the-sierra-snow-line-seems-to-be-moving-uphill-rapidly","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_31","science_40"],"tags":["science_3180","science_1004","science_1462"],"featImg":"science_1917936","label":"science"},"science_1446415":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1446415","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1446415","score":null,"sort":[1488485369000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sierra-snowpack-still-on-track-for-record-year","title":"Sierra Snowpack Still on Track for Record Year","publishDate":1488485369,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Sierra Snowpack Still on Track for Record Year | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Remember those pictures of parched lawns and bone-dry unplanted fields when it seemed that Californians could only pray for rain and snow?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now thanks to one of the wettest winters on record, scientists say that the snowpack along the Sierra Nevada mountain range is a whopping \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Near-record-Sierra-snowpack-185-percent-of-10969482.php\">183 percent of average \u003c/a>(updated Thursday). The snowpack over most of the Sierra is on track to surpass the El Niño winter of 1982-83, currently the state’s wettest on record. That’s important because the runoff from the Sierra snowpack provides one-third of all of California’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Kirk Siegler was up in the mountains Wednesday near the Sierra-at-Tahoe ski resort, at about 7,000 of elevation, one of many locations where surveyors take their measurements. As he told \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/01/517988113/heavy-rainfall-strains-one-of-californias-most-essential-reservoirs\">All Things Considered\u003c/a>, “I’ve been here around this time of year for this for past three years, one year \u003cem>no\u003c/em> snow, last year, some and this year it’s staggering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1446423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 877px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1446423\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02.png\" alt=\"The graph shows this winter (in blue) plotted against California's wettest on record, as measured by a key index of monitors in the Northern Sierra.\" width=\"877\" height=\"754\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02.png 877w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02-160x138.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02-800x688.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02-768x660.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02-240x206.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02-375x322.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02-520x447.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 877px) 100vw, 877px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The graph shows this winter (in blue) plotted against California’s wettest on record, as measured by a key index of monitors in the Northern Sierra. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Siegler watched as Frank Gerhke, the state’s chief snow surveyor, took his reading with the help of a long cylindrical gauge. Gehrke says it’s the first time since 2011 that he’s had to add an extension to the aluminum tube to measure snow depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gehrke and his team take manual measurements here and combine it with electronic data from monitoring sites across High Sierra and they hand that over to reservoir operators and farms and cities downstream in the form of a forecast to know just how much water they’ll get out of this snow in coming months,” said Siegler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s five year drought hasn’t been declared officially over yet. The snowpack will be measured again in April when the snowpack is usually considered to peak. Gov. Jerry Brown has said he’ll wait for that measurement before making a call on the drought and the water conservation measures that were implemented as a result of the dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1446771\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3541px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017.jpg\" alt=\"Armando Quintero (Left). Chief for the California Water Commission, assists Frank Gehrke, Chief for the Calif. Cooperative Snow Surveys Program, with the third snow survey of the 2017 snow season. Photo taken March 1, 2017.\" width=\"3541\" height=\"4984\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1446771\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017.jpg 3541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-160x225.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-800x1126.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-768x1081.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-1020x1436.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-1920x2702.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-1180x1661.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-960x1351.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-240x338.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-375x528.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-520x732.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3541px) 100vw, 3541px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Armando Quintero (Left). Chief for the California Water Commission, assists Frank Gehrke, Chief for the Calif. Cooperative Snow Surveys Program, with the third snow survey of the 2017 snow season. Photo taken March 1, 2017. \u003ccite>(Dale Kolke/California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All of the snow and rain have created other problems. State reservoirs are at capacity. Problems \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/28/photo-gallery-whats-left-of-oroville-dams-shattered-spillway/\">at the Oroville dam\u003c/a> caused officials to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/02/13/515043633/nearly-200-000-people-evacuate-near-oroville-dam-in-california\">evacuate nearly 200,000 people\u003c/a> for fear that an emergency spillway would fail. Damage from flooding in other parts of the state will cost $1 billion, according to state officials cited by the \u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_CALIFORNIA_SNOWPACK_SURVEY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT\">Associated Press\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Gehrke says the snowpack has hit a “plateau,” as storms have subsided, Siegler points out that winter isn’t over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big question is what’s going to happen when all this snow melts, and if we were to get a big warming trend all at once, that’s a lot more water and run off coming down,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">© 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sierra+Snowpack+Smacks+California%27s+Drought&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There's already more water potential sitting on the Sierra as snow, than is normally there at the peak of the snowpack, in early April.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929029,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":565},"headData":{"title":"Sierra Snowpack Still on Track for Record Year | KQED","description":"There's already more water potential sitting on the Sierra as snow, than is normally there at the peak of the snowpack, in early April.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Rich Pedroncelli","nprByline":"Richard Gonzales\u003cbr/>NPR","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"518042343","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=518042343&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/01/518042343/sierra-snowpack-smacks-california-s-drought?ft=nprml&f=518042343","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 01 Mar 2017 20:57:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 01 Mar 2017 20:58:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 01 Mar 2017 20:58:04 -0500","path":"/science/1446415/sierra-snowpack-still-on-track-for-record-year","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Remember those pictures of parched lawns and bone-dry unplanted fields when it seemed that Californians could only pray for rain and snow?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now thanks to one of the wettest winters on record, scientists say that the snowpack along the Sierra Nevada mountain range is a whopping \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Near-record-Sierra-snowpack-185-percent-of-10969482.php\">183 percent of average \u003c/a>(updated Thursday). The snowpack over most of the Sierra is on track to surpass the El Niño winter of 1982-83, currently the state’s wettest on record. That’s important because the runoff from the Sierra snowpack provides one-third of all of California’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Kirk Siegler was up in the mountains Wednesday near the Sierra-at-Tahoe ski resort, at about 7,000 of elevation, one of many locations where surveyors take their measurements. As he told \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/01/517988113/heavy-rainfall-strains-one-of-californias-most-essential-reservoirs\">All Things Considered\u003c/a>, “I’ve been here around this time of year for this for past three years, one year \u003cem>no\u003c/em> snow, last year, some and this year it’s staggering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1446423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 877px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1446423\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02.png\" alt=\"The graph shows this winter (in blue) plotted against California's wettest on record, as measured by a key index of monitors in the Northern Sierra.\" width=\"877\" height=\"754\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02.png 877w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02-160x138.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02-800x688.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02-768x660.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02-240x206.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02-375x322.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Precip-8-sta_2017-03-02-520x447.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 877px) 100vw, 877px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The graph shows this winter (in blue) plotted against California’s wettest on record, as measured by a key index of monitors in the Northern Sierra. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Siegler watched as Frank Gerhke, the state’s chief snow surveyor, took his reading with the help of a long cylindrical gauge. Gehrke says it’s the first time since 2011 that he’s had to add an extension to the aluminum tube to measure snow depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gehrke and his team take manual measurements here and combine it with electronic data from monitoring sites across High Sierra and they hand that over to reservoir operators and farms and cities downstream in the form of a forecast to know just how much water they’ll get out of this snow in coming months,” said Siegler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s five year drought hasn’t been declared officially over yet. The snowpack will be measured again in April when the snowpack is usually considered to peak. Gov. Jerry Brown has said he’ll wait for that measurement before making a call on the drought and the water conservation measures that were implemented as a result of the dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1446771\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3541px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017.jpg\" alt=\"Armando Quintero (Left). Chief for the California Water Commission, assists Frank Gehrke, Chief for the Calif. Cooperative Snow Surveys Program, with the third snow survey of the 2017 snow season. Photo taken March 1, 2017.\" width=\"3541\" height=\"4984\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1446771\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017.jpg 3541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-160x225.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-800x1126.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-768x1081.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-1020x1436.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-1920x2702.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-1180x1661.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-960x1351.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-240x338.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-375x528.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DK_snow_survey-5544_03_01_2017-520x732.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3541px) 100vw, 3541px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Armando Quintero (Left). Chief for the California Water Commission, assists Frank Gehrke, Chief for the Calif. Cooperative Snow Surveys Program, with the third snow survey of the 2017 snow season. Photo taken March 1, 2017. \u003ccite>(Dale Kolke/California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All of the snow and rain have created other problems. State reservoirs are at capacity. Problems \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/28/photo-gallery-whats-left-of-oroville-dams-shattered-spillway/\">at the Oroville dam\u003c/a> caused officials to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/02/13/515043633/nearly-200-000-people-evacuate-near-oroville-dam-in-california\">evacuate nearly 200,000 people\u003c/a> for fear that an emergency spillway would fail. Damage from flooding in other parts of the state will cost $1 billion, according to state officials cited by the \u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_CALIFORNIA_SNOWPACK_SURVEY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT\">Associated Press\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Gehrke says the snowpack has hit a “plateau,” as storms have subsided, Siegler points out that winter isn’t over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big question is what’s going to happen when all this snow melts, and if we were to get a big warming trend all at once, that’s a lot more water and run off coming down,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">© 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sierra+Snowpack+Smacks+California%27s+Drought&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1446415/sierra-snowpack-still-on-track-for-record-year","authors":["byline_science_1446415"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3180","science_1462"],"featImg":"science_1446772","label":"science_1151"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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