San Francisco Will Continue Enforcing New-Building Gas Ban Despite Berkeley's Repeal of Similar Rules
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may endure — at least for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco officials told KQED that the city would continue prohibiting gas hookups in new housing and commercial construction, even after Berkeley agreed last week to repeal its hard-fought ban as part of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.calrest.org/news/california-restaurant-association-and-berkeley-settle-gas-ban-lawsuit-berkeley-will-not-enforce\">settlement with the California Restaurant Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one has come to us asking us to change or repeal our law,” said Supervisor Rafael Mandelman, who proposed \u003ca href=\"https://www.sf.gov/all-electric-new-construction-ordinance#:~:text=All%20new%20construction%20must%20use,systems%20must%20be%20all%2Delectric.\">San Francisco’s 2020 policy\u003c/a>. “We will continue to enforce it, continue to implement it, consistent with this court decision in the Berkeley case. We think we can do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"gas-ban\"]The powerful state restaurant group challenged the legality of Berkeley’s regulations, arguing the city overstepped its authority \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11946999/court-strikes-down-berkeleys-landmark-ban-on-natural-gas-in-new-construction\">in violation of a nearly 50-year-old U.S. law\u003c/a> authorizing federal officials to set national efficiency standards. Last April, a three-judge panel of the 9th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals agreed and struck down the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11947150/socalgas-helped-bankroll-law-firms-fight-against-berkeley-natural-gas-ban\">subsequently reported\u003c/a> that SoCalGas, the nation’s largest natural gas utility, billed a ratepayer account more than $1 million to help bankroll the law firm that successfully challenged Berkeley’s gas ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the full appeals court \u003ca href=\"https://subscriber.politicopro.com/f/?id=0000018c-cb3f-db9e-abbf-ffbf166e0000\">declined Berkeley’s request\u003c/a> to reconsider the ruling, prompting the city to agree to stop enforcing the policy and begin the legal process of repealing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s denial for a rehearing “left us with very few options to seek review,” Stefan Elgstrand, the mayor’s legislative aide, said in an email on Tuesday. “However, the ruling leaves open many policymaking avenues for Berkeley to address environmental and public health hazards within its borders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the setback, he added, “Berkeley will continue to lead in climate action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the city’s legal saga began nearly five years ago, dozens of other cities in California, including San Francisco and Los Angeles, have passed similar measures to prohibit gas lines in new construction projects. And both \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/climate/article/bay-area-regulators-vote-end-sales-key-gas-home-17836615.php\">Bay Area\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/california-will-ban-the-sale-of-natural-gas-17460877.php\">statewide\u003c/a> air regulators last year issued rules phasing out the sale of new gas-powered furnaces and water heaters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the court struck down Berkeley’s law last year, however, a number of other jurisdictions that initially followed the city’s lead in limiting natural gas in new construction have since suspended enforcement of their bans — including \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1991664/san-mateo-contra-costa-pause-natural-gas-bans-for-new-buildings\">San Mateo and Contra Costa counties\u003c/a> and the cities of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/article287006140.html\">Sacramento\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2023/06/14/santa-cruz-city-council-suspends-natural-gas-ordinance/\">Santa Cruz\u003c/a>. Other cities that have recently enacted gas bans, like San José, say they are evaluating the implications of the court’s ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jot Condie, CEO of the restaurant association, said in a statement that his group is encouraged that Berkeley finally agreed to repeal its ordinance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every city and county in California that has passed a similar ordinance should follow their lead,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But San Francisco officials believe the city may be inoculated from a lawsuit because of the policy’s focus on building safety and because it allows some restaurants and other businesses in new buildings to opt out of the regulation — even though none have yet to do so, according to the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were, frankly, a more robust set of off ramps [in San Francisco’s legislation] and ways for people to seek exemptions, including exemptions for restaurants,” Mandelman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups insist that the court ruling against Berkeley’s policy won’t stop the growing electrification movement and are urging municipalities to continue transitioning away from fossil fuels in new construction in an effort to curb greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Thankfully, since 2019, cities and local air quality agencies have developed a wide variety of policy paths to move forward, from energy codes to air quality protections, to protect their residents and help us all step into a zero-emissions future,” Matt Vespa, a senior attorney with Earthjustice, said in a statement. “The future is clean energy, and nothing can hold that back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"San Francisco officials told KQED that the city would continue prohibiting gas hookups in new housing and commercial construction, even after Berkeley agreed last week to stop enforcing its hard-fought ban.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1711496428,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":741},"headData":{"title":"San Francisco Will Continue Enforcing New-Building Gas Ban Despite Berkeley's Repeal of Similar Rules | KQED","description":"San Francisco officials told KQED that the city would continue prohibiting gas hookups in new housing and commercial construction, even after Berkeley agreed last week to stop enforcing its hard-fought ban.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992085/san-francisco-will-continue-enforcing-gas-ban-in-new-buildings-despite-berkeleys-repeal-of-similar-rules","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 4 p.m. Tuesday\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley was the first city in the nation to ban natural gas piping from being installed into new buildings, a progressive policy that quickly spread to other municipalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as that city abandons its bellwether policy, San Francisco’s version of the all-electric building code may endure — at least for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco officials told KQED that the city would continue prohibiting gas hookups in new housing and commercial construction, even after Berkeley agreed last week to repeal its hard-fought ban as part of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.calrest.org/news/california-restaurant-association-and-berkeley-settle-gas-ban-lawsuit-berkeley-will-not-enforce\">settlement with the California Restaurant Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one has come to us asking us to change or repeal our law,” said Supervisor Rafael Mandelman, who proposed \u003ca href=\"https://www.sf.gov/all-electric-new-construction-ordinance#:~:text=All%20new%20construction%20must%20use,systems%20must%20be%20all%2Delectric.\">San Francisco’s 2020 policy\u003c/a>. “We will continue to enforce it, continue to implement it, consistent with this court decision in the Berkeley case. We think we can do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"related coverage ","tag":"gas-ban"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The powerful state restaurant group challenged the legality of Berkeley’s regulations, arguing the city overstepped its authority \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11946999/court-strikes-down-berkeleys-landmark-ban-on-natural-gas-in-new-construction\">in violation of a nearly 50-year-old U.S. law\u003c/a> authorizing federal officials to set national efficiency standards. Last April, a three-judge panel of the 9th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals agreed and struck down the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11947150/socalgas-helped-bankroll-law-firms-fight-against-berkeley-natural-gas-ban\">subsequently reported\u003c/a> that SoCalGas, the nation’s largest natural gas utility, billed a ratepayer account more than $1 million to help bankroll the law firm that successfully challenged Berkeley’s gas ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the full appeals court \u003ca href=\"https://subscriber.politicopro.com/f/?id=0000018c-cb3f-db9e-abbf-ffbf166e0000\">declined Berkeley’s request\u003c/a> to reconsider the ruling, prompting the city to agree to stop enforcing the policy and begin the legal process of repealing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s denial for a rehearing “left us with very few options to seek review,” Stefan Elgstrand, the mayor’s legislative aide, said in an email on Tuesday. “However, the ruling leaves open many policymaking avenues for Berkeley to address environmental and public health hazards within its borders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the setback, he added, “Berkeley will continue to lead in climate action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the city’s legal saga began nearly five years ago, dozens of other cities in California, including San Francisco and Los Angeles, have passed similar measures to prohibit gas lines in new construction projects. And both \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/climate/article/bay-area-regulators-vote-end-sales-key-gas-home-17836615.php\">Bay Area\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/california-will-ban-the-sale-of-natural-gas-17460877.php\">statewide\u003c/a> air regulators last year issued rules phasing out the sale of new gas-powered furnaces and water heaters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the court struck down Berkeley’s law last year, however, a number of other jurisdictions that initially followed the city’s lead in limiting natural gas in new construction have since suspended enforcement of their bans — including \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1991664/san-mateo-contra-costa-pause-natural-gas-bans-for-new-buildings\">San Mateo and Contra Costa counties\u003c/a> and the cities of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/article287006140.html\">Sacramento\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2023/06/14/santa-cruz-city-council-suspends-natural-gas-ordinance/\">Santa Cruz\u003c/a>. Other cities that have recently enacted gas bans, like San José, say they are evaluating the implications of the court’s ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jot Condie, CEO of the restaurant association, said in a statement that his group is encouraged that Berkeley finally agreed to repeal its ordinance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every city and county in California that has passed a similar ordinance should follow their lead,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But San Francisco officials believe the city may be inoculated from a lawsuit because of the policy’s focus on building safety and because it allows some restaurants and other businesses in new buildings to opt out of the regulation — even though none have yet to do so, according to the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were, frankly, a more robust set of off ramps [in San Francisco’s legislation] and ways for people to seek exemptions, including exemptions for restaurants,” Mandelman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups insist that the court ruling against Berkeley’s policy won’t stop the growing electrification movement and are urging municipalities to continue transitioning away from fossil fuels in new construction in an effort to curb greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Thankfully, since 2019, cities and local air quality agencies have developed a wide variety of policy paths to move forward, from energy codes to air quality protections, to protect their residents and help us all step into a zero-emissions future,” Matt Vespa, a senior attorney with Earthjustice, said in a statement. “The future is clean energy, and nothing can hold that back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992085/san-francisco-will-continue-enforcing-gas-ban-in-new-buildings-despite-berkeleys-repeal-of-similar-rules","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_33","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1665","science_194","science_4417","science_4414","science_2164","science_5252","science_5183"],"featImg":"science_1954913","label":"science"},"science_1991664":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1991664","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1991664","score":null,"sort":[1709319756000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"san-mateo-contra-costa-pause-natural-gas-bans-for-new-buildings","title":"San Mateo, Contra Costa Pause Natural Gas Bans for New Buildings","publishDate":1709319756,"format":"standard","headTitle":"San Mateo, Contra Costa Pause Natural Gas Bans for New Buildings | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Contra Costa County this week halted enforcement of building codes requiring that new construction be all-electric, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.smcgov.org/planning/update-reach-code-enforcement\">San Mateo County\u003c/a> halted enforcement of its similar code earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The indefinite pauses follow a January ruling by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/berkeley-gas-ban-18585687.php\">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit invalidating a city of Berkeley ordinance\u003c/a> that prohibited natural gas hookups in all new residential and commercial buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s after the legality of the ordinance was challenged by the California Restaurant Association, arguing that cities and counties are overstepping their authority \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11946999/court-strikes-down-berkeleys-landmark-ban-on-natural-gas-in-new-construction\">in violation of a nearly 50-year-old law\u003c/a> authorizing federal officials to set national efficiency standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This ruling is final for Berkeley unless the Supreme Court chooses to review the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa County supervisors \u003ca href=\"https://www.contracosta.ca.gov/8536/All--Electric-Buildings\">adopted the original ordinance in June 2022.\u003c/a> It required new construction of all residential, hotel, office and retail buildings to be all-electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a press release, Contra Costa County representatives said their all-electric requirement prohibited the installation of gas plumbing in new buildings, which is similar to Berkeley’s ordinance. The county was “therefore suspending this requirement in response to the Ninth Circuit’s decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Contra Costa County remains committed to reducing the use of fossil fuels in buildings and continues to support the construction of new buildings using all-electric technologies,” Federal D. Glover, chair of that county’s Board of Supervisors, said in a statement. We are eager to identify new and innovative ways to continue to pursue our goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the lawsuit challenging Berkeley’s ban, officials from several other Bay Area counties, including San Francisco and Sonoma, still enforce their codes for all-electric new construction (Sonoma’s only applies to residential dwellings).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Napa County is still considering its own code update, which would incentivize new electric construction. It would also require builders to put vehicle charging ports in new homes and choose between going all-electric or installing a solar and battery system. The county Board of Supervisors is scheduled to vote on the plan next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates for cutting gas from buildings argue that requiring all-electric construction reduces costs, indoor air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/building-decarbonization\">Roughly a quarter\u003c/a> of California’s emissions come from buildings and the energy used to power them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley was the first city in the nation to pass such a ban on natural gas hookups in new construction, which went into effect in 2020. Nearly 100 other cities and counties have since followed suit, and it remains unclear how many will continue to enforce their codes in light of the recent court ruling.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After a federal court invalidated Berkeley’s bellwether all-electric building code, the dominoes are falling, with other jurisdictions pulling their versions of the policy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1709580498,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":455},"headData":{"title":"San Mateo, Contra Costa Pause Natural Gas Bans for New Buildings | KQED","description":"After a federal court invalidated Berkeley’s bellwether all-electric building code, the dominoes are falling, with other jurisdictions pulling their versions of the policy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1991664/san-mateo-contra-costa-pause-natural-gas-bans-for-new-buildings","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Contra Costa County this week halted enforcement of building codes requiring that new construction be all-electric, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.smcgov.org/planning/update-reach-code-enforcement\">San Mateo County\u003c/a> halted enforcement of its similar code earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The indefinite pauses follow a January ruling by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/berkeley-gas-ban-18585687.php\">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit invalidating a city of Berkeley ordinance\u003c/a> that prohibited natural gas hookups in all new residential and commercial buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s after the legality of the ordinance was challenged by the California Restaurant Association, arguing that cities and counties are overstepping their authority \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11946999/court-strikes-down-berkeleys-landmark-ban-on-natural-gas-in-new-construction\">in violation of a nearly 50-year-old law\u003c/a> authorizing federal officials to set national efficiency standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This ruling is final for Berkeley unless the Supreme Court chooses to review the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa County supervisors \u003ca href=\"https://www.contracosta.ca.gov/8536/All--Electric-Buildings\">adopted the original ordinance in June 2022.\u003c/a> It required new construction of all residential, hotel, office and retail buildings to be all-electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a press release, Contra Costa County representatives said their all-electric requirement prohibited the installation of gas plumbing in new buildings, which is similar to Berkeley’s ordinance. The county was “therefore suspending this requirement in response to the Ninth Circuit’s decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Contra Costa County remains committed to reducing the use of fossil fuels in buildings and continues to support the construction of new buildings using all-electric technologies,” Federal D. Glover, chair of that county’s Board of Supervisors, said in a statement. We are eager to identify new and innovative ways to continue to pursue our goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the lawsuit challenging Berkeley’s ban, officials from several other Bay Area counties, including San Francisco and Sonoma, still enforce their codes for all-electric new construction (Sonoma’s only applies to residential dwellings).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Napa County is still considering its own code update, which would incentivize new electric construction. It would also require builders to put vehicle charging ports in new homes and choose between going all-electric or installing a solar and battery system. The county Board of Supervisors is scheduled to vote on the plan next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates for cutting gas from buildings argue that requiring all-electric construction reduces costs, indoor air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/building-decarbonization\">Roughly a quarter\u003c/a> of California’s emissions come from buildings and the energy used to power them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley was the first city in the nation to pass such a ban on natural gas hookups in new construction, which went into effect in 2020. Nearly 100 other cities and counties have since followed suit, and it remains unclear how many will continue to enforce their codes in light of the recent court ruling.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1991664/san-mateo-contra-costa-pause-natural-gas-bans-for-new-buildings","authors":["8648"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1665","science_194","science_4414"],"featImg":"science_1991692","label":"science"},"science_1977094":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1977094","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1977094","score":null,"sort":[1633979998000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"berkeley-stanford-researchers-among-trio-to-win-economics-nobel","title":"Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel","publishDate":1633979998,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">David Card, an economist based at UC Berkeley, won the Nobel prize in economics Monday for pioneering research that transformed widely held ideas about the labor force, showing how an increase in the minimum wage doesn’t hinder hiring and immigrants do not lower pay for native-born workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was awarded half of the prize for his research on how the \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/njmin-aer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">minimum wage\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">immigration \u003c/a>and \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/school-resources-outcomes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">education\u003c/a> affect the labor market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The other half was shared by Stanford University’s Guido Imbens and Joshua Angrist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for developing ways to study these types of societal issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They developed a framework for studying issues that can’t rely on traditional scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the three “completely reshaped empirical work in the economic sciences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"relatedStory-0-2-62 Component-block-0-2-57\">\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Together, they helped rapidly expand the use of “natural experiments,” or studies based on observing real-world data. Such research made economics more applicable to everyday life, provided policymakers with actual evidence on the outcomes of policies, and in time spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics,” by Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">In a study published in 1993, Card looked at what happened to jobs at Burger King, KFC, Wendy’s and Roy Rogers when New Jersey raised its minimum wage from $4.25 to $5.05, using restaurants in bordering eastern Pennsylvania as the control — or comparison — group. Contrary to previous studies, he and his late research partner Alan Krueger found that an increase in the minimum wage had no effect on the number of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card and Krueger’s research fundamentally altered economists’ views of such policies. As noted by the Economist magazine, in 1992 a survey of the American Economic Association’s members found that 79% agreed that a minimum wage law increased unemployment among younger and lower-skilled workers. Those views were largely based on traditional economic notions of supply and demand: If you raise the price of something, you get less of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">By 2000, however, just 46% of the AEA’s members said minimum wage laws increase unemployment, largely because of Card and Krueger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Their findings sparked interest in further research into why a higher minimum wouldn’t reduce employment. One conclusion was that companies are able to pass on the cost of higher wages to customers by raising prices. In other cases, if a company is a major employer in a particular area, it may be able to keep wages particularly low, so that it could afford to pay a higher minimum, when required to do so, without cutting jobs. The higher pay would also attract more applicants, boosting labor supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“That really surprising evidence on the impact of the minimum wage has shaken up the field at a very fundamental level,” said Arindrajit Dube, an economics professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. “And so for that reason, and all the following research that their work ignited, this is a richly deserved award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger would almost certainly have shared in the award, Dube said, but the economics Nobel isn’t awarded posthumously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card also found that an influx of immigrants into a city doesn’t cost native workers jobs or lower their earnings, though earlier immigrants can be negatively affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card studied the labor market in Miami in the wake of Cuba’s sudden decision to let people emigrate in 1980, leading 125,000 people to leave in what became known as the Mariel Boatlift. It resulted in a 7% increase in the city’s workforce. By comparing the evolution of wages and employment in four other cities, Card discovered \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no negative effects\u003c/a> for Miami residents with low levels of education. Follow-up work showed that increased immigration can have a positive impact on income for people born in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist and Imbens won their half of the award for working out the methodological issues that allow economists to draw solid conclusions about cause and effect even where they cannot carry out studies according to strict scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card’s work on the minimum wage is one of the best-known natural experiments in economics. The problem with such experiments is that it can be difficult to isolate cause and effect. For example, if you want to figure out whether an extra year of education will increase a person’s income, you cannot simply compare the incomes of adults with one more year of schooling to those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">That’s because there are many other factors that might determine whether those who got an extra year of schooling are able to make more money. Perhaps they are harder workers or more diligent and would have done better than those without the extra year even if they did not stay in school. These kinds of issues cause economists and other social science researchers to say “correlation doesn’t prove causation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens and Angrist, however, figured out how to isolate the effects of things like an extra year of school. Their methods enabled researchers to draw clearer conclusions about cause and effect, even if they are unable to control who gets things like extra education, the way scientists in a lab can control their experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens, in \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w7001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one paper\u003c/a>, used a survey of lottery winners to evaluate the impact of a government-provided basic income, which has been proposed by left-leaning politicians in the U.S. and Europe. He found that a prize of $15,000 a year did not have much effect on a person’s likelihood to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card said he thought the voice message that came in at 2 a.m. from someone from Sweden was a prank until he saw the number on his phone really was from Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He said he and his co-author Kreuger faced disbelief from other economists about their findings. “At the time, the conclusions were somewhat controversial. Quite a few economists were skeptical of our results,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He paid tribute to Krueger, saying that “I am sure that if Alan were still with us he would be sharing this prize with me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I was just absolutely stunned to get a telephone call,” Imbens said. He told The Associated Press that he missed the first call from Sweden, about 2 a.m. California time, but got the second one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Speaking from his home in Brookline, Massachusetts, Angrist said, “I can hardly believe it. It’s only been a few hours and I am still trying to absorb it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist also missed the call from Nobel officials and awoke to a torrent of text messages from friends. Fortunately, he said, he knew enough other Nobel Laureates that he got a callback number from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">As a youth, Angrist dropped out of a master’s program in economics at Hebrew University in Israel, though he did meet his future wife, Mira, there. He has dual U.S. and Israeli citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I did have sort of a winding road,” he said. “I wasn’t a precocious high school student.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger, who worked with all three of the winners, died in 2019 at age 58. He taught at Princeton for three decades and was chief Labor Department economist under President Bill Clinton. He served in the Treasury Department under President Barack Obama, then as Obama’s chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The award comes with a gold medal and 10 million Swedish kronor (over $1.14 million).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Unlike \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/nobel-prizes\">the other Nobel prizes\u003c/a>, the economics award wasn’t established in the will of Alfred Nobel but by the Swedish central bank in his memory in 1968, with the first winner selected a year later. It is the last prize announced each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">\u003cem>Rugaber reported from Washington and McHugh reported from Frankfurt, Germany.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Their research made economics more applicable to everyday life and spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics.\" ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846411,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":1357},"headData":{"title":"Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel | KQED","description":"Their research made economics more applicable to everyday life and spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics." ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"AP","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Christopher Rugaber, David McHugh and David Keyton \u003cbr />AP\u003cbr>","path":"/science/1977094/berkeley-stanford-researchers-among-trio-to-win-economics-nobel","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">David Card, an economist based at UC Berkeley, won the Nobel prize in economics Monday for pioneering research that transformed widely held ideas about the labor force, showing how an increase in the minimum wage doesn’t hinder hiring and immigrants do not lower pay for native-born workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was awarded half of the prize for his research on how the \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/njmin-aer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">minimum wage\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">immigration \u003c/a>and \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/school-resources-outcomes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">education\u003c/a> affect the labor market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The other half was shared by Stanford University’s Guido Imbens and Joshua Angrist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for developing ways to study these types of societal issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They developed a framework for studying issues that can’t rely on traditional scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the three “completely reshaped empirical work in the economic sciences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"relatedStory-0-2-62 Component-block-0-2-57\">\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Together, they helped rapidly expand the use of “natural experiments,” or studies based on observing real-world data. Such research made economics more applicable to everyday life, provided policymakers with actual evidence on the outcomes of policies, and in time spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics,” by Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">In a study published in 1993, Card looked at what happened to jobs at Burger King, KFC, Wendy’s and Roy Rogers when New Jersey raised its minimum wage from $4.25 to $5.05, using restaurants in bordering eastern Pennsylvania as the control — or comparison — group. Contrary to previous studies, he and his late research partner Alan Krueger found that an increase in the minimum wage had no effect on the number of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card and Krueger’s research fundamentally altered economists’ views of such policies. As noted by the Economist magazine, in 1992 a survey of the American Economic Association’s members found that 79% agreed that a minimum wage law increased unemployment among younger and lower-skilled workers. Those views were largely based on traditional economic notions of supply and demand: If you raise the price of something, you get less of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">By 2000, however, just 46% of the AEA’s members said minimum wage laws increase unemployment, largely because of Card and Krueger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Their findings sparked interest in further research into why a higher minimum wouldn’t reduce employment. One conclusion was that companies are able to pass on the cost of higher wages to customers by raising prices. In other cases, if a company is a major employer in a particular area, it may be able to keep wages particularly low, so that it could afford to pay a higher minimum, when required to do so, without cutting jobs. The higher pay would also attract more applicants, boosting labor supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“That really surprising evidence on the impact of the minimum wage has shaken up the field at a very fundamental level,” said Arindrajit Dube, an economics professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. “And so for that reason, and all the following research that their work ignited, this is a richly deserved award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger would almost certainly have shared in the award, Dube said, but the economics Nobel isn’t awarded posthumously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card also found that an influx of immigrants into a city doesn’t cost native workers jobs or lower their earnings, though earlier immigrants can be negatively affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card studied the labor market in Miami in the wake of Cuba’s sudden decision to let people emigrate in 1980, leading 125,000 people to leave in what became known as the Mariel Boatlift. It resulted in a 7% increase in the city’s workforce. By comparing the evolution of wages and employment in four other cities, Card discovered \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no negative effects\u003c/a> for Miami residents with low levels of education. Follow-up work showed that increased immigration can have a positive impact on income for people born in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist and Imbens won their half of the award for working out the methodological issues that allow economists to draw solid conclusions about cause and effect even where they cannot carry out studies according to strict scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card’s work on the minimum wage is one of the best-known natural experiments in economics. The problem with such experiments is that it can be difficult to isolate cause and effect. For example, if you want to figure out whether an extra year of education will increase a person’s income, you cannot simply compare the incomes of adults with one more year of schooling to those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">That’s because there are many other factors that might determine whether those who got an extra year of schooling are able to make more money. Perhaps they are harder workers or more diligent and would have done better than those without the extra year even if they did not stay in school. These kinds of issues cause economists and other social science researchers to say “correlation doesn’t prove causation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens and Angrist, however, figured out how to isolate the effects of things like an extra year of school. Their methods enabled researchers to draw clearer conclusions about cause and effect, even if they are unable to control who gets things like extra education, the way scientists in a lab can control their experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens, in \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w7001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one paper\u003c/a>, used a survey of lottery winners to evaluate the impact of a government-provided basic income, which has been proposed by left-leaning politicians in the U.S. and Europe. He found that a prize of $15,000 a year did not have much effect on a person’s likelihood to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card said he thought the voice message that came in at 2 a.m. from someone from Sweden was a prank until he saw the number on his phone really was from Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He said he and his co-author Kreuger faced disbelief from other economists about their findings. “At the time, the conclusions were somewhat controversial. Quite a few economists were skeptical of our results,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He paid tribute to Krueger, saying that “I am sure that if Alan were still with us he would be sharing this prize with me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I was just absolutely stunned to get a telephone call,” Imbens said. He told The Associated Press that he missed the first call from Sweden, about 2 a.m. California time, but got the second one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Speaking from his home in Brookline, Massachusetts, Angrist said, “I can hardly believe it. It’s only been a few hours and I am still trying to absorb it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist also missed the call from Nobel officials and awoke to a torrent of text messages from friends. Fortunately, he said, he knew enough other Nobel Laureates that he got a callback number from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">As a youth, Angrist dropped out of a master’s program in economics at Hebrew University in Israel, though he did meet his future wife, Mira, there. He has dual U.S. and Israeli citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I did have sort of a winding road,” he said. “I wasn’t a precocious high school student.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger, who worked with all three of the winners, died in 2019 at age 58. He taught at Princeton for three decades and was chief Labor Department economist under President Bill Clinton. He served in the Treasury Department under President Barack Obama, then as Obama’s chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The award comes with a gold medal and 10 million Swedish kronor (over $1.14 million).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Unlike \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/nobel-prizes\">the other Nobel prizes\u003c/a>, the economics award wasn’t established in the will of Alfred Nobel but by the Swedish central bank in his memory in 1968, with the first winner selected a year later. It is the last prize announced each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">\u003cem>Rugaber reported from Washington and McHugh reported from Frankfurt, Germany.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1977094/berkeley-stanford-researchers-among-trio-to-win-economics-nobel","authors":["byline_science_1977094"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1665","science_3780","science_4414","science_1943","science_5187"],"featImg":"science_1977097","label":"source_science_1977094"},"science_1973061":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1973061","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1973061","score":null,"sort":[1614886877000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"to-lead-climate-initiatives-at-treasury-biden-picks-another-uc-berkeley-academic","title":"To Lead Climate Initiatives at Treasury, Biden Turns to Another UC Berkeley Academic","publishDate":1614886877,"format":"aside","headTitle":"To Lead Climate Initiatives at Treasury, Biden Turns to Another UC Berkeley Academic | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1973063 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/414-90b84363c66233eb859f48c7435fb222.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"310\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/414-90b84363c66233eb859f48c7435fb222.jpg 310w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/414-90b84363c66233eb859f48c7435fb222-160x160.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Berkeley’s Catherine Wolfram was tapped by Biden as deputy assistant secretary for climate and energy economics at the U.S. Treasury Department. (Jim Block for UC Berkeley Haas School of Business) \u003ccite>(UC Berkeley Haas School of Business)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Joe Biden has tapped Catherine Wolfram, a professor and associate dean at the UC Berkeley Haas School of Business, as his latest climate hire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfram is a leading expert on climate change and energy markets. She’ll serve as a deputy assistant secretary for climate and energy economics\u003cspan class=\"s3\">, a newly created position at the Treasury Department.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fantastic that the Biden Administration is paying so much attention to climate change, and I’m excited to be part of the efforts,” she said in a statement posted to the university’s \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.haas.berkeley.edu/research/prof-catherine-wolfram-joins-the-us-treasury-department-to-lead-energy-and-climate-change-policy/\">\u003cspan class=\"s5\">website\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. “It’s one thing to sit in your office and write about what policy makers should and shouldn’t do, but I’m really curious to see how these decisions get made in practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Her early academic career examined U.S. regulation of electricity markets. More recently, she’s studied climate change and energy issues in the developing world, particularly in \u003cspan class=\"s6\">sub-Saharan Africa\u003c/span> and India, and leading randomized controlled trials to evaluate energy programs in the U.S., Ghana and Kenya, the university said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>Catherine represents the sort of balanced, careful thinking about the environment and the need to address climate change that Biden has been talking about for his whole campaign and his early presidency,” \u003cspan class=\"s7\">Severin Borenstein, faculty director of the Energy Institute at Haas, said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He described her thinking as needing to take major steps on climate change, but in a cost effective way and with “careful analysis of the impact that these programs have [to] figure out what works, and what doesn’t work as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of her focuses might be how to encourage more sustainable economic development, Bornstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Biden has now picked three women from Berkeley’s business school to staff his Treasury Department: Wolfram, Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen, a professor emerita, and Deputy Assistant Secretary of Capital Access Adair Morse, an associate professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university says Wolfram is already working in her new role.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Biden has tapped Catherine Wolfram, a professor and associate dean at the UC Berkeley Haas School of Business, as his latest climate hire. The president has now picked three women from Berkeley’s business school to staff his Treasury Department.\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846732,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":385},"headData":{"title":"To Lead Climate Initiatives at Treasury, Biden Turns to Another UC Berkeley Academic | KQED","description":"Biden has tapped Catherine Wolfram, a professor and associate dean at the UC Berkeley Haas School of Business, as his latest climate hire. The president has now picked three women from Berkeley’s business school to staff his Treasury Department.\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Climate Change","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1973061/to-lead-climate-initiatives-at-treasury-biden-picks-another-uc-berkeley-academic","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1973063 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/414-90b84363c66233eb859f48c7435fb222.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"310\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/414-90b84363c66233eb859f48c7435fb222.jpg 310w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/414-90b84363c66233eb859f48c7435fb222-160x160.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Berkeley’s Catherine Wolfram was tapped by Biden as deputy assistant secretary for climate and energy economics at the U.S. Treasury Department. (Jim Block for UC Berkeley Haas School of Business) \u003ccite>(UC Berkeley Haas School of Business)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Joe Biden has tapped Catherine Wolfram, a professor and associate dean at the UC Berkeley Haas School of Business, as his latest climate hire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfram is a leading expert on climate change and energy markets. She’ll serve as a deputy assistant secretary for climate and energy economics\u003cspan class=\"s3\">, a newly created position at the Treasury Department.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fantastic that the Biden Administration is paying so much attention to climate change, and I’m excited to be part of the efforts,” she said in a statement posted to the university’s \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.haas.berkeley.edu/research/prof-catherine-wolfram-joins-the-us-treasury-department-to-lead-energy-and-climate-change-policy/\">\u003cspan class=\"s5\">website\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. “It’s one thing to sit in your office and write about what policy makers should and shouldn’t do, but I’m really curious to see how these decisions get made in practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Her early academic career examined U.S. regulation of electricity markets. More recently, she’s studied climate change and energy issues in the developing world, particularly in \u003cspan class=\"s6\">sub-Saharan Africa\u003c/span> and India, and leading randomized controlled trials to evaluate energy programs in the U.S., Ghana and Kenya, the university said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>Catherine represents the sort of balanced, careful thinking about the environment and the need to address climate change that Biden has been talking about for his whole campaign and his early presidency,” \u003cspan class=\"s7\">Severin Borenstein, faculty director of the Energy Institute at Haas, said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He described her thinking as needing to take major steps on climate change, but in a cost effective way and with “careful analysis of the impact that these programs have [to] figure out what works, and what doesn’t work as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of her focuses might be how to encourage more sustainable economic development, Bornstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Biden has now picked three women from Berkeley’s business school to staff his Treasury Department: Wolfram, Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen, a professor emerita, and Deputy Assistant Secretary of Capital Access Adair Morse, an associate professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university says Wolfram is already working in her new role.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1973061/to-lead-climate-initiatives-at-treasury-biden-picks-another-uc-berkeley-academic","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_35","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1665","science_194"],"featImg":"science_1936460","label":"source_science_1973061"},"science_1949677":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1949677","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1949677","score":null,"sort":[1571770079000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"for-berkeley-planners-wildfire-is-matter-of-when-not-if","title":"For Berkeley Planners, Wildfire Is Matter of When, Not If","publishDate":1571770079,"format":"standard","headTitle":"For Berkeley Planners, Wildfire Is Matter of When, Not If | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>For city officials and many residents, a wildfire igniting in the hills is not a matter of “if” but “when.” Berkeley Fire Chief David Brannigan says wildfires hit every three decades or so “and the conditions haven’t changed” since the last big blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Oakland Hills Fire was 30 years ago,” Brannigan said. “We have a heavy, dense dry fuel load that can go off at any time. We have done some measures to reduce the risk but not enough to completely eliminate it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A wildfire in the Berkeley Hills would endanger 10-15,000 residents, who would be forced to evacuate down century-old roads toward the firefighters’ defense line on Shattuck Avenue. Brannigan says the area is much like Paradise, California when it went up in flames in 2018. Helped by 40-knot winds, the Camp Fire in Paradise burned the equivalent of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/09/us/california-wildfires-superlatives-wcx/index.html\">football field every second\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Berkeley Vice Mayor Susan Wengraf is taking the unprecedented step of asking the city to prioritize wildfire prevention and safety. Her resolution, which passed the city council Tuesday night without discussion, will ensure the issue is reflected in city planning and “hopefully influence funding priorities in the future,” Wengraf said, “to clear dead vegetation, improve the safety of our pathways, and launch the Safe Passages program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A wildfire was always thought of as a ‘Hills problem,’ but it’s everybody’s problem,” Wengraf said. “If they lose their homes, where are they going to go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of studies on the hills’ wildfire danger, the issues the city faces aren’t just known, they’re blatantly apparent. The area’s vegetation is like kindling when dried out and there’s lots of it. It needs to be cleared completely, but Brannigan says there hasn’t been enough funding for upkeep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compounding the danger in the hills are its curvy, narrow roads. They’re difficult to navigate, especially for today’s emergency vehicles. Also, on many sections of road, a parked vehicle jutting out into the road could prevent an ambulance from reaching its destination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>”Our emergency vehicles have difficulty accessing areas on a daily basis,” said Brannigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with the studies came plans to address the issues in the hills; some are already in place. This fall the city starts its Safe Passages Program, which creates new fire lanes on blocks identified as being problematic for emergency vehicles. The program will prohibit cars from parking there, ensuring there’s enough space for an ambulance or fire truck to pass through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wengraf expects resistance to the expansion of no parking zones in the area. Despite the program proceeding slowly on just three streets (Alvarado, Bridge, and Vicente roads) and assurances that the program would maintain “\u003ca href=\"https://www.loridroste.com/october_4_2019\">some parking for the neighborhoods\u003c/a>,” residents are already warning Wengraf that they plan to fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One woman on Tamalpais told me she’d lay down in the street and block our trucks,” said Wengraf. “Some people think they own the street in front of their houses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another battle is brewing over the plans to clear vegetation. Last month, the Claremont Canyon Conservancy published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.claremontcanyon.org/fuel-management-proposal\">wildfire fuel management plan\u003c/a> for the University of California, Berkeley. The school received funding to make its campus and the surrounding area safe in the event there’s a wildfire so the conservancy commissioned a plan from \u003ca href=\"https://ced.berkeley.edu/ced/faculty-staff/joe-mcbride\">Joe McBride\u003c/a>, a professor emeritus of landscape architecture and environmental planning. McBride’s been studying the fuel management in the Berkeley Hills since the early ‘70s and has written four reports on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel management is a high priority for the area,” said McBride. “Past fires like the 1923 Berkeley Fire started in wildland vegetation and burned into the city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of McBride’s recommendations in his new plan is to replace the area’s eucalyptus trees and conifers with native vegetation and grass. McBride says trees release more energy during fires than grasses and tree fires are harder for firefighters to control — a claim Brannigan supports. The trees can also fall on roads and block evacuation routes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During the Oakland Hills fire in 1991, people died because one-way roads were blocked by trees,” said McBride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this plan also reignites the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/11/the-great-eucalyptus-debate/509069/\">Great Eucalyptus Debate\u003c/a>,” a battle that’s been going on for over a decade between the Claremont Canyon Conservancy and Hills Conservation Network, a collection of local residents who want to keep the trees. Network representative Dan Grassetti said McBride’s new proposal offers “no wildfire risk mitigation benefit” and “is yet another attempt by a small group of native plant fanatics to attempt to influence the University to do their bidding.” Grassetti said the network would be willing to fight this new plan in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassetti, the president and CEO of the tech company \u003ca href=\"https://www.neutrinoblackbox.com/about-us\">Arboreal Systems\u003c/a>, defers to FEMA officials on fuel management. They agree that the tree canopy is good for the area, providing shade and other benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in better shape than Paradise because we have these forests. It’s wetter. The tall trees catch the fog and they drip water on the floor. That’s inherently safer than not having the overstory,” said Grassetti. “But if CCC gets its way, it will be more like Paradise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brannigan also agrees with the need to keep a tree canopy. His concern is ladder fuels, which are debris on the ground that could send fires up into the trees. He advocates for funding more inspections and maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People talk about species but we’re looking at our fire code and that’s about maintaining them,” said Brannigan. “Good maintenance of existing trees will go a long way to prevent the spread of a wildfire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that everyone who spoke to Berkeleyside agrees on is that responsibility ultimately falls on the shoulders of residents. While these issues are hashed out, Wengraf, Brannigan and others feel the best plan for residents to stay safe in a wildfire is to be proactive and stay out of the area when fire conditions are at their worst. Residents shouldn’t wait for evacuation orders to leave because by then, it could be too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea that the fire department is going to help you during a wildfire is a myth,” said Wengraf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read the original post from Berkeleyside \u003ca href=\"https://www.berkeleyside.com/2019/10/17/the-berkeley-hills-are-kindling-city-takes-steps-to-tackle-wildfire-dangers-safety-issues\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Berkeley passed a resolution last week to ensure the city prioritizes wildfire prevention. \r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848210,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1143},"headData":{"title":"For Berkeley Planners, Wildfire Is Matter of When, Not If | KQED","description":"Berkeley passed a resolution last week to ensure the city prioritizes wildfire prevention. \r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Berkeleyside","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Kevin Jones\u003cbr/>Berkeleyside\u003cbr>","path":"/science/1949677/for-berkeley-planners-wildfire-is-matter-of-when-not-if","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For city officials and many residents, a wildfire igniting in the hills is not a matter of “if” but “when.” Berkeley Fire Chief David Brannigan says wildfires hit every three decades or so “and the conditions haven’t changed” since the last big blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Oakland Hills Fire was 30 years ago,” Brannigan said. “We have a heavy, dense dry fuel load that can go off at any time. We have done some measures to reduce the risk but not enough to completely eliminate it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A wildfire in the Berkeley Hills would endanger 10-15,000 residents, who would be forced to evacuate down century-old roads toward the firefighters’ defense line on Shattuck Avenue. Brannigan says the area is much like Paradise, California when it went up in flames in 2018. Helped by 40-knot winds, the Camp Fire in Paradise burned the equivalent of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/09/us/california-wildfires-superlatives-wcx/index.html\">football field every second\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Berkeley Vice Mayor Susan Wengraf is taking the unprecedented step of asking the city to prioritize wildfire prevention and safety. Her resolution, which passed the city council Tuesday night without discussion, will ensure the issue is reflected in city planning and “hopefully influence funding priorities in the future,” Wengraf said, “to clear dead vegetation, improve the safety of our pathways, and launch the Safe Passages program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A wildfire was always thought of as a ‘Hills problem,’ but it’s everybody’s problem,” Wengraf said. “If they lose their homes, where are they going to go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of studies on the hills’ wildfire danger, the issues the city faces aren’t just known, they’re blatantly apparent. The area’s vegetation is like kindling when dried out and there’s lots of it. It needs to be cleared completely, but Brannigan says there hasn’t been enough funding for upkeep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compounding the danger in the hills are its curvy, narrow roads. They’re difficult to navigate, especially for today’s emergency vehicles. Also, on many sections of road, a parked vehicle jutting out into the road could prevent an ambulance from reaching its destination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>”Our emergency vehicles have difficulty accessing areas on a daily basis,” said Brannigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with the studies came plans to address the issues in the hills; some are already in place. This fall the city starts its Safe Passages Program, which creates new fire lanes on blocks identified as being problematic for emergency vehicles. The program will prohibit cars from parking there, ensuring there’s enough space for an ambulance or fire truck to pass through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wengraf expects resistance to the expansion of no parking zones in the area. Despite the program proceeding slowly on just three streets (Alvarado, Bridge, and Vicente roads) and assurances that the program would maintain “\u003ca href=\"https://www.loridroste.com/october_4_2019\">some parking for the neighborhoods\u003c/a>,” residents are already warning Wengraf that they plan to fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One woman on Tamalpais told me she’d lay down in the street and block our trucks,” said Wengraf. “Some people think they own the street in front of their houses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another battle is brewing over the plans to clear vegetation. Last month, the Claremont Canyon Conservancy published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.claremontcanyon.org/fuel-management-proposal\">wildfire fuel management plan\u003c/a> for the University of California, Berkeley. The school received funding to make its campus and the surrounding area safe in the event there’s a wildfire so the conservancy commissioned a plan from \u003ca href=\"https://ced.berkeley.edu/ced/faculty-staff/joe-mcbride\">Joe McBride\u003c/a>, a professor emeritus of landscape architecture and environmental planning. McBride’s been studying the fuel management in the Berkeley Hills since the early ‘70s and has written four reports on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel management is a high priority for the area,” said McBride. “Past fires like the 1923 Berkeley Fire started in wildland vegetation and burned into the city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of McBride’s recommendations in his new plan is to replace the area’s eucalyptus trees and conifers with native vegetation and grass. McBride says trees release more energy during fires than grasses and tree fires are harder for firefighters to control — a claim Brannigan supports. The trees can also fall on roads and block evacuation routes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During the Oakland Hills fire in 1991, people died because one-way roads were blocked by trees,” said McBride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this plan also reignites the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/11/the-great-eucalyptus-debate/509069/\">Great Eucalyptus Debate\u003c/a>,” a battle that’s been going on for over a decade between the Claremont Canyon Conservancy and Hills Conservation Network, a collection of local residents who want to keep the trees. Network representative Dan Grassetti said McBride’s new proposal offers “no wildfire risk mitigation benefit” and “is yet another attempt by a small group of native plant fanatics to attempt to influence the University to do their bidding.” Grassetti said the network would be willing to fight this new plan in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassetti, the president and CEO of the tech company \u003ca href=\"https://www.neutrinoblackbox.com/about-us\">Arboreal Systems\u003c/a>, defers to FEMA officials on fuel management. They agree that the tree canopy is good for the area, providing shade and other benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in better shape than Paradise because we have these forests. It’s wetter. The tall trees catch the fog and they drip water on the floor. That’s inherently safer than not having the overstory,” said Grassetti. “But if CCC gets its way, it will be more like Paradise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brannigan also agrees with the need to keep a tree canopy. His concern is ladder fuels, which are debris on the ground that could send fires up into the trees. He advocates for funding more inspections and maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People talk about species but we’re looking at our fire code and that’s about maintaining them,” said Brannigan. “Good maintenance of existing trees will go a long way to prevent the spread of a wildfire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that everyone who spoke to Berkeleyside agrees on is that responsibility ultimately falls on the shoulders of residents. While these issues are hashed out, Wengraf, Brannigan and others feel the best plan for residents to stay safe in a wildfire is to be proactive and stay out of the area when fire conditions are at their worst. Residents shouldn’t wait for evacuation orders to leave because by then, it could be too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea that the fire department is going to help you during a wildfire is a myth,” said Wengraf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read the original post from Berkeleyside \u003ca href=\"https://www.berkeleyside.com/2019/10/17/the-berkeley-hills-are-kindling-city-takes-steps-to-tackle-wildfire-dangers-safety-issues\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1949677/for-berkeley-planners-wildfire-is-matter-of-when-not-if","authors":["byline_science_1949677"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_3730"],"tags":["science_1665","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1949682","label":"source_science_1949677"},"science_1027372":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1027372","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1027372","score":null,"sort":[1475586030000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"for-these-tiny-spiders-its-sing-or-get-served","title":"For These Tiny Spiders, It's Sing or Get Served","publishDate":1475586030,"format":"video","headTitle":"For These Tiny Spiders, It’s Sing or Get Served | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]For the better part of the summer, \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/eliaslab/index.html\">Erin Brandt,\u003c/a> a graduate student in environmental science at UC Berkeley, has been holding speed-dating sessions in the lab — for spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two by two, Brandt studies the mating habits of jumping spiders, a family of furry, often colorful arachnids that could fit on the tip of your pinky. Their elaborate courtship displays, which researchers say could help answer questions about the evolution of mating practices in general, have long interested scientists and even earned the spiders a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/groups/salticidae/\">fan base online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1029328\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1029328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A male jumping spider performs his song and dance routine for a female.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male jumping spider performs his song and dance routine for a female. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m kind of known as the spider lady in my family now,” Brandt said. “I’m interested in how behaviors evolve, and jumping spiders are a great way to look at that. And they’re just so cute.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the courtship, the male jumping spider performs an exuberant dance to get the female’s attention. Like a pint-sized Magic Mike working for twenties, he shimmies from side to side, waves his legs, and flaps his front appendages (called pedipalps) in her direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If she likes what she sees, the female may allow him to mate. But things can also go terribly wrong for these eight-legged suitors. She might decide to attack him, or even eat him for lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way to tell what she’s going to do,” said Brandt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannibalism is the result about seven percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1029333\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317_jumpingspider_pedipalps_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1029333\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317_jumpingspider_pedipalps_720.gif\" alt=\"A jumping spider waves his arms and shakes his pedipalps during courtship.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A jumping spider waves his arms and shakes his pedipalps during courtship. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These mating rituals were first described more than 100 years ago. Their study took on a new dimension, however, when scientists discovered that the males also sing when they attempt to woo their lady loves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By rubbing together their two body segments, the males create vibrations that travel through the ground. The female spiders can “hear” the male songs through ear-like slits in their legs, called sensilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1029457\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317_jumpingspider_abdomen_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1029457\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317_jumpingspider_abdomen_720.gif\" alt='The male jumping spider \"sings\" by rubbing together the two main parts of his body.' width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The male jumping spider “sings” by rubbing together the two main parts of his body. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/eliaslab/\">Damian Elias,\u003c/a> a professor who works with Brandt, first listened to these songs using\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>a modified phonograph needle that registered the vibrations. Today, using a more sophisticated vibrometer that tracks minute movements with a laser, researchers in his lab can turn these inaudible songs into something people can hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from being random noise, each spider song is composed of a specific series of thumps, scrapes and buzzes, called motifs, all synched to the spider’s movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each spider makes the song his own. Though the motif sequence is the same within a species, individuals can add personal touches, such as an extra thump, or a longer, louder buzz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1029454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Using a laser-equipped vibrometer, in red, scientists can now make jumping spider songs audible to people.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In Dr. Damian Elias’s lab, a vibrometer shines a red laser beam on a spider, allowing scientists to make its song audible to people.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A male spider’s coordination of the dance and the song seems to affect his reproductive success — in other words, his ability to stay alive during this risky courtship trial. But what exactly the signals mean remains mysterious to scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only thing that’s known unambiguously is that vibration is important,” said Brandt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347204004804\">In a 2005 experiment,\u003c/a> Elias proved that importance by sticking the two parts of the male spiders’ bodies together with wax, effectively preventing them from singing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For these “muted” spiders, who could still dance, the success rate plummeted by two-thirds. Cannibalism by the females more than quadrupled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1029337\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317_jumpingspider_female-eats-male_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1029337\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317_jumpingspider_female-eats-male_720.gif\" alt=\"Cannibalism of the male by the female is one potential result of courtship among jumping spiders.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cannibalism of the male by the female is one potential result of courtship among jumping spiders. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Studies like these may one day shed light on courtship rituals throughout the animal world. That’s because jumping spider courtship is a classic example of what Charles Darwin called sexual selection, a footnote to evolution that attempts to explain an apparent contradiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 150 years ago, Darwin was troubled by the way some animals go to so much trouble to find mates. How, he wondered, could it be advantageous to the species in general?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer, according the sexual selection theory, is that the idea of “survival of the fittest” works not just \u003cem>between\u003c/em> species competing for resources, but \u003cem>within\u003c/em> the species as well. Courtships weed out individuals who would produce weak offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One sex has the burden of proof, the other has choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1029453\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1029453\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A jumping spider female looks on as a male attempts to court her.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A jumping spider female looks on as a male attempts to court her. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The common assumption is that successful courtship behavior demonstrates health and vigor to a potential mate. But when it comes to jumping spiders, that assumption doesn’t tell the whole story. Sometimes, as Brandt has repeatedly observed, smaller males, or even those with a visible defect such as a missing limb, do just as well as healthy individuals\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What do females care about?” Brandt said. “We really don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific focus has shifted from describing male behaviors during these jumping spider courtships to figuring out what they mean, through the eyes and ears of the female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Elias’s lab in Berkeley concentrates on the songs, another group of researchers is looking more deeply into the spiders’ dance routines. \u003ca href=\"http://ejakob.popslice.com/\">Elizabeth Jakob,\u003c/a> a professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, has developed an eye-movement tracker — like the ones used on people for psychology experiments — small enough to follow the gaze of female spiders. Two biologists at the University of Pittsburgh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.pitt.edu/person/nathan-morehouse\">Nathan Morehouse\u003c/a> and and \u003ca href=\"http://www.danielzurek.com/\">Daniel Zurek,\u003c/a> are using Jakob’s tracker to follow the females’ visual interest while they watch videos of males performing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gaze is where vision meets cognition,” said Morehouse. “It tells you something about the priorities of the animal, in terms of what’s most interesting to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental factors could even play a role. Brandt’s research is looking into what effects temperature, and by extension global warming, might have on female choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all these experiments, the scientists ultimately hope to understand how a female decides whether she’s looking at a stud — or a dud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can endlessly look at the male,” Brandt said, “but the females have all the power. They’re driving the evolution of the system.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Jumping spider courtship is quite a song and dance routine. But if they bomb, they can wind up dinner. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929552,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1100},"headData":{"title":"For These Tiny Spiders, It's Sing or Get Served | KQED","description":"Jumping spider courtship is quite a song and dance routine. But if they bomb, they can wind up dinner. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/y7qMqAgCqME","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1027372/for-these-tiny-spiders-its-sing-or-get-served","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For the better part of the summer, \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/eliaslab/index.html\">Erin Brandt,\u003c/a> a graduate student in environmental science at UC Berkeley, has been holding speed-dating sessions in the lab — for spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two by two, Brandt studies the mating habits of jumping spiders, a family of furry, often colorful arachnids that could fit on the tip of your pinky. Their elaborate courtship displays, which researchers say could help answer questions about the evolution of mating practices in general, have long interested scientists and even earned the spiders a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/groups/salticidae/\">fan base online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1029328\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1029328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A male jumping spider performs his song and dance routine for a female.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-submissive-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male jumping spider performs his song and dance routine for a female. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m kind of known as the spider lady in my family now,” Brandt said. “I’m interested in how behaviors evolve, and jumping spiders are a great way to look at that. And they’re just so cute.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the courtship, the male jumping spider performs an exuberant dance to get the female’s attention. Like a pint-sized Magic Mike working for twenties, he shimmies from side to side, waves his legs, and flaps his front appendages (called pedipalps) in her direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If she likes what she sees, the female may allow him to mate. But things can also go terribly wrong for these eight-legged suitors. She might decide to attack him, or even eat him for lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way to tell what she’s going to do,” said Brandt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannibalism is the result about seven percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1029333\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317_jumpingspider_pedipalps_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1029333\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317_jumpingspider_pedipalps_720.gif\" alt=\"A jumping spider waves his arms and shakes his pedipalps during courtship.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A jumping spider waves his arms and shakes his pedipalps during courtship. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These mating rituals were first described more than 100 years ago. Their study took on a new dimension, however, when scientists discovered that the males also sing when they attempt to woo their lady loves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By rubbing together their two body segments, the males create vibrations that travel through the ground. The female spiders can “hear” the male songs through ear-like slits in their legs, called sensilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1029457\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317_jumpingspider_abdomen_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1029457\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317_jumpingspider_abdomen_720.gif\" alt='The male jumping spider \"sings\" by rubbing together the two main parts of his body.' width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The male jumping spider “sings” by rubbing together the two main parts of his body. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/eliaslab/\">Damian Elias,\u003c/a> a professor who works with Brandt, first listened to these songs using\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>a modified phonograph needle that registered the vibrations. Today, using a more sophisticated vibrometer that tracks minute movements with a laser, researchers in his lab can turn these inaudible songs into something people can hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from being random noise, each spider song is composed of a specific series of thumps, scrapes and buzzes, called motifs, all synched to the spider’s movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each spider makes the song his own. Though the motif sequence is the same within a species, individuals can add personal touches, such as an extra thump, or a longer, louder buzz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1029454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Using a laser-equipped vibrometer, in red, scientists can now make jumping spider songs audible to people.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-vibrometer-action-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In Dr. Damian Elias’s lab, a vibrometer shines a red laser beam on a spider, allowing scientists to make its song audible to people.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A male spider’s coordination of the dance and the song seems to affect his reproductive success — in other words, his ability to stay alive during this risky courtship trial. But what exactly the signals mean remains mysterious to scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only thing that’s known unambiguously is that vibration is important,” said Brandt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347204004804\">In a 2005 experiment,\u003c/a> Elias proved that importance by sticking the two parts of the male spiders’ bodies together with wax, effectively preventing them from singing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For these “muted” spiders, who could still dance, the success rate plummeted by two-thirds. Cannibalism by the females more than quadrupled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1029337\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317_jumpingspider_female-eats-male_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1029337\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317_jumpingspider_female-eats-male_720.gif\" alt=\"Cannibalism of the male by the female is one potential result of courtship among jumping spiders.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cannibalism of the male by the female is one potential result of courtship among jumping spiders. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Studies like these may one day shed light on courtship rituals throughout the animal world. That’s because jumping spider courtship is a classic example of what Charles Darwin called sexual selection, a footnote to evolution that attempts to explain an apparent contradiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 150 years ago, Darwin was troubled by the way some animals go to so much trouble to find mates. How, he wondered, could it be advantageous to the species in general?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer, according the sexual selection theory, is that the idea of “survival of the fittest” works not just \u003cem>between\u003c/em> species competing for resources, but \u003cem>within\u003c/em> the species as well. Courtships weed out individuals who would produce weak offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One sex has the burden of proof, the other has choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1029453\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1029453\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A jumping spider female looks on as a male attempts to court her.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL317-clypeatus-female-side-xclose.2-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A jumping spider female looks on as a male attempts to court her. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The common assumption is that successful courtship behavior demonstrates health and vigor to a potential mate. But when it comes to jumping spiders, that assumption doesn’t tell the whole story. Sometimes, as Brandt has repeatedly observed, smaller males, or even those with a visible defect such as a missing limb, do just as well as healthy individuals\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What do females care about?” Brandt said. “We really don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific focus has shifted from describing male behaviors during these jumping spider courtships to figuring out what they mean, through the eyes and ears of the female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Elias’s lab in Berkeley concentrates on the songs, another group of researchers is looking more deeply into the spiders’ dance routines. \u003ca href=\"http://ejakob.popslice.com/\">Elizabeth Jakob,\u003c/a> a professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, has developed an eye-movement tracker — like the ones used on people for psychology experiments — small enough to follow the gaze of female spiders. Two biologists at the University of Pittsburgh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.pitt.edu/person/nathan-morehouse\">Nathan Morehouse\u003c/a> and and \u003ca href=\"http://www.danielzurek.com/\">Daniel Zurek,\u003c/a> are using Jakob’s tracker to follow the females’ visual interest while they watch videos of males performing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gaze is where vision meets cognition,” said Morehouse. “It tells you something about the priorities of the animal, in terms of what’s most interesting to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental factors could even play a role. Brandt’s research is looking into what effects temperature, and by extension global warming, might have on female choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all these experiments, the scientists ultimately hope to understand how a female decides whether she’s looking at a stud — or a dud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can endlessly look at the male,” Brandt said, “but the females have all the power. They’re driving the evolution of the system.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1027372/for-these-tiny-spiders-its-sing-or-get-served","authors":["11090"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_40","science_86"],"tags":["science_2265","science_5197","science_1665","science_309"],"featImg":"science_1027375","label":"science_1935"},"science_993143":{"type":"posts","id":"science_993143","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"993143","score":null,"sort":[1474376458000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"watch-these-frustrated-squirrels-go-nuts","title":"Watch These Frustrated Squirrels Go Nuts","publishDate":1474376458,"format":"video","headTitle":"Watch These Frustrated Squirrels Go Nuts | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]YouTube viewers are well-acquainted with the squirrel genre: Thousands of videos that show squirrels \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgDa_cpgHWs\">going to great lengths to extract seeds from bird feeders\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9-rE5RBZvU\">humans trying to thwart their efforts\u003c/a>, or the old favorite, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_15UrPHkVQo\">squirrels stuffing their cheeks with nuts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squirrels are some of the wild animals we’re in closest proximity to, and we love either watching their antics or shooing them away. But maybe the popularity of squirrel videos also owes to the fact that we see some of ourselves in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is part of what fueled \u003ca href=\"http://jacobs.berkeley.edu/people/\">Mikel Delgado\u003c/a>’s interest in the fox squirrels she saw on the University of California, Berkeley, campus. Delgado, an animal behaviorist and doctoral student there, likes to quote from Charles Darwin’s book “The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex,” in which the English naturalist proposed that the differences between humans and other animals aren’t as clear-cut as we might want to think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nevertheless the difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is,” wrote Darwin, “certainly is one of degree and not of kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time the book was published, in 1870, Darwin’s idea didn’t catch on, said Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was controversial because people thought animals were machines and didn’t feel pain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998371\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-998371\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Mikel Delgado, Amanda Robin and Breana Martinez take a break from studying fox squirrels on the University of California, Berkeley, campus. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mikel Delgado, Amanda Robin and Breana Martinez take a break from studying fox squirrels on the University of California, Berkeley, campus. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inspired by Darwin, Delgado was intrigued by squirrels’ emotional worlds. Though fox squirrels chatter their teeth, they don’t really make any facial expressions like we do to signal our sadness, anger or surprise. The way to tell what they’re feeling, researchers have found, is to watch their tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a predator like a dog is around, a fox squirrel runs up a tree. When it’s safely at the top, it whips its tail back and forth to look big and fearsome. Researchers call this s-shaped movement “flagging” and it means the squirrel feels really threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998366\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirresl_SQUIRRELFLAGSTAIL_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-998366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirresl_SQUIRRELFLAGSTAIL_720.gif\" alt=\"When they’re threatened by a predator, fox squirrels whip their tails in an s-shaped pattern to look big and fearsome. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When they’re threatened by a predator, fox squirrels whip their tails in an s-shaped pattern to look big and fearsome. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Delgado wondered what else she could learn from watching squirrels flag their tails. For instance, do they get frustrated, the way that people do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have studied frustration in farm animals like pigs in France, hens in Scotland and trout in Norway, to see if it leads them to become aggressive, and to what degree. These studies were motivated by farmers’ desire to avoid situations in which their animals would attack each other and bring down productivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delgado was inspired by Darwin’s more philosophical question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was pioneering this idea that we weren’t that different from other animals,” said Delgado. “He saw that when animals were in pain or aggressive towards other animals, their bodies were showing signals that appeared to be related to emotion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Darwin’s writings were based on his observations, not on experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He didn’t have the evidence that we’d seek out today,” said Delgado. So she devised an experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox squirrels love walnuts. So she lured some of the fox squirrels on campus down from the trees and taught them how to lift the lid of a black plastic box to find a piece of walnut inside. She coaxed the squirrels over to the box with peanuts, which are cheaper than walnuts, and encouraged them to open it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a squirrel lifted the lid with its snout, took the walnut out and ate it, she dropped another one into the box. By repeatedly putting walnuts in the box, Delgado trained the squirrels to expect one each time they looked inside. This training was important because frustration is usually defined as not getting what you expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998372\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-998372\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"University of California, Berkeley, animal behaviorist Mikel Delgado trained fox squirrels to expect a walnut each time they opened a box. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California, Berkeley, animal behaviorist Mikel Delgado trained fox squirrels to expect a walnut each time they opened a box. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once she trained the squirrels to expect a walnut when they opened the box, Delgado changed things up. For a group of randomly selected squirrels, she replaced the walnut with corn, which squirrels don’t like as much. The squirrels flagged their tails. For another group of squirrels, Delgado left the box completely empty. These squirrels weren’t happy. They flagged their tails even more than the ones she had offered corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the third group, she locked the box. Of the three groups, these flagged their tails the most. They got aggressive, a hallmark of frustration. And they tried different ways to open the box. They bit it; they toppled it; they dragged it around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998368\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_FRUSTRATEDSQUIRREL_720-1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-998368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_FRUSTRATEDSQUIRREL_720-1.gif\" alt=\"A fox squirrel trained to expect a walnut at the bottom of a box finds a locked box instead and tries to pry it open.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fox squirrel trained to expect a walnut at the bottom of a box finds a locked box instead and tries to pry it open. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What we saw is that when the box was locked, they spent more time interacting with the box,” said Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That made her believe that perhaps frustration isn’t just a way of blowing off steam, but instead a way to gather up the energy to “brute-force” a new solution, kind of like kicking the vending machine when it eats your dollar. She thinks frustration might have an evolutionary purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this brings us back to squirrels and bird feeders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re a squirrel and you’re trying to break into my bird feeder you could try to rip it open with your paws, you might start to chew,” said Delgado. “With all that energy, maybe by chance you accidentally knock the feeder. The idea is that between all these different attempts and the increased energy from being agitated, maybe that’s one way of solving the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delgado warns that this hypothesis goes beyond the results of her experiment, which were \u003ca href=\"http://jacobs.berkeley.edu/publications/\">recently published in the Journal of Comparative Psychology\u003c/a>. But it might well be that temper tantrums are useful after all, and that pitching a fit is helpful to squirrels – and maybe to people as well.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Could there be an evolutionary benefit to losing your cool? Squirrels might help answer the question.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929603,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1063},"headData":{"title":"Watch These Frustrated Squirrels Go Nuts | KQED","description":"Could there be an evolutionary benefit to losing your cool? Squirrels might help answer the question.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUjQtJGaSpk","sticky":false,"path":"/science/993143/watch-these-frustrated-squirrels-go-nuts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>YouTube viewers are well-acquainted with the squirrel genre: Thousands of videos that show squirrels \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgDa_cpgHWs\">going to great lengths to extract seeds from bird feeders\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9-rE5RBZvU\">humans trying to thwart their efforts\u003c/a>, or the old favorite, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_15UrPHkVQo\">squirrels stuffing their cheeks with nuts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squirrels are some of the wild animals we’re in closest proximity to, and we love either watching their antics or shooing them away. But maybe the popularity of squirrel videos also owes to the fact that we see some of ourselves in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is part of what fueled \u003ca href=\"http://jacobs.berkeley.edu/people/\">Mikel Delgado\u003c/a>’s interest in the fox squirrels she saw on the University of California, Berkeley, campus. Delgado, an animal behaviorist and doctoral student there, likes to quote from Charles Darwin’s book “The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex,” in which the English naturalist proposed that the differences between humans and other animals aren’t as clear-cut as we might want to think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nevertheless the difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is,” wrote Darwin, “certainly is one of degree and not of kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time the book was published, in 1870, Darwin’s idea didn’t catch on, said Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was controversial because people thought animals were machines and didn’t feel pain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998371\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-998371\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Mikel Delgado, Amanda Robin and Breana Martinez take a break from studying fox squirrels on the University of California, Berkeley, campus. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mikel Delgado, Amanda Robin and Breana Martinez take a break from studying fox squirrels on the University of California, Berkeley, campus. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inspired by Darwin, Delgado was intrigued by squirrels’ emotional worlds. Though fox squirrels chatter their teeth, they don’t really make any facial expressions like we do to signal our sadness, anger or surprise. The way to tell what they’re feeling, researchers have found, is to watch their tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a predator like a dog is around, a fox squirrel runs up a tree. When it’s safely at the top, it whips its tail back and forth to look big and fearsome. Researchers call this s-shaped movement “flagging” and it means the squirrel feels really threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998366\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirresl_SQUIRRELFLAGSTAIL_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-998366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirresl_SQUIRRELFLAGSTAIL_720.gif\" alt=\"When they’re threatened by a predator, fox squirrels whip their tails in an s-shaped pattern to look big and fearsome. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When they’re threatened by a predator, fox squirrels whip their tails in an s-shaped pattern to look big and fearsome. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Delgado wondered what else she could learn from watching squirrels flag their tails. For instance, do they get frustrated, the way that people do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have studied frustration in farm animals like pigs in France, hens in Scotland and trout in Norway, to see if it leads them to become aggressive, and to what degree. These studies were motivated by farmers’ desire to avoid situations in which their animals would attack each other and bring down productivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delgado was inspired by Darwin’s more philosophical question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was pioneering this idea that we weren’t that different from other animals,” said Delgado. “He saw that when animals were in pain or aggressive towards other animals, their bodies were showing signals that appeared to be related to emotion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Darwin’s writings were based on his observations, not on experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He didn’t have the evidence that we’d seek out today,” said Delgado. So she devised an experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox squirrels love walnuts. So she lured some of the fox squirrels on campus down from the trees and taught them how to lift the lid of a black plastic box to find a piece of walnut inside. She coaxed the squirrels over to the box with peanuts, which are cheaper than walnuts, and encouraged them to open it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a squirrel lifted the lid with its snout, took the walnut out and ate it, she dropped another one into the box. By repeatedly putting walnuts in the box, Delgado trained the squirrels to expect one each time they looked inside. This training was important because frustration is usually defined as not getting what you expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998372\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-998372\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"University of California, Berkeley, animal behaviorist Mikel Delgado trained fox squirrels to expect a walnut each time they opened a box. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California, Berkeley, animal behaviorist Mikel Delgado trained fox squirrels to expect a walnut each time they opened a box. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once she trained the squirrels to expect a walnut when they opened the box, Delgado changed things up. For a group of randomly selected squirrels, she replaced the walnut with corn, which squirrels don’t like as much. The squirrels flagged their tails. For another group of squirrels, Delgado left the box completely empty. These squirrels weren’t happy. They flagged their tails even more than the ones she had offered corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the third group, she locked the box. Of the three groups, these flagged their tails the most. They got aggressive, a hallmark of frustration. And they tried different ways to open the box. They bit it; they toppled it; they dragged it around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998368\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_FRUSTRATEDSQUIRREL_720-1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-998368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_FRUSTRATEDSQUIRREL_720-1.gif\" alt=\"A fox squirrel trained to expect a walnut at the bottom of a box finds a locked box instead and tries to pry it open.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fox squirrel trained to expect a walnut at the bottom of a box finds a locked box instead and tries to pry it open. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What we saw is that when the box was locked, they spent more time interacting with the box,” said Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That made her believe that perhaps frustration isn’t just a way of blowing off steam, but instead a way to gather up the energy to “brute-force” a new solution, kind of like kicking the vending machine when it eats your dollar. She thinks frustration might have an evolutionary purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this brings us back to squirrels and bird feeders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re a squirrel and you’re trying to break into my bird feeder you could try to rip it open with your paws, you might start to chew,” said Delgado. “With all that energy, maybe by chance you accidentally knock the feeder. The idea is that between all these different attempts and the increased energy from being agitated, maybe that’s one way of solving the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delgado warns that this hypothesis goes beyond the results of her experiment, which were \u003ca href=\"http://jacobs.berkeley.edu/publications/\">recently published in the Journal of Comparative Psychology\u003c/a>. But it might well be that temper tantrums are useful after all, and that pitching a fit is helpful to squirrels – and maybe to people as well.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/993143/watch-these-frustrated-squirrels-go-nuts","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_35","science_86"],"tags":["science_1665","science_5178","science_190"],"featImg":"science_993146","label":"science_1935"},"science_633487":{"type":"posts","id":"science_633487","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"633487","score":null,"sort":[1462280404000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"winter-is-coming-for-the-argentine-ant-invaders","title":"Winter Is Coming for These Argentine Ant Invaders","publishDate":1462280404,"format":"video","headTitle":"Winter Is Coming for These Argentine Ant Invaders | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Those garden-variety ants in your kitchen are anything but ordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely, they’re Argentine ants, recognizable by their telltale straight lines and proficiency at capturing food, like that errant drop of honey on your counter, with stunning speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_635418\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 722px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-ant-with-label_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-635418\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-635418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-ant-with-label_720.gif\" alt=\"The common Argentine ant is an invasive species common in temperate zones.\" width=\"722\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common Argentine ant is an invasive species common in temperate zones. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For about 200 years, the Argentine ant expansion story has been the slow-moving train wreck of myrmecology, the study of ants. From remote origins in the Paraná River valley in Paraguay and Argentina, this virulent invasive species has moved out to claim much of the world’s most desirable territory, whether you’re an ant or a human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wherever they go, Argentine ants eliminate the competition — mostly other ants, but sometimes bees, termites and ladybugs — with a take-no-prisoners approach. Invade, dismember, consume. Repeat. Resistance is futile. The basic wisdom among ant scientists is that if you see Argentines, it’s already too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The invasion got personal for \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/~dmgordon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deborah Gordon\u003c/a>, a professor of biology who studies ants at Stanford University, 12 years ago when Argentine ants broke into her lab overnight. The invaders destroyed a harvester ant colony she was studying, killing the queen. Harvester queens live deep underground, and acquiring one for study is a back-breaking process. “They’re very precious,” she recalled, “I don’t think I’ll ever recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_635419\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 721px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_harvester-down_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-635419\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-635419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_harvester-down_720.gif\" alt=\"Argentine ants can defeat much larger foes, like this harvester ant.\" width=\"721\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Argentine ants can defeat much larger foes, like this harvester ant. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So you can imagine Gordon’s surprise when researchers in her lab found one common native California ant species thriving behind enemy lines, in Argentine ant territory near Palo Alto. This stubborn survivor is called the winter ant, and its persistence, through a novel defensive strategy, seems to offer hope that invasions on the scale of the Argentine ant can be halted, and even reversed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Argentine ants first came to the U.S. through New Orleans onboard coffee ships from Brazil in the 1890s. They have since made landfall in California, Japan and the Mediterranean coast, following the many sea and land routes of human commerce. “What we’ve learned is they don’t become established at a certain distance from people,” said Gordon, “They need us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As early as the 1970s, scientists began to notice a peculiar fact about the Argentine ant and its unusual success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the ant world, colony-mates all carry the same smell, embedded in the waxy stuff that makes their exoskeletons shiny. A single tap of antennae is enough to tell friend from foe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_635421\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 721px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-ant-touch-antenna_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-635421\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-635421\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-ant-touch-antenna_720.gif\" alt=\"Ants can tell friend from foe with a tap of the antennae.\" width=\"721\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ants can tell friend from foe with a tap of the antennae. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Usually, when ants from different colonies are put together, even from the same species, they fight. Warfare among colonies is a major factor keeping ant populations in balance. But Argentine worker ants can be combined from colonies in Spain, Japan and California, and they will recognize each other — they won’t fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without this natural check, researchers say, a single colony of ants from Argentina has spread across continents and oceans. “They escaped the war zone,” said \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/brian-whyte\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brian Whyte\u003c/a>, a Ph.D. student in evolutionary biology at UC Berkeley, “and the colony doesn’t seem to have a limit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2010 paper called the so-called super-colony “the most populous known animal society.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its trillions upon trillions of inhabitants dwarf the human population by a long shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all Argentine ants get along so well. Scientists, including \u003ca href=\"http://biology.ucsd.edu/research/faculty/dholway\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Holway\u003c/a> from UC San Diego and \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/neil-tsutsui\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neil Tsutsui\u003c/a> from UC Berkeley, have mapped out a handful of super-colonies worldwide. “They have very clean, demarcated boundaries,” said Holway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_635423\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 721px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-king-of-the-mountain_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-635423\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-635423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-king-of-the-mountain_720.gif\" alt=\"Argentine ant super-colonies have spread to every continent except Antarctica.\" width=\"721\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Argentine ant super-colonies have spread to every continent except Antarctica. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The picture that seemed to emerge amounted to a battle of empires dividing up the world, yet still fighting bitterly wherever their territories met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://jrbp.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jasper Ridge,\u003c/a> a 1,200-acre Stanford preserve in the hills west of Palo Alto, is different. In 1993, Gordon’s laboratory began tracking ant populations there. At the time, Jasper Ridge was unconquered territory for the Argentines, but they already had been spotted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s unusual to be able to monitor an invasion,” Gordon said. She predicted that within one to five years, it would all be over. “I thought they would just move quickly through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A series of Ph.D. students conducting the field research, including Katherine Fitzgerald and Nicole Heller, who tracked ants at Jasper for six years, began to notice a different trend. One species of native ant was holding its own inside the boundary of the Argentine advance. “They were coping, increasing their distribution over time,” said Heller, who’s now the director of conservation science at the \u003ca href=\"https://openspacetrust.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peninsula Open Space Trust,\u003c/a> an environmental organization in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_635422\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_winter-ant-waving_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-635422\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-635422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_winter-ant-waving_720.gif\" alt=\"Winter ants have been able to survive the Argentine ant invasion.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Winter ants have been able to survive the Argentine ant invasion. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The winter ant has several advantages over the Argentine: deeper nests, a different cycle of seasonal activity. But other ant species with similar advantages have fallen before the Argentine onslaught. What, the Stanford researchers wondered, was different here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Gordon was using the ant counts at Jasper Ridge to teach undergraduates about invasion ecology. In their final project, where Argentine and winter ants were observed side-by-side in controlled conditions, one group of students claimed to have made a novel discovery. Winter ants, the students found, showed a distinct behavior when they were put on the defensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students watched the winter ants wave their abdomens at their enemies, known as “gaster-flagging” in ant circles, before a cloudy liquid blob appeared at the tip. Approaching the secretion sent the Argentines reeling away. Touching it could kill them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637187\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_winter-ant-turns-on-argentine_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-637187\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_winter-ant-turns-on-argentine_720.gif\" alt='The winter ants waves its toxic secretion at an attacker. The behavior is known as \"gaster-flagging.\"' width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The winter ants waves its toxic secretion at an attacker. The behavior is known as “gaster-flagging.” \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gordon admitted she was skeptical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t completely believe it,” she said, “but by the end of the class I was persuaded there was enough there to explore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next two years, the students repeated and studied the winter ant’s apparently novel defensive behavior. They also analyzed the the secretion. (Turns out it comes from the same gland used by the ants’ ancestors, wasps, to sting.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time the students’ data was published, asserting that the winter ant’s defensive secretion “may account for its ability to persist” in Argentine-invaded territory, the ant counts at Jasper Ridge had long surpassed Gordon’s initial expectation of one to five years. The ant population data, now at 20 years and counting, bears out the students’ findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the preserve’s winter ants are not only surviving, they’re now pushing back, opening up space for other native ant populations to rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether scientists (and the pest control industry) can take a lesson from the winter ant or will remain on the sidelines of this epic ant battle is still unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some invasive species may be successful in the beginning, but in the long term may not do as well,” Gordon said. “It’s about how it plays out over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_635425\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 722px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-ants-attack-harvester_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-635425\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-635425\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-ants-attack-harvester_720.gif\" alt=\"The Argentine ant strategy is to exhaust and dismember their enemies.\" width=\"722\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Argentine ant strategy is to exhaust and dismember its enemies. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public can participate in the semi-annual ant survey at Jasper Ridge by \u003ca href=\"https://jrbp.stanford.edu/research/jrbp-ant-survey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contacting the preserve directly.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Argentine ant may have met its match in the winter ant, a California native with a secret weapon.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930236,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1289},"headData":{"title":"Winter Is Coming for These Argentine Ant Invaders | KQED","description":"The Argentine ant may have met its match in the winter ant, a California native with a secret weapon.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boyzWeHdtiI","sticky":false,"path":"/science/633487/winter-is-coming-for-the-argentine-ant-invaders","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Those garden-variety ants in your kitchen are anything but ordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely, they’re Argentine ants, recognizable by their telltale straight lines and proficiency at capturing food, like that errant drop of honey on your counter, with stunning speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_635418\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 722px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-ant-with-label_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-635418\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-635418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-ant-with-label_720.gif\" alt=\"The common Argentine ant is an invasive species common in temperate zones.\" width=\"722\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common Argentine ant is an invasive species common in temperate zones. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For about 200 years, the Argentine ant expansion story has been the slow-moving train wreck of myrmecology, the study of ants. From remote origins in the Paraná River valley in Paraguay and Argentina, this virulent invasive species has moved out to claim much of the world’s most desirable territory, whether you’re an ant or a human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wherever they go, Argentine ants eliminate the competition — mostly other ants, but sometimes bees, termites and ladybugs — with a take-no-prisoners approach. Invade, dismember, consume. Repeat. Resistance is futile. The basic wisdom among ant scientists is that if you see Argentines, it’s already too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The invasion got personal for \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/~dmgordon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deborah Gordon\u003c/a>, a professor of biology who studies ants at Stanford University, 12 years ago when Argentine ants broke into her lab overnight. The invaders destroyed a harvester ant colony she was studying, killing the queen. Harvester queens live deep underground, and acquiring one for study is a back-breaking process. “They’re very precious,” she recalled, “I don’t think I’ll ever recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_635419\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 721px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_harvester-down_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-635419\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-635419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_harvester-down_720.gif\" alt=\"Argentine ants can defeat much larger foes, like this harvester ant.\" width=\"721\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Argentine ants can defeat much larger foes, like this harvester ant. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So you can imagine Gordon’s surprise when researchers in her lab found one common native California ant species thriving behind enemy lines, in Argentine ant territory near Palo Alto. This stubborn survivor is called the winter ant, and its persistence, through a novel defensive strategy, seems to offer hope that invasions on the scale of the Argentine ant can be halted, and even reversed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Argentine ants first came to the U.S. through New Orleans onboard coffee ships from Brazil in the 1890s. They have since made landfall in California, Japan and the Mediterranean coast, following the many sea and land routes of human commerce. “What we’ve learned is they don’t become established at a certain distance from people,” said Gordon, “They need us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As early as the 1970s, scientists began to notice a peculiar fact about the Argentine ant and its unusual success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the ant world, colony-mates all carry the same smell, embedded in the waxy stuff that makes their exoskeletons shiny. A single tap of antennae is enough to tell friend from foe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_635421\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 721px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-ant-touch-antenna_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-635421\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-635421\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-ant-touch-antenna_720.gif\" alt=\"Ants can tell friend from foe with a tap of the antennae.\" width=\"721\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ants can tell friend from foe with a tap of the antennae. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Usually, when ants from different colonies are put together, even from the same species, they fight. Warfare among colonies is a major factor keeping ant populations in balance. But Argentine worker ants can be combined from colonies in Spain, Japan and California, and they will recognize each other — they won’t fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without this natural check, researchers say, a single colony of ants from Argentina has spread across continents and oceans. “They escaped the war zone,” said \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/brian-whyte\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brian Whyte\u003c/a>, a Ph.D. student in evolutionary biology at UC Berkeley, “and the colony doesn’t seem to have a limit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2010 paper called the so-called super-colony “the most populous known animal society.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its trillions upon trillions of inhabitants dwarf the human population by a long shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all Argentine ants get along so well. Scientists, including \u003ca href=\"http://biology.ucsd.edu/research/faculty/dholway\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Holway\u003c/a> from UC San Diego and \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/neil-tsutsui\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neil Tsutsui\u003c/a> from UC Berkeley, have mapped out a handful of super-colonies worldwide. “They have very clean, demarcated boundaries,” said Holway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_635423\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 721px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-king-of-the-mountain_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-635423\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-635423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-king-of-the-mountain_720.gif\" alt=\"Argentine ant super-colonies have spread to every continent except Antarctica.\" width=\"721\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Argentine ant super-colonies have spread to every continent except Antarctica. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The picture that seemed to emerge amounted to a battle of empires dividing up the world, yet still fighting bitterly wherever their territories met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://jrbp.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jasper Ridge,\u003c/a> a 1,200-acre Stanford preserve in the hills west of Palo Alto, is different. In 1993, Gordon’s laboratory began tracking ant populations there. At the time, Jasper Ridge was unconquered territory for the Argentines, but they already had been spotted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s unusual to be able to monitor an invasion,” Gordon said. She predicted that within one to five years, it would all be over. “I thought they would just move quickly through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A series of Ph.D. students conducting the field research, including Katherine Fitzgerald and Nicole Heller, who tracked ants at Jasper for six years, began to notice a different trend. One species of native ant was holding its own inside the boundary of the Argentine advance. “They were coping, increasing their distribution over time,” said Heller, who’s now the director of conservation science at the \u003ca href=\"https://openspacetrust.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peninsula Open Space Trust,\u003c/a> an environmental organization in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_635422\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_winter-ant-waving_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-635422\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-635422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_winter-ant-waving_720.gif\" alt=\"Winter ants have been able to survive the Argentine ant invasion.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Winter ants have been able to survive the Argentine ant invasion. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The winter ant has several advantages over the Argentine: deeper nests, a different cycle of seasonal activity. But other ant species with similar advantages have fallen before the Argentine onslaught. What, the Stanford researchers wondered, was different here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Gordon was using the ant counts at Jasper Ridge to teach undergraduates about invasion ecology. In their final project, where Argentine and winter ants were observed side-by-side in controlled conditions, one group of students claimed to have made a novel discovery. Winter ants, the students found, showed a distinct behavior when they were put on the defensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students watched the winter ants wave their abdomens at their enemies, known as “gaster-flagging” in ant circles, before a cloudy liquid blob appeared at the tip. Approaching the secretion sent the Argentines reeling away. Touching it could kill them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637187\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_winter-ant-turns-on-argentine_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-637187\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_winter-ant-turns-on-argentine_720.gif\" alt='The winter ants waves its toxic secretion at an attacker. The behavior is known as \"gaster-flagging.\"' width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The winter ants waves its toxic secretion at an attacker. The behavior is known as “gaster-flagging.” \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gordon admitted she was skeptical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t completely believe it,” she said, “but by the end of the class I was persuaded there was enough there to explore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next two years, the students repeated and studied the winter ant’s apparently novel defensive behavior. They also analyzed the the secretion. (Turns out it comes from the same gland used by the ants’ ancestors, wasps, to sting.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time the students’ data was published, asserting that the winter ant’s defensive secretion “may account for its ability to persist” in Argentine-invaded territory, the ant counts at Jasper Ridge had long surpassed Gordon’s initial expectation of one to five years. The ant population data, now at 20 years and counting, bears out the students’ findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the preserve’s winter ants are not only surviving, they’re now pushing back, opening up space for other native ant populations to rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether scientists (and the pest control industry) can take a lesson from the winter ant or will remain on the sidelines of this epic ant battle is still unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some invasive species may be successful in the beginning, but in the long term may not do as well,” Gordon said. “It’s about how it plays out over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_635425\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 722px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-ants-attack-harvester_720.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-635425\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-635425\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/DL308_argentine-ants-attack-harvester_720.gif\" alt=\"The Argentine ant strategy is to exhaust and dismember their enemies.\" width=\"722\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Argentine ant strategy is to exhaust and dismember its enemies. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public can participate in the semi-annual ant survey at Jasper Ridge by \u003ca href=\"https://jrbp.stanford.edu/research/jrbp-ant-survey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contacting the preserve directly.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/633487/winter-is-coming-for-the-argentine-ant-invaders","authors":["11090"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_86"],"tags":["science_1665","science_5187"],"featImg":"science_633579","label":"science_1935"},"science_517792":{"type":"posts","id":"science_517792","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"517792","score":null,"sort":[1454958024000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"climate-change-is-leaving-native-plants-behind","title":"Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind","publishDate":1454958024,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Willis Linn Jepson encountered a squat shrub while he was collecting botanical specimens on California’s Mount Tamalpais in the fall of 1936. He trimmed off a few branches and jotted down the location along the ridge trail where the manzanita grew, 2,255 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The desiccated specimen is now part of an \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">herbarium here\u003c/a> that’s named for the famed botanist. It was among hundreds of thousands of specimens of thousands of different species that were used recently to track the movement of plant species up the state’s many hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7swK7Qp0JuUh8gyefXT0ZWzUlphgkOLV”]The results of the analysis warn that native plants are struggling to keep up with changes around them as pollution from fuel burning and deforestation continues to warm the planet. Earlier research into the movement of Californian animals shows they’re shifting more quickly than the native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that species are on the move, and they’re moving at different rates,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/jon-christensen\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a scientist and historian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California, Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “Which raises the concern that the ecosystems of California could be unraveling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christensen and four other scientists analyzed a database of 2 million specimens from a network of \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/participants.html\">35 Californian herbariums\u003c/a>. Herbariums are like little-known natural history museums that store vast collections of ferns, mosses, algae and other plants. They found 681,609 specimen records to include in their analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They discovered that the range of the Eastwood’s manzanita, which was the type of plant Jepson trimmed on the mountain trail in 1936, hasn’t budged — even as temperatures have risen around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures have been rising around the world because of the heat-trapping effects of carbon dioxide, methane and other types of atmospheric pollution. The combined effects of global warming and phases in ocean cycles contributed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-hottest-year-2016-could-surpass-19929\">record-breaking warmth\u003c/a> globally in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More warming is anticipated in the years and decades ahead, yet ecologists remain unsure how wildlife will be affected. The discovery that the Eastwood’s manzanita range has been locked in its original range “raises questions” about whether it will be able to adapt as the climate changes around it, Christensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, just one in eight native Californian species shifted their ranges significantly upward during more than a century of specimen collecting in California, during which time temperatures rose by about 1°C (nearly 2°F), the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12423/abstract\">concluded in a paper\u003c/a> published in Global Ecology and Biogeography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants and animals aren’t moving together in sync,” University of Connecticut ornithologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.morgantingley.com/\">Morgan Tingley\u003c/a>, who has studied the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_2/19637.full.pdf\">shifting ranges of native birds\u003c/a> in parts of California, said after reading the new paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This leads us to suspect that ecological communities are breaking down and disassembling,” Tingley said. “It’s a worrying possibility, and one that we don’t yet know the consequences of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native plants were also found to be moving more slowly into higher altitudes than their invasive counterparts, one in four of which were found to be spreading uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the planet warms, ideal climatic conditions for different species of wildlife tend to shift to higher latitudes and greater altitudes. Not all species are expected to be able to keep pace with the changes underway. Of those that do, some will encounter mountaintops, shorelines and freeways that prevent them from going any further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the climate changes too quickly, and species can’t keep up with it, they might be left behind in a climate that’s completely unsuitable for them,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/person.aspx?personid=138\">Nate Stephenson\u003c/a>, a federal forest ecologist who researches climate change. “Then their population numbers may go down. In extreme cases, they might even blink out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While animals can fly or clamber to new grounds, most plants expand their ranges only when they cast their seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a legitimate concern that many plant species are simply not evolved to be able to shift their population distributions as fast as the current climate-change event will require,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a bioclimatologist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams described the new paper, with which he was not involved, as the “culmination of an incredible amount of work.” He said its conclusions are also “broadly relevant” outside California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is a great place to study species’ range responses to climate,” Williams said. “They have a great dataset, and also a lot of diversity in terms of elevation and climate type.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study relied on the results of the ongoing digitization of the specimens at the Californian herbariums. Digitization involves shooting digital photographs of samples and noting the coordinates and other details of the sites where they were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a quarter of more than 2 million specimens stored in manilla folders in long rows of tall cabinets in a large herbarium at the University of California, Berkeley have been digitized so far. “Big data is a big thing on our campus,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/people/mishler.html\">Brent Mishler\u003c/a>, a biology professor who oversees the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential power of each piece of data is limited by the amount of information recorded when the specimen was collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The older ones — they may not have as much data,” Mishler said. “But it still tells you where it was collected and when.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis of the big herbarium data showed small-seeded native plant species, such as grasses, are moving more quickly and more often up California’s hills than those with larger seeds — such as manzanita. Small seeds travel further than large ones, making it easier for those types of plants to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s huge variation in the species distribution shifts, depending on whether a plant is endemic, native or invasive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://adamwolf.princeton.edu/about/\">Adam Wolf\u003c/a>, a former Princeton University scientist who led the study. “On top of that, there’s huge variation, depending on whether they have little seeds, medium seeds or big seeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species were more likely to be stretching their ranges upward than native species, and the ranges are moving or expanding more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unwanted weeds aren’t necessarily growing their Californian footprints because of climate change, although it may be helping some of them. Many would still be conquering new territory as they continued to invade after finding footholds in the state in decades past, regardless of climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expanding ranges of unwanted weeds is putting extra pressures on native plants, which are already struggling to withstand the effects climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that non-native plant species have been shifting upslope faster than native plant species is worrisome,” Lamont-Doherty’s Williams said. “In the time required for some slow-migrating native plant species to shift their distributions to locations where the climate is more suitable, those locations may already be colonized by invasive plants.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Animals and weeds are bounding up California's warming hills, while native plants are stuck in place.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930667,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1196},"headData":{"title":"Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind | KQED","description":"Animals and weeds are bounding up California's warming hills, while native plants are stuck in place.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"John Upton, Climate Central","path":"/science/517792/climate-change-is-leaving-native-plants-behind","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Willis Linn Jepson encountered a squat shrub while he was collecting botanical specimens on California’s Mount Tamalpais in the fall of 1936. He trimmed off a few branches and jotted down the location along the ridge trail where the manzanita grew, 2,255 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The desiccated specimen is now part of an \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">herbarium here\u003c/a> that’s named for the famed botanist. It was among hundreds of thousands of specimens of thousands of different species that were used recently to track the movement of plant species up the state’s many hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The results of the analysis warn that native plants are struggling to keep up with changes around them as pollution from fuel burning and deforestation continues to warm the planet. Earlier research into the movement of Californian animals shows they’re shifting more quickly than the native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that species are on the move, and they’re moving at different rates,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/jon-christensen\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a scientist and historian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California, Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “Which raises the concern that the ecosystems of California could be unraveling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christensen and four other scientists analyzed a database of 2 million specimens from a network of \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/participants.html\">35 Californian herbariums\u003c/a>. Herbariums are like little-known natural history museums that store vast collections of ferns, mosses, algae and other plants. They found 681,609 specimen records to include in their analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They discovered that the range of the Eastwood’s manzanita, which was the type of plant Jepson trimmed on the mountain trail in 1936, hasn’t budged — even as temperatures have risen around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures have been rising around the world because of the heat-trapping effects of carbon dioxide, methane and other types of atmospheric pollution. The combined effects of global warming and phases in ocean cycles contributed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-hottest-year-2016-could-surpass-19929\">record-breaking warmth\u003c/a> globally in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More warming is anticipated in the years and decades ahead, yet ecologists remain unsure how wildlife will be affected. The discovery that the Eastwood’s manzanita range has been locked in its original range “raises questions” about whether it will be able to adapt as the climate changes around it, Christensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, just one in eight native Californian species shifted their ranges significantly upward during more than a century of specimen collecting in California, during which time temperatures rose by about 1°C (nearly 2°F), the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12423/abstract\">concluded in a paper\u003c/a> published in Global Ecology and Biogeography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants and animals aren’t moving together in sync,” University of Connecticut ornithologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.morgantingley.com/\">Morgan Tingley\u003c/a>, who has studied the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_2/19637.full.pdf\">shifting ranges of native birds\u003c/a> in parts of California, said after reading the new paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This leads us to suspect that ecological communities are breaking down and disassembling,” Tingley said. “It’s a worrying possibility, and one that we don’t yet know the consequences of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native plants were also found to be moving more slowly into higher altitudes than their invasive counterparts, one in four of which were found to be spreading uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the planet warms, ideal climatic conditions for different species of wildlife tend to shift to higher latitudes and greater altitudes. Not all species are expected to be able to keep pace with the changes underway. Of those that do, some will encounter mountaintops, shorelines and freeways that prevent them from going any further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the climate changes too quickly, and species can’t keep up with it, they might be left behind in a climate that’s completely unsuitable for them,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/person.aspx?personid=138\">Nate Stephenson\u003c/a>, a federal forest ecologist who researches climate change. “Then their population numbers may go down. In extreme cases, they might even blink out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While animals can fly or clamber to new grounds, most plants expand their ranges only when they cast their seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a legitimate concern that many plant species are simply not evolved to be able to shift their population distributions as fast as the current climate-change event will require,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a bioclimatologist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams described the new paper, with which he was not involved, as the “culmination of an incredible amount of work.” He said its conclusions are also “broadly relevant” outside California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is a great place to study species’ range responses to climate,” Williams said. “They have a great dataset, and also a lot of diversity in terms of elevation and climate type.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study relied on the results of the ongoing digitization of the specimens at the Californian herbariums. Digitization involves shooting digital photographs of samples and noting the coordinates and other details of the sites where they were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a quarter of more than 2 million specimens stored in manilla folders in long rows of tall cabinets in a large herbarium at the University of California, Berkeley have been digitized so far. “Big data is a big thing on our campus,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/people/mishler.html\">Brent Mishler\u003c/a>, a biology professor who oversees the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential power of each piece of data is limited by the amount of information recorded when the specimen was collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The older ones — they may not have as much data,” Mishler said. “But it still tells you where it was collected and when.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis of the big herbarium data showed small-seeded native plant species, such as grasses, are moving more quickly and more often up California’s hills than those with larger seeds — such as manzanita. Small seeds travel further than large ones, making it easier for those types of plants to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s huge variation in the species distribution shifts, depending on whether a plant is endemic, native or invasive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://adamwolf.princeton.edu/about/\">Adam Wolf\u003c/a>, a former Princeton University scientist who led the study. “On top of that, there’s huge variation, depending on whether they have little seeds, medium seeds or big seeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species were more likely to be stretching their ranges upward than native species, and the ranges are moving or expanding more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unwanted weeds aren’t necessarily growing their Californian footprints because of climate change, although it may be helping some of them. Many would still be conquering new territory as they continued to invade after finding footholds in the state in decades past, regardless of climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expanding ranges of unwanted weeds is putting extra pressures on native plants, which are already struggling to withstand the effects climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that non-native plant species have been shifting upslope faster than native plant species is worrisome,” Lamont-Doherty’s Williams said. “In the time required for some slow-migrating native plant species to shift their distributions to locations where the climate is more suitable, those locations may already be colonized by invasive plants.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/517792/climate-change-is-leaving-native-plants-behind","authors":["byline_science_517792"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1665","science_5178","science_1678","science_194","science_311"],"featImg":"science_517881","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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