NASA's MAVEN Spacecraft Will Explore Mars' Upper Atmosphere
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From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"aahmed":{"type":"authors","id":"11428","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11428","found":true},"name":"Amel Ahmed","firstName":"Amel","lastName":"Ahmed","slug":"aahmed","email":"aahmed@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Amel Ahmed is a reporter for KQED. Prior to joining KQED, Amel worked at Al Jazeera America, Al Jazeera English, Democracy Now! and Punched Productions. She also helped produce \u003cem>Changing Face of Harlem\u003c/em>, a documentary that tracked gentrification in Harlem over a period of ten years. She is a 2013 graduate of Brooklyn Law School and is currently researching war on terror prosecutions for an upcoming book.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"amelscript","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amel Ahmed | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aahmed"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal 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Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1920847":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1920847","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1920847","score":null,"sort":[1520481630000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"2017-wildfires-affected-the-atmosphere-like-a-volcanic-eruption-study-says","title":"2017 Wildfires Affected the Atmosphere Like a Volcanic Eruption, Study Says","publishDate":1520481630,"format":"standard","headTitle":"2017 Wildfires Affected the Atmosphere Like a Volcanic Eruption, Study Says | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Massive smoke plumes from the record-breaking 2017 North American wildfires affected Earth’s atmosphere like a volcanic eruption does, according to \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL076763/epdf?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powerful flames from the wildfires released thick smoke into the stratosphere, the next highest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that sits about six miles above the Earth’s surface. “Once there, the smoke particles circled the globe in roughly two weeks and remained in the stratosphere for several months,” \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/?utm_source=CPRE&utm_medium=email&utm_content=this+week+from+AGU+3%2f7%2f18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes reporter Brendan Bane\u003c/a> for the website, \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geospace\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The overall impact of the 2017 North American fires on the stratosphere surpassed all other documented wildfire events since the beginning of stratospheric observations in the 1980s and had an effect equivalent to a volcanic eruption, according to the study’s authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘This event was so big and its fires were so powerful that not only did they inject material into the stratosphere, they injected enough material that the stratosphere was polluted on a hemispheric scale,’ said Sergey Khaykin, an atmospheric scientist at Versailles University (UVSQ) in France, and lead author of the new study in \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em>, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. ‘The effect really was comparable to a moderate volcanic eruption.’\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/files/2018/03/smoke_plume_tracking.gif\" alt=\"smoke plumes from north america 2017 fire season\" width=\"1200\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watch as smoke plumes from North America’s 2017 fire season dissipate across the northern hemisphere. In just a few days, the plume’s contents spread across the globe and back again, covering thousands of miles in just a short time.\u003cbr>Credit: Sergey Khaykin.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bane describes why the 2017 North American wildfires were uniquely powerful and how the smoke moved through Earth’s atmosphere in fascinating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the study hope their findings will lead other researchers to pay more attention to the effects of wildfire pollution on Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”S3C0e0WUKFKCoLcjv17gBGqipRAoZjY1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfire season was one of the most destructive in recent history, destroying millions of acres throughout British Columbia, California, Montana, and Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massive recovery efforts included about 28,000 personnel, 1,900 fire engines, and 200 active-duty military personnel, according to a Mother Jones \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2017/12/the-2017-fire-season-has-been-more-expensive-than-any-on-record-and-its-only-going-to-get-worse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> into the causes of the wildfire and the emergency response is airing this week at 6:22 a.m. and 8:22 a.m. on FM 88.5.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Smoke particles from the 2017 wildfires circled the entire globe in roughly two weeks.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928136,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":403},"headData":{"title":"2017 Wildfires Affected the Atmosphere Like a Volcanic Eruption, Study Says | KQED","description":"Smoke particles from the 2017 wildfires circled the entire globe in roughly two weeks.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"2017 Wildfires Affected the Atmosphere Like a Volcanic Eruption, Study Says","datePublished":"2018-03-08T04:00:30.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:08:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Wildfires","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1920847/2017-wildfires-affected-the-atmosphere-like-a-volcanic-eruption-study-says","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Massive smoke plumes from the record-breaking 2017 North American wildfires affected Earth’s atmosphere like a volcanic eruption does, according to \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL076763/epdf?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powerful flames from the wildfires released thick smoke into the stratosphere, the next highest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that sits about six miles above the Earth’s surface. “Once there, the smoke particles circled the globe in roughly two weeks and remained in the stratosphere for several months,” \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/?utm_source=CPRE&utm_medium=email&utm_content=this+week+from+AGU+3%2f7%2f18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes reporter Brendan Bane\u003c/a> for the website, \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geospace\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The overall impact of the 2017 North American fires on the stratosphere surpassed all other documented wildfire events since the beginning of stratospheric observations in the 1980s and had an effect equivalent to a volcanic eruption, according to the study’s authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘This event was so big and its fires were so powerful that not only did they inject material into the stratosphere, they injected enough material that the stratosphere was polluted on a hemispheric scale,’ said Sergey Khaykin, an atmospheric scientist at Versailles University (UVSQ) in France, and lead author of the new study in \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em>, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. ‘The effect really was comparable to a moderate volcanic eruption.’\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/files/2018/03/smoke_plume_tracking.gif\" alt=\"smoke plumes from north america 2017 fire season\" width=\"1200\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watch as smoke plumes from North America’s 2017 fire season dissipate across the northern hemisphere. In just a few days, the plume’s contents spread across the globe and back again, covering thousands of miles in just a short time.\u003cbr>Credit: Sergey Khaykin.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bane describes why the 2017 North American wildfires were uniquely powerful and how the smoke moved through Earth’s atmosphere in fascinating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the study hope their findings will lead other researchers to pay more attention to the effects of wildfire pollution on Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfire season was one of the most destructive in recent history, destroying millions of acres throughout British Columbia, California, Montana, and Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massive recovery efforts included about 28,000 personnel, 1,900 fire engines, and 200 active-duty military personnel, according to a Mother Jones \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2017/12/the-2017-fire-season-has-been-more-expensive-than-any-on-record-and-its-only-going-to-get-worse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> into the causes of the wildfire and the emergency response is airing this week at 6:22 a.m. and 8:22 a.m. on FM 88.5.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1920847/2017-wildfires-affected-the-atmosphere-like-a-volcanic-eruption-study-says","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_505","science_1852","science_182","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1920856","label":"source_science_1920847"},"science_1842649":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1842649","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1842649","score":null,"sort":[1500052999000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"greenhouse-gases-quickly-change-the-atmosphere-report-finds","title":"Greenhouse Gases Quickly Change the Atmosphere, Report Finds","publishDate":1500052999,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Greenhouse Gases Quickly Change the Atmosphere, Report Finds | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new report shows that greenhouse gases' influence on the climate has increased 40 percent since 1990.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928540,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":722},"headData":{"title":"Greenhouse Gases Quickly Change the Atmosphere, Report Finds | KQED","description":"A new report shows that greenhouse gases' influence on the climate has increased 40 percent since 1990.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Greenhouse Gases Quickly Change the Atmosphere, Report Finds","datePublished":"2017-07-14T17:23:19.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:15:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate Central","sourceUrl":"http://www.climatecentral.org/","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/people/brian-kahn\">Brian Kahn\u003c/a>\u003c/br>Climate Central","path":"/science/1842649/greenhouse-gases-quickly-change-the-atmosphere-report-finds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1842649/greenhouse-gases-quickly-change-the-atmosphere-report-finds","authors":["byline_science_1842649"],"categories":["science_29","science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1852","science_194","science_306"],"featImg":"science_1680336","label":"source_science_1842649"},"science_364990":{"type":"posts","id":"science_364990","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"364990","score":null,"sort":[1447948596000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"co2-earth-passes-into-uncharted-territory","title":"CO2: Earth Passes Into 'Uncharted Territory'","publishDate":1447948596,"format":"standard","headTitle":"CO2: Earth Passes Into ‘Uncharted Territory’ | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>This week, \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you can watch\u003c/a> as Earth passes a threshold not seen for at least a million years. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air will rise above 400 parts per million. And scientists predict neither you nor your children will ever see it go below 400 ppm again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said on Monday that this year’s El Niño combined with global warming puts the world “\u003ca href=\"https://www.wmo.int/media/content/el-ni%C3%B1o-expected-strengthen-further-high-impacts-unprecedented-preparation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in uncharted territory\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This naturally occurring El Niño event and human induced climate change may interact and modify each other in ways which we have \u003ca href=\"https://www.wmo.int/media/content/weather-reports-future-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">never before experienced\u003c/a>,” said WMO Secretary-General Michel Jarraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘An Icon of Climate Change’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When scientists talk about atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, their yardstick is the so-called Keeling curve. It’s the record of the air’s composition, made each day at a station run by the \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a> in the pure air high on Mauna Loa volcano, in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_364994\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-364994\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-800x480.png\" alt=\"CO2 at Mauna Loa this week\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-800x480.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-400x240.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-960x576.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This week’s carbon dioxide readings at the Mauna Loa Observatory are updated every day. As they rise above the 400 parts-per-million threshold, scientists warn that they will not return to it in our lifetimes. \u003ccite>(Scripps/UC San Diego)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ralph Keeling, the custodian of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> record, made his prediction last week in \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/2015/10/21/is-this-the-last-year-below-400/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a blog post on the Keeling Curve website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keeling curve was started in 1958 under the direction of Keeling’s father, Charles David “Dave” Keeling. Today it’s the longest series of such measurements in the world. It was named a \u003ca href=\"http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/landmarksdirectory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Historic Chemical Landmark\u003c/a> this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keeling curve is an icon of climate change. What does it show?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1960s, Dave Keeling’s measurements showed that the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> level in the air was rising steadily. That long-term increase is the mark of human influence. It comes overwhelmingly \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ff.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">from the fossil fuels we burn\u003c/a> — largely to generate electricity, but also to smelt metals, produce cement, run motors and so on. Other smaller sources of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> are from humans cutting down forests and from large-scale mechanical farming, which removes most of the carbon-rich humus contained in soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1960s, the long-term increase in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> has sped up. A little over half of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> we produce is absorbed by the ocean and by growing plants. The rest stays in the air and acts as a greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_365502\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-365502\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2.jpg\" alt=\"NOAA's Mauna Loa Observatory on Hawaii, a small collection of buildings where scientists take key measurements on air and sunlight.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s Mauna Loa Observatory on Hawaii, a small collection of buildings where scientists take key measurements on air and sunlight. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> weren’t a greenhouse gas, we might welcome it for promoting plant growth. But because it is one, higher CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels will make Earth steadily warmer until either human ingenuity or geology can bring them back down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What led to Ralph Keeling’s prediction, and the significance of this week? That stems from another of Dave Keeling’s early discoveries — the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> curve also goes through a yearly cycle, rising to a peak around May and falling to a low around October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yearly cycle is a signal of natural life. Plants absorb CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the air during the growing season, then release it as they are eaten or die back. Because most of Earth’s land area is in the northern hemisphere, the yearly cycle is dominated by the seasons in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this year we have \u003ca href=\"https://wunderground.atavist.com/el-nino-forecast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a record-breaking El Niño\u003c/a> in the cycle, triggering drought in the tropics and hampering plant growth there, and fueling widespread forest fires that pour CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> into the air. The forest grows back, but not in time for next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_364992\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-364992\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years-800x454.png\" alt=\"CO2 at L+Mauna Loa, 2014-2015\" width=\"398\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years-800x454.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years-400x227.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years.png 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> at the Mauna Loa Observatory in the last two years. \u003ccite>(Scripps/UC San Diego)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So Ralph Keeling predicts the annual summer dip won’t bring readings back down into the 390s, as it did in 2014 and 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will daily values at Mauna Loa ever fall below 400 ppm again in our lifetimes?” Keeling asked. “I’m prepared to project that they won’t, making the current values the last time the Mauna Loa record will produce numbers in the 300s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile the stubborn long-term climb caused by humans shows no sign of slackening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Change Can Happen, But Are We Willing?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn the 1700s, before coal began to be burned for industrial processes, CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> was at about 280 ppm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-term upward trend has never gone down since the Keeling measurements began. The only way to make the climb stop is to burn less carbon and, at the same time, fix more carbon. Burning less means changing our economic system severely and rapidly. It can be done, but the change will be profound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_364991\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 492px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-364991\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-800x480.png\" alt=\"Full record from Mauna Loa\" width=\"492\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-800x480.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-400x240.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-960x576.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 492px) 100vw, 492px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rise in atmospheric CO2 at the Mauna Loa Observatory since March 1958. \u003ccite>(Scripps/UC San Diego)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fixing more carbon is a project with many options, most of which involve burying CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> underground. One promising frontier is working with the natural carbon cycle to increase the world’s biomass. Restoring the soil, by reforming our farming practices, could help turn the Keeling curve back toward 400 and below, once again. That, too, would be a profound change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, geology will take care of the atmosphere through the \u003ci>really\u003c/i> long-term carbon cycle. First the ocean will stir excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> throughout its deepest waters. That will take on the order of 1,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the erosion of rocks will fertilize the sea with dissolved carbon minerals, which plankton will use to make their microscopic shells, which will fall to the seafloor as the plankton die and be buried. It’s a roundabout system, but that’s how the Earth works. That will take many thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We probably can’t wait that long.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Very soon, we will stop seeing carbon dioxide at levels below 400 parts per million -- essentially forever.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931032,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":990},"headData":{"title":"CO2: Earth Passes Into 'Uncharted Territory' | KQED","description":"Very soon, we will stop seeing carbon dioxide at levels below 400 parts per million -- essentially forever.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"CO2: Earth Passes Into 'Uncharted Territory'","datePublished":"2015-11-19T15:56:36.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:57:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/364990/co2-earth-passes-into-uncharted-territory","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week, \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you can watch\u003c/a> as Earth passes a threshold not seen for at least a million years. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air will rise above 400 parts per million. And scientists predict neither you nor your children will ever see it go below 400 ppm again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said on Monday that this year’s El Niño combined with global warming puts the world “\u003ca href=\"https://www.wmo.int/media/content/el-ni%C3%B1o-expected-strengthen-further-high-impacts-unprecedented-preparation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in uncharted territory\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This naturally occurring El Niño event and human induced climate change may interact and modify each other in ways which we have \u003ca href=\"https://www.wmo.int/media/content/weather-reports-future-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">never before experienced\u003c/a>,” said WMO Secretary-General Michel Jarraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘An Icon of Climate Change’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When scientists talk about atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, their yardstick is the so-called Keeling curve. It’s the record of the air’s composition, made each day at a station run by the \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a> in the pure air high on Mauna Loa volcano, in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_364994\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-364994\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-800x480.png\" alt=\"CO2 at Mauna Loa this week\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-800x480.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-400x240.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-960x576.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This week’s carbon dioxide readings at the Mauna Loa Observatory are updated every day. As they rise above the 400 parts-per-million threshold, scientists warn that they will not return to it in our lifetimes. \u003ccite>(Scripps/UC San Diego)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ralph Keeling, the custodian of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> record, made his prediction last week in \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/2015/10/21/is-this-the-last-year-below-400/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a blog post on the Keeling Curve website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keeling curve was started in 1958 under the direction of Keeling’s father, Charles David “Dave” Keeling. Today it’s the longest series of such measurements in the world. It was named a \u003ca href=\"http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/landmarksdirectory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Historic Chemical Landmark\u003c/a> this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keeling curve is an icon of climate change. What does it show?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1960s, Dave Keeling’s measurements showed that the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> level in the air was rising steadily. That long-term increase is the mark of human influence. It comes overwhelmingly \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ff.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">from the fossil fuels we burn\u003c/a> — largely to generate electricity, but also to smelt metals, produce cement, run motors and so on. Other smaller sources of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> are from humans cutting down forests and from large-scale mechanical farming, which removes most of the carbon-rich humus contained in soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1960s, the long-term increase in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> has sped up. A little over half of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> we produce is absorbed by the ocean and by growing plants. The rest stays in the air and acts as a greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_365502\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-365502\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2.jpg\" alt=\"NOAA's Mauna Loa Observatory on Hawaii, a small collection of buildings where scientists take key measurements on air and sunlight.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s Mauna Loa Observatory on Hawaii, a small collection of buildings where scientists take key measurements on air and sunlight. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> weren’t a greenhouse gas, we might welcome it for promoting plant growth. But because it is one, higher CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels will make Earth steadily warmer until either human ingenuity or geology can bring them back down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What led to Ralph Keeling’s prediction, and the significance of this week? That stems from another of Dave Keeling’s early discoveries — the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> curve also goes through a yearly cycle, rising to a peak around May and falling to a low around October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yearly cycle is a signal of natural life. Plants absorb CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the air during the growing season, then release it as they are eaten or die back. Because most of Earth’s land area is in the northern hemisphere, the yearly cycle is dominated by the seasons in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this year we have \u003ca href=\"https://wunderground.atavist.com/el-nino-forecast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a record-breaking El Niño\u003c/a> in the cycle, triggering drought in the tropics and hampering plant growth there, and fueling widespread forest fires that pour CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> into the air. The forest grows back, but not in time for next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_364992\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-364992\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years-800x454.png\" alt=\"CO2 at L+Mauna Loa, 2014-2015\" width=\"398\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years-800x454.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years-400x227.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years.png 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> at the Mauna Loa Observatory in the last two years. \u003ccite>(Scripps/UC San Diego)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So Ralph Keeling predicts the annual summer dip won’t bring readings back down into the 390s, as it did in 2014 and 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will daily values at Mauna Loa ever fall below 400 ppm again in our lifetimes?” Keeling asked. “I’m prepared to project that they won’t, making the current values the last time the Mauna Loa record will produce numbers in the 300s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile the stubborn long-term climb caused by humans shows no sign of slackening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Change Can Happen, But Are We Willing?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn the 1700s, before coal began to be burned for industrial processes, CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> was at about 280 ppm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-term upward trend has never gone down since the Keeling measurements began. The only way to make the climb stop is to burn less carbon and, at the same time, fix more carbon. Burning less means changing our economic system severely and rapidly. It can be done, but the change will be profound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_364991\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 492px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-364991\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-800x480.png\" alt=\"Full record from Mauna Loa\" width=\"492\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-800x480.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-400x240.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-960x576.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 492px) 100vw, 492px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rise in atmospheric CO2 at the Mauna Loa Observatory since March 1958. \u003ccite>(Scripps/UC San Diego)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fixing more carbon is a project with many options, most of which involve burying CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> underground. One promising frontier is working with the natural carbon cycle to increase the world’s biomass. Restoring the soil, by reforming our farming practices, could help turn the Keeling curve back toward 400 and below, once again. That, too, would be a profound change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, geology will take care of the atmosphere through the \u003ci>really\u003c/i> long-term carbon cycle. First the ocean will stir excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> throughout its deepest waters. That will take on the order of 1,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the erosion of rocks will fertilize the sea with dissolved carbon minerals, which plankton will use to make their microscopic shells, which will fall to the seafloor as the plankton die and be buried. It’s a roundabout system, but that’s how the Earth works. That will take many thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We probably can’t wait that long.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/364990/co2-earth-passes-into-uncharted-territory","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_31","science_38"],"tags":["science_1852","science_1404","science_194","science_556"],"featImg":"science_365350","label":"science"},"science_351850":{"type":"posts","id":"science_351850","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"351850","score":null,"sort":[1447423255000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"where-did-mars-atmosphere-go-and-is-earth-next","title":"Where Did Mars' Atmosphere Go--And Is Earth Next?","publishDate":1447423255,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Where Did Mars’ Atmosphere Go–And Is Earth Next? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Last week, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/maven/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mars Atmospheric and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) \u003c/a>mission identified the smoking gun in the whodunit mystery of what happened to Mars’ once much warmer, thicker, and more Earth-like atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As some suspected, it has slowly been blown into space by energetic particles of the solar wind. \u003cem>Turns out the sun did it!\u003c/em> My money was on the butler….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picturing a Warmer, Wetter Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the saga of our exploration of Mars, which has unfolded over the past five decades since the first robotic probe sent back images taken at close range, our understanding of Mars has improved dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early missions reported a dry, cold desert planet with an \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/16903-mars-atmosphere-climate-weather.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmosphere \u003c/a>a hundredth as thick as Earth’s, composed mostly of carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353456\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-353456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"Mars' dry cratered surface and thin atmosphere imaged by the Viking 1 orbiter.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking.jpg 1190w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars’ dry cratered surface and thin atmosphere imaged by the Viking 1 orbiter. \u003ccite>(Viking/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More recently, missions in orbit and on the ground have churned up a preponderance of geological evidence that long ago liquid water flowed across Mars’ surface, filling large lakes and even shallow seas—an environment that may have been suitable to sustain life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very presence of liquid water in Mars’ past tells us that its atmosphere had to be much more substantial at one time–thicker, warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So a big question has been,\u003cem> what happened to the atmosphere? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding what is responsible for the drastic difference between the cold dry Mars we see today and the warm and wet Mars of the distant past is key to answering important questions not only about Mars, but our home planet as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Might Earth someday fall victim to a similar crime? Is there a serial killer of planetary atmospheres on the loose, and should people on Earth start stock-piling tanks of air and water against the prospects of a Martian-esque future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cem>Don’t panic.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MAVEN was the first spacecraft ever sent to explore the uppermost regions of Mars’ atmosphere, where it comes into contact with the environment of the solar wind. It was believed that the answer to the mystery might be found in this region, but on-site forensic work was needed to prove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">solar wind\u003c/a> is a continuous flow of high-speed, electrically charged particles (plasma) and magnetic fields exuded by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blowing by with an average speed of about a million miles an hour, the solar wind affects the entire solar system, including the Earth. All of the objects in the solar system, even far beyond Pluto, are within this outflowing “bubble” of plasma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Does the Solar Wind Affect Us Here on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at home, we can see the effects of exceptional solar wind activity: dazzling auroras around Earth’s poles, and “\u003ca href=\"http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/geomagnetic-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geomagnetic storms\u003c/a>” (fluctuations in \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.org/article-questions.asp?id=64\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth’s magnetic field\u003c/a>) that on rare occasion have knocked out power grids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These effects, however, are not the result of the solar wind hammering away at our upper atmosphere, but by its interaction with Earth’s more extensive magnetic field. Earth’s atmosphere, for the most part, is safely tucked away within our planet’s great magnetic deflector shield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/earthvsmars.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-353454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/earthvsmars-400x158.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration depicting Earth's dynamo-driven global magnetic field and the "fossil" remnants of Mars' extinct global field.\" width=\"400\" height=\"158\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/earthvsmars-400x158.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/earthvsmars.jpg 794w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration depicting Earth’s dynamo-driven global magnetic field and the “fossil” remnants of Mars’ extinct global field. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars, however, does not enjoy the same protection. Mars, at present, has no structured global magnetic field as Earth does—the kind with north and south poles and an enveloping donut shape, like a textbook bar magnet. With respect to the solar wind’s abrasive action, Mars’ deflectors are down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists had hypothesized, and now MAVEN has verified, that the energetic ions of the solar wind coming into direct contact with Martian atmospheric atoms result in those atoms being kicked off into space, thus slowly leaking away at Mars’ atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Bad Is the Leak in Mars’ Atmosphere?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1869\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MAVEN has detected\u003c/a> the amount of atmospheric gases escaping from Mars: around 100 grams per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gX5JCYBZpcg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">About three-quarters of the loss\u003c/a> occurs through a long “tail” extending away from the sun’s direction, and another quarter through a plume spewing off of Mars’ polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353455\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/maven-atmosphere-loss.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-353455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/maven-atmosphere-loss-400x266.png\" alt=\"NASA's MAVEN spacecraft exploring the upper atmosphere of Mars. \" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/maven-atmosphere-loss-400x266.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/maven-atmosphere-loss.png 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s MAVEN spacecraft exploring the upper atmosphere of Mars. \u003ccite>(Goddard Space Flight Center/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>MAVEN has also found that the loss rate rises dramatically when solar wind activity increases, such as during solar storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this insight, we can now envision how Mars probably lost a major part of its atmosphere in the solar system’s younger days, billions of years ago, when the sun was more active and the solar wind more abrasive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though our understanding of exactly how Mars lost its water-supporting atmosphere won’t bring it back, it may help us better understand what Mars is all about today, including how we might go about looking for any remnants of its global paleoclimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confirmed the presence of trickles of briny liquid water\u003c/a> seeping in certain spots on Mars today—a discovery that has scientists interested in finding signs of life on Mars very excited.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Mars Atmospheric and Volatile Evolution mission identified the smoking gun in the whodunit mystery of what happened to Mars' once much warmer, thicker, wetter and more Earth-like atmosphere. Turns out the sun did it! ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931055,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":890},"headData":{"title":"Where Did Mars' Atmosphere Go--And Is Earth Next? | KQED","description":"NASA's Mars Atmospheric and Volatile Evolution mission identified the smoking gun in the whodunit mystery of what happened to Mars' once much warmer, thicker, wetter and more Earth-like atmosphere. Turns out the sun did it! ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Where Did Mars' Atmosphere Go--And Is Earth Next?","datePublished":"2015-11-13T14:00:55.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:57:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/351850/where-did-mars-atmosphere-go-and-is-earth-next","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/maven/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mars Atmospheric and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) \u003c/a>mission identified the smoking gun in the whodunit mystery of what happened to Mars’ once much warmer, thicker, and more Earth-like atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As some suspected, it has slowly been blown into space by energetic particles of the solar wind. \u003cem>Turns out the sun did it!\u003c/em> My money was on the butler….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picturing a Warmer, Wetter Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the saga of our exploration of Mars, which has unfolded over the past five decades since the first robotic probe sent back images taken at close range, our understanding of Mars has improved dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early missions reported a dry, cold desert planet with an \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/16903-mars-atmosphere-climate-weather.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmosphere \u003c/a>a hundredth as thick as Earth’s, composed mostly of carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353456\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-353456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"Mars' dry cratered surface and thin atmosphere imaged by the Viking 1 orbiter.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mars-viking.jpg 1190w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars’ dry cratered surface and thin atmosphere imaged by the Viking 1 orbiter. \u003ccite>(Viking/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More recently, missions in orbit and on the ground have churned up a preponderance of geological evidence that long ago liquid water flowed across Mars’ surface, filling large lakes and even shallow seas—an environment that may have been suitable to sustain life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very presence of liquid water in Mars’ past tells us that its atmosphere had to be much more substantial at one time–thicker, warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So a big question has been,\u003cem> what happened to the atmosphere? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding what is responsible for the drastic difference between the cold dry Mars we see today and the warm and wet Mars of the distant past is key to answering important questions not only about Mars, but our home planet as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Might Earth someday fall victim to a similar crime? Is there a serial killer of planetary atmospheres on the loose, and should people on Earth start stock-piling tanks of air and water against the prospects of a Martian-esque future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cem>Don’t panic.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MAVEN was the first spacecraft ever sent to explore the uppermost regions of Mars’ atmosphere, where it comes into contact with the environment of the solar wind. It was believed that the answer to the mystery might be found in this region, but on-site forensic work was needed to prove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">solar wind\u003c/a> is a continuous flow of high-speed, electrically charged particles (plasma) and magnetic fields exuded by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blowing by with an average speed of about a million miles an hour, the solar wind affects the entire solar system, including the Earth. All of the objects in the solar system, even far beyond Pluto, are within this outflowing “bubble” of plasma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Does the Solar Wind Affect Us Here on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at home, we can see the effects of exceptional solar wind activity: dazzling auroras around Earth’s poles, and “\u003ca href=\"http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/geomagnetic-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geomagnetic storms\u003c/a>” (fluctuations in \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.org/article-questions.asp?id=64\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth’s magnetic field\u003c/a>) that on rare occasion have knocked out power grids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These effects, however, are not the result of the solar wind hammering away at our upper atmosphere, but by its interaction with Earth’s more extensive magnetic field. Earth’s atmosphere, for the most part, is safely tucked away within our planet’s great magnetic deflector shield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/earthvsmars.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-353454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/earthvsmars-400x158.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration depicting Earth's dynamo-driven global magnetic field and the "fossil" remnants of Mars' extinct global field.\" width=\"400\" height=\"158\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/earthvsmars-400x158.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/earthvsmars.jpg 794w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration depicting Earth’s dynamo-driven global magnetic field and the “fossil” remnants of Mars’ extinct global field. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars, however, does not enjoy the same protection. Mars, at present, has no structured global magnetic field as Earth does—the kind with north and south poles and an enveloping donut shape, like a textbook bar magnet. With respect to the solar wind’s abrasive action, Mars’ deflectors are down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists had hypothesized, and now MAVEN has verified, that the energetic ions of the solar wind coming into direct contact with Martian atmospheric atoms result in those atoms being kicked off into space, thus slowly leaking away at Mars’ atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Bad Is the Leak in Mars’ Atmosphere?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1869\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MAVEN has detected\u003c/a> the amount of atmospheric gases escaping from Mars: around 100 grams per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gX5JCYBZpcg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">About three-quarters of the loss\u003c/a> occurs through a long “tail” extending away from the sun’s direction, and another quarter through a plume spewing off of Mars’ polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353455\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/maven-atmosphere-loss.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-353455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/maven-atmosphere-loss-400x266.png\" alt=\"NASA's MAVEN spacecraft exploring the upper atmosphere of Mars. \" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/maven-atmosphere-loss-400x266.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/maven-atmosphere-loss.png 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s MAVEN spacecraft exploring the upper atmosphere of Mars. \u003ccite>(Goddard Space Flight Center/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>MAVEN has also found that the loss rate rises dramatically when solar wind activity increases, such as during solar storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this insight, we can now envision how Mars probably lost a major part of its atmosphere in the solar system’s younger days, billions of years ago, when the sun was more active and the solar wind more abrasive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though our understanding of exactly how Mars lost its water-supporting atmosphere won’t bring it back, it may help us better understand what Mars is all about today, including how we might go about looking for any remnants of its global paleoclimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confirmed the presence of trickles of briny liquid water\u003c/a> seeping in certain spots on Mars today—a discovery that has scientists interested in finding signs of life on Mars very excited.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/351850/where-did-mars-atmosphere-go-and-is-earth-next","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1852","science_5179","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_352006","label":"science"},"science_58350":{"type":"posts","id":"science_58350","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"58350","score":null,"sort":[1434632437000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"young-mars-the-red-planet-started-out-white","title":"Young Mars: The Red Planet Started Out White","publishDate":1434632437,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Young Mars: The Red Planet Started Out White | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Mars is full of evidence that running water once crisscrossed its surface. Many scientists argue that in its early days, the red planet was nearly blue—a relatively warm place with lakes and even an ocean around its north pole. But a sophisticated climate model suggests instead that Mars started out as a cold, icy planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve always wondered whether Mars has supported life. Just a century ago, Mars was widely thought to be inhabited by intelligent beings who had built a gigantic network of canals to cope with its desert climate. (The canals are now explained as optical illusions affecting telescopic observers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, even though the planet appears completely sterile, it’s still a driving question whether Mars has ever had the conditions for life to begin, or at least to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The quest for life on Mars needs to answer two questions: When was Mars wet? And for how long?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mars today is bone-dry and colder than Antarctica. Although it must have formed originally with lots of water and air, its weak gravity couldn’t keep water vapor and other gases from escaping to space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re sure that during its first billion years or so, before the atmosphere escaped, Mars had rain and snow. Scientists think there was probably water enough for a large ocean in the lowlands around its north pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence is compelling. Orbiting spacecraft have mapped landforms that can only be riverbeds, water-carved canyons and coastlines from a former ocean basin. Robot landers have photographed features in rocks, like \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/\">crossbeds in sandstone\u003c/a>, that only flowing water can produce. And they’ve found chemical evidence of minerals, like clays and \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/\">gypsum\u003c/a>, that require water to form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of water proves Mars once had what scientists call habitable conditions. But it’s not enough just to establish that water once existed. The evidence from Earth suggests it takes many millions of years, and a specific range of physical and chemical conditions, for life to \u003ci>arise\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58718\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 504px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-58718\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars-1440x900.jpg\" alt=\"This image shows layered sedimentary rocks on the floor of an impact crater north of Eberswalde Crater. There may have been a lake in this crater billions of years ago. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\" width=\"504\" height=\"315\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 504px) 100vw, 504px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image shows layered sedimentary rocks on the floor of an impact crater north of Eberswalde Crater. There may have been a lake in this crater billions of years ago. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The quest for life on Mars needs to answer two questions: When was Mars wet? And for how long?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence allows some scientists to argue that Mars was warm and wet very early, between 4 and 3 billion years ago. (All the planets are about 4.6 billion years old.) Others hold that conditions must have been dry and frozen most of the time, with brief periods of warmth and running water after geologic events like major volcanic episodes or large asteroid impacts. The prospects for life on Mars depend strongly on these details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a third group of researchers is approaching the history of Mars from another direction. They ask questions like, How do you build a Mars that starts out warm and wet? What kinds of global climate were once possible on Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~rwordsworth/\">Robin Wordsworth\u003c/a> is one of those people. His research team at Harvard has a state-of-the-art computer model that can reproduce any given planet and its atmosphere in three dimensions. It’s aimed at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/26/studying-exoplanets-what-a-thousand-points-of-light-might-reveal-about-earth/\">rocky exoplanets in general\u003c/a>, not just Mars. He trained the model on Mars with the help of colleagues Laura Kerber of Caltech, Raymond Pierrehumbert of the University of Chicago, François Forget of the Laplace Institute in Paris and James Head of Brown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58810\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 399px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-58810\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one-1440x900.jpg\" alt=\"The sinuous ridges on the Orson Welles bajada mark the paths water took as it flowed into this crater. The sinuosity of the ridges tells us something about the speed of the water flow. Fast-moving flows tend to be straighter than slow-moving. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\" width=\"399\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This sinuous ridges on the Orson Welles bajada marks a path that water took as it flowed into this crater. The sinuosity of the ridges tells us something about the speed of the water flow. Fast-moving flows tend to be straighter than slow-moving. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JE004787/full\">Wordsworth’s study\u003c/a>, accepted for publication in the \u003ca href=\"http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/jgr/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292169-9100/\">Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets\u003c/a>, uses his global atmospheric model to recreate the Martian climate 3 or 4 billion years ago. We know several things about that time: the sun was about three-fourths as bright as it is today, the Martian poles were tilted much more strongly, the planet’s greenhouse atmosphere was much thicker than today and most of its surface features were the same as they are today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wordsworth ran two different versions of ancient Mars by manipulating the atmosphere. One had a relatively thin atmosphere, a frozen ocean and was cold, averaging -55 degrees Fahrenheit. The other had an extra-thick atmosphere, was heated by an extra-hot sun and was warm enough to support liquid water and rainfall, averaging 50 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model proceeded to calculate how the winds would blow, how clouds would form, where rain and snow would fall and how the streams would flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58352\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 470px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-58352\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Warm Mars and Cold Mars\" width=\"470\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 470px) 100vw, 470px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warm, wet Mars (left) and cold, dry Mars (right) have very different appearances and produce very different effects on the landscape. Cold Mars is a much better match to the erosional patterns of water that we see on the planet today. (Robin Wordsworth)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the warm scenario, the model predicted high precipitation in certain regions like Arabia Terra and the Hellas basin, but water-carved landforms are scarce in those places. Likewise it predicted a “rain shadow” downwind of the great Tharsis bulge, but features made by water are abundant there instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cold scenario, the steep axial tilt of Mars (nearly twice its present value, at 41.8 degrees) meant that snow and ice accumulated not around the poles but around the equator, especially in the highlands. This concentrated water-carved landforms in that region too, which is where they’re found today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, Wordsworth found it hard to make a warm Mars work at all. It required unrealistic conditions, and the results didn’t match the landscape. It was easier to have a cold Mars that could be warmed up every once in a while. Orbital changes, volcanism, and cosmic impacts could all do the job and send water coursing over the Martian surface, leaving the telltale signs that remain today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a pioneering study that relies on many simplifying assumptions. But it strongly suggests that Mars in its youth was white, not blue, before it turned red. Still unknown is whether Mars was ever green.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A pioneering study of Mars' early atmosphere suggests the planet was cold and dry, not warm and wet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931675,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1069},"headData":{"title":"Young Mars: The Red Planet Started Out White | KQED","description":"A pioneering study of Mars' early atmosphere suggests the planet was cold and dry, not warm and wet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Young Mars: The Red Planet Started Out White","datePublished":"2015-06-18T13:00:37.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:07:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/58350/young-mars-the-red-planet-started-out-white","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mars is full of evidence that running water once crisscrossed its surface. Many scientists argue that in its early days, the red planet was nearly blue—a relatively warm place with lakes and even an ocean around its north pole. But a sophisticated climate model suggests instead that Mars started out as a cold, icy planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve always wondered whether Mars has supported life. Just a century ago, Mars was widely thought to be inhabited by intelligent beings who had built a gigantic network of canals to cope with its desert climate. (The canals are now explained as optical illusions affecting telescopic observers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, even though the planet appears completely sterile, it’s still a driving question whether Mars has ever had the conditions for life to begin, or at least to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The quest for life on Mars needs to answer two questions: When was Mars wet? And for how long?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mars today is bone-dry and colder than Antarctica. Although it must have formed originally with lots of water and air, its weak gravity couldn’t keep water vapor and other gases from escaping to space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re sure that during its first billion years or so, before the atmosphere escaped, Mars had rain and snow. Scientists think there was probably water enough for a large ocean in the lowlands around its north pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence is compelling. Orbiting spacecraft have mapped landforms that can only be riverbeds, water-carved canyons and coastlines from a former ocean basin. Robot landers have photographed features in rocks, like \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/\">crossbeds in sandstone\u003c/a>, that only flowing water can produce. And they’ve found chemical evidence of minerals, like clays and \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/\">gypsum\u003c/a>, that require water to form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of water proves Mars once had what scientists call habitable conditions. But it’s not enough just to establish that water once existed. The evidence from Earth suggests it takes many millions of years, and a specific range of physical and chemical conditions, for life to \u003ci>arise\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58718\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 504px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-58718\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars-1440x900.jpg\" alt=\"This image shows layered sedimentary rocks on the floor of an impact crater north of Eberswalde Crater. There may have been a lake in this crater billions of years ago. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\" width=\"504\" height=\"315\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Mars-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 504px) 100vw, 504px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image shows layered sedimentary rocks on the floor of an impact crater north of Eberswalde Crater. There may have been a lake in this crater billions of years ago. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The quest for life on Mars needs to answer two questions: When was Mars wet? And for how long?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence allows some scientists to argue that Mars was warm and wet very early, between 4 and 3 billion years ago. (All the planets are about 4.6 billion years old.) Others hold that conditions must have been dry and frozen most of the time, with brief periods of warmth and running water after geologic events like major volcanic episodes or large asteroid impacts. The prospects for life on Mars depend strongly on these details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a third group of researchers is approaching the history of Mars from another direction. They ask questions like, How do you build a Mars that starts out warm and wet? What kinds of global climate were once possible on Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~rwordsworth/\">Robin Wordsworth\u003c/a> is one of those people. His research team at Harvard has a state-of-the-art computer model that can reproduce any given planet and its atmosphere in three dimensions. It’s aimed at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/26/studying-exoplanets-what-a-thousand-points-of-light-might-reveal-about-earth/\">rocky exoplanets in general\u003c/a>, not just Mars. He trained the model on Mars with the help of colleagues Laura Kerber of Caltech, Raymond Pierrehumbert of the University of Chicago, François Forget of the Laplace Institute in Paris and James Head of Brown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58810\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 399px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-58810\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one-1440x900.jpg\" alt=\"The sinuous ridges on the Orson Welles bajada mark the paths water took as it flowed into this crater. The sinuosity of the ridges tells us something about the speed of the water flow. Fast-moving flows tend to be straighter than slow-moving. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\" width=\"399\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Alluvial-this-one-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This sinuous ridges on the Orson Welles bajada marks a path that water took as it flowed into this crater. The sinuosity of the ridges tells us something about the speed of the water flow. Fast-moving flows tend to be straighter than slow-moving. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JE004787/full\">Wordsworth’s study\u003c/a>, accepted for publication in the \u003ca href=\"http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/jgr/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292169-9100/\">Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets\u003c/a>, uses his global atmospheric model to recreate the Martian climate 3 or 4 billion years ago. We know several things about that time: the sun was about three-fourths as bright as it is today, the Martian poles were tilted much more strongly, the planet’s greenhouse atmosphere was much thicker than today and most of its surface features were the same as they are today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wordsworth ran two different versions of ancient Mars by manipulating the atmosphere. One had a relatively thin atmosphere, a frozen ocean and was cold, averaging -55 degrees Fahrenheit. The other had an extra-thick atmosphere, was heated by an extra-hot sun and was warm enough to support liquid water and rainfall, averaging 50 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model proceeded to calculate how the winds would blow, how clouds would form, where rain and snow would fall and how the streams would flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58352\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 470px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-58352\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Warm Mars and Cold Mars\" width=\"470\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wet-and-dry-marses.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 470px) 100vw, 470px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warm, wet Mars (left) and cold, dry Mars (right) have very different appearances and produce very different effects on the landscape. Cold Mars is a much better match to the erosional patterns of water that we see on the planet today. (Robin Wordsworth)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the warm scenario, the model predicted high precipitation in certain regions like Arabia Terra and the Hellas basin, but water-carved landforms are scarce in those places. Likewise it predicted a “rain shadow” downwind of the great Tharsis bulge, but features made by water are abundant there instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cold scenario, the steep axial tilt of Mars (nearly twice its present value, at 41.8 degrees) meant that snow and ice accumulated not around the poles but around the equator, especially in the highlands. This concentrated water-carved landforms in that region too, which is where they’re found today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, Wordsworth found it hard to make a warm Mars work at all. It required unrealistic conditions, and the results didn’t match the landscape. It was easier to have a cold Mars that could be warmed up every once in a while. Orbital changes, volcanism, and cosmic impacts could all do the job and send water coursing over the Martian surface, leaving the telltale signs that remain today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a pioneering study that relies on many simplifying assumptions. But it strongly suggests that Mars in its youth was white, not blue, before it turned red. Still unknown is whether Mars was ever green.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/58350/young-mars-the-red-planet-started-out-white","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_28","science_31","science_38"],"tags":["science_1852","science_1000","science_5179","science_201"],"featImg":"science_58351","label":"science"},"science_22630":{"type":"posts","id":"science_22630","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"22630","score":null,"sort":[1413554458000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-maven-mission-investigates-mars-atmosphere","title":"NASA's MAVEN Mission Investigates Mars' Atmosphere","publishDate":1413554458,"format":"aside","headTitle":"NASA’s MAVEN Mission Investigates Mars’ Atmosphere | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22632\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/mavens-early-results.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22632\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/mavens-early-results.jpg\" alt=\"Maps of carbon and oxygen coronas of Mars' extended atmosphere. (MAVEN/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maps of carbon and oxygen coronas of Mars’ extended atmosphere. (MAVEN/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s latest mission to Mars, MAVEN (Mars Atmospheric and Volatile Evolution), entered Martian orbit less than a month ago on September 21. It’s already begun to reward us with revealing insights into the disappearance of Mars’ atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”lxlaOZd7x8Mv0FVxw1LcEFmkIPSKm2Bz”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MAVEN is the first spacecraft designed to investigate Mars’ outermost atmospheric sheath, the rarified “corona” of gases that come into direct contact with the solar wind, the stream of electrically charged gases blown off by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, robotic missions have been concerned with Mars’ surface conditions: composition of rocks and soil, mineral deposits, topography, sedimentary layering, and surface weather and climate, not to mention keeping an eye out for signs of life, past or present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intensive investigation of Mars’ surface over the decades not only introduced us to a cold, dry desert planet, but also revealed that it wasn’t always so. Long ago in Mars’ past, the evidence tells us, the climate was much more Earth-like: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, lakes and seas of liquid water, precipitation and runoff. And, most tantalizing of all, conditions suitable for sustaining some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">What happened to change Mars so drastically?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The stark difference between the planet we see today and the world of the past that we have reconstructed posed the question, what happened to change Mars so drastically?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Mars’ atmospheric pressure at ground level is over a 100 times thinner than Earth’s, unable to hold much heat and too thin to support surface water in liquid form. There is a lot of water on Mars, we have found, but it’s all locked up as subsurface and polar ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A planet’s climate is largely determined by its atmosphere, so scientists have sent MAVEN to explore why Mars has lost so much of its gaseous cocoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"MAVEN initial scientific returns\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-351&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20141014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Early returns from MAVEN’s\u003c/a> Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph have shown us the “coronas,” or thin, highly extended envelopes of gases stretching into space from Mars. The instrument allows scientists to map the coronas of specific gases, like oxygen, carbon and hydrogen, the byproducts of the breakdown of water and carbon dioxide molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process scientists believe is responsible for the slow leak of Mars’ air, and what MAVEN has been sent to investigate, is the interaction of the high-energy particles of the solar wind with molecules at the top of Mars’ atmosphere. Solar wind particles—mostly protons–would impart their energy to atmospheric molecules, essentially giving them the boost needed to escape Mars’ gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On September 26, a coronal mass ejection (CME) — a powerful blast of high energy particles — erupted from the sun into space, and NASA scientists predicted that it would impact Mars on September 29. MAVEN successfully measured the CME’s arrival at Mars on the predicted day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22637\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/comet-siding-spring-150x150.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22637\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/comet-siding-spring-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Comet Siding Spring at Mars. (NASA)\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comet Siding Spring at Mars. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once MAVEN enters the full science investigation phase of its mission, sometime in early to mid-November, it will also be able to observe in detail how such blasts of high energy solar particles actually interact with Mars’ atmosphere and verify the suspected mechanism of Mars’ atmospheric demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other Martian news, on Sunday, October 19, the \u003ca title=\"Comet Siding Spring approaches Mars\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/bruce-betts/20141013-video-introduction-comet.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">comet C/2013 A1 “Siding Spring”\u003c/a> will pass within 85,000 miles of Mars—one third the distance between Earth and the moon—and there is a chance that particles in the comet’s tail will sweep over Mars. This not only poses some risk of impact by high-speed dust particles with orbiting spacecraft, including MAVEN, it also gives those spacecraft the chance to observe the interaction of a comet tail with a planet’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's latest mission to Mars, MAVEN (Mars Atmospheric and Volatile Evolution), entered Martian orbit less than a month ago on September 21. It's already rewarded us with revealing insights into the disappearance of Mars' atmosphere.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932755,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":656},"headData":{"title":"NASA's MAVEN Mission Investigates Mars' Atmosphere | KQED","description":"NASA's latest mission to Mars, MAVEN (Mars Atmospheric and Volatile Evolution), entered Martian orbit less than a month ago on September 21. It's already rewarded us with revealing insights into the disappearance of Mars' atmosphere.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's MAVEN Mission Investigates Mars' Atmosphere","datePublished":"2014-10-17T14:00:58.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:25:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/22630/nasas-maven-mission-investigates-mars-atmosphere","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22632\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/mavens-early-results.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22632\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/mavens-early-results.jpg\" alt=\"Maps of carbon and oxygen coronas of Mars' extended atmosphere. (MAVEN/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maps of carbon and oxygen coronas of Mars’ extended atmosphere. (MAVEN/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s latest mission to Mars, MAVEN (Mars Atmospheric and Volatile Evolution), entered Martian orbit less than a month ago on September 21. It’s already begun to reward us with revealing insights into the disappearance of Mars’ atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MAVEN is the first spacecraft designed to investigate Mars’ outermost atmospheric sheath, the rarified “corona” of gases that come into direct contact with the solar wind, the stream of electrically charged gases blown off by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, robotic missions have been concerned with Mars’ surface conditions: composition of rocks and soil, mineral deposits, topography, sedimentary layering, and surface weather and climate, not to mention keeping an eye out for signs of life, past or present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intensive investigation of Mars’ surface over the decades not only introduced us to a cold, dry desert planet, but also revealed that it wasn’t always so. Long ago in Mars’ past, the evidence tells us, the climate was much more Earth-like: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, lakes and seas of liquid water, precipitation and runoff. And, most tantalizing of all, conditions suitable for sustaining some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">What happened to change Mars so drastically?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The stark difference between the planet we see today and the world of the past that we have reconstructed posed the question, what happened to change Mars so drastically?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Mars’ atmospheric pressure at ground level is over a 100 times thinner than Earth’s, unable to hold much heat and too thin to support surface water in liquid form. There is a lot of water on Mars, we have found, but it’s all locked up as subsurface and polar ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A planet’s climate is largely determined by its atmosphere, so scientists have sent MAVEN to explore why Mars has lost so much of its gaseous cocoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"MAVEN initial scientific returns\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-351&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20141014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Early returns from MAVEN’s\u003c/a> Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph have shown us the “coronas,” or thin, highly extended envelopes of gases stretching into space from Mars. The instrument allows scientists to map the coronas of specific gases, like oxygen, carbon and hydrogen, the byproducts of the breakdown of water and carbon dioxide molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process scientists believe is responsible for the slow leak of Mars’ air, and what MAVEN has been sent to investigate, is the interaction of the high-energy particles of the solar wind with molecules at the top of Mars’ atmosphere. Solar wind particles—mostly protons–would impart their energy to atmospheric molecules, essentially giving them the boost needed to escape Mars’ gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On September 26, a coronal mass ejection (CME) — a powerful blast of high energy particles — erupted from the sun into space, and NASA scientists predicted that it would impact Mars on September 29. MAVEN successfully measured the CME’s arrival at Mars on the predicted day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22637\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/comet-siding-spring-150x150.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22637\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/comet-siding-spring-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Comet Siding Spring at Mars. (NASA)\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comet Siding Spring at Mars. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once MAVEN enters the full science investigation phase of its mission, sometime in early to mid-November, it will also be able to observe in detail how such blasts of high energy solar particles actually interact with Mars’ atmosphere and verify the suspected mechanism of Mars’ atmospheric demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other Martian news, on Sunday, October 19, the \u003ca title=\"Comet Siding Spring approaches Mars\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/bruce-betts/20141013-video-introduction-comet.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">comet C/2013 A1 “Siding Spring”\u003c/a> will pass within 85,000 miles of Mars—one third the distance between Earth and the moon—and there is a chance that particles in the comet’s tail will sweep over Mars. This not only poses some risk of impact by high-speed dust particles with orbiting spacecraft, including MAVEN, it also gives those spacecraft the chance to observe the interaction of a comet tail with a planet’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/22630/nasas-maven-mission-investigates-mars-atmosphere","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1852","science_145","science_64","science_5179","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_22632","label":"science"},"science_21169":{"type":"posts","id":"science_21169","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"21169","score":null,"sort":[1409925614000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-maven-spacecraft-will-explore-mars-upper-atmosphere","title":"NASA's MAVEN Spacecraft Will Explore Mars' Upper Atmosphere","publishDate":1409925614,"format":"aside","headTitle":"NASA’s MAVEN Spacecraft Will Explore Mars’ Upper Atmosphere | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21171\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/maven-vergano.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21171\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/maven-vergano.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of NASA's MAVEN spacecraft. (NASA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA’s MAVEN spacecraft. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On September 21, NASA’s \u003ca title=\"NASA's MAVEN Mission\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/maven/overview/#.VAD5ItJdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MAVEN \u003c/a>(Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft will go boldly where no one has gone before: to the very top of the Martian atmosphere!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One might ask, with all of the amazing imagery and mind-opening discoveries made by the fleets of orbiters, landers and rovers that have explored Mars’ surface, why is anyone interested in the rarified gases at the highest layers of Mars’ already rarified atmosphere? The answer, as it turns out, is a tale of two planets: Mars and Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we first started to explore Mars with robotic spacecraft in 1965 and compared it to our home planet, we were struck more by the differences between the two than the similarities. Our home world is wet, vibrant and greenly alive, while rusty-red Mars was found to be dry, desolate and lifeless — more like our Moon with a thin wisp of atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a campaign of exploration spanning decades, we have gathered a great deal of observational data that has told a much more nuanced story of Mars: a wet, active and far more Earth-like Mars than imagined even in a lot of science fiction. The reason we failed to see the similarities at first is that it required looking across a gulf of time, and it takes time, and data, to reconstruct an accurate picture of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, we now know with fair certainty, once had a thicker, warmer atmosphere and a water cycle with precipitation, river systems, and wide shallow, likely salty seas. Whether life ever emerged on Mars is still a question, but the environment we are sensing a couple billion years in the past feels temperate and inviting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened? Why is Mars today a cold, dry desert world with an atmosphere a hundredth as thick as Earth’s? Where did its warming, protective atmosphere disappear to — and could the same thing happen to other planets, even Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where MAVEN comes in. MAVEN’s scientific instruments are designed to characterize the nature of not only the upper Martian atmosphere and ionosphere, but its \u003ca title=\"Solar Wind Rips Up Martian Atmosphere\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/21nov_plasmoids/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interaction with the solar wind\u003c/a>: the stream of electrically charged particles that blows constantly from the sun and across all of the planets of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Is Mars’ atmosphere a mostly-deflated leaky balloon?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The action of high-speed ions in the solar wind scouring volatile molecules (like carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and water) from the exposed upper layers of Mars’ atmosphere and carrying them away into space could account for the loss. Mars’ atmosphere, it seems, is a balloon with a slow leak, now mostly deflated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If MAVEN determines that the solar wind has indeed eroded Mars’ atmosphere into space, does that mean the same thing will happen to Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may be where one of those stark differences between Mars and Earth becomes important: a global magnetic field. \u003ca title=\"Earth's Magnetic Field\" href=\"http://www.physics.org/article-questions.asp?id=64\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth has one\u003c/a>: a global dipolar magnetosphere generated by currents deep inside our planet and emanating outward into the space surround it. The solar wind’s particles are ions — electrically charged hydrogen nuclei for the most part. When an electrically charged particle moves through a magnetic field, its path is deflected. That’s how an old-style television set (pre-flat screen CRT, or cathode ray tube, technology) deflects a beam of electrons to paint a luminous picture on the phosphorescent screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth’s atmosphere is completely enclosed within the larger volume of space occupied by the magnetosphere, so it is shielded from the mayhem the solar wind probably inflicts on the bare, unprotected ionosphere of Mars. So erosion of the Earth’s atmosphere is not presently a big concern, though it would be if we ever lost that protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, however, \u003ca title=\"What Happened to Mars' Magnetic Field\" href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/moon-mars/what-happened-to-mars-atmosphere-15277534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does not have an active global magnetic field\u003c/a> today, and may not have had one for a long time now. Past orbiter missions have detected patches of localized magnetic fields emanating from the Martian crust, which may be the “fossil” remnants of a global field that sheltered Mars in its warm and wet youth, but their influences are weak, scattered, and do not extend to the higher regions of Mars’ atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding exactly what is taking place where the solar wind collides with Mars’ atmosphere will give us better insight into its loss over time, and how the surface environment has evolved in response to that loss. In turn, we may be getting a glimpse of what could happen to the Earth in the hopefully very distant future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amazing what studying a few sparse molecules can tell you.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On September 21, NASA's MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft will go boldly where no one has gone before: to the very top of the Martian atmosphere!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933001,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":795},"headData":{"title":"NASA's MAVEN Spacecraft Will Explore Mars' Upper Atmosphere | KQED","description":"On September 21, NASA's MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft will go boldly where no one has gone before: to the very top of the Martian atmosphere!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's MAVEN Spacecraft Will Explore Mars' Upper Atmosphere","datePublished":"2014-09-05T14:00:14.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:30:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/21169/nasas-maven-spacecraft-will-explore-mars-upper-atmosphere","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21171\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/maven-vergano.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21171\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/maven-vergano.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of NASA's MAVEN spacecraft. (NASA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA’s MAVEN spacecraft. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On September 21, NASA’s \u003ca title=\"NASA's MAVEN Mission\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/maven/overview/#.VAD5ItJdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MAVEN \u003c/a>(Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft will go boldly where no one has gone before: to the very top of the Martian atmosphere!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One might ask, with all of the amazing imagery and mind-opening discoveries made by the fleets of orbiters, landers and rovers that have explored Mars’ surface, why is anyone interested in the rarified gases at the highest layers of Mars’ already rarified atmosphere? The answer, as it turns out, is a tale of two planets: Mars and Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we first started to explore Mars with robotic spacecraft in 1965 and compared it to our home planet, we were struck more by the differences between the two than the similarities. Our home world is wet, vibrant and greenly alive, while rusty-red Mars was found to be dry, desolate and lifeless — more like our Moon with a thin wisp of atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a campaign of exploration spanning decades, we have gathered a great deal of observational data that has told a much more nuanced story of Mars: a wet, active and far more Earth-like Mars than imagined even in a lot of science fiction. The reason we failed to see the similarities at first is that it required looking across a gulf of time, and it takes time, and data, to reconstruct an accurate picture of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, we now know with fair certainty, once had a thicker, warmer atmosphere and a water cycle with precipitation, river systems, and wide shallow, likely salty seas. Whether life ever emerged on Mars is still a question, but the environment we are sensing a couple billion years in the past feels temperate and inviting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened? Why is Mars today a cold, dry desert world with an atmosphere a hundredth as thick as Earth’s? Where did its warming, protective atmosphere disappear to — and could the same thing happen to other planets, even Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where MAVEN comes in. MAVEN’s scientific instruments are designed to characterize the nature of not only the upper Martian atmosphere and ionosphere, but its \u003ca title=\"Solar Wind Rips Up Martian Atmosphere\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/21nov_plasmoids/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interaction with the solar wind\u003c/a>: the stream of electrically charged particles that blows constantly from the sun and across all of the planets of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Is Mars’ atmosphere a mostly-deflated leaky balloon?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The action of high-speed ions in the solar wind scouring volatile molecules (like carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and water) from the exposed upper layers of Mars’ atmosphere and carrying them away into space could account for the loss. Mars’ atmosphere, it seems, is a balloon with a slow leak, now mostly deflated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If MAVEN determines that the solar wind has indeed eroded Mars’ atmosphere into space, does that mean the same thing will happen to Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may be where one of those stark differences between Mars and Earth becomes important: a global magnetic field. \u003ca title=\"Earth's Magnetic Field\" href=\"http://www.physics.org/article-questions.asp?id=64\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth has one\u003c/a>: a global dipolar magnetosphere generated by currents deep inside our planet and emanating outward into the space surround it. The solar wind’s particles are ions — electrically charged hydrogen nuclei for the most part. When an electrically charged particle moves through a magnetic field, its path is deflected. That’s how an old-style television set (pre-flat screen CRT, or cathode ray tube, technology) deflects a beam of electrons to paint a luminous picture on the phosphorescent screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth’s atmosphere is completely enclosed within the larger volume of space occupied by the magnetosphere, so it is shielded from the mayhem the solar wind probably inflicts on the bare, unprotected ionosphere of Mars. So erosion of the Earth’s atmosphere is not presently a big concern, though it would be if we ever lost that protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, however, \u003ca title=\"What Happened to Mars' Magnetic Field\" href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/moon-mars/what-happened-to-mars-atmosphere-15277534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does not have an active global magnetic field\u003c/a> today, and may not have had one for a long time now. Past orbiter missions have detected patches of localized magnetic fields emanating from the Martian crust, which may be the “fossil” remnants of a global field that sheltered Mars in its warm and wet youth, but their influences are weak, scattered, and do not extend to the higher regions of Mars’ atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding exactly what is taking place where the solar wind collides with Mars’ atmosphere will give us better insight into its loss over time, and how the surface environment has evolved in response to that loss. In turn, we may be getting a glimpse of what could happen to the Earth in the hopefully very distant future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amazing what studying a few sparse molecules can tell you.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/21169/nasas-maven-spacecraft-will-explore-mars-upper-atmosphere","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1852","science_5179","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_21171","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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