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Jasmine graduated from UC Berkeley with a degree in Media Studies, where she was also an Arts and Entertainment reporter at the Daily Californian.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a6ea8b0641874311533b7401bee15c8e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"JFLGarnett","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"about","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"pressroom","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jasmine Garnett | KQED","description":"Audience Engagement Associate","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a6ea8b0641874311533b7401bee15c8e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a6ea8b0641874311533b7401bee15c8e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jasminegarnett"},"adicorato":{"type":"authors","id":"11615","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11615","found":true},"name":"Allessandra DiCorato","firstName":"Allessandra","lastName":"DiCorato","slug":"adicorato","email":"adicorato@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Allessandra is the 2019 AAAS Mass Media Fellow at KQED Science. She is currently a PhD candidate at Northwestern University, where she studies how nanomaterials interact with soft biological tissue in contexts ranging from sea urchins to cancer cells. Allessandra graduated from Cornell University in 2015, where she studied chemistry, creative writing, and biomedical engineering.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f725f664da1ae7668ca873d0b97d5bbb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"Allessandra DiCorato | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f725f664da1ae7668ca873d0b97d5bbb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f725f664da1ae7668ca873d0b97d5bbb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/adicorato"},"smohamad":{"type":"authors","id":"11631","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11631","found":true},"name":"Sarah Mohamad","firstName":"Sarah","lastName":"Mohamad","slug":"smohamad","email":"smohamad@KQED.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"Engagement Producer and Reporter, KQED Science","bio":"Sarah Mohamad is an engagement producer and reporter for KQED's digital engagement team. She leads social media, newsletter, and engagement efforts for KQED Science content. Prior to this role, she played a key role as project manager for NSF's \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/crackingthecode\">\u003cem>Cracking the Code: Influencing Millennial Science Engagement\u003c/em> \u003c/a>audience research. Prior to joining KQED Science, Sarah worked in a brand new role as Digital Marketing Strategist at WPSU Penn State.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"sarahkmohamad","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"about","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sarah Mohamad | KQED","description":"Engagement Producer and Reporter, KQED Science","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/smohamad"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1980108":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1980108","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1980108","score":null,"sort":[1661497261000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"artemis-launch-date-how-to-watch","title":"NASA's Artemis I Launch Date — How to Watch the First Moon Mission in 50 Years","publishDate":1661497261,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s Artemis I Launch Date — How to Watch the First Moon Mission in 50 Years | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Update 8:20 a.m., Friday: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1980136/artemis-i-launch-postponed-because-of-engine-problem\">The Artemis I launch has been postponed\u003c/a> due to a fuel leak and then an engine problem. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-sets-coverage-for-artemis-i-moon-mission-next-launch-attempt\">The next launch attempt will be on Saturday, September 3 at 11:17 a.m. PST\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s launch of Artemis I will kick-start the space agency’s “Moon to Mars” initiative by sending an uncrewed spacecraft to orbit the moon for six weeks. The Artemis program, which you can watch below, aims to return humans to the moon in order to learn about survival in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“NASA’s Artemis program will pave the way for humanity’s giant leap for future missions to Mars. There’s no doubt that we are in a golden era of human space exploration, discovery and ingenuity in space and it all begins with Artemis I,” said NASA administrator Bill Nelson.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is providing a livestream of the liftoff from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. You can watch the livestream right here, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/artemis-i-registration-144043131885?linkId=157646545\">join a watch party\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Artemis I Launch to the Moon (Official NASA Broadcast) - Nov. 16, 2022\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/CMLD0Lp0JBg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should weather or any other problem interfere with the launch, NASA has set Sept. 2 and Sept. 5 as alternative dates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artemis I will send the Orion capsule into orbit carrying three mannequins fitted with sensors to provide data on what crew members may experience in future flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orion will orbit the moon for about 42 days, allowing time for NASA to test a series of critical systems before it moves forward with a crewed mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1978759']The spacecraft’s heat shield, for example, must protect the Orion capsule from the extreme temperatures (approximately 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit) that it will encounter when reentering Earth’s atmosphere. NASA will also monitor Orion’s navigation systems and its resilience when traveling through high radiation environments near Earth and the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will approach the lunar surface, getting as close as 60 miles aboveground before traveling roughly 40,000 miles beyond the moon and back to Earth, in a test of reentry, descent and splashdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, this will pave the way for Artemis II, which will carry a human crew around the moon\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980111\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980111\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration of the full Gateway configuration with Orion approaching Gateway\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of the full Gateway configuration with Orion approaching Gateway. \u003ccite>(Alberto Bertolin/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Between 1968 and 1972, America launched nine human missions to the moon, six of which successfully touched down, allowing 12 men to walk on the lunar surfaces. Artemis III — slated for 2025 and the last mission in the Artemis program — will land the first woman and the first person of color on the moon’s surface. It will be the first time humans have stepped foot on the moon for more than 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Artemis III lifts off, NASA plans to build Gateway, a multipurpose outpost orbiting the moon that will be a home base for astronauts to live between landings on the lunar surface, and a laboratory to support scientific research and human exploration on and around the moon. Gateway will provide options for Earth science, heliophysics, lunar and planetary science, and more by allowing extended views of the Earth, sun, moon and space not possible from Earth’s surface or from Earth’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a mission that truly will do what hasn’t been done and learn what isn’t known,” said Mike Sarafin, NASA’s mission manager for Artemis I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980110\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980110\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-800x565.jpg\" alt=\"NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard is seen atop a mobile launcher at Launch Pad 39B, Wednesday, Aug. 17, 2022, after being rolled out to the launch pad at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida\" width=\"800\" height=\"565\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-1536x1086.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard is seen atop a mobile launcher at Launch Pad 39B, on Wednesday, Aug. 17, 2022, after being rolled out at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida \u003ccite>(Joel Kowsky/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Artemis I mission was originally scheduled to lift off in 2021, but supply chain lags and other problems delayed the development of the vehicles NASA plans to use for the mission. The cost so far is at least $37 billion, and Artemis missions will cost NASA around $93 billion by 2025. NASA’s Bill Nelson has called the Artemis program an \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasa-poised-historic-artemis-i-lunar-launch-florida-2022-08-23/\">“economic engine,”\u003c/a> noting that in 2019 alone it generated $14 billion in commerce and supported 70,000 American jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Artemis missions aim to learn about long-term human survival in space, one small step on the road to Mars.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846209,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":708},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Artemis I Launch Date — How to Watch the First Moon Mission in 50 Years | KQED","description":"NASA's Artemis missions aim to learn about long-term human survival in space, one small step on the road to Mars.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"astronomy","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1980108/artemis-launch-date-how-to-watch","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Update 8:20 a.m., Friday: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1980136/artemis-i-launch-postponed-because-of-engine-problem\">The Artemis I launch has been postponed\u003c/a> due to a fuel leak and then an engine problem. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-sets-coverage-for-artemis-i-moon-mission-next-launch-attempt\">The next launch attempt will be on Saturday, September 3 at 11:17 a.m. PST\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s launch of Artemis I will kick-start the space agency’s “Moon to Mars” initiative by sending an uncrewed spacecraft to orbit the moon for six weeks. The Artemis program, which you can watch below, aims to return humans to the moon in order to learn about survival in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“NASA’s Artemis program will pave the way for humanity’s giant leap for future missions to Mars. There’s no doubt that we are in a golden era of human space exploration, discovery and ingenuity in space and it all begins with Artemis I,” said NASA administrator Bill Nelson.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is providing a livestream of the liftoff from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. You can watch the livestream right here, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/artemis-i-registration-144043131885?linkId=157646545\">join a watch party\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Artemis I Launch to the Moon (Official NASA Broadcast) - Nov. 16, 2022\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/CMLD0Lp0JBg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should weather or any other problem interfere with the launch, NASA has set Sept. 2 and Sept. 5 as alternative dates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artemis I will send the Orion capsule into orbit carrying three mannequins fitted with sensors to provide data on what crew members may experience in future flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orion will orbit the moon for about 42 days, allowing time for NASA to test a series of critical systems before it moves forward with a crewed mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1978759","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The spacecraft’s heat shield, for example, must protect the Orion capsule from the extreme temperatures (approximately 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit) that it will encounter when reentering Earth’s atmosphere. NASA will also monitor Orion’s navigation systems and its resilience when traveling through high radiation environments near Earth and the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will approach the lunar surface, getting as close as 60 miles aboveground before traveling roughly 40,000 miles beyond the moon and back to Earth, in a test of reentry, descent and splashdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, this will pave the way for Artemis II, which will carry a human crew around the moon\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980111\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980111\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration of the full Gateway configuration with Orion approaching Gateway\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/GATEWAY_1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of the full Gateway configuration with Orion approaching Gateway. \u003ccite>(Alberto Bertolin/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Between 1968 and 1972, America launched nine human missions to the moon, six of which successfully touched down, allowing 12 men to walk on the lunar surfaces. Artemis III — slated for 2025 and the last mission in the Artemis program — will land the first woman and the first person of color on the moon’s surface. It will be the first time humans have stepped foot on the moon for more than 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Artemis III lifts off, NASA plans to build Gateway, a multipurpose outpost orbiting the moon that will be a home base for astronauts to live between landings on the lunar surface, and a laboratory to support scientific research and human exploration on and around the moon. Gateway will provide options for Earth science, heliophysics, lunar and planetary science, and more by allowing extended views of the Earth, sun, moon and space not possible from Earth’s surface or from Earth’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a mission that truly will do what hasn’t been done and learn what isn’t known,” said Mike Sarafin, NASA’s mission manager for Artemis I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980110\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980110\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-800x565.jpg\" alt=\"NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard is seen atop a mobile launcher at Launch Pad 39B, Wednesday, Aug. 17, 2022, after being rolled out to the launch pad at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida\" width=\"800\" height=\"565\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1-1536x1086.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/SLS_1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard is seen atop a mobile launcher at Launch Pad 39B, on Wednesday, Aug. 17, 2022, after being rolled out at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida \u003ccite>(Joel Kowsky/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Artemis I mission was originally scheduled to lift off in 2021, but supply chain lags and other problems delayed the development of the vehicles NASA plans to use for the mission. The cost so far is at least $37 billion, and Artemis missions will cost NASA around $93 billion by 2025. NASA’s Bill Nelson has called the Artemis program an \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasa-poised-historic-artemis-i-lunar-launch-florida-2022-08-23/\">“economic engine,”\u003c/a> noting that in 2019 alone it generated $14 billion in commerce and supported 70,000 American jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1980108/artemis-launch-date-how-to-watch","authors":["11631"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_628","science_4414","science_5179","science_351"],"featImg":"science_1980109","label":"source_science_1980108"},"science_1956918":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1956918","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1956918","score":null,"sort":[1582240623000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-aiming-to-send-woman-to-moon-and-really-soon","title":"NASA Plans to Send a Woman to the Moon ... and Really Soon","publishDate":1582240623,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Plans to Send a Woman to the Moon … and Really Soon | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In 1962, President John F. Kennedy told his country, “We choose to go to the moon!” It took another seven years before the first two men of the Apollo program set foot there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]As glass ceilings go, this one is 240,000 miles high, and with any luck, it will be broken forever.[/pullquote]But now, have you heard? NASA plans to return human beings to the moon, and in only four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wait, it gets better! The next “manned” mission to the moon’s surface will put the next man on the moon, yes, but also the first \u003cem>woman\u003c/em> ever to voyage farther into space than the International Space Station. As glass ceilings go, this one is 240,000 miles high, and with any luck, it will be broken forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/\">Artemis\u003c/a> program plans to deliver its coed crew to the moon by 2024, and establish a regular program of lunar exploration with commercial partners by 2028. Its ultimate goal is to channel the knowledge and experience gained toward launching a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artemis, by the way, is the moon goddess in Greek mythology, twin sister of the sun god Apollo. What better name for humanity’s second visit to the moon, one in which the first woman will stand on lunar soil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-800x1058.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1058\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-800x1058.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-160x212.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-768x1016.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak.jpg 942w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Orion spacecraft, which will carry the next astronauts bound for the moon from Earth to lunar orbit. \u003ccite>(NASA/Radislav Sinyak)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ambitious project includes designing and building a new generation of launch vehicles, human-crewed spacecraft and landers, along with the Lunar Gateway, a moon-orbiting station that will serve as a depot for spacecraft arriving from Earth and landers traveling to and from the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do You Have the Right Stuff?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are you interested in joining the ranks of NASA astronauts as part of a new generation of space explorers heading for the moon, some asteroids, possibly, and maybe even Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet the demand of its expanding human space exploration endeavors, NASA’s astronaut candidate program is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/explorers-wanted-nasa-to-hire-more-artemis-generation-astronauts\">accepting applications\u003c/a> from March 2 to the end of the month. Now is a good time to polish up that resume if a space-bound career appeals to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And remember, women, the Artemis moon-shot isn’t a guys-only club. \u003cem>Anyone\u003c/em> with the right stuff is eligible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Designing Spacecraft With Wind Tunnels and Supercomputers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Artemis astronauts will ever set boot on lunar soil, the space agency will have to do a lot of preliminary work. That’ll include deploying an array of scientific instruments on the moon’s surface to lay the groundwork for that historic return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956928\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three of the 16 scientific robotic landers, provided by commercial partners of NASA, that will be sent to the moon in 2021, paving the way for the next astronauts to land there in 2024.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA just finalized 16 experiments to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/first-commercial-moon-delivery-assignments-to-advance-artemis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent to the moon in 2021,\u003c/a> provided by two commercial partners — Astrobiotic and Initiative Machines — in the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another large playing piece to set on the game board of moon exploration is the launch vehicle that will get the astronauts there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/index.html\">Space Launch System\u003c/a> is NASA’s next heavy lifter. It will be the most powerful rocket ever built, capable of delivering human-crewed spacecraft to the moon and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that after successful launches of the Saturn 5 rocket in the 1960s, which propelled the Apollo spacecraft and astronauts to the moon more than half a dozen times, NASA engineers already know how to do this. But they can’t design a new rocket that will carry a new spacecraft by copying notes from previous missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New aerospace materials, propulsion technologies, and fuel and combustion systems all give shape to a new vehicle the space agency must test for safety, efficiency and capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956929\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-1020x671.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The aerodynamic test model of NASA’s SLS rocket being tested in a high-speed wind tunnel at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. The pink coating is a press-sensitive layer that changes color with air pressure, offering continuous real-time imagery that is processed in Ames’ Pleiades super-computing facility. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Dominic Hart)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] NASA can’t copy notes from previous missions to design a new rocket that will carry a new spacecraft. This one will require new materials and design tools. [/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA engineers are testing their SLS design by \u003ca href=\"https://www.almanacnews.com/news/2020/02/12/ames-wind-tunnels-put-nasas-new-moonshot-to-the-test\">subjecting an engineering model of the rocket to high-speed wind \u003c/a>in one of its \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/orgs/aeronautics/windtunnels/index.html\">wind tunnel facilities\u003c/a> at Ames Research Center, in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing exactly how the dynamic pressures of the high-velocity passage out of Earth’s atmosphere will affect the launch vehicle and its nose-borne payload are critical to their aerodynamic design. So, putting a physical model to the test in actual high-speed wind pushes the design’s limits in a way that computer simulations can only approximate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enormous amounts of test data the wind tunnel tests generate are processed by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nas.nasa.gov/hecc/resources/pleiades.html\">Pleiades supercomputer\u003c/a> housed at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at Ames, a warehouse-sized building filled with rack upon rack of linked computers comprising tens of thousands of core processors. As an ensemble, the supercomputer is capable of performing up to 7 quadrillion calculations per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956932\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956932\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-768x510.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Pleiades super-computing facility at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one can say NASA doesn’t do its homework.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Artemis mission will send the next man and first woman to the moon — and only four years from now.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847756,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":941},"headData":{"title":"NASA Plans to Send a Woman to the Moon ... and Really Soon | KQED","description":"NASA's Artemis mission will send the next man and first woman to the moon — and only four years from now.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Space Exploration","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1956918/nasa-aiming-to-send-woman-to-moon-and-really-soon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 1962, President John F. Kennedy told his country, “We choose to go to the moon!” It took another seven years before the first two men of the Apollo program set foot there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"As glass ceilings go, this one is 240,000 miles high, and with any luck, it will be broken forever.","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>But now, have you heard? NASA plans to return human beings to the moon, and in only four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wait, it gets better! The next “manned” mission to the moon’s surface will put the next man on the moon, yes, but also the first \u003cem>woman\u003c/em> ever to voyage farther into space than the International Space Station. As glass ceilings go, this one is 240,000 miles high, and with any luck, it will be broken forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/\">Artemis\u003c/a> program plans to deliver its coed crew to the moon by 2024, and establish a regular program of lunar exploration with commercial partners by 2028. Its ultimate goal is to channel the knowledge and experience gained toward launching a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artemis, by the way, is the moon goddess in Greek mythology, twin sister of the sun god Apollo. What better name for humanity’s second visit to the moon, one in which the first woman will stand on lunar soil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-800x1058.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1058\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-800x1058.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-160x212.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-768x1016.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak.jpg 942w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Orion spacecraft, which will carry the next astronauts bound for the moon from Earth to lunar orbit. \u003ccite>(NASA/Radislav Sinyak)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ambitious project includes designing and building a new generation of launch vehicles, human-crewed spacecraft and landers, along with the Lunar Gateway, a moon-orbiting station that will serve as a depot for spacecraft arriving from Earth and landers traveling to and from the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do You Have the Right Stuff?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are you interested in joining the ranks of NASA astronauts as part of a new generation of space explorers heading for the moon, some asteroids, possibly, and maybe even Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet the demand of its expanding human space exploration endeavors, NASA’s astronaut candidate program is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/explorers-wanted-nasa-to-hire-more-artemis-generation-astronauts\">accepting applications\u003c/a> from March 2 to the end of the month. Now is a good time to polish up that resume if a space-bound career appeals to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And remember, women, the Artemis moon-shot isn’t a guys-only club. \u003cem>Anyone\u003c/em> with the right stuff is eligible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Designing Spacecraft With Wind Tunnels and Supercomputers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Artemis astronauts will ever set boot on lunar soil, the space agency will have to do a lot of preliminary work. That’ll include deploying an array of scientific instruments on the moon’s surface to lay the groundwork for that historic return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956928\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three of the 16 scientific robotic landers, provided by commercial partners of NASA, that will be sent to the moon in 2021, paving the way for the next astronauts to land there in 2024.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA just finalized 16 experiments to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/first-commercial-moon-delivery-assignments-to-advance-artemis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent to the moon in 2021,\u003c/a> provided by two commercial partners — Astrobiotic and Initiative Machines — in the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another large playing piece to set on the game board of moon exploration is the launch vehicle that will get the astronauts there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/index.html\">Space Launch System\u003c/a> is NASA’s next heavy lifter. It will be the most powerful rocket ever built, capable of delivering human-crewed spacecraft to the moon and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that after successful launches of the Saturn 5 rocket in the 1960s, which propelled the Apollo spacecraft and astronauts to the moon more than half a dozen times, NASA engineers already know how to do this. But they can’t design a new rocket that will carry a new spacecraft by copying notes from previous missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New aerospace materials, propulsion technologies, and fuel and combustion systems all give shape to a new vehicle the space agency must test for safety, efficiency and capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956929\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-1020x671.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The aerodynamic test model of NASA’s SLS rocket being tested in a high-speed wind tunnel at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. The pink coating is a press-sensitive layer that changes color with air pressure, offering continuous real-time imagery that is processed in Ames’ Pleiades super-computing facility. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Dominic Hart)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":" NASA can’t copy notes from previous missions to design a new rocket that will carry a new spacecraft. This one will require new materials and design tools. ","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA engineers are testing their SLS design by \u003ca href=\"https://www.almanacnews.com/news/2020/02/12/ames-wind-tunnels-put-nasas-new-moonshot-to-the-test\">subjecting an engineering model of the rocket to high-speed wind \u003c/a>in one of its \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/orgs/aeronautics/windtunnels/index.html\">wind tunnel facilities\u003c/a> at Ames Research Center, in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing exactly how the dynamic pressures of the high-velocity passage out of Earth’s atmosphere will affect the launch vehicle and its nose-borne payload are critical to their aerodynamic design. So, putting a physical model to the test in actual high-speed wind pushes the design’s limits in a way that computer simulations can only approximate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enormous amounts of test data the wind tunnel tests generate are processed by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nas.nasa.gov/hecc/resources/pleiades.html\">Pleiades supercomputer\u003c/a> housed at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at Ames, a warehouse-sized building filled with rack upon rack of linked computers comprising tens of thousands of core processors. As an ensemble, the supercomputer is capable of performing up to 7 quadrillion calculations per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956932\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956932\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-768x510.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Pleiades super-computing facility at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one can say NASA doesn’t do its homework.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1956918/nasa-aiming-to-send-woman-to-moon-and-really-soon","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_628","science_3370","science_351","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1956926","label":"source_science_1956918"},"science_1944981":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1944981","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1944981","score":null,"sort":[1563894033000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nine-major-innovations-you-can-thank-space-program-for","title":"Nine Major Innovations You Can Thank Space Program For","publishDate":1563894033,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Nine Major Innovations You Can Thank Space Program For | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The rewards of our nation’s ventures in space go beyond astonishing scientific discoveries and breathtaking human drama on the stage of the cosmos. Not to be overlooked are a multitude of down-to-earth technological “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/blog/nasa-spinoffs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spin-offs\u003c/a>” that we all share in and enjoy in our daily lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All modern technological conveniences have roots somewhere in the past, whether stemming from great need, from a military conflict, or simply by happy accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of life-saving penicillin was a laboratory accident. Early mechanical “logic machines,” like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/15/business/alan-turing-50-pound-note/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Turing\u003c/a>‘s Nazi code breaker in World War II, paved the way for digital computers in the decades that followed. Microwave ovens emerged from post-World-War-II military radar technology (the first microwave model was called the ‘Radarange’ for a reason).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945252\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945252\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/nasainyourlife1.jpg\" alt=\"NASA spinoff technologies have found their way into all major commercial sectors. \" width=\"638\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/nasainyourlife1.jpg 638w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/nasainyourlife1-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA spinoff technologies have found their way into all major commercial sectors. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In some cases, that useful gadget in your home is a true \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/feature/Going_to_the_Moon_Was_Hard_But_the_Benefits_Were_Huge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">space-age miracle\u003c/a>. Many of the materials, devices, and processes originally invented for the moon landings and other space ventures were later commercially developed to deliver “space-age” conveniences and applications into our communities, work places, and homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://physics.info/photoelectric/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photoelectric effect\u003c/a>, when light knocks electrons off of certain types of atoms to create an electrical current, has been known to us for over a century. Early light-sensitive detectors and meters made use of this phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But photoelectric technology didn’t become advanced enough to produce useful quantities of electrical power until the space age, when the need to power orbital satellites and space probes challenged engineers to action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar cells were first used in space on the United States’ Vanguard spacecraft in 1958 to extend the life of the battery-powered satellite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1959, the \u003ca href=\"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-004A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explorer 6\u003c/a> satellite was launched, carrying large wing-like arrays of solar panels that enabled it to operate for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, solar panels are found everywhere, from giant collector arrays on building rooftops to small panels (or cells) powering all manner of gadgets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cold-Weather Wearables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1992, NASA contracted Aspen Technologies to develop “\u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2010/cg_2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aerogel\u003c/a>” fabrics for thermal insulation material. Aerogel, first invented in 1931, is created by removing the liquid components from a gel and leaving behind the thin skeleton of its solid structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extremely sparse material is a very poor conductor of heat, making it perfect as a lightweight thermal insulator. NASA employed the insulators developed from aerogel in the heat shields of spacecraft and also the swaddling layers of its astronauts’ spacesuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professional explorers and serious wilderness enthusiasts on Earth have benefited from commercial spinoffs of these insulators, in the form of glove liners, boot insoles, and even lightweight insulated jackets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One climber who summited Mount Everest with a pair of “\u003ca href=\"https://backpackinglight.com/polar_wrap_toasty_feet_insole_spotlite_review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Toasty Feet\u003c/a>” insoles inside her boots reported that her feet remained warm and comfortable throughout her climb, despite wearing only a single pair of socks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foil Blankets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silvery-foiled “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/40-years-of-nasa-spinoff/emergency-blankets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">space blanket\u003c/a>” you may have used on camping trips, or keep in the emergency roadside kit in your car, was another product of the Apollo program, developed in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945383\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945383\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"A "space blanket" deployed to control solar heating of NASA's Skylab space station. The lightweight multi-layer foil material reflects almost 100% of the sunlight hitting it. \" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-1200x803.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “space blanket” deployed to control solar heating of NASA’s Skylab space station. The lightweight multi-layer foil material reflects almost 100% of the sunlight hitting it. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The multi-layer, aluminized-mylar material was created to address the need for lightweight and compactly stored thermal insulation to protect astronauts from temperature extremes in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scratch-Resistant Glasses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scratch resistant coating you may have on your sunglasses, eyeglasses, or ski mask also stems from the development of spacesuit materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1980s NASA’S Ames Research Center came up with a material to prevent astronauts’ spacesuit helmet visors from becoming scratched — a serious consideration during space walks and other maneuvers where clear vision is essential, and scratch-covered lenses and visors cannot be readily replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miniature, Inexpensive Digital Cameras\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have marveled at the detailed, rich, and colorful pictures that tiny little camera on your smart phone takes — or are just glad to have such a small and portable camera with you at all times — you can thank NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed the \u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2017/cg_1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMOS sensor\u003c/a> in 1995, a photographic chip tailored for the reliability, image quality, and low power consumption required aboard robotic space probes with limited power budgets and the need to take many thousands of pictures each day. CMOS stands for “complementary metal-oxide semiconductor,” a solid-state technology previously developed for use in microprocessors and other computer applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This space-camera innovation later spun off a family of smaller, cheaper imaging chips for a range of commercial applications, including smart phones, sport cams, web cams, compact digital and DSLR cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fireproof Clothing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might not be a firefighter, astronaut, or airplane pilot, but it should comfort you to know that many of society’s professional first responders and other heroic personnel won’t easily catch fire if put into an incendiary situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fatal \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/17338-apollo-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo 1 training drill fire\u003c/a> that killed three astronauts in 1967 pressed NASA engineers to \u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2008/ps_3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rethink the use of combustible materials\u003c/a> in spacesuits and other furnishings on board their spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with a synthetic fiber called \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/10671-space-spinoff-technology-fireproof-clothing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">polybenzimidazole, \u003c/a>NASA developed a fabric that would not catch fire, especially in the high-oxygen environment of an Apollo space capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This innovation bestowed fire protection not only upon Apollo astronauts of later missions, it also protects post-Apollo astronauts to this day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology quickly branched out into other government and commercial applications, from the outer fire-resistant shells of firefighter gear, to sporting applications such as clothing worn by race car drivers, to uniforms and protective clothing for workers in industrial settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vac-Packed Food\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You go to your kitchen’s pantry shelf and select a rigid plastic-wrapped food item, slit the plastic, and hear that little “phhht!” as the package seems to melt into softness. Then, time to cook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may appreciate how the vacuum-packaging keeps your food shelf-safe for months (or even years) without refrigeration, but did you know that the technique was developed for use in space by astronauts?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945254\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Assortment of freeze-dried/vacuum-packed food items used by astronauts during the Mercury and Gemini programs. \" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Assortment of freeze-dried/vacuum-packed food items used by astronauts during the Mercury and Gemini programs. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA developed a process for freeze-drying and vacuum-packaging food for astronauts in space as early as Gemini missions. It has been used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/postsecondary/features/F_Food_for_Space_Flight.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">supply or supplement the food\u003c/a> of all human space missions since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacterial contamination and growth is prevented by the hermetic seal and the low-pressure and -oxygen environment inside. Vacuum-sealing also reduces the volume of the package, making for more compact storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of this space innovation came improvements to the preparation of commercially supplied food on Earth. Extending the shelf-life of food means less waste from spoilage, greater ease of transportation and distribution, and increased food safety and public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Foam\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have your running shoes lost their springy step? Does that old mattress welcome you to bed each night with the hug of a permanent body-formed declivity? Do you have a favorite sitting spot on your couch because the rest of it is just too firm and supportive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like a job for \u003ca href=\"https://www.explainthatstuff.com/memoryfoammattresses.html\">m\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.explainthatstuff.com/memoryfoammattresses.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emory foam\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developed under a contract by NASA/Ames Research Center in 1966 to cushion test pilots pulling high-G maneuvers in jet aircraft, the springy, resilient, always-snaps-back-to-the-same-shape material that we have come to know as memory foam has found many commercial and domestic applications over the last few decades. Your happy feet, good night’s sleep, and general couch-potatoing enjoyment are proof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cordless Power Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are an Apollo astronaut on the moon’s surface, assembling the lunar rover, setting up scientific instruments, and collecting rock specimens. You could really use an electric-powered tool. The problem: you’re on the moon and there are no electrical outlets for a quarter of a million miles. What do you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 588px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945249\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/apollo-rock-drill-testing-at-KSC.jpg\" alt=\"Battery powered hammering rock drill used by Apollo astronauts to collect lunar samples. Picture shows testing of the device at the Kennedy Space Center. \" width=\"588\" height=\"752\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/apollo-rock-drill-testing-at-KSC.jpg 588w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/apollo-rock-drill-testing-at-KSC-160x205.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Battery powered hammering rock drill used by Apollo astronauts to collect lunar samples. Picture shows testing of the device at the Kennedy Space Center. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you were NASA, you teamed up with the Black and Decker company to develop the specialized motors and batteries needed for completely cordless hand-tools that can operate in the airless, sometimes weightless environments of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black and Decker had already invented battery-powered hand tools, but coming up with the very specialized devices NASA needed required some innovation. For the Gemini missions, the company produced an electric wrench that could turn a bolt in Zero-G without sending the astronaut into a spin of their own. For the Apollo missions, a special hammering rock drill was developed for astronauts to collect rock samples on the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spinning off the technology for commercial applications, Black and Decker later developed the light-weight, high-speed motor that powered their “Dustbuster” hand-held vacuum cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The technology we use every day originated from some extraordinary challenge -- like NASA's effort 50 years ago to put humans on the moon. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848481,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":49,"wordCount":1556},"headData":{"title":"Nine Major Innovations You Can Thank Space Program For | KQED","description":"The technology we use every day originated from some extraordinary challenge -- like NASA's effort 50 years ago to put humans on the moon. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sourceUrl":"Space","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1944981/nine-major-innovations-you-can-thank-space-program-for","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The rewards of our nation’s ventures in space go beyond astonishing scientific discoveries and breathtaking human drama on the stage of the cosmos. Not to be overlooked are a multitude of down-to-earth technological “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/blog/nasa-spinoffs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spin-offs\u003c/a>” that we all share in and enjoy in our daily lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All modern technological conveniences have roots somewhere in the past, whether stemming from great need, from a military conflict, or simply by happy accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of life-saving penicillin was a laboratory accident. Early mechanical “logic machines,” like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/15/business/alan-turing-50-pound-note/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Turing\u003c/a>‘s Nazi code breaker in World War II, paved the way for digital computers in the decades that followed. Microwave ovens emerged from post-World-War-II military radar technology (the first microwave model was called the ‘Radarange’ for a reason).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945252\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945252\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/nasainyourlife1.jpg\" alt=\"NASA spinoff technologies have found their way into all major commercial sectors. \" width=\"638\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/nasainyourlife1.jpg 638w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/nasainyourlife1-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA spinoff technologies have found their way into all major commercial sectors. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In some cases, that useful gadget in your home is a true \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/feature/Going_to_the_Moon_Was_Hard_But_the_Benefits_Were_Huge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">space-age miracle\u003c/a>. Many of the materials, devices, and processes originally invented for the moon landings and other space ventures were later commercially developed to deliver “space-age” conveniences and applications into our communities, work places, and homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://physics.info/photoelectric/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photoelectric effect\u003c/a>, when light knocks electrons off of certain types of atoms to create an electrical current, has been known to us for over a century. Early light-sensitive detectors and meters made use of this phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But photoelectric technology didn’t become advanced enough to produce useful quantities of electrical power until the space age, when the need to power orbital satellites and space probes challenged engineers to action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar cells were first used in space on the United States’ Vanguard spacecraft in 1958 to extend the life of the battery-powered satellite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1959, the \u003ca href=\"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-004A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explorer 6\u003c/a> satellite was launched, carrying large wing-like arrays of solar panels that enabled it to operate for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, solar panels are found everywhere, from giant collector arrays on building rooftops to small panels (or cells) powering all manner of gadgets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cold-Weather Wearables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1992, NASA contracted Aspen Technologies to develop “\u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2010/cg_2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aerogel\u003c/a>” fabrics for thermal insulation material. Aerogel, first invented in 1931, is created by removing the liquid components from a gel and leaving behind the thin skeleton of its solid structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extremely sparse material is a very poor conductor of heat, making it perfect as a lightweight thermal insulator. NASA employed the insulators developed from aerogel in the heat shields of spacecraft and also the swaddling layers of its astronauts’ spacesuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professional explorers and serious wilderness enthusiasts on Earth have benefited from commercial spinoffs of these insulators, in the form of glove liners, boot insoles, and even lightweight insulated jackets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One climber who summited Mount Everest with a pair of “\u003ca href=\"https://backpackinglight.com/polar_wrap_toasty_feet_insole_spotlite_review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Toasty Feet\u003c/a>” insoles inside her boots reported that her feet remained warm and comfortable throughout her climb, despite wearing only a single pair of socks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foil Blankets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silvery-foiled “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/40-years-of-nasa-spinoff/emergency-blankets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">space blanket\u003c/a>” you may have used on camping trips, or keep in the emergency roadside kit in your car, was another product of the Apollo program, developed in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945383\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945383\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"A "space blanket" deployed to control solar heating of NASA's Skylab space station. The lightweight multi-layer foil material reflects almost 100% of the sunlight hitting it. \" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR-1200x803.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/dpIOPHR.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “space blanket” deployed to control solar heating of NASA’s Skylab space station. The lightweight multi-layer foil material reflects almost 100% of the sunlight hitting it. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The multi-layer, aluminized-mylar material was created to address the need for lightweight and compactly stored thermal insulation to protect astronauts from temperature extremes in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scratch-Resistant Glasses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scratch resistant coating you may have on your sunglasses, eyeglasses, or ski mask also stems from the development of spacesuit materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1980s NASA’S Ames Research Center came up with a material to prevent astronauts’ spacesuit helmet visors from becoming scratched — a serious consideration during space walks and other maneuvers where clear vision is essential, and scratch-covered lenses and visors cannot be readily replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miniature, Inexpensive Digital Cameras\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have marveled at the detailed, rich, and colorful pictures that tiny little camera on your smart phone takes — or are just glad to have such a small and portable camera with you at all times — you can thank NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed the \u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2017/cg_1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMOS sensor\u003c/a> in 1995, a photographic chip tailored for the reliability, image quality, and low power consumption required aboard robotic space probes with limited power budgets and the need to take many thousands of pictures each day. CMOS stands for “complementary metal-oxide semiconductor,” a solid-state technology previously developed for use in microprocessors and other computer applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This space-camera innovation later spun off a family of smaller, cheaper imaging chips for a range of commercial applications, including smart phones, sport cams, web cams, compact digital and DSLR cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fireproof Clothing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might not be a firefighter, astronaut, or airplane pilot, but it should comfort you to know that many of society’s professional first responders and other heroic personnel won’t easily catch fire if put into an incendiary situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fatal \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/17338-apollo-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo 1 training drill fire\u003c/a> that killed three astronauts in 1967 pressed NASA engineers to \u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2008/ps_3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rethink the use of combustible materials\u003c/a> in spacesuits and other furnishings on board their spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with a synthetic fiber called \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/10671-space-spinoff-technology-fireproof-clothing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">polybenzimidazole, \u003c/a>NASA developed a fabric that would not catch fire, especially in the high-oxygen environment of an Apollo space capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This innovation bestowed fire protection not only upon Apollo astronauts of later missions, it also protects post-Apollo astronauts to this day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology quickly branched out into other government and commercial applications, from the outer fire-resistant shells of firefighter gear, to sporting applications such as clothing worn by race car drivers, to uniforms and protective clothing for workers in industrial settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vac-Packed Food\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You go to your kitchen’s pantry shelf and select a rigid plastic-wrapped food item, slit the plastic, and hear that little “phhht!” as the package seems to melt into softness. Then, time to cook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may appreciate how the vacuum-packaging keeps your food shelf-safe for months (or even years) without refrigeration, but did you know that the technique was developed for use in space by astronauts?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945254\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Assortment of freeze-dried/vacuum-packed food items used by astronauts during the Mercury and Gemini programs. \" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mercuryandgeminifood4.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Assortment of freeze-dried/vacuum-packed food items used by astronauts during the Mercury and Gemini programs. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA developed a process for freeze-drying and vacuum-packaging food for astronauts in space as early as Gemini missions. It has been used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/postsecondary/features/F_Food_for_Space_Flight.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">supply or supplement the food\u003c/a> of all human space missions since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacterial contamination and growth is prevented by the hermetic seal and the low-pressure and -oxygen environment inside. Vacuum-sealing also reduces the volume of the package, making for more compact storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of this space innovation came improvements to the preparation of commercially supplied food on Earth. Extending the shelf-life of food means less waste from spoilage, greater ease of transportation and distribution, and increased food safety and public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Foam\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have your running shoes lost their springy step? Does that old mattress welcome you to bed each night with the hug of a permanent body-formed declivity? Do you have a favorite sitting spot on your couch because the rest of it is just too firm and supportive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like a job for \u003ca href=\"https://www.explainthatstuff.com/memoryfoammattresses.html\">m\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.explainthatstuff.com/memoryfoammattresses.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emory foam\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developed under a contract by NASA/Ames Research Center in 1966 to cushion test pilots pulling high-G maneuvers in jet aircraft, the springy, resilient, always-snaps-back-to-the-same-shape material that we have come to know as memory foam has found many commercial and domestic applications over the last few decades. Your happy feet, good night’s sleep, and general couch-potatoing enjoyment are proof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cordless Power Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are an Apollo astronaut on the moon’s surface, assembling the lunar rover, setting up scientific instruments, and collecting rock specimens. You could really use an electric-powered tool. The problem: you’re on the moon and there are no electrical outlets for a quarter of a million miles. What do you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 588px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945249\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/apollo-rock-drill-testing-at-KSC.jpg\" alt=\"Battery powered hammering rock drill used by Apollo astronauts to collect lunar samples. Picture shows testing of the device at the Kennedy Space Center. \" width=\"588\" height=\"752\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/apollo-rock-drill-testing-at-KSC.jpg 588w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/apollo-rock-drill-testing-at-KSC-160x205.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Battery powered hammering rock drill used by Apollo astronauts to collect lunar samples. Picture shows testing of the device at the Kennedy Space Center. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you were NASA, you teamed up with the Black and Decker company to develop the specialized motors and batteries needed for completely cordless hand-tools that can operate in the airless, sometimes weightless environments of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black and Decker had already invented battery-powered hand tools, but coming up with the very specialized devices NASA needed required some innovation. For the Gemini missions, the company produced an electric wrench that could turn a bolt in Zero-G without sending the astronaut into a spin of their own. For the Apollo missions, a special hammering rock drill was developed for astronauts to collect rock samples on the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spinning off the technology for commercial applications, Black and Decker later developed the light-weight, high-speed motor that powered their “Dustbuster” hand-held vacuum cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1944981/nine-major-innovations-you-can-thank-space-program-for","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_628","science_3370","science_3832","science_5175","science_461"],"featImg":"science_1945234","label":"source_science_1944981"},"science_1944944":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1944944","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1944944","score":null,"sort":[1563519698000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nine-fabulous-websites-about-the-apollo-11-landing","title":"Nine Fabulous Websites About the Apollo 11 Landing","publishDate":1563519698,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Nine Fabulous Websites About the Apollo 11 Landing | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Are you growing weary of Apollo 11 anniversary posts yet? Wait! Here are nine websites you really want to check out because they’re — we mean it — astronomically good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://apolloinrealtime.org/11/?t=127:56:00\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo 11 in Realtime\u003c/a> – Using entirely historical footage timed to the Ground Elapsed Time (clock begins one second before liftoff), this site plays the moon landing as it happened 50 years ago.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.apollopresskits.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo 11 Press Kits\u003c/a> – Downloadable and full of beautiful photographs and information that wasn’t in NASA news releases.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/a11trans.html\">Apollo Transcripts\u003c/a> – Detailed transcripts of recorded conversations aboard Apollo 11 and between the Apollo 11 crew and Houston Mission Control. For the true space nerd.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://wiki.kerbalspaceprogram.com/wiki/Tutorial:_Apollo_11\">Kerbal Space Program How-To\u003c/a> – A detailed tutorial on how to recreate Apollo 11 in the popular flight simulation game, Kerbal Space Program. Instructions include notes on how to build the ship, get into orbit, and nail the landing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0ADCA6F9DFADA36D\">Apollo Reporting Montage\u003c/a> – To see how the moon landing was reported on live TV, here’s a playlist of CBS’ coverage of the Apollo 11 mission from 50 years ago.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://3d.si.edu/apollo11cm_media/boxes/play-cm-2016-09-26/cm-interior.html\">VR-ish Tour of Apollo 11\u003c/a> – Discover the Smithsonian’s 3D model of the Apollo 11 Command Module.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/413105/Apollo%20Press%20Kits/Stouffer's.pdf\">Stouffer’s Astronaut Menus\u003c/a> – Short ribs, potatoes au gratin and green salads — Stouffer’s prepared the astronauts’ meals during Apollo 11, as this fascinating (and food-stained) document attests.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0015ZP2AC/ref=nosim/0sil8\">Original Astronaut Space Pen\u003c/a> – Marvel at (and purchase, if you wish) the Fisher space pen model that astronauts carried with them to the moon. Hermetically sealed! Pressurized with nitrogen gas!\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html\">Apollo 11 Revisited\u003c/a> – NASA’s official narrative of the Apollo 11 mission, including exclusive video, audio, and content for kids.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For the space geek and the space dabbler, these Apollo sites are worth it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848488,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":298},"headData":{"title":"Nine Fabulous Websites About the Apollo 11 Landing | KQED","description":"For the space geek and the space dabbler, these Apollo sites are worth it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1944944/nine-fabulous-websites-about-the-apollo-11-landing","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Are you growing weary of Apollo 11 anniversary posts yet? Wait! Here are nine websites you really want to check out because they’re — we mean it — astronomically good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://apolloinrealtime.org/11/?t=127:56:00\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo 11 in Realtime\u003c/a> – Using entirely historical footage timed to the Ground Elapsed Time (clock begins one second before liftoff), this site plays the moon landing as it happened 50 years ago.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.apollopresskits.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo 11 Press Kits\u003c/a> – Downloadable and full of beautiful photographs and information that wasn’t in NASA news releases.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/a11trans.html\">Apollo Transcripts\u003c/a> – Detailed transcripts of recorded conversations aboard Apollo 11 and between the Apollo 11 crew and Houston Mission Control. For the true space nerd.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://wiki.kerbalspaceprogram.com/wiki/Tutorial:_Apollo_11\">Kerbal Space Program How-To\u003c/a> – A detailed tutorial on how to recreate Apollo 11 in the popular flight simulation game, Kerbal Space Program. Instructions include notes on how to build the ship, get into orbit, and nail the landing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0ADCA6F9DFADA36D\">Apollo Reporting Montage\u003c/a> – To see how the moon landing was reported on live TV, here’s a playlist of CBS’ coverage of the Apollo 11 mission from 50 years ago.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://3d.si.edu/apollo11cm_media/boxes/play-cm-2016-09-26/cm-interior.html\">VR-ish Tour of Apollo 11\u003c/a> – Discover the Smithsonian’s 3D model of the Apollo 11 Command Module.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/413105/Apollo%20Press%20Kits/Stouffer's.pdf\">Stouffer’s Astronaut Menus\u003c/a> – Short ribs, potatoes au gratin and green salads — Stouffer’s prepared the astronauts’ meals during Apollo 11, as this fascinating (and food-stained) document attests.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0015ZP2AC/ref=nosim/0sil8\">Original Astronaut Space Pen\u003c/a> – Marvel at (and purchase, if you wish) the Fisher space pen model that astronauts carried with them to the moon. Hermetically sealed! Pressurized with nitrogen gas!\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html\">Apollo 11 Revisited\u003c/a> – NASA’s official narrative of the Apollo 11 mission, including exclusive video, audio, and content for kids.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1944944/nine-fabulous-websites-about-the-apollo-11-landing","authors":["80","11530"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_628","science_3370","science_3832","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1945277","label":"source_science_1944944"},"science_1944790":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1944790","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1944790","score":null,"sort":[1563174117000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-we-made-it-to-the-moon-with-less-powerful-computers-than-you-carry-in-your-pocket","title":"How We Made It to the Moon With Less Powerful Computers Than You Carry In Your Pocket","publishDate":1563174117,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How We Made It to the Moon With Less Powerful Computers Than You Carry In Your Pocket | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Today, the basic physics of getting to the moon and back seem disarmingly simple. Apply the force of rocket thrust to oppose the force of Earth’s gravity, using it to lift off the ground. Apply further rocket thrust to propel your spacecraft toward the moon, then coast the rest of the way. Finally, use rockets to counter the moon’s gravity to control your downward speed and make a soft landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo missions\u003c/a> that made the round-trip voyage between 1969 and 1972 represented an unprecedented challenge for engineers of the day, who managed to deliver 12 astronauts to the surface of the moon and bring them back to Earth employing technology that today seems astonishingly primitive. Looking back at those events from our privileged high-tech perspective can prompt feelings of awe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944803\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Neil Armstrong's footprint in the lunar soil, Apollo 11.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neil Armstrong’s footprint in the lunar soil, Apollo 11. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Apollo Flights Were Triumphs for Their Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the details of the primitive technological tools and complicated orbital mathematics that allowed us to navigate those simple laws of nature to get there and back again. If you were alive during the Apollo missions, you remember what things were like. Black-and-white tube televisions took minutes to warm up. Households shared a landline telephone. Even simple pocket calculators were yet to be invented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computers were more a creation of science fiction than something most regular folks had ever seen in person. They were barely beginning to evolve toward today’s miniature digital miracles — they employed transistors, electronic resistors, capacitors, and other basic components that were either wired together on circuit boards, or (at best) early versions of printed circuit technology — a far cry from the printed microchip devices we are dependent on today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In comparison, the smartphone in your pocket crunches numbers a hundred million times faster than the best computers of the Apollo age and can store billions of times more data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944978\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944978\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-800x835.png\" alt=\"The main display and keyboard for the Apollo 13 navigation computer.\" width=\"800\" height=\"835\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-800x835.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-160x167.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-768x802.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-1020x1065.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-1150x1200.png 1150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY.png 1845w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The main display and keyboard for the Apollo 13 navigation computer. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rocket technology grew up out of post-World War II military applications, as well as the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Rockets were simple tubes of solid fuel ignited like Roman candles, or single-use tanks of liquid fuel poured into combustion chambers and set alight. Today, the SpaceX Corporation has developed reusable rockets that return to Earth and land softly after lifting their payloads skyward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Into the Unknown\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having never sent a human farther into space than low Earth orbit, the road to the moon was unpaved by human experience. NASA sent out a few preliminary robotic probes between 1962 and 1968 — the Rangers and Surveyors — to get an idea of what lay ahead for the Apollo astronauts. But many questions and \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/26593-apollo-11-moon-landing-scariest-moments.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unknown dangers\u003c/a> remained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, the surface of the moon was itself a largely unknown environment. Might there be a dusty lunar version of quicksand in some locations into which an Apollo lander or astronaut might sink, such as envisioned by Arthur C. Clarke in his novel “A Fall of Moondust”? Would the ground be stable and solid or collapse into hidden caverns below?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though prior robotic landers had set down safely, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nevillepublicmuseum.org/the-neville-blog/the-moon-a-dangerous-place\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no one knew\u003c/a> how varied the lunar landscape would be at any given Apollo landing site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another real concern at the time: space viruses and bacteria. No one was sure whether microscopic lunar critters would hitch a ride on the returning astronauts. So cautious were NASA directors and scientists about potential threats from space and the moon, the crew of the first three landing missions (Apollos 11 through 14) were quarantined in isolation for three weeks after returning to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944801\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944801\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-800x629.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram representing the zones of electrically charged particles trapped within Earth's magnetic field, called the Van Allen Radiation Belts.\" width=\"800\" height=\"629\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-800x629.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-768x603.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram representing the zones of electrically charged particles trapped within Earth’s magnetic field, called the Van Allen Radiation Belts. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Virgin space travel gave NASA plenty of other headaches. For starters, NASA gave serious attention to the swaths of high-energy radiation that surround Earth, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/vintage-space/apollo-rocketed-through-van-allen-belts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Van Allen Radiation Belts\u003c/a>. Discovered by James Van Allen in the 1950s, these zones of potentially dangerous radiation are formed by electrons and protons trapped within Earth’s magnetic field. To minimize the risk to moon-bound astronauts, NASA aimed the Apollo 11 spacecraft to pass through the danger zone as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar radiation also concerned scientists. The dangers of radiation bursts from the sun, including solar flares and coronal mass ejections, were not as well understood in the 1960s as they are today. Once bursts of X-rays and high-energy solar particles venture outside the protection of Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field, they can inflict damage on astronauts and electronic equipment. Even today, crews aboard the International Space Station are sometimes instructed by Mission Control to take shelter in the portion of the ISS with the thickest radiation shields during powerful solar eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, all three years of the Apollo moon flights took place during a “solar minimum,” a period when the sun is relatively quiet and exhibits few dangerous eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944802\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944802\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-800x614.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-800x614.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-768x590.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-1020x783.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electron micrograph image of a hole pictured in the surface of the Solar Max robotic satellite by a micrometeoroid. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Finally, astronauts had dangerous space rocks to contend with. Even a pebble-sized rock flying at several miles per second can punch a hole in the thin-walled hull of a spacecraft, causing equipment damage or a leak of precious cabin air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preventing a minuscule, super-fast “micrometeoroid” from hitting a spacecraft is practically impossible since there is no way to see it coming, or to move out of its way quickly enough even if you could. So Apollo astronauts were equipped with spacesuits that could save their lives even if cabin air pressure was compromised. If depressurization was not catastrophic, they might have time to don that protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond this precaution, NASA relied heavily on the vastness of space and the sparseness of space debris to protect their missions’ intrepid crews. It still does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite enormous advancements in computer, material and propulsion technology, returning to the moon today won’t be done with a snap of the fingers. We still have to contend with the physics of gravity and rocket thrust, the radiation dangers in space, and a lethal physical environment held tenuously at bay by the thin walls of a spacecraft and a few swaddling layers of spacesuit material. But at least we know something about the challenges along the way, thanks to the early experiences of the Apollo astronauts, engineers, and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Considering how primitive early space age technology was during the Apollo missions, how did we ever get to the moon?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848510,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1105},"headData":{"title":"How We Made It to the Moon With Less Powerful Computers Than You Carry In Your Pocket | KQED","description":"Considering how primitive early space age technology was during the Apollo missions, how did we ever get to the moon?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Moon Landing","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1944790/how-we-made-it-to-the-moon-with-less-powerful-computers-than-you-carry-in-your-pocket","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Today, the basic physics of getting to the moon and back seem disarmingly simple. Apply the force of rocket thrust to oppose the force of Earth’s gravity, using it to lift off the ground. Apply further rocket thrust to propel your spacecraft toward the moon, then coast the rest of the way. Finally, use rockets to counter the moon’s gravity to control your downward speed and make a soft landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo missions\u003c/a> that made the round-trip voyage between 1969 and 1972 represented an unprecedented challenge for engineers of the day, who managed to deliver 12 astronauts to the surface of the moon and bring them back to Earth employing technology that today seems astonishingly primitive. Looking back at those events from our privileged high-tech perspective can prompt feelings of awe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944803\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Neil Armstrong's footprint in the lunar soil, Apollo 11.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neil Armstrong’s footprint in the lunar soil, Apollo 11. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Apollo Flights Were Triumphs for Their Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the details of the primitive technological tools and complicated orbital mathematics that allowed us to navigate those simple laws of nature to get there and back again. If you were alive during the Apollo missions, you remember what things were like. Black-and-white tube televisions took minutes to warm up. Households shared a landline telephone. Even simple pocket calculators were yet to be invented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computers were more a creation of science fiction than something most regular folks had ever seen in person. They were barely beginning to evolve toward today’s miniature digital miracles — they employed transistors, electronic resistors, capacitors, and other basic components that were either wired together on circuit boards, or (at best) early versions of printed circuit technology — a far cry from the printed microchip devices we are dependent on today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In comparison, the smartphone in your pocket crunches numbers a hundred million times faster than the best computers of the Apollo age and can store billions of times more data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944978\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944978\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-800x835.png\" alt=\"The main display and keyboard for the Apollo 13 navigation computer.\" width=\"800\" height=\"835\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-800x835.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-160x167.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-768x802.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-1020x1065.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-1150x1200.png 1150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY.png 1845w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The main display and keyboard for the Apollo 13 navigation computer. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rocket technology grew up out of post-World War II military applications, as well as the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Rockets were simple tubes of solid fuel ignited like Roman candles, or single-use tanks of liquid fuel poured into combustion chambers and set alight. Today, the SpaceX Corporation has developed reusable rockets that return to Earth and land softly after lifting their payloads skyward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Into the Unknown\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having never sent a human farther into space than low Earth orbit, the road to the moon was unpaved by human experience. NASA sent out a few preliminary robotic probes between 1962 and 1968 — the Rangers and Surveyors — to get an idea of what lay ahead for the Apollo astronauts. But many questions and \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/26593-apollo-11-moon-landing-scariest-moments.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unknown dangers\u003c/a> remained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, the surface of the moon was itself a largely unknown environment. Might there be a dusty lunar version of quicksand in some locations into which an Apollo lander or astronaut might sink, such as envisioned by Arthur C. Clarke in his novel “A Fall of Moondust”? Would the ground be stable and solid or collapse into hidden caverns below?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though prior robotic landers had set down safely, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nevillepublicmuseum.org/the-neville-blog/the-moon-a-dangerous-place\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no one knew\u003c/a> how varied the lunar landscape would be at any given Apollo landing site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another real concern at the time: space viruses and bacteria. No one was sure whether microscopic lunar critters would hitch a ride on the returning astronauts. So cautious were NASA directors and scientists about potential threats from space and the moon, the crew of the first three landing missions (Apollos 11 through 14) were quarantined in isolation for three weeks after returning to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944801\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944801\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-800x629.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram representing the zones of electrically charged particles trapped within Earth's magnetic field, called the Van Allen Radiation Belts.\" width=\"800\" height=\"629\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-800x629.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-768x603.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram representing the zones of electrically charged particles trapped within Earth’s magnetic field, called the Van Allen Radiation Belts. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Virgin space travel gave NASA plenty of other headaches. For starters, NASA gave serious attention to the swaths of high-energy radiation that surround Earth, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/vintage-space/apollo-rocketed-through-van-allen-belts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Van Allen Radiation Belts\u003c/a>. Discovered by James Van Allen in the 1950s, these zones of potentially dangerous radiation are formed by electrons and protons trapped within Earth’s magnetic field. To minimize the risk to moon-bound astronauts, NASA aimed the Apollo 11 spacecraft to pass through the danger zone as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar radiation also concerned scientists. The dangers of radiation bursts from the sun, including solar flares and coronal mass ejections, were not as well understood in the 1960s as they are today. Once bursts of X-rays and high-energy solar particles venture outside the protection of Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field, they can inflict damage on astronauts and electronic equipment. Even today, crews aboard the International Space Station are sometimes instructed by Mission Control to take shelter in the portion of the ISS with the thickest radiation shields during powerful solar eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, all three years of the Apollo moon flights took place during a “solar minimum,” a period when the sun is relatively quiet and exhibits few dangerous eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944802\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944802\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-800x614.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-800x614.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-768x590.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-1020x783.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electron micrograph image of a hole pictured in the surface of the Solar Max robotic satellite by a micrometeoroid. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Finally, astronauts had dangerous space rocks to contend with. Even a pebble-sized rock flying at several miles per second can punch a hole in the thin-walled hull of a spacecraft, causing equipment damage or a leak of precious cabin air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preventing a minuscule, super-fast “micrometeoroid” from hitting a spacecraft is practically impossible since there is no way to see it coming, or to move out of its way quickly enough even if you could. So Apollo astronauts were equipped with spacesuits that could save their lives even if cabin air pressure was compromised. If depressurization was not catastrophic, they might have time to don that protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond this precaution, NASA relied heavily on the vastness of space and the sparseness of space debris to protect their missions’ intrepid crews. It still does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite enormous advancements in computer, material and propulsion technology, returning to the moon today won’t be done with a snap of the fingers. We still have to contend with the physics of gravity and rocket thrust, the radiation dangers in space, and a lethal physical environment held tenuously at bay by the thin walls of a spacecraft and a few swaddling layers of spacesuit material. But at least we know something about the challenges along the way, thanks to the early experiences of the Apollo astronauts, engineers, and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1944790/how-we-made-it-to-the-moon-with-less-powerful-computers-than-you-carry-in-your-pocket","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_628","science_3370","science_3832","science_351","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1944799","label":"source_science_1944790"},"science_1944361":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1944361","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1944361","score":null,"sort":[1562857250000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"your-guide-to-the-bay-area-moon-landing-anniversary-events","title":"Your Guide to the Bay Area Moon Landing Anniversary Events","publishDate":1562857250,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Your Guide to the Bay Area Moon Landing Anniversary Events | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>On July 20, 1969, the world watched, transfixed, as two American astronauts set foot on the moon. This year, the Bay Area will join the rest of the country in celebrating the 50th anniversary of NASA’s Apollo 11 mission on Saturday, July 20th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether you would like to meet an astronaut and learn about what it’s like to be in space, enjoy a symphonic journey through the galaxy, or hike through redwoods in the moonlight, we’ve put together this chronological list of moon-themed events where you can go to celebrate all summer long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.marinfair.org/2019\">\u003cstrong>Marin County Fair\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWednesday July 3 – Sunday July 7\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>San Rafael\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nTickets start at $3 online\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944487\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944487\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young girl admires a chicken at the Marin County Fair. \u003ccite>(Marin County Fair)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This year’s Marin County Fair is moon landing themed. The four-day event will feature carnival rides, free concerts, live culinary contests, and a Cheese of the Day stage — in homage to the moon made of cheese, of course.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/first-friday-lunar-first-friday/\">\u003cstrong>Lunar First Friday\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday July 5, 6 pm – 10 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Chabot Space & Science Center, Oakland\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$5\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944371\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944371\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young girl makes a 3D constellation. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kick off a month of space-related activities at the Chabot Space & Science Center with a sneak peek of the new documentary film \u003cem>Chasing the Moon\u003c/em> — and catch a conversation with Ben Burress, a staff astronomer, and Kat Snow, senior science editor at KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/chasing-moon/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Chasing the Moon\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nMonday July 8 – Wednesday July 10, 9 pm on KQED 9\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Airs on PBS member stations, including KQED \u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1944373\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This long-anticipated film by Robert Stone will air across three nights, beginning on July 8th. \u003cem>Chasing the Moon\u003c/em> features never-before seen archival footage of the drama surrounding the Apollo 11 mission and tells the story of the diverse array of characters involved in the space race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/evening-under-the-moon/\">\u003cstrong>Evening Under the Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday July 12, 7:30 pm – 10:30 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Chabot Space & Science Center, Oakland\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944465\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944465\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors admire the museum’s Luminous Moon exhibit. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Walk through the \u003cem>Luminous Moon\u003c/em> exhibit to see high resolution images of the moon and hear an astronomer talk about its geography and geology. Check out the moon through one of the center’s historic telescopes. Hot chocolate and snacks will be available for purchase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/adult-full-moon-night-hike-and-sip/\">\u003cstrong>Full Moon Hike and Sip (21+)\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday July 19, 6 pm – 9 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Chabot Space & Science Center, Oakland\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$30 non-members, $27 members\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944376\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 299px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944376 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/49492017-moon-and-wine-e1561758007695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"299\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/49492017-moon-and-wine-e1561758007695.jpg 299w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/49492017-moon-and-wine-e1561758007695-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 299px) 100vw, 299px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two complimentary glasses of wine or beer are included in the price of admission. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Go on a 4-5 mile hike through the redwoods, lit by the full moon. Learn about local history and ecology along the way. Conclude the evening with stargazing, planet hunting, and two complimentary glasses of beer or wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfsymphony.org/Buy-Tickets/2018-19/Out-of-This-World%e2%80%94A-Celebration-on-the-50th-Annive.aspx\">\u003cstrong>Out of This World: A Celebration on the 50th Anniversary of the Moon Landing\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday July 19, 7:30 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Davies Symphony Hall, San Francisco\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nTicket prices from $39; groups of 10 or more are eligible for 25% discount\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944460\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944460\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-1200x800.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leland Melvin, retired NASA astronaut and emcee of the event. \u003ccite>(San Francisco Symphony)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enjoy cosmic-themed music — everything from the Star Trek theme to Clair de Lune — by the SF Symphony, accompanied by visuals on the big screen. Hosted by retired astronaut \u003ca href=\"https://www.lelandmelvin.com/about.html\">Leland D. Melvin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uss-hornet.org/calendar/splashdown-lunar-overnight\">\u003cstrong>Splashdown 50 Stargazing Overnight\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday July 19, 6 pm – Saturday July 20, 9:30 am\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>USS Hornet Museum, Alameda\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nTicket prices from $65; pre-registration required by Friday, July 5\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944430\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944430 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-800x354.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"354\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-800x354.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-768x339.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-1020x451.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-1200x530.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-1920x848.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A boy walks in the footsteps of astronauts aboard the USS Hornet. \u003ccite>(USS Hornet Sea, Air & Space Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In this special 50th anniversary overnight, you can spend the night aboard the USS Hornet, which served as the historic recovery vessel at the conclusion of the Apollo 11 mission. Sleep in the original crew’s compartments with family, and eat breakfast and dinner inside the original Crew’s Mess. Enjoy stargazing from the vessel’s Flight Deck, and take a ride in the Flight Simulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uss-hornet.org/calendar/splashdown-50-open-house\">\u003cstrong>Splashdown 50 Celebration\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSaturday July 20, 10 am – 5 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>USS Hornet Museum, Alameda\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$25 adult, $20 youth\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944431\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944431 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-800x459.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-800x459.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-160x92.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-768x441.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-1020x585.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-1200x688.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-1920x1102.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Children admire aircraft aboard the USS Hornet. \u003ccite>(USS Hornet Sea, Air & Space Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Celebrate the 50th anniversary of the lunar landing aboard the historic USS Hornet, where Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin took their first steps back on Earth after returning from the moon. Meet the veterans of the Recovery Team who retrieved the astronauts and their capsule. Afterwards, enjoy an inflatable planetarium, a VR arena, docent-led tours of the ship, and snacks from food trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uss-hornet.org/calendar/splashdown-50-anniversary-dinner\">\u003cstrong>Splashdown 50 Anniversary Dinner\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSaturday July 20, 6 pm – 10 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>USS Hornet Museum, Alameda\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$55 non-members, $50 members\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944434\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944434 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Hornet, a National Historic Landmark, is located in Alameda, CA. \u003ccite>(USS Hornet Sea, Air & Space Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enjoy a buffet dinner (included), full cash bar, and music from the 1960s with the ex-crew of the USS Hornet. Cocktail attire is appreciated, but not required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/apollo-50th-anniversary-celebration/\">\u003cstrong>Apollo 50th Anniversary Celebration\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSaturday July 20, 10 am – 5 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Chabot Space & Science Center, Oakland\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFree with regular admission\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944469\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493-800x800.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493-800x800.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493-768x768.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493-1200x1200.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493.png 1347w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young girl learns about the phases of the moon in the Luminous Moon exhibit. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Watch moon demos and a planetarium show, with screenings of \u003cem>Chasing the Moon\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Apollo 11\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/apollo-party-21/\">\u003cstrong>Apollo Party 21+\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSaturday July 20, 6 pm – 10 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Chabot Space & Science Center, Oakland\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$14\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944392\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944392\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors enjoy a dance party in the Chabot Space & Science center after hours. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Break out your moon walk at an after-hours dance party, or entertain your friends with moon-themed karaoke. Enjoy Apollo cocktails, astronaut training, live music, and a comedy show, a simulated mission to the moon. Commemorate your experience with an airbrushed moon tattoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/calendar/apollo-11-50th-anniversary\">\u003cstrong>Apollo 11 50th Anniversary\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSaturday July 20, 10 am – midnight\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Exploratorium, San Francisco\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFree for Daytime members and After Dark members; $29.95 adults; $24.95 seniors, students, youth; $19.95 children\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944483\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944483\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"412\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-1200x899.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-1920x1438.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Museum of the Moon, a photorealistic, topologically correct sculpture of the moon, is installed at the Exploratorium now through the end of July. \u003ccite>(Luke Jerram's Museum of the Moon/Exploratorium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Watch restored footage of the 1969 landing and marvel at a 16-foot sculpture of the moon! In the evening, enjoy food, retro cocktails, music and a dance party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uss-hornet.org/calendar/retrospective\">\u003cstrong>Apollo Retrospective: The Past, Present, and Future of Space Travel\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWednesday July 24, 10 am – 5 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>USS Hornet Museum, Alameda\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$20 adult, $15 student/senior/military, $10 youth\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944436\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944436 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery-800x539.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery-800x539.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery-768x517.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery-1020x687.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery-1200x808.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery.jpg 1492w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Early in the morning of July 24, 1969, the crew of the USS Hornet watches as the capsule containing Apollo 11 astronauts is craned on board. \u003ccite>(USS Hornet Sea, Air & Space Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Come learn about the past, present, and future of space exploration from experts in the private aerospace industry. Later, learn about the geology of the moon from NASA scientists and astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://thenovatospacefestival.org/\">\u003cstrong>Novato Space Festival\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSunday August 4, 10 am – 4 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The Space Station Museum, Novato\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944381\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944381\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/IMG_1141.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/IMG_1141.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/IMG_1141-160x160.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young visitor meets Charlie Duke, astronaut of Apollo 16 and the tenth man to walk on the moon. \u003ccite>(The Space Station Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Visit the 8th annual Novato Space Festival to meet astronauts and other aerospace VIPs, as well as Star Wars characters and non-space friends like Snoopy. The diverse collection of 30 exhibits includes a real moon rock, large-scale replicas of the Apollo Lunar Lander and Apollo Command Module, and a genuine Apollo spacesuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/the-martian-andy-weir-tickets-59868124171\">\u003cstrong>The Martian, Andy Weir\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday August 16, 7 am – 8:30 am\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Lafayette Park Hotel & Spa, Lafayette\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$40\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944382\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944382\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/martian.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/martian.png 530w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/martian-160x117.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andy Weir is author of the bestselling novel The Martian, which was adapted for film and released in 2015. \u003ccite>(Buddy Burke/Lamorinda Sunrise Rotary)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Come hear a talk by Andy Weir, lifelong space nerd and author of the bestselling novel \u003cem>The Martian\u003c/em>.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong> Breakfast is included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/apollo-mission-flight-controller-lawrence-kuznetz-tickets-62059572853\">\u003cstrong>Apollo Mission Flight Controller Lawrence Kuznetz\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday August 23, 7 am – 8:30 am\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Lafayette Park Hotel & Spa, Lafayette\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$35\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944384\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944384\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz-800x408.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"306\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz-800x408.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz-160x82.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz-768x391.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz-1020x520.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz-1200x612.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz.png 1236w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Lawrence Kuznetz was a flight controller during the Apollo missions, has helped build space shuttles, and is an author and pilot. \u003ccite>(Buddy Burke/Lamorinda Sunrise Rotary)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hear Dr. Lawrence Kuznetz, flight controller during the Apollo missions, relive his experiences throughout a 40-year career in the space program. Breakfast is included.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Stellar events to help you celebrate the 50th anniversary of the lunar landing.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848518,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1420},"headData":{"title":"Your Guide to the Bay Area Moon Landing Anniversary Events | KQED","description":"Stellar events to help you celebrate the 50th anniversary of the lunar landing.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1944361/your-guide-to-the-bay-area-moon-landing-anniversary-events","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On July 20, 1969, the world watched, transfixed, as two American astronauts set foot on the moon. This year, the Bay Area will join the rest of the country in celebrating the 50th anniversary of NASA’s Apollo 11 mission on Saturday, July 20th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether you would like to meet an astronaut and learn about what it’s like to be in space, enjoy a symphonic journey through the galaxy, or hike through redwoods in the moonlight, we’ve put together this chronological list of moon-themed events where you can go to celebrate all summer long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.marinfair.org/2019\">\u003cstrong>Marin County Fair\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWednesday July 3 – Sunday July 7\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>San Rafael\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nTickets start at $3 online\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944487\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944487\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/J0A7174.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young girl admires a chicken at the Marin County Fair. \u003ccite>(Marin County Fair)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This year’s Marin County Fair is moon landing themed. The four-day event will feature carnival rides, free concerts, live culinary contests, and a Cheese of the Day stage — in homage to the moon made of cheese, of course.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/first-friday-lunar-first-friday/\">\u003cstrong>Lunar First Friday\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday July 5, 6 pm – 10 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Chabot Space & Science Center, Oakland\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$5\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944371\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944371\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12.7-first-friday-020-1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young girl makes a 3D constellation. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kick off a month of space-related activities at the Chabot Space & Science Center with a sneak peek of the new documentary film \u003cem>Chasing the Moon\u003c/em> — and catch a conversation with Ben Burress, a staff astronomer, and Kat Snow, senior science editor at KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/chasing-moon/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Chasing the Moon\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nMonday July 8 – Wednesday July 10, 9 pm on KQED 9\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Airs on PBS member stations, including KQED \u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1944373\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/chasing-the-moon.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This long-anticipated film by Robert Stone will air across three nights, beginning on July 8th. \u003cem>Chasing the Moon\u003c/em> features never-before seen archival footage of the drama surrounding the Apollo 11 mission and tells the story of the diverse array of characters involved in the space race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/evening-under-the-moon/\">\u003cstrong>Evening Under the Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday July 12, 7:30 pm – 10:30 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Chabot Space & Science Center, Oakland\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944465\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944465\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X4494.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors admire the museum’s Luminous Moon exhibit. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Walk through the \u003cem>Luminous Moon\u003c/em> exhibit to see high resolution images of the moon and hear an astronomer talk about its geography and geology. Check out the moon through one of the center’s historic telescopes. Hot chocolate and snacks will be available for purchase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/adult-full-moon-night-hike-and-sip/\">\u003cstrong>Full Moon Hike and Sip (21+)\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday July 19, 6 pm – 9 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Chabot Space & Science Center, Oakland\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$30 non-members, $27 members\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944376\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 299px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944376 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/49492017-moon-and-wine-e1561758007695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"299\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/49492017-moon-and-wine-e1561758007695.jpg 299w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/49492017-moon-and-wine-e1561758007695-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 299px) 100vw, 299px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two complimentary glasses of wine or beer are included in the price of admission. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Go on a 4-5 mile hike through the redwoods, lit by the full moon. Learn about local history and ecology along the way. Conclude the evening with stargazing, planet hunting, and two complimentary glasses of beer or wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfsymphony.org/Buy-Tickets/2018-19/Out-of-This-World%e2%80%94A-Celebration-on-the-50th-Annive.aspx\">\u003cstrong>Out of This World: A Celebration on the 50th Anniversary of the Moon Landing\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday July 19, 7:30 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Davies Symphony Hall, San Francisco\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nTicket prices from $39; groups of 10 or more are eligible for 25% discount\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944460\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944460\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-1200x800.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Melvin_CAA-Speakers_Photo.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leland Melvin, retired NASA astronaut and emcee of the event. \u003ccite>(San Francisco Symphony)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enjoy cosmic-themed music — everything from the Star Trek theme to Clair de Lune — by the SF Symphony, accompanied by visuals on the big screen. Hosted by retired astronaut \u003ca href=\"https://www.lelandmelvin.com/about.html\">Leland D. Melvin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uss-hornet.org/calendar/splashdown-lunar-overnight\">\u003cstrong>Splashdown 50 Stargazing Overnight\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday July 19, 6 pm – Saturday July 20, 9:30 am\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>USS Hornet Museum, Alameda\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nTicket prices from $65; pre-registration required by Friday, July 5\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944430\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944430 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-800x354.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"354\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-800x354.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-768x339.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-1020x451.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-1200x530.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k-1920x848.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113133237_b2c3cd86cd_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A boy walks in the footsteps of astronauts aboard the USS Hornet. \u003ccite>(USS Hornet Sea, Air & Space Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In this special 50th anniversary overnight, you can spend the night aboard the USS Hornet, which served as the historic recovery vessel at the conclusion of the Apollo 11 mission. Sleep in the original crew’s compartments with family, and eat breakfast and dinner inside the original Crew’s Mess. Enjoy stargazing from the vessel’s Flight Deck, and take a ride in the Flight Simulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uss-hornet.org/calendar/splashdown-50-open-house\">\u003cstrong>Splashdown 50 Celebration\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSaturday July 20, 10 am – 5 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>USS Hornet Museum, Alameda\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$25 adult, $20 youth\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944431\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944431 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-800x459.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-800x459.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-160x92.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-768x441.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-1020x585.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-1200x688.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k-1920x1102.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/7113726749_974a2f7be8_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Children admire aircraft aboard the USS Hornet. \u003ccite>(USS Hornet Sea, Air & Space Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Celebrate the 50th anniversary of the lunar landing aboard the historic USS Hornet, where Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin took their first steps back on Earth after returning from the moon. Meet the veterans of the Recovery Team who retrieved the astronauts and their capsule. Afterwards, enjoy an inflatable planetarium, a VR arena, docent-led tours of the ship, and snacks from food trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uss-hornet.org/calendar/splashdown-50-anniversary-dinner\">\u003cstrong>Splashdown 50 Anniversary Dinner\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSaturday July 20, 6 pm – 10 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>USS Hornet Museum, Alameda\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$55 non-members, $50 members\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944434\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944434 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DSC_9037.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Hornet, a National Historic Landmark, is located in Alameda, CA. \u003ccite>(USS Hornet Sea, Air & Space Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enjoy a buffet dinner (included), full cash bar, and music from the 1960s with the ex-crew of the USS Hornet. Cocktail attire is appreciated, but not required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/apollo-50th-anniversary-celebration/\">\u003cstrong>Apollo 50th Anniversary Celebration\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSaturday July 20, 10 am – 5 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Chabot Space & Science Center, Oakland\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFree with regular admission\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944469\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493-800x800.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493-800x800.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493-768x768.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493-1200x1200.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/2M2X5493.png 1347w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young girl learns about the phases of the moon in the Luminous Moon exhibit. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Watch moon demos and a planetarium show, with screenings of \u003cem>Chasing the Moon\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Apollo 11\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/apollo-party-21/\">\u003cstrong>Apollo Party 21+\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSaturday July 20, 6 pm – 10 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Chabot Space & Science Center, Oakland\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$14\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944392\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944392\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/732.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors enjoy a dance party in the Chabot Space & Science center after hours. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Break out your moon walk at an after-hours dance party, or entertain your friends with moon-themed karaoke. Enjoy Apollo cocktails, astronaut training, live music, and a comedy show, a simulated mission to the moon. Commemorate your experience with an airbrushed moon tattoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/calendar/apollo-11-50th-anniversary\">\u003cstrong>Apollo 11 50th Anniversary\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSaturday July 20, 10 am – midnight\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Exploratorium, San Francisco\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFree for Daytime members and After Dark members; $29.95 adults; $24.95 seniors, students, youth; $19.95 children\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944483\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944483\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"412\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-1200x899.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL-1920x1438.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Xc5rlGkL.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Museum of the Moon, a photorealistic, topologically correct sculpture of the moon, is installed at the Exploratorium now through the end of July. \u003ccite>(Luke Jerram's Museum of the Moon/Exploratorium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Watch restored footage of the 1969 landing and marvel at a 16-foot sculpture of the moon! In the evening, enjoy food, retro cocktails, music and a dance party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uss-hornet.org/calendar/retrospective\">\u003cstrong>Apollo Retrospective: The Past, Present, and Future of Space Travel\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWednesday July 24, 10 am – 5 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>USS Hornet Museum, Alameda\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$20 adult, $15 student/senior/military, $10 youth\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944436\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944436 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery-800x539.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery-800x539.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery-768x517.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery-1020x687.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery-1200x808.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ha-084-Apollo-11-capsule-recovery.jpg 1492w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Early in the morning of July 24, 1969, the crew of the USS Hornet watches as the capsule containing Apollo 11 astronauts is craned on board. \u003ccite>(USS Hornet Sea, Air & Space Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Come learn about the past, present, and future of space exploration from experts in the private aerospace industry. Later, learn about the geology of the moon from NASA scientists and astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://thenovatospacefestival.org/\">\u003cstrong>Novato Space Festival\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSunday August 4, 10 am – 4 pm\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The Space Station Museum, Novato\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944381\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944381\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/IMG_1141.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/IMG_1141.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/IMG_1141-160x160.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young visitor meets Charlie Duke, astronaut of Apollo 16 and the tenth man to walk on the moon. \u003ccite>(The Space Station Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Visit the 8th annual Novato Space Festival to meet astronauts and other aerospace VIPs, as well as Star Wars characters and non-space friends like Snoopy. The diverse collection of 30 exhibits includes a real moon rock, large-scale replicas of the Apollo Lunar Lander and Apollo Command Module, and a genuine Apollo spacesuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/the-martian-andy-weir-tickets-59868124171\">\u003cstrong>The Martian, Andy Weir\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday August 16, 7 am – 8:30 am\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Lafayette Park Hotel & Spa, Lafayette\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$40\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944382\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944382\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/martian.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/martian.png 530w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/martian-160x117.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andy Weir is author of the bestselling novel The Martian, which was adapted for film and released in 2015. \u003ccite>(Buddy Burke/Lamorinda Sunrise Rotary)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Come hear a talk by Andy Weir, lifelong space nerd and author of the bestselling novel \u003cem>The Martian\u003c/em>.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong> Breakfast is included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/apollo-mission-flight-controller-lawrence-kuznetz-tickets-62059572853\">\u003cstrong>Apollo Mission Flight Controller Lawrence Kuznetz\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFriday August 23, 7 am – 8:30 am\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Lafayette Park Hotel & Spa, Lafayette\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n$35\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944384\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944384\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz-800x408.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"306\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz-800x408.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz-160x82.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz-768x391.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz-1020x520.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz-1200x612.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/kunetz.png 1236w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Lawrence Kuznetz was a flight controller during the Apollo missions, has helped build space shuttles, and is an author and pilot. \u003ccite>(Buddy Burke/Lamorinda Sunrise Rotary)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hear Dr. Lawrence Kuznetz, flight controller during the Apollo missions, relive his experiences throughout a 40-year career in the space program. Breakfast is included.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1944361/your-guide-to-the-bay-area-moon-landing-anniversary-events","authors":["11615"],"categories":["science_40"],"tags":["science_628","science_856","science_855","science_2694","science_3370","science_3832","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1944489","label":"science"},"science_1944663":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1944663","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1944663","score":null,"sort":[1562684425000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fifty-years-after-apollo-humans-are-still-drawn-to-the-moon","title":"What's Left for Us to Do on the Moon, Anyway? Plenty, It Turns Out","publishDate":1562684425,"format":"standard","headTitle":"What’s Left for Us to Do on the Moon, Anyway? Plenty, It Turns Out | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The moon is a dusty, airless rock that we last set foot on in 1972. What’s left there for us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plenty, it would seem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been so much talk in the past decade about sending humans to Mars that one may have wondered if we would ever walk on the moon again. After all, Mars is bigger, and unlike the moon, it has an atmosphere and vast reservoirs of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turns out that we have room in our imaginations, and our pocketbooks, for more than one obsession in our solar system. Not only is NASA sending robotic spacecraft to explore the moon, the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-12-new-lunar-science-technology-investigations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">just announced\u003c/a> 12 upcoming lunar science and technology investigations. The U.S. also plans to send astronauts back to the moon in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other countries are also extremely keen on learning about our natural satellite. In January, China deployed a rover to the far side of the moon, a first. Within the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">last 15 years\u003c/a>, India, Israel and Japan have also sent landers, probes and other devices to land on, crash into, or fly by the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these recent missions and future plans attest to enormous continued interest in the moon, as an object of scientific curiosity we’re still trying to understand more fully. It is also, like Mars, an accessible proving ground where we can develop the knowledge and experience to send people to more distant worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Humans and the Moon: A Love Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the beginning of humanity’s romance with the cosmos, the moon has occupied a sweetheart position in our aspirations to explore. It is by far our most easily reached destination in the universe, only 240,000 miles away. It’s close enough for us to see details of its surface features with the smallest telescopes, and even with our eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944677\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944677\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of the moon's limb looking toward Copernicus crater, captured with a hand-held camera from the window of the Apollo 12 lunar landing module. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of the moon’s limb looking toward Copernicus crater, captured with a hand-held camera from the window of the Apollo 12 lunar landing module. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the 1600s, Galileo squinted through his small telescope at the moon and saw its craters, mountains and wide flat plains, and Shakespeare wrote about “Th’inconstant moon / That monthly changes in her circled orb.” The moon has always been a tantalizing, shadowy source of mystery, familiar yet unknown territory to be explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"moonanniversary\"]From the very earliest era of telescopic observations, scientists studying the moon and its multitude of impact craters have used it as a window into our solar system’s past. The fact that the moon has no erosive atmosphere, and has been largely geologically inactive for almost 4 billion years, means that the scars of past events like collisions and volcanic activity are preserved on its surface. Scientists can literally read the history of the moon’s development and the conditions in our solar system from far back into its youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, chemical analysis of rock samples brought back by the Apollo missions tells us that Earth and the moon have a common origin, as described by the \u003ca href=\"https://sservi.nasa.gov/?question=the-giant-impact-hypothesis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Giant Impact Hypothesis\u003c/a>. According to this moon-formation idea, over 4 billion years ago, Earth was struck by another planet about the size of Mars. The impact blasted a large amount of rock into space that eventually coalesced into the moon. This makes the moon even more personal to us Earth-dwellers, more like an extension of Mother Earth than an alien, extraterrestrial world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forwarding Address: Moon City\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last crewed lunar landing was Apollo 17, in 1972. Mars missions may take up the bulk of the headlines today, but we’ve never stopped looking to the moon as a future home base on which to build a more enduring installation, or colony, or some future lunar city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the U.S., the European Space Agency, Russia and China are actively working toward establishing a permanent lunar base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944679\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944679\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"View looking toward the north rim of Cabeus Crater from the southwest, near the moon's south pole. NASA's LCROSS impactor vehicle struck the moon directly below the bottom center of this picture. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View looking toward the north rim of Cabeus Crater from the southwest, near the moon’s south pole. NASA’s LCROSS impactor vehicle struck the moon directly below the bottom center of this picture. \u003ccite>(NASA/Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. moon effort got a big boost when the George W. Bush administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/missions/solarsystem/bush_vision.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called for\u003c/a> the development of a new human-crewed spacecraft for traveling beyond low-Earth orbit, and a return of humans to the moon with the goal of “living and working there for increasingly extended periods of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration committed to increase NASA’s funding to complete a heavy-lift launch vehicle that will be vital to human missions and predicted a human-crewed mission to Mars by the mid 2030s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has put the moon back on the table for human flights, and NASA has scheduled the first Orion spacecraft for a quick around-the-moon-and-back trip in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe a whole moon city is yet some time away, but setting up a base on the moon for astronauts to live and work is widely seen as an idea with some traction and practical applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone agrees with the goal of a moon-base for humanity. Buzz Aldrin, the second man ever to walk on the moon, famously believes that mankind’s future lies on Mars. In 2009, he wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/15/AR2009071502940.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">editorial in the Washington Post\u003c/a>. “A race to the moon is a dead end. While the lunar surface can be used to develop advanced technologies, it is a poor location for homesteading,” he declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fueling a Mission to Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These initiatives for returning to and working on the moon are part of a larger plan to prepare ourselves for a much more challenging journey to Mars. Harnessing the moon’s material resources to build, fuel and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/topics/moon-to-mars/getting-there\">launch a Mars mission\u003c/a> would come with some major advantages. The moon’s surface gravity is one-sixth as strong as Earth’s, and there is no atmosphere to push through when launching. Both factors reduce the need for fuel, lowering the weight and cost of the spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944678\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944678\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of NASA's LCROSS spacecraft (foreground) preceded in its course to crash into the moon's south pole by an impactor vehicle (the Centaur rocket that propelled it to the moon). The impactor blasted up a plume of dust in which LCROSS identified water molecules, confirming the hypothesis that some shadowed polar craters harbor water ice. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA’s LCROSS spacecraft (foreground) preceded in its course to crash into the moon’s south pole by an impactor vehicle (the Centaur rocket that propelled it to the moon). The impactor blasted up a plume of dust in which LCROSS identified water molecules, confirming the hypothesis that some shadowed polar craters harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the moon is not a dusty, airless rock after all. Finding water on the moon in 2009 was a huge revelation, and a useful one. NASA turned up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/main/prelim_water_results.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence of polar water\u003c/a> when the impactor vehicle of its LCROSS mission was deliberately smashed into the moon’s south pole, blasting out a plume of soil in the process. The LCROSS spacecraft detected water in that plume, minutes before it, too, collided with the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These ancient deposits of water ice on perma-shadowed crater floors could represent a water supply for thirsty lunar astronauts, if it can be made into drinkable form. It could also supply oxygen for breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the moon has some other inherent qualities that pose a challenge to potential human colonists living there for months at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944672\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944672\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/SouthPoleIllumMap_400dpi-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"An "illumination map" of the terrain immediately surrounding the moon's south pole. An illumination map is a composite of many images taken at different times, in this case two-hour intervals, over the course of a full lunar day (about a month). The brightest areas on the map receive sunlight for most if not all of the lunar day, while black reveals deep crater floors and other niches that never receive direct sunlight. It is in these wells of darkness that we can find water ice, protected from sunlight. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/SouthPoleIllumMap_400dpi.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/SouthPoleIllumMap_400dpi-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/SouthPoleIllumMap_400dpi-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An “illumination map” of the terrain immediately surrounding the moon’s south pole. An illumination map is a composite of many images taken at different times, in this case two-hour intervals, over the course of a full lunar day (about a month). The brightest areas on the map receive sunlight for most if not all of the lunar day, while black reveals deep crater floors and other niches that never receive direct sunlight. It is in these wells of darkness that we can find water ice, protected from sunlight. \u003ccite>(NASA/Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One is generating power to run all of a base’s systems, including life support. The easiest way to produce electricity — the way that most current space missions, human or robotic, do — is with solar panels, converting the light of the sun into useful electricity. Most places on the moon, however, experience nights that are two weeks long, a long time to be in the dark and running on stored battery power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the water resource problem, the moon’s polar regions may offer a practical solution. The peaks of some polar mountains and crater rims enjoy practically around-the-clock sunlight. Placing solar panels at these polar heights would provide almost uninterrupted solar energy, something that is impossible even on the surface of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moon dust is also something that astronauts will need to manage. When the Apollo astronauts walked around on the moon, their spacesuits collected a lot of dust, which was unavoidably tracked back inside the lunar landing module. Dust on the moon is very gritty and sticks to practically everything. Unlike dust and sand on Earth, which are weathered down by wind and water into smooth, round grains, moon dust has sharp edges and points. Without the effects of erosion to smooth them out, moon dust tends to act like tiny bits of broken glass. Without strict dust management, future lunar inhabitants may suffer severe health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we continue to scrutinize minute details on the moon’s surface through our ongoing missions, new surprises are sure to come to light. The moon has never failed us in this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on the space race, watch ‘Chasing the Moon’ — a new, three-part series premiering this week on KQED 9 at 9 PM.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As we celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first Apollo moon landing, the world is looking forward to a return to the moon. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848526,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1621},"headData":{"title":"What's Left for Us to Do on the Moon, Anyway? Plenty, It Turns Out | KQED","description":"As we celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first Apollo moon landing, the world is looking forward to a return to the moon. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Moon Missions","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1944663/fifty-years-after-apollo-humans-are-still-drawn-to-the-moon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The moon is a dusty, airless rock that we last set foot on in 1972. What’s left there for us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plenty, it would seem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been so much talk in the past decade about sending humans to Mars that one may have wondered if we would ever walk on the moon again. After all, Mars is bigger, and unlike the moon, it has an atmosphere and vast reservoirs of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turns out that we have room in our imaginations, and our pocketbooks, for more than one obsession in our solar system. Not only is NASA sending robotic spacecraft to explore the moon, the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-12-new-lunar-science-technology-investigations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">just announced\u003c/a> 12 upcoming lunar science and technology investigations. The U.S. also plans to send astronauts back to the moon in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other countries are also extremely keen on learning about our natural satellite. In January, China deployed a rover to the far side of the moon, a first. Within the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">last 15 years\u003c/a>, India, Israel and Japan have also sent landers, probes and other devices to land on, crash into, or fly by the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these recent missions and future plans attest to enormous continued interest in the moon, as an object of scientific curiosity we’re still trying to understand more fully. It is also, like Mars, an accessible proving ground where we can develop the knowledge and experience to send people to more distant worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Humans and the Moon: A Love Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the beginning of humanity’s romance with the cosmos, the moon has occupied a sweetheart position in our aspirations to explore. It is by far our most easily reached destination in the universe, only 240,000 miles away. It’s close enough for us to see details of its surface features with the smallest telescopes, and even with our eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944677\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944677\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of the moon's limb looking toward Copernicus crater, captured with a hand-held camera from the window of the Apollo 12 lunar landing module. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AS12-47-6876-apollo-12.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of the moon’s limb looking toward Copernicus crater, captured with a hand-held camera from the window of the Apollo 12 lunar landing module. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the 1600s, Galileo squinted through his small telescope at the moon and saw its craters, mountains and wide flat plains, and Shakespeare wrote about “Th’inconstant moon / That monthly changes in her circled orb.” The moon has always been a tantalizing, shadowy source of mystery, familiar yet unknown territory to be explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"tag":"moonanniversary","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>From the very earliest era of telescopic observations, scientists studying the moon and its multitude of impact craters have used it as a window into our solar system’s past. The fact that the moon has no erosive atmosphere, and has been largely geologically inactive for almost 4 billion years, means that the scars of past events like collisions and volcanic activity are preserved on its surface. Scientists can literally read the history of the moon’s development and the conditions in our solar system from far back into its youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, chemical analysis of rock samples brought back by the Apollo missions tells us that Earth and the moon have a common origin, as described by the \u003ca href=\"https://sservi.nasa.gov/?question=the-giant-impact-hypothesis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Giant Impact Hypothesis\u003c/a>. According to this moon-formation idea, over 4 billion years ago, Earth was struck by another planet about the size of Mars. The impact blasted a large amount of rock into space that eventually coalesced into the moon. This makes the moon even more personal to us Earth-dwellers, more like an extension of Mother Earth than an alien, extraterrestrial world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forwarding Address: Moon City\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last crewed lunar landing was Apollo 17, in 1972. Mars missions may take up the bulk of the headlines today, but we’ve never stopped looking to the moon as a future home base on which to build a more enduring installation, or colony, or some future lunar city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the U.S., the European Space Agency, Russia and China are actively working toward establishing a permanent lunar base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944679\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944679\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"View looking toward the north rim of Cabeus Crater from the southwest, near the moon's south pole. NASA's LCROSS impactor vehicle struck the moon directly below the bottom center of this picture. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/403330main_cabeus_lg.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View looking toward the north rim of Cabeus Crater from the southwest, near the moon’s south pole. NASA’s LCROSS impactor vehicle struck the moon directly below the bottom center of this picture. \u003ccite>(NASA/Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. moon effort got a big boost when the George W. Bush administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/missions/solarsystem/bush_vision.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called for\u003c/a> the development of a new human-crewed spacecraft for traveling beyond low-Earth orbit, and a return of humans to the moon with the goal of “living and working there for increasingly extended periods of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration committed to increase NASA’s funding to complete a heavy-lift launch vehicle that will be vital to human missions and predicted a human-crewed mission to Mars by the mid 2030s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has put the moon back on the table for human flights, and NASA has scheduled the first Orion spacecraft for a quick around-the-moon-and-back trip in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe a whole moon city is yet some time away, but setting up a base on the moon for astronauts to live and work is widely seen as an idea with some traction and practical applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone agrees with the goal of a moon-base for humanity. Buzz Aldrin, the second man ever to walk on the moon, famously believes that mankind’s future lies on Mars. In 2009, he wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/15/AR2009071502940.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">editorial in the Washington Post\u003c/a>. “A race to the moon is a dead end. While the lunar surface can be used to develop advanced technologies, it is a poor location for homesteading,” he declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fueling a Mission to Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These initiatives for returning to and working on the moon are part of a larger plan to prepare ourselves for a much more challenging journey to Mars. Harnessing the moon’s material resources to build, fuel and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/topics/moon-to-mars/getting-there\">launch a Mars mission\u003c/a> would come with some major advantages. The moon’s surface gravity is one-sixth as strong as Earth’s, and there is no atmosphere to push through when launching. Both factors reduce the need for fuel, lowering the weight and cost of the spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944678\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944678\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of NASA's LCROSS spacecraft (foreground) preceded in its course to crash into the moon's south pole by an impactor vehicle (the Centaur rocket that propelled it to the moon). The impactor blasted up a plume of dust in which LCROSS identified water molecules, confirming the hypothesis that some shadowed polar craters harbor water ice. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/lcross1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA’s LCROSS spacecraft (foreground) preceded in its course to crash into the moon’s south pole by an impactor vehicle (the Centaur rocket that propelled it to the moon). The impactor blasted up a plume of dust in which LCROSS identified water molecules, confirming the hypothesis that some shadowed polar craters harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the moon is not a dusty, airless rock after all. Finding water on the moon in 2009 was a huge revelation, and a useful one. NASA turned up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/main/prelim_water_results.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence of polar water\u003c/a> when the impactor vehicle of its LCROSS mission was deliberately smashed into the moon’s south pole, blasting out a plume of soil in the process. The LCROSS spacecraft detected water in that plume, minutes before it, too, collided with the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These ancient deposits of water ice on perma-shadowed crater floors could represent a water supply for thirsty lunar astronauts, if it can be made into drinkable form. It could also supply oxygen for breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the moon has some other inherent qualities that pose a challenge to potential human colonists living there for months at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944672\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944672\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/SouthPoleIllumMap_400dpi-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"An "illumination map" of the terrain immediately surrounding the moon's south pole. An illumination map is a composite of many images taken at different times, in this case two-hour intervals, over the course of a full lunar day (about a month). The brightest areas on the map receive sunlight for most if not all of the lunar day, while black reveals deep crater floors and other niches that never receive direct sunlight. It is in these wells of darkness that we can find water ice, protected from sunlight. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/SouthPoleIllumMap_400dpi.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/SouthPoleIllumMap_400dpi-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/SouthPoleIllumMap_400dpi-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An “illumination map” of the terrain immediately surrounding the moon’s south pole. An illumination map is a composite of many images taken at different times, in this case two-hour intervals, over the course of a full lunar day (about a month). The brightest areas on the map receive sunlight for most if not all of the lunar day, while black reveals deep crater floors and other niches that never receive direct sunlight. It is in these wells of darkness that we can find water ice, protected from sunlight. \u003ccite>(NASA/Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One is generating power to run all of a base’s systems, including life support. The easiest way to produce electricity — the way that most current space missions, human or robotic, do — is with solar panels, converting the light of the sun into useful electricity. Most places on the moon, however, experience nights that are two weeks long, a long time to be in the dark and running on stored battery power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the water resource problem, the moon’s polar regions may offer a practical solution. The peaks of some polar mountains and crater rims enjoy practically around-the-clock sunlight. Placing solar panels at these polar heights would provide almost uninterrupted solar energy, something that is impossible even on the surface of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moon dust is also something that astronauts will need to manage. When the Apollo astronauts walked around on the moon, their spacesuits collected a lot of dust, which was unavoidably tracked back inside the lunar landing module. Dust on the moon is very gritty and sticks to practically everything. Unlike dust and sand on Earth, which are weathered down by wind and water into smooth, round grains, moon dust has sharp edges and points. Without the effects of erosion to smooth them out, moon dust tends to act like tiny bits of broken glass. Without strict dust management, future lunar inhabitants may suffer severe health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we continue to scrutinize minute details on the moon’s surface through our ongoing missions, new surprises are sure to come to light. The moon has never failed us in this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on the space race, watch ‘Chasing the Moon’ — a new, three-part series premiering this week on KQED 9 at 9 PM.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1944663/fifty-years-after-apollo-humans-are-still-drawn-to-the-moon","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_628","science_3832","science_351","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1944675","label":"source_science_1944663"},"science_1938017":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1938017","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1938017","score":null,"sort":[1550781472000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"moon-missions-abound-reasons-to-be-excited-about-lunar-exploration","title":"Moon Missions Abound! Reasons to Be Excited About Lunar Exploration","publishDate":1550781472,"format":"image","headTitle":"Moon Missions Abound! Reasons to Be Excited About Lunar Exploration | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It’s a year to celebrate the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years after astronauts first set foot on the lunar surface, our curiosity and passion for exploring our celestial neighbor is alive and well. Nearly a \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/missions-to-the-moon.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hundred total missions\u003c/a> (from the U.S., Russia, Japan and other space agencies) have traveled to the moon, and several more are in the pipeline. Humanity’s lunar obsession remains high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.psi.edu/epo/moon/moon.html\">How did the moon form\u003c/a>? What is it made of? What \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jesseshanahan/2018/08/22/nasa-confirms-the-existence-of-water-on-the-moon/#1712ed2921bf\">material and scientific resources\u003c/a> does it offer? And, how might we ultimately return and even dwell there? These are questions that burn for answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon is our nearest and most accessible neighbor. We also now understand that Earth and the moon likely have a common origin. We are thus, not cut from the same cloth per se; we are cut from the same rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are a few highlights of what make 2019 a year to renew our personal fascination with Earth’s longtime companion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moon Year Kickoff with Chang’e 4 and Yutu-2\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China kicked off the year by accomplishing something no space agency had before: successfully landing the \u003ca href=\"https://spacenews.com/change-4-spacecraft-enter-lunar-nighttime-china-planning-future-missions-cooperation/\">Chang’e 4 spacecraft and its Yutu-2 rover \u003c/a>on the far side of the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938097\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938097\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/cnas-clep-change4andyutu2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of the Chang'e 4 lander (left) taken by the Yutu-2 rover, and of the rover (right) taken from Chang'e 4. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/cnas-clep-change4andyutu2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/cnas-clep-change4andyutu2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/cnas-clep-change4andyutu2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/cnas-clep-change4andyutu2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/cnas-clep-change4andyutu2.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of the Chang’e 4 lander (left) taken by the Yutu-2 rover, and of the rover (right) taken from Chang’e 4. \u003ccite>(CNAS/CLEP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All prior landings, by all countries, took place on the moon’s Earth-facing side, the face that human eyes have beheld since the dawn of our species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 1959, when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna03.php\">Soviet Luna 3\u003c/a> became the first spacecraft to photograph the far side of the moon, no one had ever viewed its rugged, heavily cratered terrain. And it wasn’t until \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo-8.html\">Apollo 8\u003c/a> orbited the moon in 1968 that humans laid eyes directly on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as far as wheels-on-the-ground exploration goes, the far side of the moon was \u003cem>luna incognita\u003c/em>, until Jan. 3 when Chang’e 4 landed in the 110-mile wide Von Karman crater, within the vast \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lola-20100409-aitken.html\">South Pole-Aitken Basin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landing on the far side of the moon isn’t just good for China’s space-faring prestige, the scientific results should tell us a lot about the moon’s structure, how it was formed, and its history over the last 4.5 billion years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938102\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938102\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-moon-nearandfarsides3-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"The moon's near and far hemispheres: the side that faces Earth (left) and the far side that we cannot see.\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-moon-nearandfarsides3-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-moon-nearandfarsides3-160x80.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-moon-nearandfarsides3-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-moon-nearandfarsides3-1020x510.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-moon-nearandfarsides3.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The moon’s near and far hemispheres: the side that faces Earth (left) and the far side that we cannot see. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The far side of the moon’s terrain is physically different from that of the near side. The far hemisphere is dominated by rugged highlands and possesses many more impact craters than the near side. Lunar maria, which means “seas” (these are the dark, blotchy lava plains that we can see with our eyes from Earth) are much less numerous and smaller than on the near side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracing the history of the moon’s formation requires an understanding of the reasons for the stark differences between the two lunar hemispheres, so Chang’e 4 and the Yutu-2 rover are well-positioned to turn up some eye-opening clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/main/index.html\">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> began mapping the lunar surface in high detail, and continues to send back enormous amounts of high-res, close-up imagery today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there were so many pictures pouring back from the spacecraft that volunteer \u003ca href=\"https://sservi.nasa.gov/citizen-science/\">citizen scientists\u003c/a> were enlisted to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938094\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu-800x368.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of the central peak of moon's Tycho Crater, taken by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \" width=\"800\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu-800x368.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu-160x74.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu-768x353.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu-1020x469.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu-1200x551.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of the central peak of moon’s Tycho Crater, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For several years, anyone with a computer and a desire to pore over thousands of pictures of dirt, rock, and craters — some of them never seen by another human — could \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/lunarquest/mapping/11-058.html\">contribute to \u003c/a>mapping the moon by participating in crater-counting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That might sound dull to some, but the science of \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2014-03-lunar-crater-crowdsourcing-accurate-tool.html\">counting craters\u003c/a> can tell us a lot about the moon’s history, when and how much the moon was bombarded by debris at different times in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938096\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-change4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of Chang'e 4 (center) and its Yutu-2 rover (smaller spot toward the upper left), captured by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter when it passed 50 miles above. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-change4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-change4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-change4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-change4.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of Chang’e 4 (center) and its Yutu-2 rover (smaller spot toward the upper left), captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter when it passed 50 miles above. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 30, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/chang-e-landers-a-closer-look\">snapped a picture of China’s Chang’e 4 and the Yutu-2\u003c/a> rover as it cruised by overhead, pinpointing its landing location and demonstrating the level of detail its powerful camera can capture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Apollo 11 Anniversary\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This July 2019 we mark and celebrate five decades since the first human landing on the moon, by \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html\">Apollo 11\u003c/a> and its astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin (and let’s not forget Michael Collins orbiting high above in the Apollo command module).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938099\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938099\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/first-footprint-on-moon-800x721.jpg\" alt=\"The first footprint (or bootprint) on the moon, made by Neil Armstrong on the Apollo 11 mission, July 20 1969. \" width=\"800\" height=\"721\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/first-footprint-on-moon.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/first-footprint-on-moon-160x144.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/first-footprint-on-moon-768x692.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first footprint (or bootprint) on the moon, made by Neil Armstrong on the Apollo 11 mission, July 20 1969. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This feat, which NASA repeated five more times from 1969 to 1972, has yet to be matched, although more than one nation has its sights set on a human return there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coming Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several lunar missions are scheduled to launch in 2019, including India’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-chandrayaan-2-mission\">\u003cem>Chandrayaan-2\u003c/em>\u003c/a> lander and rover, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonexpress.com/expeditions/\">Moon Express’s\u003c/a> (USA) \u003cem>Lunar Scout\u003c/em>, and China’s \u003ca href=\"https://gbtimes.com/chinas-change-5-lunar-sample-return-mission-to-launch-in-2019\">\u003cem>Chang’e 5\u003c/em>\u003c/a> sample return mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/01/nasa-orion-recovery-tests-humans-moon-space-science/\">A return to the moon in person\u003c/a> by humans won’t happen until 2022, when NASA is scheduled to test a crewed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/orion/index.html\">Orion spacecraft\u003c/a> in a single free-return maneuver around the moon and back. It’ll be a quick trip, with no landings, but the mission will lay a path for returning to the moon’s surface again, and one day traveling far beyond.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fifty years after the first astronauts set foot on the lunar surface, mysteries about our celestial neighbor are still driving exploration.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848840,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1002},"headData":{"title":"Moon Missions Abound! Reasons to Be Excited About Lunar Exploration | KQED","description":"Fifty years after the first astronauts set foot on the lunar surface, mysteries about our celestial neighbor are still driving exploration.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1938017/moon-missions-abound-reasons-to-be-excited-about-lunar-exploration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s a year to celebrate the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years after astronauts first set foot on the lunar surface, our curiosity and passion for exploring our celestial neighbor is alive and well. Nearly a \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/missions-to-the-moon.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hundred total missions\u003c/a> (from the U.S., Russia, Japan and other space agencies) have traveled to the moon, and several more are in the pipeline. Humanity’s lunar obsession remains high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.psi.edu/epo/moon/moon.html\">How did the moon form\u003c/a>? What is it made of? What \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jesseshanahan/2018/08/22/nasa-confirms-the-existence-of-water-on-the-moon/#1712ed2921bf\">material and scientific resources\u003c/a> does it offer? And, how might we ultimately return and even dwell there? These are questions that burn for answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon is our nearest and most accessible neighbor. We also now understand that Earth and the moon likely have a common origin. We are thus, not cut from the same cloth per se; we are cut from the same rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are a few highlights of what make 2019 a year to renew our personal fascination with Earth’s longtime companion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moon Year Kickoff with Chang’e 4 and Yutu-2\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China kicked off the year by accomplishing something no space agency had before: successfully landing the \u003ca href=\"https://spacenews.com/change-4-spacecraft-enter-lunar-nighttime-china-planning-future-missions-cooperation/\">Chang’e 4 spacecraft and its Yutu-2 rover \u003c/a>on the far side of the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938097\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938097\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/cnas-clep-change4andyutu2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of the Chang'e 4 lander (left) taken by the Yutu-2 rover, and of the rover (right) taken from Chang'e 4. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/cnas-clep-change4andyutu2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/cnas-clep-change4andyutu2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/cnas-clep-change4andyutu2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/cnas-clep-change4andyutu2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/cnas-clep-change4andyutu2.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of the Chang’e 4 lander (left) taken by the Yutu-2 rover, and of the rover (right) taken from Chang’e 4. \u003ccite>(CNAS/CLEP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All prior landings, by all countries, took place on the moon’s Earth-facing side, the face that human eyes have beheld since the dawn of our species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 1959, when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna03.php\">Soviet Luna 3\u003c/a> became the first spacecraft to photograph the far side of the moon, no one had ever viewed its rugged, heavily cratered terrain. And it wasn’t until \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo-8.html\">Apollo 8\u003c/a> orbited the moon in 1968 that humans laid eyes directly on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as far as wheels-on-the-ground exploration goes, the far side of the moon was \u003cem>luna incognita\u003c/em>, until Jan. 3 when Chang’e 4 landed in the 110-mile wide Von Karman crater, within the vast \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lola-20100409-aitken.html\">South Pole-Aitken Basin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landing on the far side of the moon isn’t just good for China’s space-faring prestige, the scientific results should tell us a lot about the moon’s structure, how it was formed, and its history over the last 4.5 billion years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938102\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938102\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-moon-nearandfarsides3-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"The moon's near and far hemispheres: the side that faces Earth (left) and the far side that we cannot see.\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-moon-nearandfarsides3-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-moon-nearandfarsides3-160x80.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-moon-nearandfarsides3-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-moon-nearandfarsides3-1020x510.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-moon-nearandfarsides3.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The moon’s near and far hemispheres: the side that faces Earth (left) and the far side that we cannot see. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The far side of the moon’s terrain is physically different from that of the near side. The far hemisphere is dominated by rugged highlands and possesses many more impact craters than the near side. Lunar maria, which means “seas” (these are the dark, blotchy lava plains that we can see with our eyes from Earth) are much less numerous and smaller than on the near side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracing the history of the moon’s formation requires an understanding of the reasons for the stark differences between the two lunar hemispheres, so Chang’e 4 and the Yutu-2 rover are well-positioned to turn up some eye-opening clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/main/index.html\">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> began mapping the lunar surface in high detail, and continues to send back enormous amounts of high-res, close-up imagery today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there were so many pictures pouring back from the spacecraft that volunteer \u003ca href=\"https://sservi.nasa.gov/citizen-science/\">citizen scientists\u003c/a> were enlisted to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938094\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu-800x368.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of the central peak of moon's Tycho Crater, taken by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \" width=\"800\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu-800x368.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu-160x74.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu-768x353.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu-1020x469.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu-1200x551.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/tychocraterpeak-lro-nasagsfcasu.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of the central peak of moon’s Tycho Crater, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For several years, anyone with a computer and a desire to pore over thousands of pictures of dirt, rock, and craters — some of them never seen by another human — could \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/lunarquest/mapping/11-058.html\">contribute to \u003c/a>mapping the moon by participating in crater-counting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That might sound dull to some, but the science of \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2014-03-lunar-crater-crowdsourcing-accurate-tool.html\">counting craters\u003c/a> can tell us a lot about the moon’s history, when and how much the moon was bombarded by debris at different times in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938096\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-change4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of Chang'e 4 (center) and its Yutu-2 rover (smaller spot toward the upper left), captured by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter when it passed 50 miles above. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-change4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-change4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-change4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/lro-change4.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of Chang’e 4 (center) and its Yutu-2 rover (smaller spot toward the upper left), captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter when it passed 50 miles above. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 30, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/chang-e-landers-a-closer-look\">snapped a picture of China’s Chang’e 4 and the Yutu-2\u003c/a> rover as it cruised by overhead, pinpointing its landing location and demonstrating the level of detail its powerful camera can capture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Apollo 11 Anniversary\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This July 2019 we mark and celebrate five decades since the first human landing on the moon, by \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html\">Apollo 11\u003c/a> and its astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin (and let’s not forget Michael Collins orbiting high above in the Apollo command module).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938099\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938099\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/first-footprint-on-moon-800x721.jpg\" alt=\"The first footprint (or bootprint) on the moon, made by Neil Armstrong on the Apollo 11 mission, July 20 1969. \" width=\"800\" height=\"721\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/first-footprint-on-moon.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/first-footprint-on-moon-160x144.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/first-footprint-on-moon-768x692.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first footprint (or bootprint) on the moon, made by Neil Armstrong on the Apollo 11 mission, July 20 1969. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This feat, which NASA repeated five more times from 1969 to 1972, has yet to be matched, although more than one nation has its sights set on a human return there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coming Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several lunar missions are scheduled to launch in 2019, including India’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-chandrayaan-2-mission\">\u003cem>Chandrayaan-2\u003c/em>\u003c/a> lander and rover, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonexpress.com/expeditions/\">Moon Express’s\u003c/a> (USA) \u003cem>Lunar Scout\u003c/em>, and China’s \u003ca href=\"https://gbtimes.com/chinas-change-5-lunar-sample-return-mission-to-launch-in-2019\">\u003cem>Chang’e 5\u003c/em>\u003c/a> sample return mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/01/nasa-orion-recovery-tests-humans-moon-space-science/\">A return to the moon in person\u003c/a> by humans won’t happen until 2022, when NASA is scheduled to test a crewed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/orion/index.html\">Orion spacecraft\u003c/a> in a single free-return maneuver around the moon and back. It’ll be a quick trip, with no landings, but the mission will lay a path for returning to the moon’s surface again, and one day traveling far beyond.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1938017/moon-missions-abound-reasons-to-be-excited-about-lunar-exploration","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_628","science_3591","science_3370","science_3832","science_3834","science_351","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1938106","label":"source_science_1938017"},"science_17130":{"type":"posts","id":"science_17130","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"17130","score":null,"sort":[1399045580000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"citing-budget-concerns-nasa-defends-long-term-plan-to-reach-mars-in-20-years","title":"Citing Budget Concerns, NASA Defends Long-Term Plan To Reach Mars in 20 Years","publishDate":1399045580,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Citing Budget Concerns, NASA Defends Long-Term Plan To Reach Mars in 20 Years | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17134\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/earthandmars.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17134\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17134\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/earthandmars.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and Mars montage\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Earth and Mars / NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars has been a prominent figure in the lens of human awareness, imagination, and sense of adventure for centuries. It’s a fiery spark in the night, a celestial laser-pointer dot drawing our cat-like curiosity into space. But could our neighboring planet’s value to us exceed our wildest imaginings?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is it a source of rich resources that could fuel voyages to even farther-out destinations? Is it a key to answering the age old question, “Are we alone”? Could it even be our best insurance policy for the survival of our species? Food for thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scarcely a century since fiction writers began imagining a \u003ca title=\"Across the Zodiac\" href=\"http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10165/pg10165.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trip to Mars\u003c/a> and only 50 years after we sent the \u003ca title=\"Mariner 4\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first robotic probe\u003c/a>, we have sent dozens of spacecraft, a handful of landers and still have the wheels of two rovers turning in those rusty soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rovers \u003ca title=\"NASA's rover Opportunity\" href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opportunity\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"NASA's rover Curiosity\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>are drilling into rocks and scooping up dirt to look for signs of past water and life-friendly environments and have found such evidence in abundance in the composition of \u003ca title=\"Gray hematite on Mars\" href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/spotlight/hematite01.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mineral deposits\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Curiosity find old riverbed on Mars\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-305\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">structures of rock\u003c/a> formations. Orbital spacecraft like the \u003ca title=\"NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> may even have detected the action of sporadic \u003ca title=\"NASA MRO may have detected liquid outflows on Mars\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro20110804.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">liquid outbursts\u003c/a> in present times. That Mars once had a warmer, wetter, probably much Earthier environment in the past is a speculation supported by mounting evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sending humans to Mars has been an on-again/off-again shuffle over the years. Back in the Apollo era when our country was spending a lavish 4% of the federal budget to put humans on the moon, there was optimism that this wind in the sails of the spirit of exploration would propel us not only to the moon’s surface, but carry astronauts to Mars, and ultimately beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the winds of public opinion and federal spending shifted and Apollo was cancelled, and as the story goes we haven’t been back there since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the George W. Bush era, the “\u003ca title=\"Moon, Mars and Beyond\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/#.U2K2FYFdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moon, Mars and Beyond\u003c/a>” initiative challenged us to return to an outward path in the solar system by returning to the moon to establish a permanent base, and turn our sights again to Mars as the next destination of human exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, NASA Administrator \u003ca title=\"NASA Administrator Charles Bolden lays out plan for humans on Mars\" href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-chief-tells-critics-exploration-plan-get-over-it-n86666\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles Bolden rephrased\u003c/a> the M-M-B mission plan to better align the steps toward Mars with budgetary realities and to balance human space programs with more cost-effective robotic missions. The more measured pace in the plan Bolden outlined would place humans on Mars sometime in the 2030s, and include an intermediary program to capture, move into lunar orbit, and explore an asteroid–largely for proving that we are ready for the considerably longer mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of NASA’s plan, some in Congress, want NASA to pursue a more direct route and quicker pace to the surface of Mars—and while Bolden has signaled openness to input and “tweaking” of the plan, he states the shorter 10-year horizon some are pushing for is not financially “in the cards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars is in many ways a logical next step for humans in space. We can return to the moon, to study it further, to exploit its resources, and to further practice our set of skills for existing remotely beyond the Earth. The moon is an “easy” step outward since it is so close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mars is the next step upward. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Mars is the next step upward\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As a subject of scientific interest, Mars could prove to be the site where we find evidence that life on Earth is not unique in the universe –a defining moment in history if there ever will be one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a subject of human interest, Mars may be where we take the first stab at ensuring our survival as a species in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some see Mars as a principle factor in the equation of the long-term survival of the human race. They posit that as long as we, as a species, live dependently on the Earth, a single planet, we are vulnerable to extinction by events of global devastation like a major asteroid impact, mega-volcanic cataclysm, or fatal self-inflicted mayhem like nuclear holocaust or runaway environmental collapse. With an established self-sufficient presence on Mars, should the Earth experience devastation then humans living on Mars could carry on the torch of humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope to see the day when the first humans set foot on Mars—though I think a report of finding evidence for life there would be the more exciting news. Personally, I’m rooting for both within my lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Recently, NASA administrator Charles Bolden rephrased the \"Moon, Mars and Beyond\" mission plan to better align the steps toward Mars with budgetary realities and to balance human space programs with more cost-effective robotic missions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933738,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":796},"headData":{"title":"Citing Budget Concerns, NASA Defends Long-Term Plan To Reach Mars in 20 Years | KQED","description":"Recently, NASA administrator Charles Bolden rephrased the "Moon, Mars and Beyond" mission plan to better align the steps toward Mars with budgetary realities and to balance human space programs with more cost-effective robotic missions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/17130/citing-budget-concerns-nasa-defends-long-term-plan-to-reach-mars-in-20-years","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17134\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/earthandmars.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17134\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17134\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/earthandmars.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and Mars montage\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Earth and Mars / NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars has been a prominent figure in the lens of human awareness, imagination, and sense of adventure for centuries. It’s a fiery spark in the night, a celestial laser-pointer dot drawing our cat-like curiosity into space. But could our neighboring planet’s value to us exceed our wildest imaginings?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is it a source of rich resources that could fuel voyages to even farther-out destinations? Is it a key to answering the age old question, “Are we alone”? Could it even be our best insurance policy for the survival of our species? Food for thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scarcely a century since fiction writers began imagining a \u003ca title=\"Across the Zodiac\" href=\"http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10165/pg10165.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trip to Mars\u003c/a> and only 50 years after we sent the \u003ca title=\"Mariner 4\" href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first robotic probe\u003c/a>, we have sent dozens of spacecraft, a handful of landers and still have the wheels of two rovers turning in those rusty soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rovers \u003ca title=\"NASA's rover Opportunity\" href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opportunity\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"NASA's rover Curiosity\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>are drilling into rocks and scooping up dirt to look for signs of past water and life-friendly environments and have found such evidence in abundance in the composition of \u003ca title=\"Gray hematite on Mars\" href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/spotlight/hematite01.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mineral deposits\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Curiosity find old riverbed on Mars\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-305\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">structures of rock\u003c/a> formations. Orbital spacecraft like the \u003ca title=\"NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> may even have detected the action of sporadic \u003ca title=\"NASA MRO may have detected liquid outflows on Mars\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro20110804.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">liquid outbursts\u003c/a> in present times. That Mars once had a warmer, wetter, probably much Earthier environment in the past is a speculation supported by mounting evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sending humans to Mars has been an on-again/off-again shuffle over the years. Back in the Apollo era when our country was spending a lavish 4% of the federal budget to put humans on the moon, there was optimism that this wind in the sails of the spirit of exploration would propel us not only to the moon’s surface, but carry astronauts to Mars, and ultimately beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the winds of public opinion and federal spending shifted and Apollo was cancelled, and as the story goes we haven’t been back there since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the George W. Bush era, the “\u003ca title=\"Moon, Mars and Beyond\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/#.U2K2FYFdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moon, Mars and Beyond\u003c/a>” initiative challenged us to return to an outward path in the solar system by returning to the moon to establish a permanent base, and turn our sights again to Mars as the next destination of human exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, NASA Administrator \u003ca title=\"NASA Administrator Charles Bolden lays out plan for humans on Mars\" href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-chief-tells-critics-exploration-plan-get-over-it-n86666\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles Bolden rephrased\u003c/a> the M-M-B mission plan to better align the steps toward Mars with budgetary realities and to balance human space programs with more cost-effective robotic missions. The more measured pace in the plan Bolden outlined would place humans on Mars sometime in the 2030s, and include an intermediary program to capture, move into lunar orbit, and explore an asteroid–largely for proving that we are ready for the considerably longer mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of NASA’s plan, some in Congress, want NASA to pursue a more direct route and quicker pace to the surface of Mars—and while Bolden has signaled openness to input and “tweaking” of the plan, he states the shorter 10-year horizon some are pushing for is not financially “in the cards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars is in many ways a logical next step for humans in space. We can return to the moon, to study it further, to exploit its resources, and to further practice our set of skills for existing remotely beyond the Earth. The moon is an “easy” step outward since it is so close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mars is the next step upward. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Mars is the next step upward\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As a subject of scientific interest, Mars could prove to be the site where we find evidence that life on Earth is not unique in the universe –a defining moment in history if there ever will be one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a subject of human interest, Mars may be where we take the first stab at ensuring our survival as a species in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some see Mars as a principle factor in the equation of the long-term survival of the human race. They posit that as long as we, as a species, live dependently on the Earth, a single planet, we are vulnerable to extinction by events of global devastation like a major asteroid impact, mega-volcanic cataclysm, or fatal self-inflicted mayhem like nuclear holocaust or runaway environmental collapse. With an established self-sufficient presence on Mars, should the Earth experience devastation then humans living on Mars could carry on the torch of humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope to see the day when the first humans set foot on Mars—though I think a report of finding evidence for life there would be the more exciting news. Personally, I’m rooting for both within my lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/17130/citing-budget-concerns-nasa-defends-long-term-plan-to-reach-mars-in-20-years","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_628","science_330","science_5179","science_351","science_5175","science_419"],"featImg":"science_17134","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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