The Science on the SPOT original web video series goes behind the scenes at local Bay Area labs, follows breaking discoveries, and gets you special access to obscure science locations and collections, plus much more.
Predatory Plant: Lure of the Cobra Lily
Science of Beer: Tapping the Power of Brewer's Yeast
200 Geeks, 24 Hours: Science Hack Day in San Francisco
ZomBees: Flight of the Living Dead
Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas
Science on the SPOT: The Glowing Millipedes of Alcatraz
Science on the SPOT: Preserving the Forest of the Sea
Science on the SPOT: Shadows and Spiders-- A Secret Cave in California
Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory
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In addition to producing television content for KQED Science, he has also created online features and written news articles on scientific subjects ranging from astronomy to synthetic biology.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sheraz Sadiq | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sheraz-sadiq"},"joshua-cassidy":{"type":"authors","id":"6219","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6219","found":true},"name":"Josh Cassidy","firstName":"Josh","lastName":"Cassidy","slug":"joshua-cassidy","email":"jcassidy@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Digital Video Producer","bio":"Josh is a Senior Video Producer for KQED Science, and the Lead Producer and Cinematographer for Deep Look. 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Josh studied science and natural history filmmaking at San Francisco State University and Montana State University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["author","edit_others_posts"]}],"headData":{"title":"Josh Cassidy | KQED","description":"Digital Video Producer","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/joshua-cassidy"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_12317":{"type":"posts","id":"science_12317","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"12317","score":null,"sort":[1393871399000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"predatory-plant-lure-of-the-cobra-lily","title":"Predatory Plant: Lure of the Cobra Lily","publishDate":1393871399,"format":"video","headTitle":"Predatory Plant: Lure of the Cobra Lily | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":66,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The cobra lily (Darlingtonia californica) is a patient and devious predatory plant native to Northern California and Southern Oregon. Also called the California pitcher plant, it has evolved an astonishing set of adaptations that allow it to trap, kill and digest its animal prey using highly modified pitcher-shaped leaves. But what would make a plant select a diet of insect meat?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems strange to us that a plant can be carnivorous,” said Barry Rice, a botanist at the University of California, Davis Center for Plant Diversity. “We’ve gotten used to what we think of as a natural order of things, where people and animals eat plants, not the other way around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12326\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Butterfly-Valley-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12326\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Butterfly-Valley-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Butterfly Valley, located Plumas Nationa Forest, is one of the only protected cobra lily habitats. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Butterfly Valley, located Plumas Nationa Forest, is one of the only protected cobra lily habitats. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Butterfly Valley Botanical Area is a place where the tables are turned. Located in Plumas National Forest, about 150 miles northeast of Sacramento, Butterfly Valley is home to the Darlingtonia bog. More accurately described as a fen, this wetland is home to some amazing carnivorous plants. The combination of cold, slow moving water, nutrient-poor soils and bright sun provide the perfect conditions for cobra lilies to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12636\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fly-under-hood-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12636\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fly-under-hood-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"The cobra lily uses nectar to lure insects into its pitcher traps. Photo by Phi Tran.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cobra lily uses nectar to lure insects into its pitcher traps. Photo by Phi Tran.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drudging through the soggy fen recently, Rice said: “In habitats like this, where there are very few nutrients, carnivorous plants act as the top predator of the ecosystem. And they’ll eat just about anything they can lure into them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plants entice insects into their pitcher-shaped traps with an offering of sugary nectar on their long leafy fangs. Insects that land on the plants gorge on the nectar, which leads them to the cobra lillies’ downward facing openings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Ant03-cropped-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12325\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Ant03-cropped-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"The entrance to the cobra lily's pitcher trap is curled inwards making it easy for insects to enter, but difficult for them to find the exit once inside. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The entrance to the cobra lily’s pitcher trap is curled inwards making it easy for insects to enter, but difficult for them to find the exit once inside. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once inside a cobra lily, insects become confused by the light shining down through the transparent windows — called fenestrations — at the top of the chamber. Insects are drawn to light, but the false exits only serve to confuse and tire the plant’s prey. The entrance to the pitcher curls into the chamber obscuring the only way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After buzzing around within the chamber and repeatedly slamming into the fenestrations, some unlucky insects fall or crawl down into the pitcher’s descending tube. The tube is lined with tiny downward facing hairs to discourage the insects from crawling back up to safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12329\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fenistrations-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12329\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fenistrations-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Transparent windows called fenestrations confuse trapped insects. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transparent windows called fenestrations confuse trapped insects. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Exhausted, the insects eventually drown in the puddle of fluid at the bottom of the pitcher. Symbiotic midge larvae and bacteria living in the fluid, assist the cobra lily in digesting the doomed bugs. The plant then absorbs the nutrients through cells that line the inside of the pitcher tube, much the same way that roots absorb nutrients and water from the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carnivorous plants like the cobra lily still collect energy from the sun. But plants also require nutrients, and not all habitats have ideal nutrients in the soil. Carnivorous plants have evolved an alternative method of absorbing the essential nutrients. Instead of depending entirely on their roots to draw nitrogen and phosphorus up from the soil, carnivorous plants can supplement their input by absorbing the nutrients from the carcasses of their insect prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12328\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 162px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Darlingtonia-range-map-1300-162x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Darlingtonia-range-map-1300-162x162.jpg\" alt=\"The cobra lily is endemic to northern California and southern Oregon. Based on map by Noah Elhardt.\" width=\"162\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cobra lily is endemic to Northern California and Southern Oregon. Based on map by Noah Elhardt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By adopting this alternative method of nutrition, the cobra lily is able to thrive in habitats that might otherwise be hostile to plant growth. The plant’s unusual affinity for frigid water and hot sun also make it a poor choice for carnivorous plant enthusiasts hoping to keep a cobra lily at home, since the plant’s preferred habitat is extremely difficult to recreate. Cobra lilies also receive federal protection in Butterfly Valley Botanical Area, so taking one home is not permitted. Those interested in growing carnivorous plants can check out Rice’s book, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sarracenia.com/cp.html\">Growing Carnivorous Plants\u003c/a>, or make a visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacarnivores.com/\">California Carnivores\u003c/a>, a carnivorous plant shop in Sebastopol, CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While carnivorous plants seem exotic, North America is actually home to lots of predatory plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that carnivorous plants are only found in the tropics,” said Rice. “They don’t know that North America’s a hotspot for carnivorous plants. These Darlingtonia, for example, are only found in California and Oregon. The Venus flytrap is from North and South Carolina. So we have a lot of impressive carnivorous plant biodiversity in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14742\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Cobra-GIF-05-15fps.gif\" alt=\"Cobra-GIF-05-15fps\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What lurks inside a hungry pitcher plant? The cobra lily, a carnivorous plant native to California, uses deception, patience and bacteria to catch and digest its prey. Watch it in action. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934087,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":811},"headData":{"title":"Predatory Plant: Lure of the Cobra Lily | KQED","description":"What lurks inside a hungry pitcher plant? The cobra lily, a carnivorous plant native to California, uses deception, patience and bacteria to catch and digest its prey. Watch it in action. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJpC05V2EaE","sticky":false,"path":"/science/12317/predatory-plant-lure-of-the-cobra-lily","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The cobra lily (Darlingtonia californica) is a patient and devious predatory plant native to Northern California and Southern Oregon. Also called the California pitcher plant, it has evolved an astonishing set of adaptations that allow it to trap, kill and digest its animal prey using highly modified pitcher-shaped leaves. But what would make a plant select a diet of insect meat?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems strange to us that a plant can be carnivorous,” said Barry Rice, a botanist at the University of California, Davis Center for Plant Diversity. “We’ve gotten used to what we think of as a natural order of things, where people and animals eat plants, not the other way around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12326\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Butterfly-Valley-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12326\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Butterfly-Valley-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Butterfly Valley, located Plumas Nationa Forest, is one of the only protected cobra lily habitats. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Butterfly Valley, located Plumas Nationa Forest, is one of the only protected cobra lily habitats. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Butterfly Valley Botanical Area is a place where the tables are turned. Located in Plumas National Forest, about 150 miles northeast of Sacramento, Butterfly Valley is home to the Darlingtonia bog. More accurately described as a fen, this wetland is home to some amazing carnivorous plants. The combination of cold, slow moving water, nutrient-poor soils and bright sun provide the perfect conditions for cobra lilies to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12636\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fly-under-hood-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12636\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fly-under-hood-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"The cobra lily uses nectar to lure insects into its pitcher traps. Photo by Phi Tran.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cobra lily uses nectar to lure insects into its pitcher traps. Photo by Phi Tran.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drudging through the soggy fen recently, Rice said: “In habitats like this, where there are very few nutrients, carnivorous plants act as the top predator of the ecosystem. And they’ll eat just about anything they can lure into them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plants entice insects into their pitcher-shaped traps with an offering of sugary nectar on their long leafy fangs. Insects that land on the plants gorge on the nectar, which leads them to the cobra lillies’ downward facing openings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Ant03-cropped-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12325\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Ant03-cropped-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"The entrance to the cobra lily's pitcher trap is curled inwards making it easy for insects to enter, but difficult for them to find the exit once inside. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The entrance to the cobra lily’s pitcher trap is curled inwards making it easy for insects to enter, but difficult for them to find the exit once inside. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once inside a cobra lily, insects become confused by the light shining down through the transparent windows — called fenestrations — at the top of the chamber. Insects are drawn to light, but the false exits only serve to confuse and tire the plant’s prey. The entrance to the pitcher curls into the chamber obscuring the only way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After buzzing around within the chamber and repeatedly slamming into the fenestrations, some unlucky insects fall or crawl down into the pitcher’s descending tube. The tube is lined with tiny downward facing hairs to discourage the insects from crawling back up to safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12329\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fenistrations-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12329\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fenistrations-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Transparent windows called fenestrations confuse trapped insects. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transparent windows called fenestrations confuse trapped insects. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Exhausted, the insects eventually drown in the puddle of fluid at the bottom of the pitcher. Symbiotic midge larvae and bacteria living in the fluid, assist the cobra lily in digesting the doomed bugs. The plant then absorbs the nutrients through cells that line the inside of the pitcher tube, much the same way that roots absorb nutrients and water from the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carnivorous plants like the cobra lily still collect energy from the sun. But plants also require nutrients, and not all habitats have ideal nutrients in the soil. Carnivorous plants have evolved an alternative method of absorbing the essential nutrients. Instead of depending entirely on their roots to draw nitrogen and phosphorus up from the soil, carnivorous plants can supplement their input by absorbing the nutrients from the carcasses of their insect prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12328\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 162px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Darlingtonia-range-map-1300-162x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Darlingtonia-range-map-1300-162x162.jpg\" alt=\"The cobra lily is endemic to northern California and southern Oregon. Based on map by Noah Elhardt.\" width=\"162\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cobra lily is endemic to Northern California and Southern Oregon. Based on map by Noah Elhardt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By adopting this alternative method of nutrition, the cobra lily is able to thrive in habitats that might otherwise be hostile to plant growth. The plant’s unusual affinity for frigid water and hot sun also make it a poor choice for carnivorous plant enthusiasts hoping to keep a cobra lily at home, since the plant’s preferred habitat is extremely difficult to recreate. Cobra lilies also receive federal protection in Butterfly Valley Botanical Area, so taking one home is not permitted. Those interested in growing carnivorous plants can check out Rice’s book, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sarracenia.com/cp.html\">Growing Carnivorous Plants\u003c/a>, or make a visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacarnivores.com/\">California Carnivores\u003c/a>, a carnivorous plant shop in Sebastopol, CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While carnivorous plants seem exotic, North America is actually home to lots of predatory plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that carnivorous plants are only found in the tropics,” said Rice. “They don’t know that North America’s a hotspot for carnivorous plants. These Darlingtonia, for example, are only found in California and Oregon. The Venus flytrap is from North and South Carolina. So we have a lot of impressive carnivorous plant biodiversity in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14742\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Cobra-GIF-05-15fps.gif\" alt=\"Cobra-GIF-05-15fps\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/12317/predatory-plant-lure-of-the-cobra-lily","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_66"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_86"],"tags":["science_5196","science_5178","science_83","science_1097"],"featImg":"science_14742","label":"science_66"},"science_13030":{"type":"posts","id":"science_13030","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"13030","score":null,"sort":[1392130803000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-of-beer-tapping-the-power-of-brewers-yeast","title":"Science of Beer: Tapping the Power of Brewer's Yeast","publishDate":1392130803,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science of Beer: Tapping the Power of Brewer’s Yeast | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Beer is one of the world’s oldest beverages, dating back thousands of years to ancient Egypt and Iraq. People drank it for centuries, but never really understood the chemistry of what turned its ingredients to alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13187\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 251px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/jim-e1389919470743.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13187 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/jim-e1389919470743.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Withee\" width=\"251\" height=\"215\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Withee, Founder of GigaYeast, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When it went well, it was attributed to the beer god,” said Jim Withee, a genetic scientist and CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigayeast.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GigaYeast\u003c/a>, a Belmont company that sells yeast to brewers. “And when it went poorly, it was attributed to beer witches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secrets of successful beer don’t come from witchcraft, but from brewer’s yeast, or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Saccharomyces cerevisiae\u003c/a>: a microscopic organism that has fascinated Withee for decades. It’s integral to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fermentation\u003c/a>, the chemical process that transforms ordinary water boiled with grains into a tasty beverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You take a sweet extract from grain, and over time it’s converted into a beverage with all kinds of amazing flavors and ethanol and CO2,” said Withee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13186\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cultivateyeast.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13186 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cultivateyeast.jpg\" alt=\"Loren Gibbs works with liquid yeast at GigaYeast, Inc. Photo: Leslie David / KQED\" width=\"284\" height=\"476\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Loren Gibbs works with liquid yeast at GigaYeast, Inc. \u003cem>Photo: Leslie David / KQED\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With giant tanks looming in his Belmont facility, Withee and his staff produce large batches of liquid yeast for his customers — like Malcolm McGinnis, a co-founder and brew master for \u003ca href=\"http://www.freewheelbrewing.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Freewheel Brewery Company\u003c/a> in nearby Redwood City. (You can see him at work in the video and learn more about Freewheel in this interview at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/02/11/a-nod-to-british-beer-traditions-freewheel-brewing-company/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Bay Area Bites\u003c/a> food blog.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeast that’s sold to people that make wine and spirits and beer comes in two basic forms,” said Withee. “There’s liquid yeast and there’s dried yeast. Both of them are alive and active. Liquid yeast is exactly what you would think it is. It’s a live culture that’s grown up and concentrated into a wet slurry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dried yeast is also alive,” he added. “But it’s grown up as a liquid culture and then it’s dried in such a way that it actually is still alive even though it’s dried down, much like the baking yeast you probably use at home if you ever make bread. The water is extracted from it at a very low temperature and under very low pressure, so the yeast stay alive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13189\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/tanks3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13189\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/tanks3.jpg\" alt=\"Yeast propagation tanks \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yeast propagation tanks \u003cem>Photo: Leslie David / KQED\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While dry yeast is more convenient for brewers because it’s less perishable if kept in cool, stable temperatures, liquid yeast is prized for its diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13188\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/liquidyeast.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/liquidyeast.jpg\" alt=\"Liquid yeast\" width=\"242\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liquid yeast Photo: \u003cem>Leslie David / KQED\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Not all yeast are available in dried form, not even close,” Withee said. “It takes a significant amount of work to convert a yeast strain into a strain that can be dried down and maintain viability and all the properties that you want to go with it. So we’re still at a stage where there’s just a fraction of the available yeast available as dried yeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And brewer’s yeast, perhaps the world’s oldest domesticated organism, has numerous strains as humans have been capturing and propagating it for different purposes for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has led to an amazing diversity, much like you can think about dogs or agricultural animals like horses or cattle,” said Withee. “Each strain of yeast was selected where it was isolated to perform a particular function. So yeast used to make bread in different parts of the world was selected over generation and generation to make the kind of bread those people favored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13335\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/filming-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13335 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/filming-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"KQED Science Producer Jenny Oh with Multimedia Producer Josh Cassidy filming Steven Smith of GigaYeast, Inc. Photo: Leslie David / KQED\" width=\"414\" height=\"209\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED Science Producer Jenny Oh with Multimedia Producer Josh Cassidy filming Steven Smith of GigaYeast, Inc. \u003cem>Photo: Leslie David / KQED\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And the same with beer. Depending on the whether there was wheat available or different kinds of barley or whatever they were fermenting, brewers were selecting for the beer they liked and selecting for the yeast that they wanted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today there are more than 300 different types of yeast that are used in industry and in brewing, making wines and spirits and in biofuels. With this wide variety of yeast strains, a vast range of flavors can be produced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeast is a crucial ingredient for beer production, but it’s also been important to the development of important scientific discoveries over time. French scientist \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Louis Pasteur\u003c/a> formulated his theories about germs through his studies of beer and wine, and the process of sanitizing solutions by boiling them, or “pasteurization,” now bears his name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13286\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Beer_Vertical1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13286 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Beer_Vertical1.jpg\" alt=\"Freewheel Brewery’s Ordinary Bitter\" width=\"269\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Freewheel Brewery’s Ordinary Bitter. \u003cem>Image: Jenny Oh / KQED\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Given the strong connection between beer brewing and science, it’s no surprise that other scientists have become smitten with this occupation. When Withee was fresh out of grad school with a doctorate in yeast genetics, he assisted with the development of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yeastgenome.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Saccharomyces Genome Database\u003c/a> at Stanford University. In addition to being used by bakers and brewers, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Saccharomyces cerevisiae\u003c/a> also serves as an important model organism for microbiology research and was the first \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eukaryotic organism\u003c/a> (an organism with a nucleus) to be sequenced. Withee then embarked on his postdoctoral research that focused on the development of the nervous system, which was followed by a position for the federal government designing risk models for food-borne illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a chance meeting with a craft brewer while on vacation — who was searching for high-quality, commercial grade yeast — inspired him to apply his science background away from public health sector and found GigaYeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s Withee’s favorite beer? He gets this question a lot, and he replies with a big laugh, “The first one of the day.” But he adds, “I love the beer of the style that’s made perfectly. I love Belgians, I love the British ales, German ales, German lagers, American craft beer. I love the one that’s made correctly.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Whether it’s a lager or ale, sour or bitter, dark or light, most beer has one thing in common: yeast. KQED Science visits a commercial yeast laboratory and a local brewery to reveal how this key ingredient is a major player in both science history and beer production. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934213,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1014},"headData":{"title":"Science of Beer: Tapping the Power of Brewer's Yeast | KQED","description":"Whether it’s a lager or ale, sour or bitter, dark or light, most beer has one thing in common: yeast. KQED Science visits a commercial yeast laboratory and a local brewery to reveal how this key ingredient is a major player in both science history and beer production. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVtqwWGguFk","sticky":false,"path":"/science/13030/science-of-beer-tapping-the-power-of-brewers-yeast","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beer is one of the world’s oldest beverages, dating back thousands of years to ancient Egypt and Iraq. People drank it for centuries, but never really understood the chemistry of what turned its ingredients to alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13187\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 251px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/jim-e1389919470743.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13187 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/jim-e1389919470743.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Withee\" width=\"251\" height=\"215\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Withee, Founder of GigaYeast, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When it went well, it was attributed to the beer god,” said Jim Withee, a genetic scientist and CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigayeast.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GigaYeast\u003c/a>, a Belmont company that sells yeast to brewers. “And when it went poorly, it was attributed to beer witches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secrets of successful beer don’t come from witchcraft, but from brewer’s yeast, or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Saccharomyces cerevisiae\u003c/a>: a microscopic organism that has fascinated Withee for decades. It’s integral to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fermentation\u003c/a>, the chemical process that transforms ordinary water boiled with grains into a tasty beverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You take a sweet extract from grain, and over time it’s converted into a beverage with all kinds of amazing flavors and ethanol and CO2,” said Withee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13186\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cultivateyeast.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13186 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cultivateyeast.jpg\" alt=\"Loren Gibbs works with liquid yeast at GigaYeast, Inc. Photo: Leslie David / KQED\" width=\"284\" height=\"476\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Loren Gibbs works with liquid yeast at GigaYeast, Inc. \u003cem>Photo: Leslie David / KQED\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With giant tanks looming in his Belmont facility, Withee and his staff produce large batches of liquid yeast for his customers — like Malcolm McGinnis, a co-founder and brew master for \u003ca href=\"http://www.freewheelbrewing.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Freewheel Brewery Company\u003c/a> in nearby Redwood City. (You can see him at work in the video and learn more about Freewheel in this interview at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/02/11/a-nod-to-british-beer-traditions-freewheel-brewing-company/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Bay Area Bites\u003c/a> food blog.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeast that’s sold to people that make wine and spirits and beer comes in two basic forms,” said Withee. “There’s liquid yeast and there’s dried yeast. Both of them are alive and active. Liquid yeast is exactly what you would think it is. It’s a live culture that’s grown up and concentrated into a wet slurry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dried yeast is also alive,” he added. “But it’s grown up as a liquid culture and then it’s dried in such a way that it actually is still alive even though it’s dried down, much like the baking yeast you probably use at home if you ever make bread. The water is extracted from it at a very low temperature and under very low pressure, so the yeast stay alive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13189\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/tanks3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13189\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/tanks3.jpg\" alt=\"Yeast propagation tanks \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yeast propagation tanks \u003cem>Photo: Leslie David / KQED\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While dry yeast is more convenient for brewers because it’s less perishable if kept in cool, stable temperatures, liquid yeast is prized for its diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13188\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/liquidyeast.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/liquidyeast.jpg\" alt=\"Liquid yeast\" width=\"242\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liquid yeast Photo: \u003cem>Leslie David / KQED\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Not all yeast are available in dried form, not even close,” Withee said. “It takes a significant amount of work to convert a yeast strain into a strain that can be dried down and maintain viability and all the properties that you want to go with it. So we’re still at a stage where there’s just a fraction of the available yeast available as dried yeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And brewer’s yeast, perhaps the world’s oldest domesticated organism, has numerous strains as humans have been capturing and propagating it for different purposes for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has led to an amazing diversity, much like you can think about dogs or agricultural animals like horses or cattle,” said Withee. “Each strain of yeast was selected where it was isolated to perform a particular function. So yeast used to make bread in different parts of the world was selected over generation and generation to make the kind of bread those people favored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13335\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/filming-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13335 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/filming-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"KQED Science Producer Jenny Oh with Multimedia Producer Josh Cassidy filming Steven Smith of GigaYeast, Inc. Photo: Leslie David / KQED\" width=\"414\" height=\"209\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED Science Producer Jenny Oh with Multimedia Producer Josh Cassidy filming Steven Smith of GigaYeast, Inc. \u003cem>Photo: Leslie David / KQED\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And the same with beer. Depending on the whether there was wheat available or different kinds of barley or whatever they were fermenting, brewers were selecting for the beer they liked and selecting for the yeast that they wanted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today there are more than 300 different types of yeast that are used in industry and in brewing, making wines and spirits and in biofuels. With this wide variety of yeast strains, a vast range of flavors can be produced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeast is a crucial ingredient for beer production, but it’s also been important to the development of important scientific discoveries over time. French scientist \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Louis Pasteur\u003c/a> formulated his theories about germs through his studies of beer and wine, and the process of sanitizing solutions by boiling them, or “pasteurization,” now bears his name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13286\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Beer_Vertical1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13286 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Beer_Vertical1.jpg\" alt=\"Freewheel Brewery’s Ordinary Bitter\" width=\"269\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Freewheel Brewery’s Ordinary Bitter. \u003cem>Image: Jenny Oh / KQED\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Given the strong connection between beer brewing and science, it’s no surprise that other scientists have become smitten with this occupation. When Withee was fresh out of grad school with a doctorate in yeast genetics, he assisted with the development of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yeastgenome.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Saccharomyces Genome Database\u003c/a> at Stanford University. In addition to being used by bakers and brewers, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Saccharomyces cerevisiae\u003c/a> also serves as an important model organism for microbiology research and was the first \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eukaryotic organism\u003c/a> (an organism with a nucleus) to be sequenced. Withee then embarked on his postdoctoral research that focused on the development of the nervous system, which was followed by a position for the federal government designing risk models for food-borne illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a chance meeting with a craft brewer while on vacation — who was searching for high-quality, commercial grade yeast — inspired him to apply his science background away from public health sector and found GigaYeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s Withee’s favorite beer? He gets this question a lot, and he replies with a big laugh, “The first one of the day.” But he adds, “I love the beer of the style that’s made perfectly. I love Belgians, I love the British ales, German ales, German lagers, American craft beer. I love the one that’s made correctly.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/13030/science-of-beer-tapping-the-power-of-brewers-yeast","authors":["2100"],"series":["science_66"],"categories":["science_29","science_36","science_86"],"tags":["science_64","science_309"],"featImg":"science_14122","label":"science"},"science_11233":{"type":"posts","id":"science_11233","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"11233","score":null,"sort":[1386095181000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"200-geeks-24-hours-science-hack-day-san-francisco","title":"200 Geeks, 24 Hours: Science Hack Day in San Francisco","publishDate":1386095181,"format":"video","headTitle":"200 Geeks, 24 Hours: Science Hack Day in San Francisco | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":66,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>What happens when you fill up a giant space with more than 200 eager science fans from around the Bay Area for a weekend? You get \u003ca href=\"http://sf.sciencehackday.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Hack Day San Francisco\u003c/a>, a two-day event where a diverse group of hackers — from developers and designers to scientists and students — works side-by-side to see what they can quickly create within 24 consecutive hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, a hack is a modification of something for a purpose that wasn’t originally intended for. So this can be used for something good or something bad,” said Ariel Waldman, the organizer or “global instigator” of \u003ca href=\"http://sciencehackday.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Hack Day\u003c/a>, at the most recent event held this past September. Science Hack Day isn’t an official organization or company, but they do help coordinate a loose grassroots network of people who are interested in experimenting with science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11263\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/badges.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/badges.jpg\" alt=\"Science Hack Day SF brings together a diverse group of science fans. Credit: Jenny Oh\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Science Hack Day SF brings together a diverse group of science fans. Credit: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And so hacks are really just clever ideas for how to modify things,” she said. “We mostly use it to create amazing things no one would have thought of. And other people use it to do bad things like hack computers and get people’s personal information. But here, we’re just all too excited to do any of the bad stuff,” she laughed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Ariel’s a designer by trade, she invests a lot of her time into \u003ca href=\"http://arielwaldman.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">science-related projects\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just really like the idea about playing with science and playing with different things. And so to me, Science Hack Day is all just about getting excited and trying to prototype stuff as much as you can. It’s really not about having any specific skill set.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11265\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/jeremy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11265\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/jeremy.jpg\" alt=\"Computer scientist Tantek Çelik (left) and web developer Jeremy Keith at this year's Hack Day San Francisco. Credit: Jenny Oh\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Computer scientist Tantek Çelik (left) and web developer Jeremy Keith at this year’s Hack Day San Francisco. Credit: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Science Hack Day sparked to life at an “Open Science” panel at the \u003ca href=\"http://sxsw.com/\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SXSW media festival\u003c/a> several years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really frustrated about the fact that there is actually a lot of the open science stuff out there, but no one was really doing anything interesting with it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Science Hack Day, founded by Jeremy Keith, happened in London in June 2010. A few months later, Waldman created the first one in San Francisco. Since then, it’s expanded all over the world, with Science Hack Days in New York City, Boston, Mexico City, Nairobi, Dublin and 20 other cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s Science Hack Day took place at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, which donated ample space and staff time to help run the event for the large number of attendees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We came from very humble beginnings and started in 2010 just with 75 or 100 people in office spaces,” she said. “The coolest thing is that we got to spend the night in the aquarium and in different areas of the museum.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>The mission of Science Hack Day is to get excited and make things with science.\u003c/em> –– Ariel Waldman\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Organizing an event at a museum that includes providing rooms and resources for hacking, along with meals and sleeping accommodations, posed plenty of challenges, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The event was free to attend. It was staffed by volunteers and expenses were paid by mix of grants, corporate sponsorship and in-kind donations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery ids=\"11437,11438,11436,11443,11439,11440\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the recent San Francisco event, even though they were a little bleary-eyed from sleep deprivation, hackers enthusiastically showcased their innovations to their fellow attendees. They had only 2 minutes and 30 seconds to present their projects. Several judges watched the demonstrations to determine various awards, such as “Best Use of Data,” “Best Design,” “Best Hardware” and “Best in Show.” The “People’s Choice Award” is voted upon by participants and is “arguably the best award to get,” Waldman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11441\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_6561.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11441\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_6561.jpg\" alt=\"For Science! Credit: Jenny Oh\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For Science! Credit: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Organizers also created new categories of prizes because they had extra medals. One project, “Darwin, the Poet,” earned a local 11-year-old student, Quinn Muller, the “Best Young Scientist” award. And Kira Hammond’s team, which developed a cheap, portable planetarium called “Personal Planetarium,” won the “Judges Would Like to Own Award.” (Visit the wiki to see the full list of winners and \u003ca href=\"http://sciencehackday.pbworks.com/w/page/69019453/sfhacks2013#hack_0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hacks shown at the event.)\u003c/a> Individuals received medals emblazoned with “Science” on the front and engraved with “Science Hack Day” on the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People really actually enjoy this,” Waldman said. “It’s great because it’s not so much about who’s winning and that someone beat all the rest. It’s about having fun, and so we try and award as many medals as we can. It’s just amazing to see everyone smiling at the end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dijUnpR2SLE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waldman said the most gratifying aspect for her has been to see the events’ growth and evolution since Science Hack Day’s inception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll be the most successful when Science Hack Days start popping up around the world and I don’t even hear about them because people feel like they can just run with it and be empowered and do it,” she said, “that no one owns it and that it’s up to them to sort of carry it out into the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"alignright\">\u003csub>\u003cem>Here’s the promotional video for \u003ca href=\"http://gleitzman.com:1338/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Symphony of Satellites\u003c/a>, which won this year’s “People’s Choice Award.”\u003c/em>\u003c/sub>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What happens when you fill up a giant space with over 200 eager science fans from around the Bay Area for a weekend? You get Science Hack Day San Francisco, a two-day event where a diverse group of \"hackers\" -- from developers and designers to scientists and students -- works side-by-side to see what they can quickly create within 24 consecutive hours.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934597,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":986},"headData":{"title":"200 Geeks, 24 Hours: Science Hack Day in San Francisco | KQED","description":"What happens when you fill up a giant space with over 200 eager science fans from around the Bay Area for a weekend? You get Science Hack Day San Francisco, a two-day event where a diverse group of "hackers" -- from developers and designers to scientists and students -- works side-by-side to see what they can quickly create within 24 consecutive hours.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dzb_QCYxi3I","sticky":false,"path":"/science/11233/200-geeks-24-hours-science-hack-day-san-francisco","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What happens when you fill up a giant space with more than 200 eager science fans from around the Bay Area for a weekend? You get \u003ca href=\"http://sf.sciencehackday.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Hack Day San Francisco\u003c/a>, a two-day event where a diverse group of hackers — from developers and designers to scientists and students — works side-by-side to see what they can quickly create within 24 consecutive hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, a hack is a modification of something for a purpose that wasn’t originally intended for. So this can be used for something good or something bad,” said Ariel Waldman, the organizer or “global instigator” of \u003ca href=\"http://sciencehackday.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Hack Day\u003c/a>, at the most recent event held this past September. Science Hack Day isn’t an official organization or company, but they do help coordinate a loose grassroots network of people who are interested in experimenting with science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11263\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/badges.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/badges.jpg\" alt=\"Science Hack Day SF brings together a diverse group of science fans. Credit: Jenny Oh\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Science Hack Day SF brings together a diverse group of science fans. Credit: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And so hacks are really just clever ideas for how to modify things,” she said. “We mostly use it to create amazing things no one would have thought of. And other people use it to do bad things like hack computers and get people’s personal information. But here, we’re just all too excited to do any of the bad stuff,” she laughed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Ariel’s a designer by trade, she invests a lot of her time into \u003ca href=\"http://arielwaldman.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">science-related projects\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just really like the idea about playing with science and playing with different things. And so to me, Science Hack Day is all just about getting excited and trying to prototype stuff as much as you can. It’s really not about having any specific skill set.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11265\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/jeremy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11265\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/jeremy.jpg\" alt=\"Computer scientist Tantek Çelik (left) and web developer Jeremy Keith at this year's Hack Day San Francisco. Credit: Jenny Oh\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Computer scientist Tantek Çelik (left) and web developer Jeremy Keith at this year’s Hack Day San Francisco. Credit: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Science Hack Day sparked to life at an “Open Science” panel at the \u003ca href=\"http://sxsw.com/\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SXSW media festival\u003c/a> several years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really frustrated about the fact that there is actually a lot of the open science stuff out there, but no one was really doing anything interesting with it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Science Hack Day, founded by Jeremy Keith, happened in London in June 2010. A few months later, Waldman created the first one in San Francisco. Since then, it’s expanded all over the world, with Science Hack Days in New York City, Boston, Mexico City, Nairobi, Dublin and 20 other cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s Science Hack Day took place at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, which donated ample space and staff time to help run the event for the large number of attendees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We came from very humble beginnings and started in 2010 just with 75 or 100 people in office spaces,” she said. “The coolest thing is that we got to spend the night in the aquarium and in different areas of the museum.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>The mission of Science Hack Day is to get excited and make things with science.\u003c/em> –– Ariel Waldman\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Organizing an event at a museum that includes providing rooms and resources for hacking, along with meals and sleeping accommodations, posed plenty of challenges, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The event was free to attend. It was staffed by volunteers and expenses were paid by mix of grants, corporate sponsorship and in-kind donations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"ids":"11437,11438,11436,11443,11439,11440","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the recent San Francisco event, even though they were a little bleary-eyed from sleep deprivation, hackers enthusiastically showcased their innovations to their fellow attendees. They had only 2 minutes and 30 seconds to present their projects. Several judges watched the demonstrations to determine various awards, such as “Best Use of Data,” “Best Design,” “Best Hardware” and “Best in Show.” The “People’s Choice Award” is voted upon by participants and is “arguably the best award to get,” Waldman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11441\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_6561.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11441\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_6561.jpg\" alt=\"For Science! Credit: Jenny Oh\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For Science! Credit: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Organizers also created new categories of prizes because they had extra medals. One project, “Darwin, the Poet,” earned a local 11-year-old student, Quinn Muller, the “Best Young Scientist” award. And Kira Hammond’s team, which developed a cheap, portable planetarium called “Personal Planetarium,” won the “Judges Would Like to Own Award.” (Visit the wiki to see the full list of winners and \u003ca href=\"http://sciencehackday.pbworks.com/w/page/69019453/sfhacks2013#hack_0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hacks shown at the event.)\u003c/a> Individuals received medals emblazoned with “Science” on the front and engraved with “Science Hack Day” on the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People really actually enjoy this,” Waldman said. “It’s great because it’s not so much about who’s winning and that someone beat all the rest. It’s about having fun, and so we try and award as many medals as we can. It’s just amazing to see everyone smiling at the end.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/dijUnpR2SLE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/dijUnpR2SLE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Waldman said the most gratifying aspect for her has been to see the events’ growth and evolution since Science Hack Day’s inception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll be the most successful when Science Hack Days start popping up around the world and I don’t even hear about them because people feel like they can just run with it and be empowered and do it,” she said, “that no one owns it and that it’s up to them to sort of carry it out into the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"alignright\">\u003csub>\u003cem>Here’s the promotional video for \u003ca href=\"http://gleitzman.com:1338/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Symphony of Satellites\u003c/a>, which won this year’s “People’s Choice Award.”\u003c/em>\u003c/sub>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/11233/200-geeks-24-hours-science-hack-day-san-francisco","authors":["2100"],"series":["science_66"],"categories":["science_89","science_86"],"tags":["science_986","science_460","science_64","science_309"],"featImg":"science_11289","label":"science_66"},"science_10241":{"type":"posts","id":"science_10241","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"10241","score":null,"sort":[1383235217000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"zombees-flight-of-the-living-dead","title":"ZomBees: Flight of the Living Dead","publishDate":1383235217,"format":"video","headTitle":"ZomBees: Flight of the Living Dead | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":66,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Professor John Hafernik of San Francisco State University doesn’t leave home without an empty vial in his pocket. Entomology isn’t just a job; it’s a way of life, and Hafernik never knows when he’ll come across an interesting specimen during his daily travels. It was this personal habit that led to his accidental discovery that Bay Area bees were falling victim to an insidious insect, a parasitic fly that would come to be known as the “Zombie fly”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Phorid-on-bee-1Christopher-Quock640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Phorid-on-bee-1Christopher-Quock640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"A female Phorid fly injects her eggs between the armored plates on a honeybee's abdomen. Christopher Quock/SFSU\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female Phorid fly injects her eggs between the armored plates on a honeybee’s abdomen. Christopher Quock/SFSU\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the school’s entomology museum, Hafernik lifts up a vial full of dead bees surrounded by tiny brown pupae. “This is the stuff of horror movies,” he said, “with maggots eating the insides out of these bees. Altering their behavior, perhaps, and causing their ultimate destruction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made this discovery entirely by accident, walking into the biology building on the San Francisco State campus one morning. I noticed that there were honey bees in front of the building that were on the ground, behaving strangely, walking around in circles.” Hafernik scooped up a few of the honeybees to feed a praying mantis that he was keeping in his office as a pet. “I put them on my desk and forgot about them. When I came back in a week or so and looked at it, that vial was filled with just a large number of these little brown fly pupae. And that’s when I knew that those bees were parasitized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/A.-borealis-female-Jessica-Van-Den-Berg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/A.-borealis-female-Jessica-Van-Den-Berg.jpg\" alt=\"A female Zombie fly (A. borealis). Photo by Jessica Andrieux/SFSU\" width=\"295\" height=\"324\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female Zombie fly (A. borealis). Photo by Jessica Andrieux/SFSU\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Originally described in the boreal forests of Maine, this Phorid fly, \u003cem>Apocephalon borealis\u003c/em>, is distributed over virtually all of the United States and Canada. “It’s a very small fly, smaller than a fruit fly. It’s the kind of fly that most people would not notice, even entomologists often don’t notice these flies,” said Hafernik. But despite their diminutive size, \u003cem>A. borealis\u003c/em> can have a catastrophic effect on the host organisms that they parasitize. The female fly is equipped with a specialized ova-depositor, a needle-like stinger that she uses to inject her eggs into the abdomen of a hapless insect host. The eggs hatch and the juvenile larvae, or maggots, feed on their living host from the inside. At some point, the host insect dies and the larvae escape their host’s carcass, often through a weak spot in the neck, emerging like the monster in the movie “Alien.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Bees that fly away at night basically are on a flight of the living dead. They’re not coming back.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While this fly has traditionally made use of native bumblebees and paper wasps as hosts, it has begun making use of the European honeybee — a foreign species brought to California by ship. “My graduate students and I, Andy Core and Jonathan Ivers, have been sampling honey bee colonies in collaboration with bee keepers around the San Francisco Bay Area. And what we’ve found is that almost 80 percent of the hives that we’ve worked with are infected or have been infected by this fly. So it’s a very common phenomenon in this part of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bees that are parasitized essentially get bee insomnia. They leave their hives at night, which is a really bad time for honey bees to be leaving their hives. Bees that fly away at night basically are on a flight of the living dead. They’re not coming back,” said Hafernik. While on their nocturnal outings, parasitized honeybees also seem to be compelled to seek out light sources. This behavior differentiates them from healthy bees who do not typically show interest in lights at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-RF-chips-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-RF-chips-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"SFSU graduate student Chris Quock outfits captive honeybees with tiny radio frequency chips that allow him to monitor the nocturnal behavior of bees infected by the A. borealis parasite. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED \" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SFSU graduate student Chris Quock outfits captive honeybees with tiny radio frequency chips that allow him to monitor the nocturnal behavior of bees infected by the A. borealis parasite. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In order to begin the pursuit of a future cure or treatment for the parasite infection, researchers must first determine what is happening to the honeybees. While SFSU graduate students like Chris Quock study the day and nighttime behavior of infected bees, Hafernik has set up a citizen scientist project in order to analyze the locations where \u003cem>A. borealis\u003c/em> has switched to parasitizing honeybees. \u003ca href=\"https://www.zombeewatch.org/\">ZomBee Watch\u003c/a> provides instructions of finding, collecting and identifying parasitized honeybees using a nighttime light trap. Participants can then upload their findings to the ZomBee Watch website, where Hafernik is able to map the phenomenon and look for trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10413\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-bee-in-vial-CU-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10413\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-bee-in-vial-CU-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Professor John Hafernik of SFSU inspects a honeybee that may have been parasitized by A. borealis. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor John Hafernik of SFSU inspects a honeybee that may have been parasitized by A. borealis. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plight of honeybees is of particular importance to humans. “If we lost the bees, we’d end up having to change our diet, because we rely on honey bees for pollinating many of the crops that we put on our table.” Hafernik added, “Most of the fruits and vegetables that we eat are bee pollinated. Bees really are our best friends.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Something strange and unsettling is happening to Bay Area honeybees. Entomologists at San Francisco State University have identified the culprit: a tiny parasitic fly is causing the bees to exhibit bizarre nocturnal behaviors before suffering a gruesome demise. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934781,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":895},"headData":{"title":"ZomBees: Flight of the Living Dead | KQED","description":"Something strange and unsettling is happening to Bay Area honeybees. Entomologists at San Francisco State University have identified the culprit: a tiny parasitic fly is causing the bees to exhibit bizarre nocturnal behaviors before suffering a gruesome demise. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdZ3M8C6yhs","sticky":false,"path":"/science/10241/zombees-flight-of-the-living-dead","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Professor John Hafernik of San Francisco State University doesn’t leave home without an empty vial in his pocket. Entomology isn’t just a job; it’s a way of life, and Hafernik never knows when he’ll come across an interesting specimen during his daily travels. It was this personal habit that led to his accidental discovery that Bay Area bees were falling victim to an insidious insect, a parasitic fly that would come to be known as the “Zombie fly”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Phorid-on-bee-1Christopher-Quock640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Phorid-on-bee-1Christopher-Quock640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"A female Phorid fly injects her eggs between the armored plates on a honeybee's abdomen. Christopher Quock/SFSU\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female Phorid fly injects her eggs between the armored plates on a honeybee’s abdomen. Christopher Quock/SFSU\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the school’s entomology museum, Hafernik lifts up a vial full of dead bees surrounded by tiny brown pupae. “This is the stuff of horror movies,” he said, “with maggots eating the insides out of these bees. Altering their behavior, perhaps, and causing their ultimate destruction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made this discovery entirely by accident, walking into the biology building on the San Francisco State campus one morning. I noticed that there were honey bees in front of the building that were on the ground, behaving strangely, walking around in circles.” Hafernik scooped up a few of the honeybees to feed a praying mantis that he was keeping in his office as a pet. “I put them on my desk and forgot about them. When I came back in a week or so and looked at it, that vial was filled with just a large number of these little brown fly pupae. And that’s when I knew that those bees were parasitized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/A.-borealis-female-Jessica-Van-Den-Berg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/A.-borealis-female-Jessica-Van-Den-Berg.jpg\" alt=\"A female Zombie fly (A. borealis). Photo by Jessica Andrieux/SFSU\" width=\"295\" height=\"324\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female Zombie fly (A. borealis). Photo by Jessica Andrieux/SFSU\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Originally described in the boreal forests of Maine, this Phorid fly, \u003cem>Apocephalon borealis\u003c/em>, is distributed over virtually all of the United States and Canada. “It’s a very small fly, smaller than a fruit fly. It’s the kind of fly that most people would not notice, even entomologists often don’t notice these flies,” said Hafernik. But despite their diminutive size, \u003cem>A. borealis\u003c/em> can have a catastrophic effect on the host organisms that they parasitize. The female fly is equipped with a specialized ova-depositor, a needle-like stinger that she uses to inject her eggs into the abdomen of a hapless insect host. The eggs hatch and the juvenile larvae, or maggots, feed on their living host from the inside. At some point, the host insect dies and the larvae escape their host’s carcass, often through a weak spot in the neck, emerging like the monster in the movie “Alien.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Bees that fly away at night basically are on a flight of the living dead. They’re not coming back.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While this fly has traditionally made use of native bumblebees and paper wasps as hosts, it has begun making use of the European honeybee — a foreign species brought to California by ship. “My graduate students and I, Andy Core and Jonathan Ivers, have been sampling honey bee colonies in collaboration with bee keepers around the San Francisco Bay Area. And what we’ve found is that almost 80 percent of the hives that we’ve worked with are infected or have been infected by this fly. So it’s a very common phenomenon in this part of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bees that are parasitized essentially get bee insomnia. They leave their hives at night, which is a really bad time for honey bees to be leaving their hives. Bees that fly away at night basically are on a flight of the living dead. They’re not coming back,” said Hafernik. While on their nocturnal outings, parasitized honeybees also seem to be compelled to seek out light sources. This behavior differentiates them from healthy bees who do not typically show interest in lights at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-RF-chips-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-RF-chips-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"SFSU graduate student Chris Quock outfits captive honeybees with tiny radio frequency chips that allow him to monitor the nocturnal behavior of bees infected by the A. borealis parasite. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED \" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SFSU graduate student Chris Quock outfits captive honeybees with tiny radio frequency chips that allow him to monitor the nocturnal behavior of bees infected by the A. borealis parasite. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In order to begin the pursuit of a future cure or treatment for the parasite infection, researchers must first determine what is happening to the honeybees. While SFSU graduate students like Chris Quock study the day and nighttime behavior of infected bees, Hafernik has set up a citizen scientist project in order to analyze the locations where \u003cem>A. borealis\u003c/em> has switched to parasitizing honeybees. \u003ca href=\"https://www.zombeewatch.org/\">ZomBee Watch\u003c/a> provides instructions of finding, collecting and identifying parasitized honeybees using a nighttime light trap. Participants can then upload their findings to the ZomBee Watch website, where Hafernik is able to map the phenomenon and look for trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10413\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-bee-in-vial-CU-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10413\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-bee-in-vial-CU-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Professor John Hafernik of SFSU inspects a honeybee that may have been parasitized by A. borealis. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor John Hafernik of SFSU inspects a honeybee that may have been parasitized by A. borealis. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plight of honeybees is of particular importance to humans. “If we lost the bees, we’d end up having to change our diet, because we rely on honey bees for pollinating many of the crops that we put on our table.” Hafernik added, “Most of the fruits and vegetables that we eat are bee pollinated. Bees really are our best friends.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/10241/zombees-flight-of-the-living-dead","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_66"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_86"],"tags":["science_896","science_5196","science_664","science_64"],"featImg":"science_10415","label":"science_66"},"science_8537":{"type":"posts","id":"science_8537","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"8537","score":null,"sort":[1379102436000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-chasing-pumas","title":"Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas","publishDate":1379102436,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":66,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Call them pumas, mountain lions, cougars, panthers, or any other of their various monikers; the sight of one of these full-grown cats staring down at you from a nearby tree is undeniably exhilarating. As ambush predators, pumas are professional hiders, and even regular visitors to puma habitat will likely go their entire lives without ever catching sight of North America’s largest cat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8590\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 180px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Houghtaling_7f-180x320.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Houghtaling_7f-180x320.jpg\" alt=\"GPS tracking collars shed light into the mysterious lifestyles of this apex predator. Photo by Paul Houghtailing, Santa Cruz Puma Project.\" width=\"180\" height=\"320\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8590\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GPS tracking collars shed light into the mysterious lifestyles of this apex predator. Photo by Paul Houghtailing, Santa Cruz Puma Project. \u003cem>Click on image to see a larger size.\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a beautiful summer day, we had the opportunity to follow Field Biologist Paul Houghtaling of the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a> (SCPP) as he searched the rough back roads of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinglandscapeinitiative.org/news/CEMEX-Redwoods.php\">CEMEX Redwoods Property\u003c/a> in Davenport, CA. Lead by Chris Wilmers, an Associate Professor of Environmental Studies at University of California Santa Cruz, the team has gained renown for their work tracking the big cats in the Santa Cruz Mountains, as well as some \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/16/the-downtown-puma-39m/\">high profile captures\u003c/a> of pumas that ventured too close to human habitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an apex predator in our Northern California region, mountain lions have huge home ranges. While mother pumas will remain in one area to raise their kittens, pumas generally patrol their territories without making use of any den or other home base. Paul informed us that female mountain lions tend to set their ranges depending on prey availability, which in the Santa Cruz Mountains tends to be deer. Adult males create their home ranges to include female mountain lions and exclude other males. The remaining young male pumas are forced to disperse and seek new territories, and it is often these individuals that get into trouble with humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8613\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Mark-and-paul-antennae-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Mark-and-paul-antennae-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Houghtaling and Pilot Mark Dedon secure radio antennas used to upload GPS and accelerometer data from the collared pumas. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8613\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Houghtaling and Pilot Mark Dedon secure radio antennas used to upload GPS and accelerometer data from the collared pumas. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED. \u003cem>Click on image to see a larger size.\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we made our way through the redwoods, Paul occasionally slowed and peered out through the side window of the truck, surveying the dust that accumulates in the inside of the curves of the dirt roads. Traveling pumas rarely obey traffic rules, and tend to cut corners when walking along roads. Paul searched there for footprints and other telltale mountain lion signs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team employs several other techniques to determine if lions are in the area. This includes laying out road-killed deer with GPS tags in areas thought to be big cat territory. If a hungry lion moves the deer, the GPS tag sends an email to the team, who then head out to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">After a few hours of searching, Dan’s voice finally crackled over the radio. His dogs had tracked and treed an adult puma.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Once pumas reach adulthood, they live solitary lives, but still need to communicate with each other. One of the main ways they do so is by making ‘scrapes.’ Pumas, particularly adult males, will dig small holes and then urinate on the pile of loose soil created by the digging. Other pumas that frequent the area can interpret the chemical signal to gather information about the cat’s identity and reproductive status based on the signature proteins left behind. Pumas tend to make scrapes in the same areas over time, making it easier for other pumas (and intrepid field biologists) to find learn about which lions are in the area. The research team sets up camera traps in these areas in order to document which cats are have taken up residence in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7icpaPB_Xbw&w=640&h=360\u003cbr>\nDan Tichenor, from California Houndsmen for Conservation and his best dog, Osage, a Plott Hound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul had memorized the location of several scrapes in the area, and part of his normal search routine is to stop by these areas and look for fresh activity. As he searched, he would regularly make attempts to hail Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiahoundsmen.com/\">California Houndsmen for Conservation\u003c/a>, by radio. Dan had been on the property since before dawn with his pack of specially-bred and -trained hunting dogs. In this mountainous terrain, the radios were unreliable at best, and cell phones were of no use. After a few hours of searching, Dan’s voice finally crackled over the radio. His dogs had tracked and treed an adult puma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Kitten-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Kitten-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"In June of 2013, puma 38F gave birth to a litter of three kittens. Photo by Paul Houghtaling/Santa Cruz Puma Project \" width=\"288\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8797\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In June of 2013, puma 38F gave birth to a litter of three kittens. Photo by Paul Houghtaling/Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We hightailed it to Dan’s location, where Paul was able to capture the puma using a tranquilizer dart fired from a rifle. From the ground, the puma resembled a male lion that had been seen in the area, but when the team got the cat on the ground, it was obvious that this cat, dubbed 38F, was a female. Months later, Paul found 38F again, but this time she was not alone. She had given birth to three healthy kittens. The Santa Cruz Puma Project aims to track these kittens’ location and behavior for their entire lives to learn more about how they use their habitat and how their behavior changes when they come close to human dwellings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lion populations had declined substantially in the California before they were protected from in the 1970’s. Before that time, hunters were offered a bounty for each puma killed. Since hunting pumas was outlawed, their population has rebounded. Today, they face a new problem. Humans have developed large areas of the Santa Cruz Mountains, building homes, farms and roads in the historical puma habitat. This has lead to an increase in conflicts between humans and the big cats, with pumas often finding themselves on the losing end. Today, the biggest threats to pumas include car strikes, and are targeted by citizens who seek depredation licenses to rid their property of pumas deemed problematic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new bill, signed into law last week by Governor Jerry Brown will have a substantial effect on California pumas. The bill, SB132 proposed by State Senator Jerry Hill (D.) requires that nonlethal procedures be used to remove any mountain lion that has not been “designated as an imminent threat to public health and safety.” It also authorizes the California Department of Fish and Game to partner with other groups, such as the Santa Cruz Puma Project, to carry out the non-lethal removal of pumas that find themselves too close to humans. With luck, this new bill will make it easier for humans and mountain lions to coexist as their territories continue to overlap.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Join a research team from University of California, Santa Cruz as they track, tranquilize and collar a wild puma. The special GPS collars collect data on the puma’s location and behavior, and they reveal how the big cats survive in their shrinking habitat in the Bay Area.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935056,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":1114},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas | KQED","description":"Join a research team from University of California, Santa Cruz as they track, tranquilize and collar a wild puma. The special GPS collars collect data on the puma’s location and behavior, and they reveal how the big cats survive in their shrinking habitat in the Bay Area.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQyh13LOmnM","sticky":false,"path":"/science/8537/science-on-the-spot-chasing-pumas","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Call them pumas, mountain lions, cougars, panthers, or any other of their various monikers; the sight of one of these full-grown cats staring down at you from a nearby tree is undeniably exhilarating. As ambush predators, pumas are professional hiders, and even regular visitors to puma habitat will likely go their entire lives without ever catching sight of North America’s largest cat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8590\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 180px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Houghtaling_7f-180x320.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Houghtaling_7f-180x320.jpg\" alt=\"GPS tracking collars shed light into the mysterious lifestyles of this apex predator. Photo by Paul Houghtailing, Santa Cruz Puma Project.\" width=\"180\" height=\"320\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8590\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GPS tracking collars shed light into the mysterious lifestyles of this apex predator. Photo by Paul Houghtailing, Santa Cruz Puma Project. \u003cem>Click on image to see a larger size.\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a beautiful summer day, we had the opportunity to follow Field Biologist Paul Houghtaling of the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a> (SCPP) as he searched the rough back roads of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinglandscapeinitiative.org/news/CEMEX-Redwoods.php\">CEMEX Redwoods Property\u003c/a> in Davenport, CA. Lead by Chris Wilmers, an Associate Professor of Environmental Studies at University of California Santa Cruz, the team has gained renown for their work tracking the big cats in the Santa Cruz Mountains, as well as some \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/16/the-downtown-puma-39m/\">high profile captures\u003c/a> of pumas that ventured too close to human habitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an apex predator in our Northern California region, mountain lions have huge home ranges. While mother pumas will remain in one area to raise their kittens, pumas generally patrol their territories without making use of any den or other home base. Paul informed us that female mountain lions tend to set their ranges depending on prey availability, which in the Santa Cruz Mountains tends to be deer. Adult males create their home ranges to include female mountain lions and exclude other males. The remaining young male pumas are forced to disperse and seek new territories, and it is often these individuals that get into trouble with humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8613\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Mark-and-paul-antennae-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Mark-and-paul-antennae-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Houghtaling and Pilot Mark Dedon secure radio antennas used to upload GPS and accelerometer data from the collared pumas. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8613\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Houghtaling and Pilot Mark Dedon secure radio antennas used to upload GPS and accelerometer data from the collared pumas. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED. \u003cem>Click on image to see a larger size.\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we made our way through the redwoods, Paul occasionally slowed and peered out through the side window of the truck, surveying the dust that accumulates in the inside of the curves of the dirt roads. Traveling pumas rarely obey traffic rules, and tend to cut corners when walking along roads. Paul searched there for footprints and other telltale mountain lion signs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team employs several other techniques to determine if lions are in the area. This includes laying out road-killed deer with GPS tags in areas thought to be big cat territory. If a hungry lion moves the deer, the GPS tag sends an email to the team, who then head out to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">After a few hours of searching, Dan’s voice finally crackled over the radio. His dogs had tracked and treed an adult puma.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Once pumas reach adulthood, they live solitary lives, but still need to communicate with each other. One of the main ways they do so is by making ‘scrapes.’ Pumas, particularly adult males, will dig small holes and then urinate on the pile of loose soil created by the digging. Other pumas that frequent the area can interpret the chemical signal to gather information about the cat’s identity and reproductive status based on the signature proteins left behind. Pumas tend to make scrapes in the same areas over time, making it easier for other pumas (and intrepid field biologists) to find learn about which lions are in the area. The research team sets up camera traps in these areas in order to document which cats are have taken up residence in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7icpaPB_Xbw&w=640&h=360\u003cbr>\nDan Tichenor, from California Houndsmen for Conservation and his best dog, Osage, a Plott Hound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul had memorized the location of several scrapes in the area, and part of his normal search routine is to stop by these areas and look for fresh activity. As he searched, he would regularly make attempts to hail Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiahoundsmen.com/\">California Houndsmen for Conservation\u003c/a>, by radio. Dan had been on the property since before dawn with his pack of specially-bred and -trained hunting dogs. In this mountainous terrain, the radios were unreliable at best, and cell phones were of no use. After a few hours of searching, Dan’s voice finally crackled over the radio. His dogs had tracked and treed an adult puma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Kitten-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Kitten-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"In June of 2013, puma 38F gave birth to a litter of three kittens. Photo by Paul Houghtaling/Santa Cruz Puma Project \" width=\"288\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8797\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In June of 2013, puma 38F gave birth to a litter of three kittens. Photo by Paul Houghtaling/Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We hightailed it to Dan’s location, where Paul was able to capture the puma using a tranquilizer dart fired from a rifle. From the ground, the puma resembled a male lion that had been seen in the area, but when the team got the cat on the ground, it was obvious that this cat, dubbed 38F, was a female. Months later, Paul found 38F again, but this time she was not alone. She had given birth to three healthy kittens. The Santa Cruz Puma Project aims to track these kittens’ location and behavior for their entire lives to learn more about how they use their habitat and how their behavior changes when they come close to human dwellings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lion populations had declined substantially in the California before they were protected from in the 1970’s. Before that time, hunters were offered a bounty for each puma killed. Since hunting pumas was outlawed, their population has rebounded. Today, they face a new problem. Humans have developed large areas of the Santa Cruz Mountains, building homes, farms and roads in the historical puma habitat. This has lead to an increase in conflicts between humans and the big cats, with pumas often finding themselves on the losing end. Today, the biggest threats to pumas include car strikes, and are targeted by citizens who seek depredation licenses to rid their property of pumas deemed problematic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new bill, signed into law last week by Governor Jerry Brown will have a substantial effect on California pumas. The bill, SB132 proposed by State Senator Jerry Hill (D.) requires that nonlethal procedures be used to remove any mountain lion that has not been “designated as an imminent threat to public health and safety.” It also authorizes the California Department of Fish and Game to partner with other groups, such as the Santa Cruz Puma Project, to carry out the non-lethal removal of pumas that find themselves too close to humans. With luck, this new bill will make it easier for humans and mountain lions to coexist as their territories continue to overlap.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/8537/science-on-the-spot-chasing-pumas","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_66"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_86"],"tags":["science_314","science_680"],"featImg":"science_8570","label":"science_66"},"quest_49967":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49967","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49967","score":null,"sort":[1363708801000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-the-glowing-millipedes-of-alcatraz","title":"Science on the SPOT: The Glowing Millipedes of Alcatraz","publishDate":1363708801,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/brco-colony-001.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/brco-colony-001-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Brandt's cormorants\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-50533\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandt's cormorants. Image courtesy of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/alca/naturescience/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">National Park Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last March, one of our QUEST contributors, Thibault Worth, wrote \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/14/millipede-mystery-a-new-fluorescent-subspecies-on-alcatraz/\">a piece about the fluorescent millipedes\u003c/a> that were unexpectedly discovered on Alcatraz during a survey of the rat population on the island. As we were eager to learn more about these fascinating arthropods, I and my several of my KQED Science colleagues headed to Alcatraz with forensic entomologist Dr. Robert Kimsey, the National Park Service's Integrated Pest Manager Bruce Badzik and the \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/a/ucdavis.edu/entclubug/home\">UC Davis Entomology Club\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was my first visit to Alcatraz, and my general impression of the island was as Badzik described it to me during our interview: “Most people are fascinated with the history of the federal penitentiary on Alcatraz because of the well-known criminals such as Al Capone, “Creepy” Karpis, the “Birdman of Alcatraz” and Machine Gun Kelly. There were also a lot of movies made about Alcatraz: \u003cem>Murder In The First\u003c/em>, \u003cem>The Rock\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Escape From Alcatraz\u003c/em> with Clint Eastwood. So people love to come out to see where those films were filmed and see what they can see of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t realize it also has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/alca/naturescience/seabirds.htm\" target=\"_blank\">thriving water bird population\u003c/a> and serves as a sanctuary to a diverse number of species. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks who may not be interested in the prison love to come out here and see the large quantities of birds that we have that inhabit the island, such as the pelicans, the Brandt’s cormorants, the black-crowned night herons, the snowy white egret, mallards and a whole host of other sea birds that call this place home,” says Badzik.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50326\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz11-e1362701046404.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz11.jpg\" alt=\"Senior Interactive Producer Craig Rosa and Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy served as camera and sound on the millipedes shoot.\" width=\"225\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50326\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Senior Interactive Producer Craig Rosa and Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy served as camera and sound on the millipedes shoot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the name of the island is derived from the Spanish word, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.bop.gov/about/history/alcatraz.jsp\" target=\"_blank\">alcatraces\u003c/a>\", another indicator of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/alca/naturescience/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">avian history\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other people talk about it meaning strange white bird, but Alcatraz basically means pelican,” says Badzik. “This island, before it became a federal institution, was just covered with pelicans. Folks talked about how this was just covered in guano. Some folks actually called this 'White Island', just because of all the guano out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kimsey adds, “When the National Park Service got the island assigned to them, water bird rookeries began to develop and so now for a large part of the year, a large fraction of the island is closed because these rookeries are protected by federal law. And so the ecology of the island [over time] has changed rather considerably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, I didn't have time to get a tour of Alcatraz while we were there, so I'll have to go back to check out the penitentiary. But it was a real privilege to be able to gain access to the more restricted portions of the island. We filmed our interviews in one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.alcatrazgardens.org/visit.php\">private gardens\u003c/a> created by its previous military residents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we shot most of our footage at night, filming in the darkness posed some technical challenges for the crew and evolved into a \"hunting-the-hunter-with-lights\" scenario. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50331\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50331\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16.jpg\" alt=\"Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy films Alex Nguyen looking for milipedes on Alcatraz. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy films Alex Nguyen looking for milipedes on Alcatraz.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alex Nguyen, the UC Davis undergraduate student who originally found the millipedes last winter, would shine his UV flashlight on the ground in search of millipedes and we'd closely track him with a high-powered portable LED light. When he finally found his first millipede, we were just as enthralled as he was when it glowed a brilliant turquoise blue under the UV light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17.jpg\" alt=\"millipede on alcatraz\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-50332\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to learn a few more basic facts about millipedes? Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://popcorn.webmaker.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Popcorn Maker\u003c/a>-enhanced web extra featuring Dr. Kimsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://popcorn.webmadecontent.org/nbp_]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than a million visitors visit Alcatraz every year, but a recent discovery has revealed another attraction that lives within the shadows of this historic prison. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457563113,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":643},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: The Glowing Millipedes of Alcatraz | KQED","description":"More than a million visitors visit Alcatraz every year, but a recent discovery has revealed another attraction that lives within the shadows of this historic prison. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49967 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=49967","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/19/science-on-the-spot-the-glowing-millipedes-of-alcatraz/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: The Glowing Millipedes of Alcatraz","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ng8RCnAAmTc","path":"/quest/49967/science-on-the-spot-the-glowing-millipedes-of-alcatraz","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/brco-colony-001.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/brco-colony-001-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Brandt's cormorants\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-50533\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandt's cormorants. Image courtesy of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/alca/naturescience/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">National Park Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last March, one of our QUEST contributors, Thibault Worth, wrote \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/14/millipede-mystery-a-new-fluorescent-subspecies-on-alcatraz/\">a piece about the fluorescent millipedes\u003c/a> that were unexpectedly discovered on Alcatraz during a survey of the rat population on the island. As we were eager to learn more about these fascinating arthropods, I and my several of my KQED Science colleagues headed to Alcatraz with forensic entomologist Dr. Robert Kimsey, the National Park Service's Integrated Pest Manager Bruce Badzik and the \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/a/ucdavis.edu/entclubug/home\">UC Davis Entomology Club\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was my first visit to Alcatraz, and my general impression of the island was as Badzik described it to me during our interview: “Most people are fascinated with the history of the federal penitentiary on Alcatraz because of the well-known criminals such as Al Capone, “Creepy” Karpis, the “Birdman of Alcatraz” and Machine Gun Kelly. There were also a lot of movies made about Alcatraz: \u003cem>Murder In The First\u003c/em>, \u003cem>The Rock\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Escape From Alcatraz\u003c/em> with Clint Eastwood. So people love to come out to see where those films were filmed and see what they can see of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t realize it also has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/alca/naturescience/seabirds.htm\" target=\"_blank\">thriving water bird population\u003c/a> and serves as a sanctuary to a diverse number of species. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks who may not be interested in the prison love to come out here and see the large quantities of birds that we have that inhabit the island, such as the pelicans, the Brandt’s cormorants, the black-crowned night herons, the snowy white egret, mallards and a whole host of other sea birds that call this place home,” says Badzik.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50326\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz11-e1362701046404.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz11.jpg\" alt=\"Senior Interactive Producer Craig Rosa and Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy served as camera and sound on the millipedes shoot.\" width=\"225\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50326\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Senior Interactive Producer Craig Rosa and Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy served as camera and sound on the millipedes shoot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the name of the island is derived from the Spanish word, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.bop.gov/about/history/alcatraz.jsp\" target=\"_blank\">alcatraces\u003c/a>\", another indicator of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/alca/naturescience/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">avian history\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other people talk about it meaning strange white bird, but Alcatraz basically means pelican,” says Badzik. “This island, before it became a federal institution, was just covered with pelicans. Folks talked about how this was just covered in guano. Some folks actually called this 'White Island', just because of all the guano out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kimsey adds, “When the National Park Service got the island assigned to them, water bird rookeries began to develop and so now for a large part of the year, a large fraction of the island is closed because these rookeries are protected by federal law. And so the ecology of the island [over time] has changed rather considerably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, I didn't have time to get a tour of Alcatraz while we were there, so I'll have to go back to check out the penitentiary. But it was a real privilege to be able to gain access to the more restricted portions of the island. We filmed our interviews in one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.alcatrazgardens.org/visit.php\">private gardens\u003c/a> created by its previous military residents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we shot most of our footage at night, filming in the darkness posed some technical challenges for the crew and evolved into a \"hunting-the-hunter-with-lights\" scenario. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50331\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50331\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16.jpg\" alt=\"Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy films Alex Nguyen looking for milipedes on Alcatraz. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy films Alex Nguyen looking for milipedes on Alcatraz.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alex Nguyen, the UC Davis undergraduate student who originally found the millipedes last winter, would shine his UV flashlight on the ground in search of millipedes and we'd closely track him with a high-powered portable LED light. When he finally found his first millipede, we were just as enthralled as he was when it glowed a brilliant turquoise blue under the UV light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17.jpg\" alt=\"millipede on alcatraz\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-50332\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to learn a few more basic facts about millipedes? Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://popcorn.webmaker.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Popcorn Maker\u003c/a>-enhanced web extra featuring Dr. Kimsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>null\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49967/science-on-the-spot-the-glowing-millipedes-of-alcatraz","authors":["2100"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_3446","quest_11750","quest_11413","quest_3564","quest_11194","quest_10788","quest_11751","quest_11107","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_50490","label":"quest_3296"},"quest_48954":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48954","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48954","score":null,"sort":[1360103727000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-preserving-the-forest-of-the-sea","title":"Science on the SPOT: Preserving the Forest of the Sea","publishDate":1360103727,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\"Walking down the stacks, you almost feel like you’re in \u003cem>Indiana Jones\u003c/em> looking for the final resting place of the Ark of the Covenant,\" said Kathy Ann Miller, PhD, a curator and seaweed expert as she led me down a long, nondescript corridor flanked by row upon row of one of the greatest seaweed collections in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48996\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"University Herbarium, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/uc/\" target=\"_blank\">The University Herbarium\u003c/a>, which is tucked into the basement of the largest building on campus at UC Berkeley, just past a fearsome skeleton of a \u003cem>T. Rex\u003c/em> dinosaur, is a plant museum which contains more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, dating to the time of the U.S. Civil War. During my first visit to the museum last autumn, I was struck by Kathy Ann Miller's enthusiasm and warmth, especially when describing her herbarium \"home\" and its red, green and brown-hued precious occupants whom she has cherished for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, I hadn't given much thought to seaweed before I produced this story. But a few minutes with Kathy Ann Miller can open one's eyes to the bountiful gifts these multicellular algae bestow to their marine neighbors and terrestrial admirers. Seaweeds are like \"the forest of the sea\", providing habitat to fish, crabs and other marine life and their photosynthetic activity helps generate the oxygen we breathe. Also, compounds such as agar in their cell walls are used in foods such as ice cream, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (think \"age-defying\" skin creams). But to really appreciate seaweeds on a level which transcends words and facts, I needed to experience seaweeds at a tactile, almost ineffable, sensory level. Happy to oblige, Miller emerged from the stacks, grinning from ear to ear with specimens of dried seaweed pressed onto paper or placed in boxes and painstakingly organized atop shelves labeled with the names of countries and regions from which they were collected decades, even a century, ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My image of a seaweed - uprooted, splayed, frayed and trampled upon by bare feet and salty waves - gave way to a riot of colors, textures and bizarre shapes that made me wonder at times if I was looking at a branch of stony coral or a nest stitched together by a bird taking its architectural inspiration from Cubism. Also, not all seaweeds are green, even though they all contain the green-colored chlorophyll pigment which is essential for their photosynthetic conversion of sunlight into food. That's because in the case of red and brown seaweeds, other pigments mask the coloration of the chlorophyll pigment. Even when preserved and dried for a century or more, the colors in the seaweeds can still captivate, reminiscent of stained glass illuminated by the sun's rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48993\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from California. Larger and more three-dimensional species of seaweed, such as this one, are stored in boxes on the shelves at the herbarium. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from Alaska. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Found on all continents, seaweeds are far from endangered. Nonetheless, like other marine organisms, seaweeds are also vulnerable to acidification and warming temperatures, two major consequences of climate change. Additionally, the loss of habitat from human activity and development, and the arrival of invasive species from cargo ships crisscrossing the globe, make this a turbulent time for seaweeds near and far. \"I think we’re going to find that seaweed ranges are going to change, and that southern seaweeds will be moving further north as warming happens,\" said Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, with the click of a mouse and high-speed internet access, seaweed scientists around the world will be able to more quickly and methodically study the impact of climate change on large swathes of seaweeds archived at the herbarium. Funded by a grant she submitted to the National Science Foundation, in 2011, Miller and her team began taking high-resolution photographs of nearly 80,000 specimens of seaweed collected from the west coast of North America. Undergraduate work-study students have been invaluable to this project, photographing up to 400 specimens a day. With the seaweeds now digitized, Miller and her fellow curator, Andrew Doran, are completing a massive online database which features a Google map indicating the location of each specimen's collection, the date it was collected and the gorgeous photograph of the seaweed, digitally transformed into thousands of pixels. It's a captivating blend of history and modern technology, as the elegantly swooping, India-inked names of seaweed hunters come into focus beneath the translucent marine algae plucked and preserved from the wild shores of California, Oregon, Washington and points farther north many decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48997\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\" alt=\"Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the importance of creating this digital inventory from the fragile seaweeds \"sleeping in their cases\", Miller told me, \"without really knowing what we have in our holdings, how can we apply the lessons of the past and the hard work of all those who’ve come before us to understand what we have today and where we’re going in the future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully, the seaweeds of the west coast will prove that they can adapt to the crash of tomorrow's waves, as daunting and unpredictable as they may be.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"UC Berkeley's University Herbarium boasts one of the largest and oldest collections of seaweed in the United States. Herbarium curator Kathy Ann Miller is leading a massive project to preserve digitally nearly 80,000 specimens of west coast seaweed.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457563008,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":932},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Preserving the Forest of the Sea | KQED","description":"UC Berkeley's University Herbarium boasts one of the largest and oldest collections of seaweed in the United States. Herbarium curator Kathy Ann Miller is leading a massive project to preserve digitally nearly 80,000 specimens of west coast seaweed.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"48954 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=48954","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/05/science-on-the-spot-preserving-the-forest-of-the-sea/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Preserving the Forest of the Sea","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oB8Kl2SCeQw","path":"/quest/48954/science-on-the-spot-preserving-the-forest-of-the-sea","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"Walking down the stacks, you almost feel like you’re in \u003cem>Indiana Jones\u003c/em> looking for the final resting place of the Ark of the Covenant,\" said Kathy Ann Miller, PhD, a curator and seaweed expert as she led me down a long, nondescript corridor flanked by row upon row of one of the greatest seaweed collections in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48996\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"University Herbarium, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/uc/\" target=\"_blank\">The University Herbarium\u003c/a>, which is tucked into the basement of the largest building on campus at UC Berkeley, just past a fearsome skeleton of a \u003cem>T. Rex\u003c/em> dinosaur, is a plant museum which contains more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, dating to the time of the U.S. Civil War. During my first visit to the museum last autumn, I was struck by Kathy Ann Miller's enthusiasm and warmth, especially when describing her herbarium \"home\" and its red, green and brown-hued precious occupants whom she has cherished for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, I hadn't given much thought to seaweed before I produced this story. But a few minutes with Kathy Ann Miller can open one's eyes to the bountiful gifts these multicellular algae bestow to their marine neighbors and terrestrial admirers. Seaweeds are like \"the forest of the sea\", providing habitat to fish, crabs and other marine life and their photosynthetic activity helps generate the oxygen we breathe. Also, compounds such as agar in their cell walls are used in foods such as ice cream, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (think \"age-defying\" skin creams). But to really appreciate seaweeds on a level which transcends words and facts, I needed to experience seaweeds at a tactile, almost ineffable, sensory level. Happy to oblige, Miller emerged from the stacks, grinning from ear to ear with specimens of dried seaweed pressed onto paper or placed in boxes and painstakingly organized atop shelves labeled with the names of countries and regions from which they were collected decades, even a century, ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My image of a seaweed - uprooted, splayed, frayed and trampled upon by bare feet and salty waves - gave way to a riot of colors, textures and bizarre shapes that made me wonder at times if I was looking at a branch of stony coral or a nest stitched together by a bird taking its architectural inspiration from Cubism. Also, not all seaweeds are green, even though they all contain the green-colored chlorophyll pigment which is essential for their photosynthetic conversion of sunlight into food. That's because in the case of red and brown seaweeds, other pigments mask the coloration of the chlorophyll pigment. Even when preserved and dried for a century or more, the colors in the seaweeds can still captivate, reminiscent of stained glass illuminated by the sun's rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48993\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from California. Larger and more three-dimensional species of seaweed, such as this one, are stored in boxes on the shelves at the herbarium. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from Alaska. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Found on all continents, seaweeds are far from endangered. Nonetheless, like other marine organisms, seaweeds are also vulnerable to acidification and warming temperatures, two major consequences of climate change. Additionally, the loss of habitat from human activity and development, and the arrival of invasive species from cargo ships crisscrossing the globe, make this a turbulent time for seaweeds near and far. \"I think we’re going to find that seaweed ranges are going to change, and that southern seaweeds will be moving further north as warming happens,\" said Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, with the click of a mouse and high-speed internet access, seaweed scientists around the world will be able to more quickly and methodically study the impact of climate change on large swathes of seaweeds archived at the herbarium. Funded by a grant she submitted to the National Science Foundation, in 2011, Miller and her team began taking high-resolution photographs of nearly 80,000 specimens of seaweed collected from the west coast of North America. Undergraduate work-study students have been invaluable to this project, photographing up to 400 specimens a day. With the seaweeds now digitized, Miller and her fellow curator, Andrew Doran, are completing a massive online database which features a Google map indicating the location of each specimen's collection, the date it was collected and the gorgeous photograph of the seaweed, digitally transformed into thousands of pixels. It's a captivating blend of history and modern technology, as the elegantly swooping, India-inked names of seaweed hunters come into focus beneath the translucent marine algae plucked and preserved from the wild shores of California, Oregon, Washington and points farther north many decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48997\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\" alt=\"Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the importance of creating this digital inventory from the fragile seaweeds \"sleeping in their cases\", Miller told me, \"without really knowing what we have in our holdings, how can we apply the lessons of the past and the hard work of all those who’ve come before us to understand what we have today and where we’re going in the future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully, the seaweeds of the west coast will prove that they can adapt to the crash of tomorrow's waves, as daunting and unpredictable as they may be.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48954/science-on-the-spot-preserving-the-forest-of-the-sea","authors":["6176"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_621","quest_11694","quest_1489","quest_11693","quest_11692","quest_13","quest_11695","quest_3320","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_48987","label":"quest_3296"},"quest_47294":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47294","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47294","score":null,"sort":[1353443960000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"shadows-and-spiders-a-secret-cave-in-california","title":"Science on the SPOT: Shadows and Spiders-- A Secret Cave in California","publishDate":1353443960,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Human beings have always been fascinated with caves. These clandestine spaces carved by mysterious forces elicit our natural curiosity, while at the same time the foreboding depth of their darkness creates a very visceral apprehension. Coupled with the baseline fear of earthquakes that many of us in California share, caves are often regarded with suspicion. Ironically, it is the cave that typically has more to fear from encounters with humans, and for that reason White Moon Cave and the CEMEX Redwoods Property are protected, and off limits to the public. We at KQED were fortunate enough to get a rare invitation to explore this natural wonder, and capture it on video for the very first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47297\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47297\" title=\"BruceCloseFilmCrew-11\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/BruceCloseFilmCrew-11-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The KQED Science team was allowed special acceess to be the first to film in White Moon Cave.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacetrust.org/\" title=\"POST\">Peninsula Open Space Trust\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sempervirens.org/\">The Sempervirens Fund\u003c/a> joined forces in 2011 to purchase the CEMEX Property near Davenport, CA they had no idea that White Moon Cave even existed. Their intent was to purchase the large tract of land from the Mexican cement company, as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinglandscapeinitiative.org/\">Living Landscapes Initiative\u003c/a>, in order to conserve the coast redwood groves that blanket the mountainous terrain. It was only after the purchase that they received a call from members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westerncaves.org/\">Western Cave Conservancy\u003c/a> revealing the cave’s existence, and the need to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I twisted through the narrow entrance to the cave, I felt as if I were moving between two realms of existence. The cave air is cool, laden with moisture; the air inside exudes an earthy perfume, both familiar and strange but pleasant; the enveloping sense of stillness grows into something profound; time seems to move slower, insulated from the light and sound of daily life. One of the most powerful ways to experience this exquisite isolation is to find a corner, sit down, and turn off all of the lights. It takes a few minutes, but soon the darkness and quiet wash over you. Deprived, the senses become magnified. Even the sound of a single drop of water falling onto the sandy cave floor resolves in crisp detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47322\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\" title=\"6th Choice_Gordon Opening Cave\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47322\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moving through the cave could be very challenging. The cave floor varied from slippery wet rock to fine dry silt that clung to every piece of clothing. The unforgiving marble walls seemed to reach out to bite at my shoulders and knees, and the ceiling seemed to creep just below where I expected I to be, making my helmet more than a mere precaution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lilburnes.org/Students/Caves/Soution_Caves.htm\">Solution caves\u003c/a> like this one are created when rainwater is absorbed by the soil. Microbes in the soil produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and as the water percolates through the soil it becomes acidified, creating a weak carbonic acid (H2CO3). This slightly acidic water makes its way down to the limestone where the carbonic acid slowly dissolves the calcium carbonate in the marble. The dissolved limestone is said to be “in solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process can take thousands to millions of years. But sadly, malicious or absent-minded humans can reverse it much more quickly. Some cave visitors don’t see the harm in taking ancient cave decorations as personal souvenirs. But when this minor theft is multiplied by hundreds of other visitors, the cave is quickly robbed of its ancient beauty. Others selfishly spray paint or etch their names into the cave walls. “After several thousand people come through, then you see a cave that is really a hulk of its former beauty,” said our guide Bruce Rogers of the Western Cave Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar caves in the Santa Cruz area have been victims of vandalism and overuse. But for those interested in responsible caving, I encourage you to look into The Western Cave Conservancy, a collective of citizens who have surrendered themselves to the draw of the caves, but do so with the appropriate level of scientific inquiry, safety and respect. Interested parties should attend a local ‘grotto’ meeting as they are an excellent resource for those who share their fascination with the subterranean.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The rural foothills along the Santa Cruz County Coast hold an ancient secret. Deep below the redwoods, White Moon Cave extends for nearly a mile -- making it one of the longest caves in California. But few people have ever been in it. Join the KQED Science team as we squeeze through the narrow clandestine entrance, and meet the uncanny cave inhabitants to bring new light to this hidden realm.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457567814,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":700},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Shadows and Spiders-- A Secret Cave in California | KQED","description":"The rural foothills along the Santa Cruz County Coast hold an ancient secret. Deep below the redwoods, White Moon Cave extends for nearly a mile -- making it one of the longest caves in California. But few people have ever been in it. Join the KQED Science team as we squeeze through the narrow clandestine entrance, and meet the uncanny cave inhabitants to bring new light to this hidden realm.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"47294 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=47294","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/20/shadows-and-spiders-a-secret-cave-in-california/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Shadows and Spiders-- A Secret Cave in California","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQHXrLZmU4Y","path":"/quest/47294/shadows-and-spiders-a-secret-cave-in-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Human beings have always been fascinated with caves. These clandestine spaces carved by mysterious forces elicit our natural curiosity, while at the same time the foreboding depth of their darkness creates a very visceral apprehension. Coupled with the baseline fear of earthquakes that many of us in California share, caves are often regarded with suspicion. Ironically, it is the cave that typically has more to fear from encounters with humans, and for that reason White Moon Cave and the CEMEX Redwoods Property are protected, and off limits to the public. We at KQED were fortunate enough to get a rare invitation to explore this natural wonder, and capture it on video for the very first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47297\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47297\" title=\"BruceCloseFilmCrew-11\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/BruceCloseFilmCrew-11-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The KQED Science team was allowed special acceess to be the first to film in White Moon Cave.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacetrust.org/\" title=\"POST\">Peninsula Open Space Trust\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sempervirens.org/\">The Sempervirens Fund\u003c/a> joined forces in 2011 to purchase the CEMEX Property near Davenport, CA they had no idea that White Moon Cave even existed. Their intent was to purchase the large tract of land from the Mexican cement company, as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinglandscapeinitiative.org/\">Living Landscapes Initiative\u003c/a>, in order to conserve the coast redwood groves that blanket the mountainous terrain. It was only after the purchase that they received a call from members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westerncaves.org/\">Western Cave Conservancy\u003c/a> revealing the cave’s existence, and the need to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I twisted through the narrow entrance to the cave, I felt as if I were moving between two realms of existence. The cave air is cool, laden with moisture; the air inside exudes an earthy perfume, both familiar and strange but pleasant; the enveloping sense of stillness grows into something profound; time seems to move slower, insulated from the light and sound of daily life. One of the most powerful ways to experience this exquisite isolation is to find a corner, sit down, and turn off all of the lights. It takes a few minutes, but soon the darkness and quiet wash over you. Deprived, the senses become magnified. Even the sound of a single drop of water falling onto the sandy cave floor resolves in crisp detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47322\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\" title=\"6th Choice_Gordon Opening Cave\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47322\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moving through the cave could be very challenging. The cave floor varied from slippery wet rock to fine dry silt that clung to every piece of clothing. The unforgiving marble walls seemed to reach out to bite at my shoulders and knees, and the ceiling seemed to creep just below where I expected I to be, making my helmet more than a mere precaution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lilburnes.org/Students/Caves/Soution_Caves.htm\">Solution caves\u003c/a> like this one are created when rainwater is absorbed by the soil. Microbes in the soil produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and as the water percolates through the soil it becomes acidified, creating a weak carbonic acid (H2CO3). This slightly acidic water makes its way down to the limestone where the carbonic acid slowly dissolves the calcium carbonate in the marble. The dissolved limestone is said to be “in solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process can take thousands to millions of years. But sadly, malicious or absent-minded humans can reverse it much more quickly. Some cave visitors don’t see the harm in taking ancient cave decorations as personal souvenirs. But when this minor theft is multiplied by hundreds of other visitors, the cave is quickly robbed of its ancient beauty. Others selfishly spray paint or etch their names into the cave walls. “After several thousand people come through, then you see a cave that is really a hulk of its former beauty,” said our guide Bruce Rogers of the Western Cave Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar caves in the Santa Cruz area have been victims of vandalism and overuse. But for those interested in responsible caving, I encourage you to look into The Western Cave Conservancy, a collective of citizens who have surrendered themselves to the draw of the caves, but do so with the appropriate level of scientific inquiry, safety and respect. Interested parties should attend a local ‘grotto’ meeting as they are an excellent resource for those who share their fascination with the subterranean.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47294/shadows-and-spiders-a-secret-cave-in-california","authors":["6219"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_427","quest_439","quest_11141","quest_11611","quest_11619","quest_10405","quest_11614","quest_11615","quest_10153","quest_13","quest_11612","quest_11618","quest_2756","quest_11616","quest_11617","quest_11621","quest_11620","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_47301","label":"quest_3296"},"quest_40021":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40021","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40021","score":null,"sort":[1340825456000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-sofia-observatory","title":"Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory","publishDate":1340825456,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Seen from the exterior with its rear canopy closed, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/SOFIA/\">Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)\u003c/a> aircraft looks much like a typical jumbo jet you might see at any airport-- perhaps even reminiscent of another well-known, heavily modified Boeing 747, Air Force One. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SOFIA has a lot of characteristics that are very similar to a normal passenger airplane,\" explains Erick Young, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/index.html\">SOFIA Science Center\u003c/a> at NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. \"Except for the fact that we’ve completely gutted the insides, and there’s a hole in the side of the airplane the size of a garage door, and there’s a 17-ton telescope mounted in the back. But other than that it’s pretty much like a regular airplane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may appear modest from the outside, but SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. Obscured from view is a complete flying astronomical observation platform centered around a 2.7 meter-wide \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/telescope3.htm\">reflecting telescope\u003c/a>, which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew \u003ca href=\"http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/maps/satellite_feed/atmosphere_layers/\">above the clouds\u003c/a> to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WS301_SOFIA_young\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40032\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erick Young is the Director of the SOFIA Science Center, and is responsible for the airplane crew and science operations of the observatory. Credit: NASA / Tom Tschida.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The appearance of things that we can see in visible light is primarily because things are hot enough to give off light at visible light wavelengths,\" says Young. \" If you get things too cold, then things look redder and redder and eventually they’re so red that the human eye can’t see them anymore. And then what we are actually sensing is a different kind of light and it’s called infrared. And that’s basically the heat radiation that’s coming from objects. And so what we can look at are not things that are thousands of degrees hot, but things that are hundreds or tens of degrees above absolute zero. And it turns out that there’s a lot of material in the universe- the dust, planets like the Earth, clouds in space. They’re all too cold to normally emit in visible light, but by looking in the infrared, we’re able to sense them, detect them, and measure their properties.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our most familiar instrument for observing and measuring the electromagnetic radiation emitted by objects, the human eye, senses a narrow range of energy wavelengths. These are waves with wavelengths of 380 nanometers (violet) to about 740 nanometers (red). Although astronomy has its origin in observing the universe in this part of the spectrum, there are also telescopes and instruments that measure incredibly short, energetic wavelengths such as Gamma rays and X-rays, as well as extremely long wavelengths such as radio waves. Infrared or \"IR\" astronomers study that expansive swath of wavelengths just below the visible range, but still above the radio end of the spectrum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/ems_length_final.gif\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"619\" height=\"147\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">NASA\u003c/a>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why go through the trouble of \u003ca href=\"http://ericfdiaz.wordpress.com/why-does-infrared-astronomy-matters/\">observing objects in the IR spectrum\u003c/a> from the stratosphere, 12+ kilometers above the surface of the earth? There are several major infrared telescopes operating both on the ground and in space: at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/mko/\">Mauna Kea Observatories\u003c/a> in Hawaii, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/kpno/\">Kitt Peak National Observatory\u003c/a> in Arizona, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We put a telescope on the airplane because there are parts of the spectrum which are completely blocked and completely opaque in the Earth’s atmosphere. This was primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum,\" explains Young. \"The main thing that blocks the infrared light from reaching the ground is water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere. And if we want to observe many of these wavelengths, we have to get to some place where there’s no water vapor and SOFIA will fly above more than 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flying telescopes may not be commonplace, but are hardly a new idea. SOFIA is merely the latest and largest in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Edu/docs/97-Whiting_AeroHistory.pdf\">line of airborne observatories\u003c/a> going back to the 1920's, when eclipse chasers first carried a modest instrument aboard a 2-seater biplane. SOFIA's most recent ancestor is the the \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/kao/\">Kuiper Airborne observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, a converted C-141 aircraft with a 36-inch mirror that flew missions from 1974 to 1995, and can be seen peacefully enjoying its retirement on a nearby patch of Moffett Field tarmac. The idea within NASA to use a 747-SP as a telescope platform goes back at least to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/history/sofia_history.html\">the late 1970's\u003c/a>. Technical challenges, years of delays and cost overruns nearly ended the project more than once. But SOFIA' construction eventually prevailed, test flights began in 2010, and it made its first scientific observations this past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although all science operations are managed here in the Bay Area within Moffett Field's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, SOFIA's primary home is near Palmdale, California, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/home/index.html\">Dryden Flight Research Center\u003c/a>. SOFIA is a collaboration between NASA and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10002/\">German Aerospace Center, DLR\u003c/a> (Deutches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt). The Germans provided the telescope; NASA provided the airplane and crew responsible for the science operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another operational advantage of flying the instruments on a plane is flexibility. Unlike IR telescopes that we have launched into space, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a>, SOFIA comes home every night. It can swap out, repair, or update existing instruments as needed. To take advantage of this flexibility, SOFIA has available a collection of 9 specially-designed primary instruments to attach to the telescope, that each cover a specific range of wavelengths across and around the IR spectrum. Lastly, these instruments need not hew to the stringent weight requirements of their space-based counterparts, which saves money and allows use of instrumentation normally too big to launch on a rocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/sci_tele_spectral.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/images/spectral_sofia.gif\" width=\"450\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The nine \"first-light\" SOFIA instruments plotted on the axes of spectral resolution and observing wavelength. Source: NASA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After a successful run of several science test flights in 2011, SOFIA is currently in the shop for a major upgrade to its avionics systems. Upon returning later in 2012, the observatory plans to ramp up to 3 missions week by 2014, a schedule it hopes to keep for the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erick Young expects that the future of IR astronomy with SOFIA is very bright - or warm, as the case may be. In fact, as the 1st generation of instruments are just being put through their paces, the \u003ca href=\"http://soma.larc.nasa.gov/SOFIA/\">call for the second generation has already begun\u003c/a>. \"The instrumentation that’s available on the infrared is still rapidly evolving, particularly at the very long wavelengths that SOFIA operates at. The technology is still relatively in the infancy. And so one can expect that as the years go by, we’ll have huge increases in our capabilities as the technology improves. And SOFIA will definitely be able to take advantage of that.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. It's a complete flying astronomical observation platform which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew far above the clouds to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457566257,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1168},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory | KQED","description":"SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. It's a complete flying astronomical observation platform which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew far above the clouds to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"40021 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=40021","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/27/science-on-the-spot-sofia-observatory/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sw2uVNbqjDo","path":"/quest/40021/science-on-the-spot-sofia-observatory","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seen from the exterior with its rear canopy closed, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/SOFIA/\">Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)\u003c/a> aircraft looks much like a typical jumbo jet you might see at any airport-- perhaps even reminiscent of another well-known, heavily modified Boeing 747, Air Force One. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SOFIA has a lot of characteristics that are very similar to a normal passenger airplane,\" explains Erick Young, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/index.html\">SOFIA Science Center\u003c/a> at NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. \"Except for the fact that we’ve completely gutted the insides, and there’s a hole in the side of the airplane the size of a garage door, and there’s a 17-ton telescope mounted in the back. But other than that it’s pretty much like a regular airplane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may appear modest from the outside, but SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. Obscured from view is a complete flying astronomical observation platform centered around a 2.7 meter-wide \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/telescope3.htm\">reflecting telescope\u003c/a>, which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew \u003ca href=\"http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/maps/satellite_feed/atmosphere_layers/\">above the clouds\u003c/a> to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WS301_SOFIA_young\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40032\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erick Young is the Director of the SOFIA Science Center, and is responsible for the airplane crew and science operations of the observatory. Credit: NASA / Tom Tschida.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The appearance of things that we can see in visible light is primarily because things are hot enough to give off light at visible light wavelengths,\" says Young. \" If you get things too cold, then things look redder and redder and eventually they’re so red that the human eye can’t see them anymore. And then what we are actually sensing is a different kind of light and it’s called infrared. And that’s basically the heat radiation that’s coming from objects. And so what we can look at are not things that are thousands of degrees hot, but things that are hundreds or tens of degrees above absolute zero. And it turns out that there’s a lot of material in the universe- the dust, planets like the Earth, clouds in space. They’re all too cold to normally emit in visible light, but by looking in the infrared, we’re able to sense them, detect them, and measure their properties.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our most familiar instrument for observing and measuring the electromagnetic radiation emitted by objects, the human eye, senses a narrow range of energy wavelengths. These are waves with wavelengths of 380 nanometers (violet) to about 740 nanometers (red). Although astronomy has its origin in observing the universe in this part of the spectrum, there are also telescopes and instruments that measure incredibly short, energetic wavelengths such as Gamma rays and X-rays, as well as extremely long wavelengths such as radio waves. Infrared or \"IR\" astronomers study that expansive swath of wavelengths just below the visible range, but still above the radio end of the spectrum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/ems_length_final.gif\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"619\" height=\"147\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">NASA\u003c/a>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why go through the trouble of \u003ca href=\"http://ericfdiaz.wordpress.com/why-does-infrared-astronomy-matters/\">observing objects in the IR spectrum\u003c/a> from the stratosphere, 12+ kilometers above the surface of the earth? There are several major infrared telescopes operating both on the ground and in space: at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/mko/\">Mauna Kea Observatories\u003c/a> in Hawaii, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/kpno/\">Kitt Peak National Observatory\u003c/a> in Arizona, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We put a telescope on the airplane because there are parts of the spectrum which are completely blocked and completely opaque in the Earth’s atmosphere. This was primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum,\" explains Young. \"The main thing that blocks the infrared light from reaching the ground is water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere. And if we want to observe many of these wavelengths, we have to get to some place where there’s no water vapor and SOFIA will fly above more than 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flying telescopes may not be commonplace, but are hardly a new idea. SOFIA is merely the latest and largest in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Edu/docs/97-Whiting_AeroHistory.pdf\">line of airborne observatories\u003c/a> going back to the 1920's, when eclipse chasers first carried a modest instrument aboard a 2-seater biplane. SOFIA's most recent ancestor is the the \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/kao/\">Kuiper Airborne observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, a converted C-141 aircraft with a 36-inch mirror that flew missions from 1974 to 1995, and can be seen peacefully enjoying its retirement on a nearby patch of Moffett Field tarmac. The idea within NASA to use a 747-SP as a telescope platform goes back at least to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/history/sofia_history.html\">the late 1970's\u003c/a>. Technical challenges, years of delays and cost overruns nearly ended the project more than once. But SOFIA' construction eventually prevailed, test flights began in 2010, and it made its first scientific observations this past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although all science operations are managed here in the Bay Area within Moffett Field's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, SOFIA's primary home is near Palmdale, California, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/home/index.html\">Dryden Flight Research Center\u003c/a>. SOFIA is a collaboration between NASA and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10002/\">German Aerospace Center, DLR\u003c/a> (Deutches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt). The Germans provided the telescope; NASA provided the airplane and crew responsible for the science operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another operational advantage of flying the instruments on a plane is flexibility. Unlike IR telescopes that we have launched into space, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a>, SOFIA comes home every night. It can swap out, repair, or update existing instruments as needed. To take advantage of this flexibility, SOFIA has available a collection of 9 specially-designed primary instruments to attach to the telescope, that each cover a specific range of wavelengths across and around the IR spectrum. Lastly, these instruments need not hew to the stringent weight requirements of their space-based counterparts, which saves money and allows use of instrumentation normally too big to launch on a rocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/sci_tele_spectral.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/images/spectral_sofia.gif\" width=\"450\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The nine \"first-light\" SOFIA instruments plotted on the axes of spectral resolution and observing wavelength. Source: NASA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After a successful run of several science test flights in 2011, SOFIA is currently in the shop for a major upgrade to its avionics systems. Upon returning later in 2012, the observatory plans to ramp up to 3 missions week by 2014, a schedule it hopes to keep for the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erick Young expects that the future of IR astronomy with SOFIA is very bright - or warm, as the case may be. In fact, as the 1st generation of instruments are just being put through their paces, the \u003ca href=\"http://soma.larc.nasa.gov/SOFIA/\">call for the second generation has already begun\u003c/a>. \"The instrumentation that’s available on the infrared is still rapidly evolving, particularly at the very long wavelengths that SOFIA operates at. The technology is still relatively in the infancy. And so one can expect that as the years go by, we’ll have huge increases in our capabilities as the technology improves. And SOFIA will definitely be able to take advantage of that.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40021/science-on-the-spot-sofia-observatory","authors":["6166","6219"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_11234","quest_13192","quest_246","quest_3577","quest_1469","quest_3351","quest_1657","quest_30","quest_1918","quest_2033","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2739","quest_2780","quest_2808","quest_2891","quest_3034","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_40024","label":"quest_3296"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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