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She has won several regional Emmy awards, a regional and a national Edward R. Murrow award. The Association for Health Journalists awarded Lesley best beat coverage. The Society of Professional Journalists has recognized her reporting several times. The Society of Environmental Journalists spotlighted her ongoing coverage of California's historic drought. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before joining KQED in 2016, she covered food and sustainability for Capital Public Radio, the environment for Colorado Public Radio, and reported for both KUOW and KCTS9 in Seattle. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When not hunched over her laptop Lesley enjoys skiing with her toddler, surfing with her husband or scheming their next globetrotting adventure. Before motherhood she relished dancing tango till sunrise. 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Testing sewer water can illustrate exactly what is “hot” and where, offering a more accurate picture of the drug crisis than simply counting overdoses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know now that our clinical data sources just show us the tip of the iceberg of actual overdoses, because if someone doesn’t call 911, or doesn’t present to the emergency department, we might never hear about it,” said Dr. Haylea Hannah, an epidemiologist for Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early February, the Marin public health office began testing weekly samples collected at the Central Marin Sanitation Agency in San Rafael. The move followed the county’s success using sewers for COVID-19 surveillance — communities are increasingly relying on wastewater data to track viral levels, because sewers can show the burden of disease much more accurately than clinical testing data, since people are no longer going to the hospital for PCR tests.[aside postID=science_1979985 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/52097193159_6be76f8d61_k-ffc4b0c69375aac110c3b9b2c63ebec818ebdf1a-1020x765.jpg']Hannah says the county is testing sewer water for a long list of common drugs like heroin and cocaine. They just added \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11941201/dangerous-animal-tranquilizer-found-in-san-francisco-street-drug-supply\">xylazine — also known as “Tranq” — an animal tranquilizer\u003c/a>, which is increasingly laced with fentanyl; dealers add fentanyl to extend euphoric effects, but it can cause chronic infections. Since December, five people in San Francisco had low levels of xylazine in their systems when they lethally overdosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New instrumentation can find very small quantities of molecules of interest in the dirty soup that is going down the drain and ultimately into the sewers,” said Rolf Halden, professor and director of the Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering at Arizona State University. “We never know who exactly took a drug, but we can determine the consumption rates of different substances in a community on a per-1,000 people level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After someone consumes a drug, their body will metabolize it, and scientists can measure the metabolites that are washed down the drain. That means tests can decipher whether the drug was consumed by a person or flushed down the toilet in a raid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists can monitor an individual pipe or the confluence that merges at a treatment plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ideally, with an automated sample, that takes a little sip every so often and creates what’s known as a 24-hour composite sample,” said Halden. “In essence, you have a radar screen and you see the identity and the quantity of the substances that are used in the city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, wastewater data could also be used to incriminate. For example, it is possible to test the sewer line from a particular house to determine whether drugs are being consumed inside. However, that should never be the objective, Halden says, because the process should follow a moral and ethical code.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Rolf Halden, professor, Arizona State University\"]‘In essence, you have a radar screen and you see the identity and the quantity of the substances that are used in the city.’[/pullquote]“It’s important that you gain the trust of the community,” said Halden. “And it’s not monopolized by some and used in potentially harmful ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halden says data collected at Arizona State University during the pandemic revealed that drug-use patterns changed in the community. Dealers faced the same supply-chain disruptions that plagued the consumer market, forcing people to switch up what they were consuming based on what was available. Knowing what’s popular can inform education campaigns and help officials target specific prevention strategies to the neighborhoods that need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if an area shows an increase in heroin consumption, then law enforcement in that neighborhood can stock up on \u003ca href=\"https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/naloxone\">naloxone\u003c/a>, marketed as Narcan, to reverse overdoses. Or, if wastewater testing reveals an uptick in fentanyl use at a school, that could motivate parents to discuss the potential threat with their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, officials could also track whether a health policy is working to lower drug consumption in a particular area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope other communities who use wastewater testing involve their community members to ensure that the people most affected by this overdose crisis are also included in the solutions that we’re implementing,” said Hannah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Following their success in using sewers for COVID-19 surveillance, Marin public health officials began testing weekly samples for everything from nicotine to methamphetamine and fentanyl in early February.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846009,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":758},"headData":{"title":"Marin Health Officials Track Illicit Drug Use by Testing Wastewater | KQED","description":"Following their success in using sewers for COVID-19 surveillance, Marin public health officials began testing weekly samples for everything from nicotine to methamphetamine and fentanyl in early February.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Marin Health Officials Track Illicit Drug Use by Testing Wastewater","datePublished":"2023-05-17T23:20:09.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:20:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/22d75324-3705-4ef0-b6f1-b006014f9a42/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1982720/marin-health-officials-track-illicit-drug-use-by-testing-wastewater","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Public health officials in Marin County are now tracking illicit drugs in local wastewater — everything from nicotine to methamphetamine and fentanyl. Testing sewer water can illustrate exactly what is “hot” and where, offering a more accurate picture of the drug crisis than simply counting overdoses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know now that our clinical data sources just show us the tip of the iceberg of actual overdoses, because if someone doesn’t call 911, or doesn’t present to the emergency department, we might never hear about it,” said Dr. Haylea Hannah, an epidemiologist for Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early February, the Marin public health office began testing weekly samples collected at the Central Marin Sanitation Agency in San Rafael. The move followed the county’s success using sewers for COVID-19 surveillance — communities are increasingly relying on wastewater data to track viral levels, because sewers can show the burden of disease much more accurately than clinical testing data, since people are no longer going to the hospital for PCR tests.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1979985","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/52097193159_6be76f8d61_k-ffc4b0c69375aac110c3b9b2c63ebec818ebdf1a-1020x765.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Hannah says the county is testing sewer water for a long list of common drugs like heroin and cocaine. They just added \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11941201/dangerous-animal-tranquilizer-found-in-san-francisco-street-drug-supply\">xylazine — also known as “Tranq” — an animal tranquilizer\u003c/a>, which is increasingly laced with fentanyl; dealers add fentanyl to extend euphoric effects, but it can cause chronic infections. Since December, five people in San Francisco had low levels of xylazine in their systems when they lethally overdosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New instrumentation can find very small quantities of molecules of interest in the dirty soup that is going down the drain and ultimately into the sewers,” said Rolf Halden, professor and director of the Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering at Arizona State University. “We never know who exactly took a drug, but we can determine the consumption rates of different substances in a community on a per-1,000 people level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After someone consumes a drug, their body will metabolize it, and scientists can measure the metabolites that are washed down the drain. That means tests can decipher whether the drug was consumed by a person or flushed down the toilet in a raid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists can monitor an individual pipe or the confluence that merges at a treatment plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ideally, with an automated sample, that takes a little sip every so often and creates what’s known as a 24-hour composite sample,” said Halden. “In essence, you have a radar screen and you see the identity and the quantity of the substances that are used in the city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, wastewater data could also be used to incriminate. For example, it is possible to test the sewer line from a particular house to determine whether drugs are being consumed inside. However, that should never be the objective, Halden says, because the process should follow a moral and ethical code.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘In essence, you have a radar screen and you see the identity and the quantity of the substances that are used in the city.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Rolf Halden, professor, Arizona State University","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“It’s important that you gain the trust of the community,” said Halden. “And it’s not monopolized by some and used in potentially harmful ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halden says data collected at Arizona State University during the pandemic revealed that drug-use patterns changed in the community. Dealers faced the same supply-chain disruptions that plagued the consumer market, forcing people to switch up what they were consuming based on what was available. Knowing what’s popular can inform education campaigns and help officials target specific prevention strategies to the neighborhoods that need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if an area shows an increase in heroin consumption, then law enforcement in that neighborhood can stock up on \u003ca href=\"https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/naloxone\">naloxone\u003c/a>, marketed as Narcan, to reverse overdoses. Or, if wastewater testing reveals an uptick in fentanyl use at a school, that could motivate parents to discuss the potential threat with their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, officials could also track whether a health policy is working to lower drug consumption in a particular area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope other communities who use wastewater testing involve their community members to ensure that the people most affected by this overdose crisis are also included in the solutions that we’re implementing,” said Hannah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1982720/marin-health-officials-track-illicit-drug-use-by-testing-wastewater","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_29","science_39","science_4550","science_40","science_4450","science_98"],"tags":["science_813","science_309"],"featImg":"science_1982735","label":"science"},"science_1970166":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1970166","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1970166","score":null,"sort":[1602072420000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"pioneers-in-genetic-editing-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry","title":"UC Berkeley's Jennifer Doudna Shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry for CRISPR","publishDate":1602072420,"format":"standard","headTitle":"UC Berkeley’s Jennifer Doudna Shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry for CRISPR | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Two scientists won the Nobel Prize in chemistry on Wednesday for developing “molecular scissors” to edit genes, offering the promise of one day curing inherited diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working on opposite sides of the Atlantic, Frenchwoman Emmanuelle Charpentier and American Jennifer A. Doudna came up with a method known as CRISPR-cas9 that can be used to change the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms. It was only the fourth time that a Nobel in the sciences was awarded exclusively to women, who have long received less recognition for their work than men in the prize’s 119-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier and Doudna’s work allows for laser-sharp snips in the long strings of DNA that make up the “code of life,” enabling scientists to precisely edit specific genes to remove errors that lead to disease in humans — and is already being used for that purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is enormous power in this genetic tool, which affects us all,” said Claes Gustafsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. “It has not only revolutionized basic science, but also resulted in innovative crops and will lead to groundbreaking new medical treatments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gustafsson said that, as a result, any genome can now be edited “to fix genetic damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Francis Collins, who led the drive to map the human genome, said the technology “has changed everything” about how to approach diseases with a genetic cause, such as sickle cell disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can draw a direct line from the success of the human genome project to the power of CRISPR-cas to make changes in the instruction book,” said Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, which helped fund Doudna’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many also cautioned that the technology raises serious ethical questions and must be used carefully. Much of the world became more aware of CRISPR in 2018, when Chinese scientist He Jiankui revealed he had helped make the world’s first gene-edited babies, to try to engineer resistance to future infection with the AIDS virus. His work was denounced as unsafe human experimentation because of the risk of causing unintended changes that could pass to future generations, and he’s been sentenced to prison in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, an international panel of experts issued a report saying it’s still too soon to try to make genetically edited babies because the science isn’t advanced enough to ensure safety, but they mapped a pathway for countries that want to consider it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being able to selectively edit genes means that you are playing God in a way,” said American Chemical Society President Luis Echegoyen, a chemistry professor at the University of Texas El Paso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier, 51, spoke of the shock of winning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Strangely enough I was told a number of times (that I’d win), but when it happens you’re very surprised and you feel that it’s not real,” she told reporters by phone from Berlin after the award was announced in Stockholm by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. “But obviously it’s real, so I have to get used to it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked about the significance of two women winning, Charpentier said that while she considers herself first and foremost a scientist, “it’s reflective of the fact that science becomes more modern and involves more female leaders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do hope that it will remain and even develop more in this direction,” she said, adding that it’s “more cumbersome to be a woman in science than to be a man in science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three times a woman has won a Nobel in the sciences by herself; this is the first time an all-female team won a science prize. In 1911, Marie Curie was the sole recipient of the chemistry award, as was Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1964. In 1983, Barbara McClintock won the Nobel for medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna told The Associated Press of her own surprise — including that she learned she’d won from a reporter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I literally just found out, I’m in shock,” she said. “I was sound asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My greatest hope is that it’s used for good, to uncover new mysteries in biology and to benefit humankind,” said Doudna, who is affiliated with UC Berkeley and is paid by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which also supports AP’s Health and Science Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakthrough research done by Charpentier and Doudna was published in 2012, making the discovery very recent compared to much Nobel-wining research, which is often only honored after decades have passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to reporters from the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens in Berlin, which she leads, Charpentier said despite how recently it was developed, the method is now widely used by scientists researching diseases, developing drugs and engineering new plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most promising therapies already being developed are for eye diseases and blood disorders, such as sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia, she said. It could also have applications in the growing field of cancer immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developing hardy crops is another promising direction, said Charpentier. “I think this is very important considering the challenge we are facing of climate change,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Broad Institute at Harvard and MIT have been in a long court fight over patents on CRISPR technology, and many other scientists did important work on it, but Doudna and Charpentier have been most consistently honored with prizes for turning it into an easily usable tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prestigious award comes with a gold medal and prize money of 10 million kronor (more than $1.1 million), courtesy of a bequest left more than a century ago by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. The amount was increased recently to adjust for inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Nobel Committee awarded the prize for physiology and medicine for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus. Tuesday’s prize for physics honored breakthroughs in understanding the mysteries of cosmic black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other prizes are for outstanding work in the fields of literature, peace and economics.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier discovered a way to cut into broken genetic material, remove it and replace it. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847009,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1058},"headData":{"title":"UC Berkeley's Jennifer Doudna Shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry for CRISPR | KQED","description":"Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier discovered a way to cut into broken genetic material, remove it and replace it. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"UC Berkeley's Jennifer Doudna Shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry for CRISPR","datePublished":"2020-10-07T12:07:00.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:36:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Nobel Prize","sticky":false,"nprByline":"David Keyton, Christina Larson and Frank Jordans\u003cbr>Associated Press","path":"/science/1970166/pioneers-in-genetic-editing-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two scientists won the Nobel Prize in chemistry on Wednesday for developing “molecular scissors” to edit genes, offering the promise of one day curing inherited diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working on opposite sides of the Atlantic, Frenchwoman Emmanuelle Charpentier and American Jennifer A. Doudna came up with a method known as CRISPR-cas9 that can be used to change the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms. It was only the fourth time that a Nobel in the sciences was awarded exclusively to women, who have long received less recognition for their work than men in the prize’s 119-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier and Doudna’s work allows for laser-sharp snips in the long strings of DNA that make up the “code of life,” enabling scientists to precisely edit specific genes to remove errors that lead to disease in humans — and is already being used for that purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is enormous power in this genetic tool, which affects us all,” said Claes Gustafsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. “It has not only revolutionized basic science, but also resulted in innovative crops and will lead to groundbreaking new medical treatments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gustafsson said that, as a result, any genome can now be edited “to fix genetic damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Francis Collins, who led the drive to map the human genome, said the technology “has changed everything” about how to approach diseases with a genetic cause, such as sickle cell disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can draw a direct line from the success of the human genome project to the power of CRISPR-cas to make changes in the instruction book,” said Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, which helped fund Doudna’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many also cautioned that the technology raises serious ethical questions and must be used carefully. Much of the world became more aware of CRISPR in 2018, when Chinese scientist He Jiankui revealed he had helped make the world’s first gene-edited babies, to try to engineer resistance to future infection with the AIDS virus. His work was denounced as unsafe human experimentation because of the risk of causing unintended changes that could pass to future generations, and he’s been sentenced to prison in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, an international panel of experts issued a report saying it’s still too soon to try to make genetically edited babies because the science isn’t advanced enough to ensure safety, but they mapped a pathway for countries that want to consider it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being able to selectively edit genes means that you are playing God in a way,” said American Chemical Society President Luis Echegoyen, a chemistry professor at the University of Texas El Paso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier, 51, spoke of the shock of winning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Strangely enough I was told a number of times (that I’d win), but when it happens you’re very surprised and you feel that it’s not real,” she told reporters by phone from Berlin after the award was announced in Stockholm by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. “But obviously it’s real, so I have to get used to it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked about the significance of two women winning, Charpentier said that while she considers herself first and foremost a scientist, “it’s reflective of the fact that science becomes more modern and involves more female leaders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do hope that it will remain and even develop more in this direction,” she said, adding that it’s “more cumbersome to be a woman in science than to be a man in science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three times a woman has won a Nobel in the sciences by herself; this is the first time an all-female team won a science prize. In 1911, Marie Curie was the sole recipient of the chemistry award, as was Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1964. In 1983, Barbara McClintock won the Nobel for medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna told The Associated Press of her own surprise — including that she learned she’d won from a reporter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I literally just found out, I’m in shock,” she said. “I was sound asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My greatest hope is that it’s used for good, to uncover new mysteries in biology and to benefit humankind,” said Doudna, who is affiliated with UC Berkeley and is paid by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which also supports AP’s Health and Science Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakthrough research done by Charpentier and Doudna was published in 2012, making the discovery very recent compared to much Nobel-wining research, which is often only honored after decades have passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to reporters from the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens in Berlin, which she leads, Charpentier said despite how recently it was developed, the method is now widely used by scientists researching diseases, developing drugs and engineering new plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most promising therapies already being developed are for eye diseases and blood disorders, such as sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia, she said. It could also have applications in the growing field of cancer immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developing hardy crops is another promising direction, said Charpentier. “I think this is very important considering the challenge we are facing of climate change,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Broad Institute at Harvard and MIT have been in a long court fight over patents on CRISPR technology, and many other scientists did important work on it, but Doudna and Charpentier have been most consistently honored with prizes for turning it into an easily usable tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prestigious award comes with a gold medal and prize money of 10 million kronor (more than $1.1 million), courtesy of a bequest left more than a century ago by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. The amount was increased recently to adjust for inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Nobel Committee awarded the prize for physiology and medicine for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus. Tuesday’s prize for physics honored breakthroughs in understanding the mysteries of cosmic black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other prizes are for outstanding work in the fields of literature, peace and economics.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1970166/pioneers-in-genetic-editing-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry","authors":["byline_science_1970166"],"categories":["science_29","science_39","science_3890","science_40"],"tags":["science_1287","science_4414","science_5181","science_1943"],"featImg":"science_1970169","label":"source_science_1970166"},"science_1963981":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1963981","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1963981","score":null,"sort":[1589225436000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"remdesivir-behind-the-controversial-decision-to-end-a-pivotal-drug-study","title":"Remdesivir: Behind the Controversial Decision to End a Pivotal Drug Study","publishDate":1589225436,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Remdesivir: Behind the Controversial Decision to End a Pivotal Drug Study | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he Bay Area drug maker Gilead Sciences released a bombshell two weeks ago: A study conducted by a U.S. government agency had found that the company’s experimental drug, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/05/remdesivir-gilead-strategic-crossroads-reputation-far-more-at-stake/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">remdesivir\u003c/a>, was the first treatment \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/29/gilead-says-critical-study-of-covid-19-drug-shows-patients-are-responding-to-treatment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">shown to have even a small effect\u003c/a> against COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind that ray of hope, though, was one of the toughest quandaries in medicine: how to balance the need to rigorously test a new medicine for safety and effectiveness with the moral imperative to get patients an effective treatment as quickly as possible. At the heart of the decision about when to end the trial was a process that was — as is often in the case in clinical trials — by turns secretive and bureaucratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases has described to STAT in new detail how it made its fateful decision: to start giving remdesivir to patients who had been assigned to receive a placebo in the study, essentially limiting researchers’ ability to collect more data about whether the drug saves lives — something the study, called ACTT-1, suggests but does not prove. In the trial, 8% of the participants given remdesivir died, compared with 11.6% of the placebo group, a difference that was not statistically significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A ‘Lost Opportunity’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A top NIAID official said he had no regrets about the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There certainly was unanimity within the institute that this was the right thing to do,” said H. Clifford Lane, NIAID’s clinical director. “While I think there might’ve been some discussion, [because] everyone always tries to play devil’s advocate in these discussions, I think there was a pretty uniform opinion that this was what we should do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the standpoint of the agency, he said, the study had answered the question it was designed to answer: The median time that hospitalized COVID-19 patients on remdesivir took to stop needing oxygen or exit the hospital was, at 11 days, four days shorter than those who were on placebo. “How many patients would we want to put at risk of dying,” he asked, for that last little bit of proof? Remdesivir, he noted, was not a home run, but is probably better than nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Nissen, a veteran trialist and cardiologist at the Cleveland Clinic, disagreed that giving placebo patients remdesivir was the right call. “I believe it is in society’s best interest to determine whether remdesivir can reduce mortality, and with the release of this information doing a placebo-controlled trial to determine if there is a mortality benefit will be very difficult,” he said. “The question is: Was there a route, or is there a route, to determine if the drug can prevent death?” The decision is “a lost opportunity,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Bach, the director of the Center for Health Policy and Outcomes at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, agreed with Nissen. “The core understanding of clinical research participation and clinical research conduct is we run the trial rigorously to provide the most accurate information about the right treatment,” he said. And that answer, he argued, should ideally have determined whether remdesivir saves lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason we have shut our whole society down, Bach said, is not to prevent COVID-19 patients from spending a few more days in the hospital. It is to prevent patients from dying. “Mortality is the right endpoint,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tough Call\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most experts contacted by STAT expressed opinions that fell between Nissen and Lane, believing that the decision was a difficult case, with several defending the NIAID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it was a really tough call,” said Janet Wittes, a prominent statistician and the president of Statistics Collaborative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the remdesivir results were announced, the NIH said the data came from an “interim” analysis. This means that a study was stopped early because a drug’s benefit was so undeniable that it would be unethical to continue the study. But Lane said this was incorrect. The data come from a preliminary final analysis, a point at which the study would normally end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACTT study (short for Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial) began in late February. The first patient dosed in the study was an American repatriated from the Diamond Princess, a British cruise ship where there was an outbreak of more than 800 COVID-19 cases. By the terms of the study, hospitalized patients were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous remdesivir or a placebo. On day 15, the study would score patients on a scale from 1 (dead) to 8 (not hospitalized, with no restrictions on activities).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As results from other COVID-19 studies conducted in China started to trickle in, Lane and his team began to worry that looking at the outcome on only the 15th day could lead the study to fail even if the drug was effective. On March 22, with only 77 patients enrolled in the study, members of the NIAID team had a conference call on which they decided to change the measure that would be used. Instead of measuring patients on an eight-point scale on one day, the study would measure the time until the patients scored one of the best three outcomes on the scale. This decision was finalized on April 2; it was posted to clinicaltrials.gov, a government registry of clinical trials, on April 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically, Lane said, the study would still have been positive if the change had not been made. But the change in the study’s main goal also changed the way the study would be analyzed. Now, the NIAID decided, the analysis would be calculated when 400 patients out of the 1,063 patients the study enrolled had recovered. If remdesivir turned out to be much more effective than expected, “interim” analyses would be conducted at a third and two-thirds that number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First, Do No Harm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The job of reviewing these analyses would fall to a committee of outside experts on what is known as an independent data and safety monitoring board, or DSMB. Though they generally go unseen, DSMBs are among the most important and powerful forces in medical research. They are allowed to analyze the data from a trial while it’s ongoing, even as drug companies, doctors, and patients are kept from knowing who is getting the medicine and who is getting placebo. These boards have two jobs: to make sure that patients aren’t being harmed by the experimental drug, and to ensure that it’s not already clear beyond a doubt that a medicine is effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those decisions bring moments of triumph, despair, and, occasionally, confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Merck decided to withdraw the painkiller Vioxx in 2004, it was because a DSMB had recommended stopping a study of the drug when it became clear the medicine increased the risk of heart attacks and strokes. In 2014, when a study of the cancer immunotherapy Opdivo first proved that drug extended survival in melanoma, it was because a DSMB had found the result incontrovertible and recommended stopping the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the DSMB for the remdesivir study did not ever meet for an interim efficacy analysis, Lane said. All patients had been enrolled by April 20. The data for a DSMB meeting was cut off on April 22. The DSMB met and, on April 27, it made a recommendation to the NIAID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That recommendation was not about whether the patients on placebo should receive remdesivir. Instead, the DSMB recommended that in the next phase of the study, testing Eli Lilly’s arthritis drug Olumiant against remdesivir, there was no need for a placebo-only group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision, Lane said, led the NIAID to conclude that patients who had been given placebo should be offered remdesivir, something that started happening after April 28.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where Nissen and Bach disagree. There were 1,063 patients in the study, but only 480 had recovered at the time of the analysis. Researchers could have collected more data, they argue, and perhaps have learned if remdesivir saves lives. They were already close, both note. Results are considered “significant” if a measure called a p-value is less than 0.05; the value for mortality in the preliminary analysis was 0.059. “How many patients would we want to put at risk of dying to get that 0.01 on the p-value,” Lane retorted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc Pfeffer, a cardiologist at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, said he believes NIAID made the right call. He said that he was “very sympathetic” to the fact that researchers were getting this study done during a pandemic. “If you make the decision that remdesivir should be part of everybody’s therapy in the next phase, then those volunteers taking the risks in the current trial should be switched to the active therapy now considered effective,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should this decision have been left to the DSMB, not the NIAID? DSMBs are technically only advisory panels, said Richard Chaisson, a professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaisson remembers running an NIH-funded study of a preventative treatment for tuberculosis. The DSMB recommended continuing the trial, but he decided not to, because it was putting patients at too much risk. “The NIH had no problem with me not following the DSMB’s advice, and were even relieved I made the decision I did,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wittes, of Statistics Collaborative, said she is glad she wasn’t on this DSMB, adding, “I don’t know where I would have come out.” And she said that when full results of the study are available, she would be “shocked” if the NIAID had not done things properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there are groups of people who you’d really respect who would not have stopped a study like this without a mortality benefit,” Wittes said. “And I think you can argue that both ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also worried that the evidence might not be strong enough to make the decision society is now making: that every new COVID-19 treatment must be given with or compared to remdesivir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not for Everybody?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The danger is now it’s the treatment for everybody,” she said. “Now this is the base drug and everything is going to be that plus something or the control. I think we don’t know if it’s strong enough for it to be the standard of care. I don’t think we know who should be treated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Joffe, an ethics expert at the University of Pennsylvania, said he believes the NIAID likely took the right steps in making its decision to give remdesivir to the placebo patients. But he worries about deciding to use time to improvement, not death, as the measure of success, in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t find this endpoint very compelling, and to me the real issue is the decision to design the trial around the endpoint of time to recovery defined in the way they defined recovery,” Joffe said. “To me, the decisions that are this weighty ought to be based on clinically important endpoints.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this would normally wait until the full results were published, at which point the roster of the DSMB may be revealed. (Lane would not share their names.) But what is unusual in this case is that, before the data are even fully analyzed, the FDA has \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/01/fda-to-allow-emergency-use-of-gileads-covid-19-drug/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">authorized remdesivir’s use\u003c/a>. A Chinese study, meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/23/data-on-gileads-remdesivir-released-by-accident-show-no-benefit-for-coronavirus-patients/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">failed to show\u003c/a> remdesivir had a benefit. Several more studies of the drug expected to read out soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethan Weiss, a cardiologist at the University of California, San Francisco, who traveled to New York two weeks ago \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/07/podcast-covid-19-gilead-pricing-dilemma/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to treat COVID-19 patients\u003c/a>, said that he does worry that we have missed “a fleeting opportunity” to understand how well remdesivir works. “It is sad to me that we’re not going to get a complete answer about it.” But he said he also thinks the issue is “inside baseball.” Remdesivir, as several experts have pointed out, is not a game changer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real problem, Weiss said, is not the handling of this particular study but that there aren’t more like it. He said he wished the U.S. had built the infrastructure needed to do more studies like this when the pandemic in New York was at its height. He wished there were more studies, with more DSMBs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve squandered an incredible opportunity to do good science,” Weiss said. “If we could ever go back and do something all over, it would be the infrastructure to actually learn something. Because we’re not learning enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/11/inside-the-nihs-controversial-decision-to-stop-its-big-remdesivir-study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Behind a study that found an effective treatment against COVID-19 was one of the toughest quandaries in medicine. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847447,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":42,"wordCount":2222},"headData":{"title":"Remdesivir: Behind the Controversial Decision to End a Pivotal Drug Study | KQED","description":"Behind a study that found an effective treatment against COVID-19 was one of the toughest quandaries in medicine. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Remdesivir: Behind the Controversial Decision to End a Pivotal Drug Study","datePublished":"2020-05-11T19:30:36.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:44:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"STAT","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Matthew Herper \u003cbr />STAT\u003cbr>","path":"/science/1963981/remdesivir-behind-the-controversial-decision-to-end-a-pivotal-drug-study","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he Bay Area drug maker Gilead Sciences released a bombshell two weeks ago: A study conducted by a U.S. government agency had found that the company’s experimental drug, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/05/remdesivir-gilead-strategic-crossroads-reputation-far-more-at-stake/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">remdesivir\u003c/a>, was the first treatment \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/29/gilead-says-critical-study-of-covid-19-drug-shows-patients-are-responding-to-treatment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">shown to have even a small effect\u003c/a> against COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind that ray of hope, though, was one of the toughest quandaries in medicine: how to balance the need to rigorously test a new medicine for safety and effectiveness with the moral imperative to get patients an effective treatment as quickly as possible. At the heart of the decision about when to end the trial was a process that was — as is often in the case in clinical trials — by turns secretive and bureaucratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases has described to STAT in new detail how it made its fateful decision: to start giving remdesivir to patients who had been assigned to receive a placebo in the study, essentially limiting researchers’ ability to collect more data about whether the drug saves lives — something the study, called ACTT-1, suggests but does not prove. In the trial, 8% of the participants given remdesivir died, compared with 11.6% of the placebo group, a difference that was not statistically significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A ‘Lost Opportunity’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A top NIAID official said he had no regrets about the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There certainly was unanimity within the institute that this was the right thing to do,” said H. Clifford Lane, NIAID’s clinical director. “While I think there might’ve been some discussion, [because] everyone always tries to play devil’s advocate in these discussions, I think there was a pretty uniform opinion that this was what we should do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the standpoint of the agency, he said, the study had answered the question it was designed to answer: The median time that hospitalized COVID-19 patients on remdesivir took to stop needing oxygen or exit the hospital was, at 11 days, four days shorter than those who were on placebo. “How many patients would we want to put at risk of dying,” he asked, for that last little bit of proof? Remdesivir, he noted, was not a home run, but is probably better than nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Nissen, a veteran trialist and cardiologist at the Cleveland Clinic, disagreed that giving placebo patients remdesivir was the right call. “I believe it is in society’s best interest to determine whether remdesivir can reduce mortality, and with the release of this information doing a placebo-controlled trial to determine if there is a mortality benefit will be very difficult,” he said. “The question is: Was there a route, or is there a route, to determine if the drug can prevent death?” The decision is “a lost opportunity,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Bach, the director of the Center for Health Policy and Outcomes at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, agreed with Nissen. “The core understanding of clinical research participation and clinical research conduct is we run the trial rigorously to provide the most accurate information about the right treatment,” he said. And that answer, he argued, should ideally have determined whether remdesivir saves lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason we have shut our whole society down, Bach said, is not to prevent COVID-19 patients from spending a few more days in the hospital. It is to prevent patients from dying. “Mortality is the right endpoint,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tough Call\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most experts contacted by STAT expressed opinions that fell between Nissen and Lane, believing that the decision was a difficult case, with several defending the NIAID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it was a really tough call,” said Janet Wittes, a prominent statistician and the president of Statistics Collaborative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the remdesivir results were announced, the NIH said the data came from an “interim” analysis. This means that a study was stopped early because a drug’s benefit was so undeniable that it would be unethical to continue the study. But Lane said this was incorrect. The data come from a preliminary final analysis, a point at which the study would normally end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACTT study (short for Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial) began in late February. The first patient dosed in the study was an American repatriated from the Diamond Princess, a British cruise ship where there was an outbreak of more than 800 COVID-19 cases. By the terms of the study, hospitalized patients were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous remdesivir or a placebo. On day 15, the study would score patients on a scale from 1 (dead) to 8 (not hospitalized, with no restrictions on activities).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As results from other COVID-19 studies conducted in China started to trickle in, Lane and his team began to worry that looking at the outcome on only the 15th day could lead the study to fail even if the drug was effective. On March 22, with only 77 patients enrolled in the study, members of the NIAID team had a conference call on which they decided to change the measure that would be used. Instead of measuring patients on an eight-point scale on one day, the study would measure the time until the patients scored one of the best three outcomes on the scale. This decision was finalized on April 2; it was posted to clinicaltrials.gov, a government registry of clinical trials, on April 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically, Lane said, the study would still have been positive if the change had not been made. But the change in the study’s main goal also changed the way the study would be analyzed. Now, the NIAID decided, the analysis would be calculated when 400 patients out of the 1,063 patients the study enrolled had recovered. If remdesivir turned out to be much more effective than expected, “interim” analyses would be conducted at a third and two-thirds that number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First, Do No Harm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The job of reviewing these analyses would fall to a committee of outside experts on what is known as an independent data and safety monitoring board, or DSMB. Though they generally go unseen, DSMBs are among the most important and powerful forces in medical research. They are allowed to analyze the data from a trial while it’s ongoing, even as drug companies, doctors, and patients are kept from knowing who is getting the medicine and who is getting placebo. These boards have two jobs: to make sure that patients aren’t being harmed by the experimental drug, and to ensure that it’s not already clear beyond a doubt that a medicine is effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those decisions bring moments of triumph, despair, and, occasionally, confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Merck decided to withdraw the painkiller Vioxx in 2004, it was because a DSMB had recommended stopping a study of the drug when it became clear the medicine increased the risk of heart attacks and strokes. In 2014, when a study of the cancer immunotherapy Opdivo first proved that drug extended survival in melanoma, it was because a DSMB had found the result incontrovertible and recommended stopping the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the DSMB for the remdesivir study did not ever meet for an interim efficacy analysis, Lane said. All patients had been enrolled by April 20. The data for a DSMB meeting was cut off on April 22. The DSMB met and, on April 27, it made a recommendation to the NIAID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That recommendation was not about whether the patients on placebo should receive remdesivir. Instead, the DSMB recommended that in the next phase of the study, testing Eli Lilly’s arthritis drug Olumiant against remdesivir, there was no need for a placebo-only group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision, Lane said, led the NIAID to conclude that patients who had been given placebo should be offered remdesivir, something that started happening after April 28.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where Nissen and Bach disagree. There were 1,063 patients in the study, but only 480 had recovered at the time of the analysis. Researchers could have collected more data, they argue, and perhaps have learned if remdesivir saves lives. They were already close, both note. Results are considered “significant” if a measure called a p-value is less than 0.05; the value for mortality in the preliminary analysis was 0.059. “How many patients would we want to put at risk of dying to get that 0.01 on the p-value,” Lane retorted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc Pfeffer, a cardiologist at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, said he believes NIAID made the right call. He said that he was “very sympathetic” to the fact that researchers were getting this study done during a pandemic. “If you make the decision that remdesivir should be part of everybody’s therapy in the next phase, then those volunteers taking the risks in the current trial should be switched to the active therapy now considered effective,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should this decision have been left to the DSMB, not the NIAID? DSMBs are technically only advisory panels, said Richard Chaisson, a professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaisson remembers running an NIH-funded study of a preventative treatment for tuberculosis. The DSMB recommended continuing the trial, but he decided not to, because it was putting patients at too much risk. “The NIH had no problem with me not following the DSMB’s advice, and were even relieved I made the decision I did,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wittes, of Statistics Collaborative, said she is glad she wasn’t on this DSMB, adding, “I don’t know where I would have come out.” And she said that when full results of the study are available, she would be “shocked” if the NIAID had not done things properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there are groups of people who you’d really respect who would not have stopped a study like this without a mortality benefit,” Wittes said. “And I think you can argue that both ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also worried that the evidence might not be strong enough to make the decision society is now making: that every new COVID-19 treatment must be given with or compared to remdesivir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not for Everybody?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The danger is now it’s the treatment for everybody,” she said. “Now this is the base drug and everything is going to be that plus something or the control. I think we don’t know if it’s strong enough for it to be the standard of care. I don’t think we know who should be treated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Joffe, an ethics expert at the University of Pennsylvania, said he believes the NIAID likely took the right steps in making its decision to give remdesivir to the placebo patients. But he worries about deciding to use time to improvement, not death, as the measure of success, in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t find this endpoint very compelling, and to me the real issue is the decision to design the trial around the endpoint of time to recovery defined in the way they defined recovery,” Joffe said. “To me, the decisions that are this weighty ought to be based on clinically important endpoints.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this would normally wait until the full results were published, at which point the roster of the DSMB may be revealed. (Lane would not share their names.) But what is unusual in this case is that, before the data are even fully analyzed, the FDA has \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/01/fda-to-allow-emergency-use-of-gileads-covid-19-drug/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">authorized remdesivir’s use\u003c/a>. A Chinese study, meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/23/data-on-gileads-remdesivir-released-by-accident-show-no-benefit-for-coronavirus-patients/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">failed to show\u003c/a> remdesivir had a benefit. Several more studies of the drug expected to read out soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethan Weiss, a cardiologist at the University of California, San Francisco, who traveled to New York two weeks ago \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/07/podcast-covid-19-gilead-pricing-dilemma/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to treat COVID-19 patients\u003c/a>, said that he does worry that we have missed “a fleeting opportunity” to understand how well remdesivir works. “It is sad to me that we’re not going to get a complete answer about it.” But he said he also thinks the issue is “inside baseball.” Remdesivir, as several experts have pointed out, is not a game changer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real problem, Weiss said, is not the handling of this particular study but that there aren’t more like it. He said he wished the U.S. had built the infrastructure needed to do more studies like this when the pandemic in New York was at its height. He wished there were more studies, with more DSMBs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve squandered an incredible opportunity to do good science,” Weiss said. “If we could ever go back and do something all over, it would be the infrastructure to actually learn something. Because we’re not learning enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/11/inside-the-nihs-controversial-decision-to-stop-its-big-remdesivir-study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1963981/remdesivir-behind-the-controversial-decision-to-end-a-pivotal-drug-study","authors":["byline_science_1963981"],"categories":["science_29","science_39","science_3890","science_40"],"tags":["science_4329","science_4368","science_5181","science_3977"],"featImg":"science_1963983","label":"source_science_1963981"},"science_1960404":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1960404","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1960404","score":null,"sort":[1585516856000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"at-kaiser-trumps-pharmaceutical-advice-creates-chaos-for-lupus-patients","title":"At Kaiser, Trump’s Pharmaceutical Advice Creates Chaos For Lupus Patients","publishDate":1585516856,"format":"standard","headTitle":"At Kaiser, Trump’s Pharmaceutical Advice Creates Chaos For Lupus Patients | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The COVID-19 pandemic threatens access to drug treatment for lupus patients, in part because the prevailing drug of choice for lupus was touted by the president as a “game changer” in the fight against coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chloraquine and hydroxychloroquine are drugs commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, which are disorders of the immune system. Oakland-based Kaiser Permanente patients say they’ve received inconsistent advice about the availability of this treatment from one day to the next, and they’re concerned the supply won’t hold out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent days, KQED talked to several patients who were still being told that hydroxychloroquine was unavailable, including Chinyere Amobi, a Los Angeles-based freelance journalist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaiser has acknowledged that the shortage is changing how it operates. Its pharmacies and doctors already are steering arthritis patients toward alternative therapies. But that’s harder to do with lupus: it’s a disorder of the immune system in which an overproduction of antibodies can attack the body’s organs, most commonly kidneys and skin. Hydroxychloraquine and chloroquine are bulwarks against this overproduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the course of one week, Kaiser pharmacists told Amobi that the prescription was available for pickup; then that it would not be refilled; then, that an appeal to an internal review board was denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, on Friday, as the company was saying the drug was still available, Amobi was told by phone that the drug was being reserved for critical care in hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is above all of us here at the pharmacy,” the pharmacist said, characterizing the change in policy as a nationwide one. “This is a decision made by upper management and the doctors who are specialists for this type of medication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When all of this is over, we’ll try to get you your supply,” her pharmacist told her. In the meantime, “we’re just going to have to consider an alternative therapy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lupus and the medications required to control it put patients like Amobi more at risk for infection. While the infection rate and severity of COVID-19 remain moving targets for the general public, patients who suffer from lupus are immunocompromised. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/specific-groups/high-risk-complications.html#take-everyday-precautions\"> recommend\u003c/a> that to minimize risk of coronavirus exposure, lupus patients stay home and away from crowds, wash their hands, and keep supplies — including normal medications — on hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week Buzzfeed News \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tanyachen/kaiser-permanente-lupus-chloroquine\">reported\u003c/a> the story of a lupus patient named Dale who was told her prescription would not be refilled. In written communication, Kaiser said, “Thank you for your sacrifice.” At the time the company defended the decision, saying that it was reserving the drug both for “critical care” COVID-19 patients and for serious cases of lupus. Then the company reversed course: by Friday, Kaiser was saying that it’s continuing to fill prescriptions for lupus patients, just for shorter periods: two weeks rather than 90 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the drugs are well known to the estimated million-and-a-half lupus patients in the U.S., and to scattered travelers who use them as anti-malarials, most Americans likely had not heard of them by name until President Trump\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/ScdYrN3BWTM?t=58\"> mentioned the two drugs in a coronavirus task force briefing in mid-March\u003c/a>, touting them as a potential “game changer” that has shown “very, very encouraging results.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No evidence supports the president’s claim that the drugs are a cure for COVID-19. One very limited\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920300996\"> French study\u003c/a> suggests potential value for using the drug in combination with an antibiotic, but that study’s methodology and conclusions have since been called into question by peer scientists. The Daily Beast has since \u003ca href=\"https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-says-hes-doing-a-hell-of-a-job-getting-medical-supplies-reality-says-otherwise\">reported\u003c/a> that the federal Health and Human Services Department is paying a North Carolina-based pharmaceutical company to develop possible treatments for COVID-19 with chloroquine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, federal scientists have walked back the president’s claim, rheumatologists have advocated for the continuation of current therapies for arthritis and lupus patients, and advocacy groups working on behalf of those patients have called upon the federal government to take stronger action to protect the supply chain that delivers prescriptions to those for whom the drugs’ efficacy is well established.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are doing all we can to continue filling all current prescriptions for patients with lupus,” reads a Kaiser media release, which offers hope in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an inquiry from KQED, Amobi received word from Kaiser that she gets to stick with the drug that has proven itself to work for her over more than a decade – at least for the next two weeks. The latest pharmacist with whom she spoke couldn’t guarantee it would be available longer than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the next several weeks, we expect the drug manufacturers to ramp up production to meet the increased demand across the U.S. and the world,” Kaiser says, in a statement. “As supply becomes available, our physicians will evaluate these dispensing protocols and adjust accordingly.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One consequence of the pandemic is that a major California health insurer is waffling on drug treatment for people who suffer from lupus - because the drug in question, chloraquine, is in sudden demand.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847617,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":861},"headData":{"title":"At Kaiser, Trump’s Pharmaceutical Advice Creates Chaos For Lupus Patients | KQED","description":"One consequence of the pandemic is that a major California health insurer is waffling on drug treatment for people who suffer from lupus - because the drug in question, chloraquine, is in sudden demand.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"At Kaiser, Trump’s Pharmaceutical Advice Creates Chaos For Lupus Patients","datePublished":"2020-03-29T21:20:56.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:46:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Coronavirus","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1960404/at-kaiser-trumps-pharmaceutical-advice-creates-chaos-for-lupus-patients","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The COVID-19 pandemic threatens access to drug treatment for lupus patients, in part because the prevailing drug of choice for lupus was touted by the president as a “game changer” in the fight against coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chloraquine and hydroxychloroquine are drugs commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, which are disorders of the immune system. Oakland-based Kaiser Permanente patients say they’ve received inconsistent advice about the availability of this treatment from one day to the next, and they’re concerned the supply won’t hold out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent days, KQED talked to several patients who were still being told that hydroxychloroquine was unavailable, including Chinyere Amobi, a Los Angeles-based freelance journalist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaiser has acknowledged that the shortage is changing how it operates. Its pharmacies and doctors already are steering arthritis patients toward alternative therapies. But that’s harder to do with lupus: it’s a disorder of the immune system in which an overproduction of antibodies can attack the body’s organs, most commonly kidneys and skin. Hydroxychloraquine and chloroquine are bulwarks against this overproduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the course of one week, Kaiser pharmacists told Amobi that the prescription was available for pickup; then that it would not be refilled; then, that an appeal to an internal review board was denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, on Friday, as the company was saying the drug was still available, Amobi was told by phone that the drug was being reserved for critical care in hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is above all of us here at the pharmacy,” the pharmacist said, characterizing the change in policy as a nationwide one. “This is a decision made by upper management and the doctors who are specialists for this type of medication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When all of this is over, we’ll try to get you your supply,” her pharmacist told her. In the meantime, “we’re just going to have to consider an alternative therapy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lupus and the medications required to control it put patients like Amobi more at risk for infection. While the infection rate and severity of COVID-19 remain moving targets for the general public, patients who suffer from lupus are immunocompromised. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/specific-groups/high-risk-complications.html#take-everyday-precautions\"> recommend\u003c/a> that to minimize risk of coronavirus exposure, lupus patients stay home and away from crowds, wash their hands, and keep supplies — including normal medications — on hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week Buzzfeed News \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tanyachen/kaiser-permanente-lupus-chloroquine\">reported\u003c/a> the story of a lupus patient named Dale who was told her prescription would not be refilled. In written communication, Kaiser said, “Thank you for your sacrifice.” At the time the company defended the decision, saying that it was reserving the drug both for “critical care” COVID-19 patients and for serious cases of lupus. Then the company reversed course: by Friday, Kaiser was saying that it’s continuing to fill prescriptions for lupus patients, just for shorter periods: two weeks rather than 90 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the drugs are well known to the estimated million-and-a-half lupus patients in the U.S., and to scattered travelers who use them as anti-malarials, most Americans likely had not heard of them by name until President Trump\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/ScdYrN3BWTM?t=58\"> mentioned the two drugs in a coronavirus task force briefing in mid-March\u003c/a>, touting them as a potential “game changer” that has shown “very, very encouraging results.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No evidence supports the president’s claim that the drugs are a cure for COVID-19. One very limited\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920300996\"> French study\u003c/a> suggests potential value for using the drug in combination with an antibiotic, but that study’s methodology and conclusions have since been called into question by peer scientists. The Daily Beast has since \u003ca href=\"https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-says-hes-doing-a-hell-of-a-job-getting-medical-supplies-reality-says-otherwise\">reported\u003c/a> that the federal Health and Human Services Department is paying a North Carolina-based pharmaceutical company to develop possible treatments for COVID-19 with chloroquine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, federal scientists have walked back the president’s claim, rheumatologists have advocated for the continuation of current therapies for arthritis and lupus patients, and advocacy groups working on behalf of those patients have called upon the federal government to take stronger action to protect the supply chain that delivers prescriptions to those for whom the drugs’ efficacy is well established.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are doing all we can to continue filling all current prescriptions for patients with lupus,” reads a Kaiser media release, which offers hope in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an inquiry from KQED, Amobi received word from Kaiser that she gets to stick with the drug that has proven itself to work for her over more than a decade – at least for the next two weeks. The latest pharmacist with whom she spoke couldn’t guarantee it would be available longer than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the next several weeks, we expect the drug manufacturers to ramp up production to meet the increased demand across the U.S. and the world,” Kaiser says, in a statement. “As supply becomes available, our physicians will evaluate these dispensing protocols and adjust accordingly.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1960404/at-kaiser-trumps-pharmaceutical-advice-creates-chaos-for-lupus-patients","authors":["11223"],"categories":["science_30","science_29","science_39","science_3890","science_40"],"tags":["science_4329","science_3370"],"featImg":"science_1960432","label":"source_science_1960404"},"science_1952464":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1952464","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1952464","score":null,"sort":[1577109604000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-big-science-and-environment-stories-of-the-decade","title":"The Big Science and Environment Stories of the Decade","publishDate":1577109604,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Big Science and Environment Stories of the Decade | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The 2010s saw breakthroughs in medical science and spectacular discoveries in space and physics. For Californians, it was also the decade that climate change arrived in our front yards in the form of serial cataclysmic fire seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the decade, scientists refined the regimen of HIV/AIDS medication, made life-saving advances in the treatment of cancer, and invented an entirely new gene-editing technology, with the hope of one day curing diseases before they begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons probe captured the first close-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">images\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and the world caught its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870482/first-photos-of-a-black-hole-captured-by-event-horizon-telescope-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">glimpse\u003c/a>, albeit a bit blurry, of a black hole. Our understanding of exoplanets exploded: the Kepler Space Telescope and the TESS satellite found thousands of new planets outside our solar system, and researchers began to comprehend what those worlds might actually look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the decade closes, the KQED Science team has created a sort of mixtape of the major trends, significant moments and noteworthy discoveries, with an eye toward California and the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you want the good news or the bad news first? Well, let’s get it out of the way …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfires Create Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952558\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952558 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew of inmate firefighters make their way to firefighting operations to battle the Kincade Fire in Healdsburg, California on October 26, 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The changing climate is leading to longer dry periods in California, which is at least three degrees warmer since the beginning of the industrial era, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, combined with a century of suppressing wildfires and denser populations in areas perilously close to fire-prone wilderness, have created the worst fire seasons on record. Since 2012, four of the five \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5510/top20_acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biggest\u003c/a> California wildfires have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934533/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning;%20https:/www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">burned\u003c/a> over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on Oct. 8, 2017, hot, dry winds downed power lines, carrying sparks and flaming embers long distances to ignite multiple fires. The Tubbs Fire and other North Bay blazes scorched large areas of Sonoma and Napa counties, claiming 44 lives and destroying over 8,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following summer, during the Carr Fire, a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” exploded into the outskirts of Redding, devastating everything in its path. The blaze killed eight people and destroyed 1,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the worst was yet to come. In November, the Camp Fire nearly wiped out the town of Paradise and surrounding communities. It was the deadliest wildfire in California history, killing 86 people, destroying almost 14,000 homes, and costing more money than any natural disaster in the world that year. Across wide swaths of the state, smoke from the fire rendered the air unhealthy to breathe, inundating the Bay Area for almost two weeks so that the region registered its worst air quality on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952579 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of homes destroyed by the Camp Fire on February 11, 2019 in Paradise, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As far as global warming goes, the outlook is not good, whether it relates to fires or to other natural disasters. The 2010s included the hottest year (2017) and the hottest month (July 2019) on record, and the 10 years that make up the decade will almost certainly set a new temperature mark as well, according to the U.N., based on millions of global measurements taken over the last 170 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, our series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Living With Wildfire: California Reimagined\u003c/a> asked some big questions about how the state can, in our warming world, learn to survive more frequent and ferocious conflagrations. Are some fire-prone areas now too dangerous to accommodate new housing? How can towns prepare for mass evacuations? And neighborhoods make themselves fire-resistant? Are Californians willing to suffer the inconvenience and financial cost to protect the state from extreme wildfires? Perhaps, but it will mean big changes in how we think and live. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Californians began to experience climate change in the form of hotter days and more destructive fires, state policies to mitigate global warming began to pay dividends. California’s investor-owned utilities shattered \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> targets mandated by the state, and California \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/942b5a251fac413a84fc4eb93a67c46c/California-meets-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal-years-early\">reduced\u003c/a> its overall emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level, two years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate policies, in a state with the world’s fifth largest economy, helped spur a rapid decline in the cost of renewable energy around the U.S. This past decade, the cost of wind energy fell by 57%, utility-scale solar power by 86%, and battery energy storage by 76%. In 2019, for the first time, power generation in the U.S. from renewable energy \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">surpassed\u003c/a> power produced from coal. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952593 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are big successes, but California has a lot of work to do over the next 10 years if the state is going to meet its 2045 goal of net-zero emissions, also called carbon neutrality. California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">way behind \u003c/a>in meeting this ambitious objective, in part because emissions from the transportation sector are soaring, due to Californians driving more miles in larger, gas-guzzling trucks and of SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to reverse this trend by incentivizing fuel-efficient cars and setting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/zev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">target\u003c/a> of 5 million electric vehicles traversing California roads by 2030. But meeting that goal is going to be tough, with sales of EVs currently standing at only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/sales-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fraction of that total.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, frustrated by the lack of progress in the fight against climate change, young people took to the streets the last couple of years. The Sunrise Movement, Youth vs. Apocalypse and other Bay Area advocacy groups participated in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">global climate strikes \u003c/a>protesting the failure of government, finance, industry and other institutions to address climate change.– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kevin Stark\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Advances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw major advances in the treatment of HIV and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 10 years, scientists have perfected antiretroviral drugs, taken daily in a single pill by people who are HIV-positive. These drugs allow HIV patients to live relatively free of sickness, a far cry from the first decade of the epidemic, when the diagnosis was tantamount to a death sentence. No longer highly toxic, antiretrovirals now work so well they can lower a patient’s viral load to undetectable levels, making it untransmittable from one person to another. Another daily pill, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/prep/?utm_source=GoogleAds&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=GoogleAds_UEqualsU_PrEP&gclid=CjwKCAiAluLvBRASEiwAAbX3GcnQ19OOhwWeCw4YFui4HMm-wM45wQzXB0fgh9a1hPAxzgkFYKnxRBoCsswQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PrEP,\u003c/a> can be used as a prophylactic against HIV exposure by people who are still free of the virus. Such major strides in treatment and prevention are why scientists are optimistic HIV will be eradicated altogether within the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some types of cancer, a treatment called immunotherapy drastically improved survival and cure rates. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stage 4 melanoma \u003c/a>, which doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, used to mean \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">certain death\u003c/a>, with patients surviving less than a year on average. But over the last decade, instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells to stop the disease, new medicines have unleashed the body’s natural defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells go undetected as harmful. New drugs, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439584/new-gene-therapy-gives-teen-a-second-chance-after-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> techniques, make them visible and ripe for attack. Think of it like affixing a flag with the message “kill me” on cells that previously operated with impunity. Pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer, among other types, do not currently respond to immunotherapy, but scientists foresee a day when the treatment could be the primary weapon against an array of cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1952602 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be a day when doctors can eliminate genetic diseases altogether. A tool called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR \u003c/a>acts as a molecular scalpel that can make precise changes to genetic mutations giving rise to disease. Scientists hope to one day cure genetic conditions like blindness or sickle cell anemia before they even start. Though tinkering with our DNA raises all kinds of ethical questions about “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934916/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-create-genetically-modified-babies-using-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing God\u003c/a>.”– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesleywmcclurg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesley McClurg\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predictions Fulfilled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw some spectacular discoveries in space and physics, some of which had been predicted for decades. Theoretical foresight frequently falls short or remains unproven, but once in a while, it’s right on the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two discoveries in particular should be remembered as a vindication of the human ability to understand and model the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, two teams at CERN, often referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, announced they had independently detected the Higgs boson. This is a particle associated with an energy field, called the Higgs field, that was theorized in the 1960s and ’70s as a solution to the question: How does matter obtain mass?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer: Through the action of an elementary particle, such as an electron or a quark, interacting with the Higgs field. The more the particle interacts, the more massive it is. And the boson? That’s the particle that the Higgs field emits. The detection of the Higgs boson proved that the Higgs field is real, and it was the final piece of the puzzle for the Standard Model, a set of equations describing how three of the four fundamental forces work. Now, only gravity remains unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade also saw the discovery of gravitational waves, predicted by none other than Albert Einstein in 1916. Einstein thought the acceleration of objects with enough mass would create ripples in the fabric of spacetime. And he thought right. About 100 years later, dual detectors that make up the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, registered those ripples in the form of the aftershock created by two black holes colliding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling far above Earth-bound detection instruments like LIGO, spacecraft originating on Earth reached interstellar space for the first time. These are the Voyager probes, each carrying a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Record\u003c/a>, which holds images, music and greetings from Earth. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Developments and discoveries with the biggest impact, as curated by the KQED Science team.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847972,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1647},"headData":{"title":"The Big Science and Environment Stories of the Decade | KQED","description":"Developments and discoveries with the biggest impact, as curated by the KQED Science team.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Big Science and Environment Stories of the Decade","datePublished":"2019-12-23T14:00:04.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:52:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Discoveries and Trends","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/12/ScienceDecadeRoundtable.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":441,"path":"/science/1952464/the-big-science-and-environment-stories-of-the-decade","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The 2010s saw breakthroughs in medical science and spectacular discoveries in space and physics. For Californians, it was also the decade that climate change arrived in our front yards in the form of serial cataclysmic fire seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the decade, scientists refined the regimen of HIV/AIDS medication, made life-saving advances in the treatment of cancer, and invented an entirely new gene-editing technology, with the hope of one day curing diseases before they begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons probe captured the first close-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">images\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and the world caught its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870482/first-photos-of-a-black-hole-captured-by-event-horizon-telescope-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">glimpse\u003c/a>, albeit a bit blurry, of a black hole. Our understanding of exoplanets exploded: the Kepler Space Telescope and the TESS satellite found thousands of new planets outside our solar system, and researchers began to comprehend what those worlds might actually look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the decade closes, the KQED Science team has created a sort of mixtape of the major trends, significant moments and noteworthy discoveries, with an eye toward California and the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you want the good news or the bad news first? Well, let’s get it out of the way …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfires Create Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952558\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952558 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew of inmate firefighters make their way to firefighting operations to battle the Kincade Fire in Healdsburg, California on October 26, 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The changing climate is leading to longer dry periods in California, which is at least three degrees warmer since the beginning of the industrial era, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, combined with a century of suppressing wildfires and denser populations in areas perilously close to fire-prone wilderness, have created the worst fire seasons on record. Since 2012, four of the five \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5510/top20_acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biggest\u003c/a> California wildfires have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934533/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning;%20https:/www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">burned\u003c/a> over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on Oct. 8, 2017, hot, dry winds downed power lines, carrying sparks and flaming embers long distances to ignite multiple fires. The Tubbs Fire and other North Bay blazes scorched large areas of Sonoma and Napa counties, claiming 44 lives and destroying over 8,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following summer, during the Carr Fire, a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” exploded into the outskirts of Redding, devastating everything in its path. The blaze killed eight people and destroyed 1,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the worst was yet to come. In November, the Camp Fire nearly wiped out the town of Paradise and surrounding communities. It was the deadliest wildfire in California history, killing 86 people, destroying almost 14,000 homes, and costing more money than any natural disaster in the world that year. Across wide swaths of the state, smoke from the fire rendered the air unhealthy to breathe, inundating the Bay Area for almost two weeks so that the region registered its worst air quality on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952579 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of homes destroyed by the Camp Fire on February 11, 2019 in Paradise, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As far as global warming goes, the outlook is not good, whether it relates to fires or to other natural disasters. The 2010s included the hottest year (2017) and the hottest month (July 2019) on record, and the 10 years that make up the decade will almost certainly set a new temperature mark as well, according to the U.N., based on millions of global measurements taken over the last 170 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, our series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Living With Wildfire: California Reimagined\u003c/a> asked some big questions about how the state can, in our warming world, learn to survive more frequent and ferocious conflagrations. Are some fire-prone areas now too dangerous to accommodate new housing? How can towns prepare for mass evacuations? And neighborhoods make themselves fire-resistant? Are Californians willing to suffer the inconvenience and financial cost to protect the state from extreme wildfires? Perhaps, but it will mean big changes in how we think and live. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Californians began to experience climate change in the form of hotter days and more destructive fires, state policies to mitigate global warming began to pay dividends. California’s investor-owned utilities shattered \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> targets mandated by the state, and California \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/942b5a251fac413a84fc4eb93a67c46c/California-meets-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal-years-early\">reduced\u003c/a> its overall emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level, two years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate policies, in a state with the world’s fifth largest economy, helped spur a rapid decline in the cost of renewable energy around the U.S. This past decade, the cost of wind energy fell by 57%, utility-scale solar power by 86%, and battery energy storage by 76%. In 2019, for the first time, power generation in the U.S. from renewable energy \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">surpassed\u003c/a> power produced from coal. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952593 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are big successes, but California has a lot of work to do over the next 10 years if the state is going to meet its 2045 goal of net-zero emissions, also called carbon neutrality. California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">way behind \u003c/a>in meeting this ambitious objective, in part because emissions from the transportation sector are soaring, due to Californians driving more miles in larger, gas-guzzling trucks and of SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to reverse this trend by incentivizing fuel-efficient cars and setting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/zev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">target\u003c/a> of 5 million electric vehicles traversing California roads by 2030. But meeting that goal is going to be tough, with sales of EVs currently standing at only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/sales-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fraction of that total.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, frustrated by the lack of progress in the fight against climate change, young people took to the streets the last couple of years. The Sunrise Movement, Youth vs. Apocalypse and other Bay Area advocacy groups participated in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">global climate strikes \u003c/a>protesting the failure of government, finance, industry and other institutions to address climate change.– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kevin Stark\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Advances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw major advances in the treatment of HIV and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 10 years, scientists have perfected antiretroviral drugs, taken daily in a single pill by people who are HIV-positive. These drugs allow HIV patients to live relatively free of sickness, a far cry from the first decade of the epidemic, when the diagnosis was tantamount to a death sentence. No longer highly toxic, antiretrovirals now work so well they can lower a patient’s viral load to undetectable levels, making it untransmittable from one person to another. Another daily pill, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/prep/?utm_source=GoogleAds&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=GoogleAds_UEqualsU_PrEP&gclid=CjwKCAiAluLvBRASEiwAAbX3GcnQ19OOhwWeCw4YFui4HMm-wM45wQzXB0fgh9a1hPAxzgkFYKnxRBoCsswQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PrEP,\u003c/a> can be used as a prophylactic against HIV exposure by people who are still free of the virus. Such major strides in treatment and prevention are why scientists are optimistic HIV will be eradicated altogether within the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some types of cancer, a treatment called immunotherapy drastically improved survival and cure rates. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stage 4 melanoma \u003c/a>, which doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, used to mean \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">certain death\u003c/a>, with patients surviving less than a year on average. But over the last decade, instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells to stop the disease, new medicines have unleashed the body’s natural defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells go undetected as harmful. New drugs, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439584/new-gene-therapy-gives-teen-a-second-chance-after-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> techniques, make them visible and ripe for attack. Think of it like affixing a flag with the message “kill me” on cells that previously operated with impunity. Pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer, among other types, do not currently respond to immunotherapy, but scientists foresee a day when the treatment could be the primary weapon against an array of cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1952602 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be a day when doctors can eliminate genetic diseases altogether. A tool called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR \u003c/a>acts as a molecular scalpel that can make precise changes to genetic mutations giving rise to disease. Scientists hope to one day cure genetic conditions like blindness or sickle cell anemia before they even start. Though tinkering with our DNA raises all kinds of ethical questions about “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934916/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-create-genetically-modified-babies-using-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing God\u003c/a>.”– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesleywmcclurg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesley McClurg\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predictions Fulfilled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw some spectacular discoveries in space and physics, some of which had been predicted for decades. Theoretical foresight frequently falls short or remains unproven, but once in a while, it’s right on the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two discoveries in particular should be remembered as a vindication of the human ability to understand and model the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, two teams at CERN, often referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, announced they had independently detected the Higgs boson. This is a particle associated with an energy field, called the Higgs field, that was theorized in the 1960s and ’70s as a solution to the question: How does matter obtain mass?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer: Through the action of an elementary particle, such as an electron or a quark, interacting with the Higgs field. The more the particle interacts, the more massive it is. And the boson? That’s the particle that the Higgs field emits. The detection of the Higgs boson proved that the Higgs field is real, and it was the final piece of the puzzle for the Standard Model, a set of equations describing how three of the four fundamental forces work. Now, only gravity remains unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade also saw the discovery of gravitational waves, predicted by none other than Albert Einstein in 1916. Einstein thought the acceleration of objects with enough mass would create ripples in the fabric of spacetime. And he thought right. About 100 years later, dual detectors that make up the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, registered those ripples in the form of the aftershock created by two black holes colliding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling far above Earth-bound detection instruments like LIGO, spacecraft originating on Earth reached interstellar space for the first time. These are the Voyager probes, each carrying a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Record\u003c/a>, which holds images, music and greetings from Earth. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1952464/the-big-science-and-environment-stories-of-the-decade","authors":["6387"],"categories":["science_28","science_30","science_29","science_31","science_33","science_35","science_39","science_40","science_2873","science_42","science_3423","science_3947","science_3730"],"tags":["science_194","science_134","science_3370","science_660","science_4154","science_672","science_309","science_577","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1952606","label":"source_science_1952464"},"science_1952492":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1952492","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1952492","score":null,"sort":[1576875740000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cdc-blames-most-vaping-deaths-on-thc-contaminant","title":"CDC Blames Most Vaping Deaths on THC Contaminant","publishDate":1576875740,"format":"standard","headTitle":"CDC Blames Most Vaping Deaths on THC Contaminant | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A health-surveillance system put in place after the terrorist attacks of September 2001 has been used to pinpoint the cause of the vaping-related lung injuries that have killed 54 Americans and sent more than 2,500 people to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this system, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have found that the lung injuries rose sharply in June of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/about/leadership/leaders/pdd.html\">Dr. Anne Schuchat\u003c/a>, the CDC’s principal deputy director, says this sharp spike strongly points to a single culprit for most of these cases: vitamin E acetate, an additive found in illicit cannabis-containing vapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t mean that there aren’t other chemicals that can or are causing lung injury,” Schuchat said during a telephone news conference. But backed with additional data about vitamin E acetate found in lung samples from people who were injured after vaping, she attributes the bulk of the outbreak to that additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC is still trying to understand the mechanism by which this substance injures lung tissue. It may interfere with a natural fluid in the lung called surfactant, which helps make lung tissue stretchy. Or a byproduct may be a toxic chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergency-room doctors in Wisconsin first noticed an outbreak of these lung injuries in June. They alerted state and federal health officials, who quickly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/22/772368792/cdc-studying-tissue-to-try-and-track-down-root-cause-of-vaping-related-lung-dama\">started investigating \u003c/a>the extent of the outbreak as they looked for what could be causing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators homed in on vaping products containing marijuana extracts, specifically those that were purchased online or on the street, rather than through dispensaries. Further research focused on vitamin E acetate, which is used in some of these preparations to dilute the much more expensive THC oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was important to understand the timing of the outbreak as part of this investigation. Health officials wanted to know when exactly the problems first cropped up, and whether they had missed many cases before those initial reports. That’s why they turned to the surveillance data, collected from more than 3,200 emergency rooms from most states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found a gradual increase in emergency-room visits among people who vaped or used e-cigarettes, starting in January of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those visits weren’t limited to lung injury, so there may be other health effects that people were experiencing,” says Kathleen Hartnett, an epidemiologist at the CDC who is first author of a study being published by the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>. People may have also been going to the emergency room because of nicotine poisoning, or intoxication from THC, the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narrowing their search to people under the age of 35, they detected a sharp spike in June of 2019 — the same time that the doctors in Wisconsin reported their first cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of cases climbed from June into September, when they peaked. They have since declined, but the CDC still reports about 100 cases a week, and the death toll continues to tick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surveillance system doesn’t automatically flag health concerns – often scientists dive into the data once their suspicion is raised, as it was in this case. The outbreak only became apparent in the data once researchers defined more closely what they were looking for and focused on one age group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While electronic health data are increasingly powerful, they really can’t yet replace the experience of clinicians like the ones in Wisconsin, who most definitely saved lives when they… reported these first cases,” Hartnett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US Food and Drug Administration also announced Friday a crackdown on illicit vaping cartridges. The FDA and the Drug Enforcement Administration seized 44 websites advertising the sale of these products, as part of “Operation Vapor Lock,” its response to the lung injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR Science Correspondent Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=CDC+Confirms+A+THC+Contaminant%2C+Vitamin+E+Acetate%2C+The+Culprit+In+Most+Vaping+Deaths&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The spate of more than 2,500 acute vaping-related lung injuries tracked by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is on the decline, epidemiologists say, and the number of deaths has slowed.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847977,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":667},"headData":{"title":"CDC Blames Most Vaping Deaths on THC Contaminant | KQED","description":"The spate of more than 2,500 acute vaping-related lung injuries tracked by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is on the decline, epidemiologists say, and the number of deaths has slowed.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"CDC Blames Most Vaping Deaths on THC Contaminant","datePublished":"2019-12-20T21:02:20.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:52:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Jelacic Valentina","nprByline":"Richard Harris \u003cbr />NPR\u003cbr>","nprImageAgency":"EyeEm/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"790154919","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=790154919&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/20/790154919/cdc-confirms-a-thc-contaminant-vitamin-e-acetate-the-culprit-in-most-vaping-deat?ft=nprml&f=790154919","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 20 Dec 2019 15:09:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 20 Dec 2019 14:58:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 20 Dec 2019 15:09:38 -0500","path":"/science/1952492/cdc-blames-most-vaping-deaths-on-thc-contaminant","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A health-surveillance system put in place after the terrorist attacks of September 2001 has been used to pinpoint the cause of the vaping-related lung injuries that have killed 54 Americans and sent more than 2,500 people to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this system, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have found that the lung injuries rose sharply in June of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/about/leadership/leaders/pdd.html\">Dr. Anne Schuchat\u003c/a>, the CDC’s principal deputy director, says this sharp spike strongly points to a single culprit for most of these cases: vitamin E acetate, an additive found in illicit cannabis-containing vapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t mean that there aren’t other chemicals that can or are causing lung injury,” Schuchat said during a telephone news conference. But backed with additional data about vitamin E acetate found in lung samples from people who were injured after vaping, she attributes the bulk of the outbreak to that additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC is still trying to understand the mechanism by which this substance injures lung tissue. It may interfere with a natural fluid in the lung called surfactant, which helps make lung tissue stretchy. Or a byproduct may be a toxic chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergency-room doctors in Wisconsin first noticed an outbreak of these lung injuries in June. They alerted state and federal health officials, who quickly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/22/772368792/cdc-studying-tissue-to-try-and-track-down-root-cause-of-vaping-related-lung-dama\">started investigating \u003c/a>the extent of the outbreak as they looked for what could be causing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators homed in on vaping products containing marijuana extracts, specifically those that were purchased online or on the street, rather than through dispensaries. Further research focused on vitamin E acetate, which is used in some of these preparations to dilute the much more expensive THC oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was important to understand the timing of the outbreak as part of this investigation. Health officials wanted to know when exactly the problems first cropped up, and whether they had missed many cases before those initial reports. That’s why they turned to the surveillance data, collected from more than 3,200 emergency rooms from most states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found a gradual increase in emergency-room visits among people who vaped or used e-cigarettes, starting in January of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those visits weren’t limited to lung injury, so there may be other health effects that people were experiencing,” says Kathleen Hartnett, an epidemiologist at the CDC who is first author of a study being published by the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>. People may have also been going to the emergency room because of nicotine poisoning, or intoxication from THC, the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narrowing their search to people under the age of 35, they detected a sharp spike in June of 2019 — the same time that the doctors in Wisconsin reported their first cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of cases climbed from June into September, when they peaked. They have since declined, but the CDC still reports about 100 cases a week, and the death toll continues to tick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surveillance system doesn’t automatically flag health concerns – often scientists dive into the data once their suspicion is raised, as it was in this case. The outbreak only became apparent in the data once researchers defined more closely what they were looking for and focused on one age group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While electronic health data are increasingly powerful, they really can’t yet replace the experience of clinicians like the ones in Wisconsin, who most definitely saved lives when they… reported these first cases,” Hartnett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US Food and Drug Administration also announced Friday a crackdown on illicit vaping cartridges. The FDA and the Drug Enforcement Administration seized 44 websites advertising the sale of these products, as part of “Operation Vapor Lock,” its response to the lung injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR Science Correspondent Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=CDC+Confirms+A+THC+Contaminant%2C+Vitamin+E+Acetate%2C+The+Culprit+In+Most+Vaping+Deaths&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1952492/cdc-blames-most-vaping-deaths-on-thc-contaminant","authors":["byline_science_1952492"],"categories":["science_29","science_39","science_40"],"tags":["science_3643","science_3838","science_2936"],"featImg":"science_1952493","label":"source_science_1952492"},"science_1950877":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1950877","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1950877","score":null,"sort":[1574124714000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kratom-is-a-lifesaver-say-opioid-addicts-but-its-safety-is-questionable","title":"Some Call Kratom a Miracle Herb. But Its Safety Is Questionable","publishDate":1574124714,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Some Call Kratom a Miracle Herb. But Its Safety Is Questionable | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Americans know the dangers of drugs like morphine and heroin. But what about a supplement that acts like an opiate which any kid can buy from a vending machine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom, an herb that’s legal, abundant and potentially dangerous, is currently the subject of a debate over its risks and benefits. Usually the leaf, which comes from a tropical Southeast Asian tree, can be chewed, brewed or crushed into a bitter green powder. Often sold as pills, capsules or extracts, it acts like a stimulant when someone takes a small amount but has a sedative effect at a higher dosage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who have struggled with an opioid addiction swear kratom salvaged their health, livelihoods and relationships. But the federal Drug Enforcement Agency worries the substance carries the risk of physical dependency. The agency threatened to prohibit kratom in 2016, but advocates and lawmakers pushed back, and the ban never occurred. These days, the DEA lists it as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/kratom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">drug of concern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_447015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2016px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-447015 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/11/IMG_2647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2016\" height=\"1512\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Gold Bali is a strain of kratom sold at Bumble Bee Botanicals in San Francisco. (Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Kratom Changed My Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linda Kline, 33, sells kratom for a living. She says her store has given her a new purpose in life, and while she herself doesn’t have an opioid dependency, she credits kratom with turning around her mental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went from feeling desperate and hopeless to finding an alternative where I had full control over how I felt,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She used to be paralyzed by anxiety and panic attacks. When her insurance carrier threatened to cut her Prozac prescription, she felt desperate. A friend suggested kratom, so she picked some up at a smoke shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her anxiety vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It almost feels like you’re having just a little glass of wine,” Kline says. “It’s really relaxing. There’s no melting of the walls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new habit cost about $6 a day, but Kline couldn’t always find a quality supply. The Food and Drug Administration has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/fda-investigated-multistate-outbreak-salmonella-infections-linked-products-reported-contain-kratom#Problem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recalled\u003c/a> dozens of salmonella-tainted products sold online or in convenience stores. The agency has also found toxic heavy metals in kratom supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_447014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-447014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/11/IMG_2656-e1573685977395-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Kline is the owner of Bumble Bee Botanicals, a shop in San Francisco that sells kratom. \u003cem>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason Kline started her own chic boutique, Bumble Bee Botanicals, devoted exclusively to kratom products. In a few weeks she’ll open her fifth location in less than two years. The shops offer 15 different kratom strains at outlets in California, Idaho and Nevada. Her clients’ reviews online claim kratom is a miraculous herb that relieves pain, quells anxiety, subdues depression and generally lifts spirits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential Dangers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reviews like that haunt Mateo Martinez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My brother believed the marketing of kratom, that it was a natural herbal supplement that could provide you with the same benefits of an opioid without the risks,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mateo’s younger brother, Marco, struggled with an opioid addiction in high school. \u003c/span>Mateo describes Marco as a charismatic, creative teen, passionate about video games, cartoons and anime. Marco got hooked on painkillers after his dentist pulled his wisdom teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was using them in a way that wasn’t just for treating pain,” Mateo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email receipts show Marco used bitcoin to buy Vicodin and fentanyl on the dark web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually Marco wanted to kick his addiction. Testimonials on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz_4YS0PQA4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">YouTube\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/kratom/comments/9t8yt4/how_kratom_saved_my_life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Reddit\u003c/a> promised that kratom was the way out. Soon Marco was popping capsules multiple times a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his freshman year at UC Davis, the 19-year-old started hyperventilating regularly. The incidents worsened, becoming seizure-like episodes ending in the emergency room. Each hospitalization, the doctors were stumped. No one thought to test for kratom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mateo theorizes that kratom had built up in his brother’s body. Marco died in his UC Davis dorm in February 2018, late on a Sunday night. The toxicology report named kratom as the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>I think kratom needs to come with a much more serious caution that it is not harmless,” Mateo said. “I’m very heartbroken.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent 18-month period, the federal Centers for Disease Control \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6814a2.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> 90 kratom overdoses, although most involved a combination of substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slim Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data to support either the benefits or the harms for kratom is really, really poor,” said \u003ca href=\"https://pharmacy.uconn.edu/person/c-michael-white/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">C. Michael White\u003c/a>, head of the Department of Pharmacy Practice at the University of Connecticut. “A lot of the information we have comes from single-case reports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White says animal studies suggest kratom could be an effective pain reliever but that the collection of human data has only just begun. He says scientists need to conduct a lot more research before the appropriate level of regulation is clear. White recently\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> argued\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy \u003c/em>that the safest place for kratom is behind pharmacy counters, for adults only, but with no prescription required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">McClain Haddow, spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americankratom.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Kratom Association\u003c/a>, agrees that the product should only be sold to people over the age of 18. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We would like vendors to register their product with the FDA and get a chemical analysis from a certified lab to insure the only ingredient is the naturally occurring alkaloid in the kratom plant,” Haddow said. “Some manufacturers are spiking products with fentanyl, heroin or morphine to give users a high.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Scott Steiger, d\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">eputy medical director of the opiate treatment outpatient program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center\u003c/span>, doesn’t know how to advise patients who want to use kratom .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell them I just don’t know enough on the basis of science to tell them whether it’s a great idea or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DEA \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/kratom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">describes\u003c/a> kratom as an addictive substance that causes hallucinations, delusion and confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have seen that people who use kratom end up having a very hard time stopping the use of it,” said Steiger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His patients report withdrawal symptoms like nausea, sweats, aches and pains, loose stool, tearing and dysphoria. There is growing concern about kratom’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4275233/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">effects on the heart \u003c/a>and liver.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiger emphasizes that doctors have evidence-based treatments like buprenorphine and methadone to help people with an opioid addiction. He doesn’t recommend self-medicating with kratom until more research is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>“We just don’t know enough about this chemical and the long-term use of it to know whether experimenting would lead to complications,” Steiger said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Kratom, an herb that's legal, abundant and potentially dangerous, is currently the subject of a debate over its risks and benefits.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848152,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1131},"headData":{"title":"Some Call Kratom a Miracle Herb. But Its Safety Is Questionable | KQED","description":"Kratom, an herb that's legal, abundant and potentially dangerous, is currently the subject of a debate over its risks and benefits.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Some Call Kratom a Miracle Herb. But Its Safety Is Questionable","datePublished":"2019-11-19T00:51:54.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:55:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Health","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2019/11/McClurgKratomHerb.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":289,"path":"/science/1950877/kratom-is-a-lifesaver-say-opioid-addicts-but-its-safety-is-questionable","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Americans know the dangers of drugs like morphine and heroin. But what about a supplement that acts like an opiate which any kid can buy from a vending machine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom, an herb that’s legal, abundant and potentially dangerous, is currently the subject of a debate over its risks and benefits. Usually the leaf, which comes from a tropical Southeast Asian tree, can be chewed, brewed or crushed into a bitter green powder. Often sold as pills, capsules or extracts, it acts like a stimulant when someone takes a small amount but has a sedative effect at a higher dosage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who have struggled with an opioid addiction swear kratom salvaged their health, livelihoods and relationships. But the federal Drug Enforcement Agency worries the substance carries the risk of physical dependency. The agency threatened to prohibit kratom in 2016, but advocates and lawmakers pushed back, and the ban never occurred. These days, the DEA lists it as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/kratom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">drug of concern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_447015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2016px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-447015 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/11/IMG_2647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2016\" height=\"1512\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Gold Bali is a strain of kratom sold at Bumble Bee Botanicals in San Francisco. (Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Kratom Changed My Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linda Kline, 33, sells kratom for a living. She says her store has given her a new purpose in life, and while she herself doesn’t have an opioid dependency, she credits kratom with turning around her mental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went from feeling desperate and hopeless to finding an alternative where I had full control over how I felt,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She used to be paralyzed by anxiety and panic attacks. When her insurance carrier threatened to cut her Prozac prescription, she felt desperate. A friend suggested kratom, so she picked some up at a smoke shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her anxiety vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It almost feels like you’re having just a little glass of wine,” Kline says. “It’s really relaxing. There’s no melting of the walls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new habit cost about $6 a day, but Kline couldn’t always find a quality supply. The Food and Drug Administration has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/fda-investigated-multistate-outbreak-salmonella-infections-linked-products-reported-contain-kratom#Problem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recalled\u003c/a> dozens of salmonella-tainted products sold online or in convenience stores. The agency has also found toxic heavy metals in kratom supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_447014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-447014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/11/IMG_2656-e1573685977395-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Kline is the owner of Bumble Bee Botanicals, a shop in San Francisco that sells kratom. \u003cem>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason Kline started her own chic boutique, Bumble Bee Botanicals, devoted exclusively to kratom products. In a few weeks she’ll open her fifth location in less than two years. The shops offer 15 different kratom strains at outlets in California, Idaho and Nevada. Her clients’ reviews online claim kratom is a miraculous herb that relieves pain, quells anxiety, subdues depression and generally lifts spirits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential Dangers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reviews like that haunt Mateo Martinez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My brother believed the marketing of kratom, that it was a natural herbal supplement that could provide you with the same benefits of an opioid without the risks,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mateo’s younger brother, Marco, struggled with an opioid addiction in high school. \u003c/span>Mateo describes Marco as a charismatic, creative teen, passionate about video games, cartoons and anime. Marco got hooked on painkillers after his dentist pulled his wisdom teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was using them in a way that wasn’t just for treating pain,” Mateo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email receipts show Marco used bitcoin to buy Vicodin and fentanyl on the dark web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually Marco wanted to kick his addiction. Testimonials on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz_4YS0PQA4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">YouTube\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/kratom/comments/9t8yt4/how_kratom_saved_my_life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Reddit\u003c/a> promised that kratom was the way out. Soon Marco was popping capsules multiple times a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his freshman year at UC Davis, the 19-year-old started hyperventilating regularly. The incidents worsened, becoming seizure-like episodes ending in the emergency room. Each hospitalization, the doctors were stumped. No one thought to test for kratom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mateo theorizes that kratom had built up in his brother’s body. Marco died in his UC Davis dorm in February 2018, late on a Sunday night. The toxicology report named kratom as the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>I think kratom needs to come with a much more serious caution that it is not harmless,” Mateo said. “I’m very heartbroken.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent 18-month period, the federal Centers for Disease Control \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6814a2.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> 90 kratom overdoses, although most involved a combination of substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slim Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data to support either the benefits or the harms for kratom is really, really poor,” said \u003ca href=\"https://pharmacy.uconn.edu/person/c-michael-white/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">C. Michael White\u003c/a>, head of the Department of Pharmacy Practice at the University of Connecticut. “A lot of the information we have comes from single-case reports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White says animal studies suggest kratom could be an effective pain reliever but that the collection of human data has only just begun. He says scientists need to conduct a lot more research before the appropriate level of regulation is clear. White recently\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> argued\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy \u003c/em>that the safest place for kratom is behind pharmacy counters, for adults only, but with no prescription required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">McClain Haddow, spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americankratom.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Kratom Association\u003c/a>, agrees that the product should only be sold to people over the age of 18. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We would like vendors to register their product with the FDA and get a chemical analysis from a certified lab to insure the only ingredient is the naturally occurring alkaloid in the kratom plant,” Haddow said. “Some manufacturers are spiking products with fentanyl, heroin or morphine to give users a high.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Scott Steiger, d\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">eputy medical director of the opiate treatment outpatient program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center\u003c/span>, doesn’t know how to advise patients who want to use kratom .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell them I just don’t know enough on the basis of science to tell them whether it’s a great idea or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DEA \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/kratom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">describes\u003c/a> kratom as an addictive substance that causes hallucinations, delusion and confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have seen that people who use kratom end up having a very hard time stopping the use of it,” said Steiger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His patients report withdrawal symptoms like nausea, sweats, aches and pains, loose stool, tearing and dysphoria. There is growing concern about kratom’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4275233/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">effects on the heart \u003c/a>and liver.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiger emphasizes that doctors have evidence-based treatments like buprenorphine and methadone to help people with an opioid addiction. He doesn’t recommend self-medicating with kratom until more research is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>“We just don’t know enough about this chemical and the long-term use of it to know whether experimenting would lead to complications,” Steiger said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1950877/kratom-is-a-lifesaver-say-opioid-addicts-but-its-safety-is-questionable","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_29","science_36","science_39","science_3890","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_3072"],"featImg":"science_1950879","label":"source_science_1950877"},"science_1948645":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1948645","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1948645","score":null,"sort":[1570464763000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trio-wins-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-for-work-on-cells-and-oxygen","title":"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen","publishDate":1570464763,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Three scientists who made important discoveries about how cells sense and adapt to different oxygen levels have won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, in the first announcement of Nobel winners for 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfhcc.harvard.edu/insider/member-detail/member/william-g-kaelin-jr-md/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William G. Kaelin Jr.\u003c/a> of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/peter-ratcliffe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter J. Ratcliffe\u003c/a> of Oxford University and the Francis Crick Institute and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0800056/gregg-semenza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gregg L. Semenza\u003c/a> of Johns Hopkins University were jointly awarded the prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The seminal discoveries by this year’s Nobel laureates revealed the mechanism for one of life’s most essential adaptive processes,” the Nobel Assembly at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists studied hypoxia — low oxygen levels — and while many people might know about that condition because of its link to high altitude, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/peter-ratcliffe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ratcliffe has called hypoxia\u003c/a> “an important component of many human diseases including cancer, heart disease, stroke, vascular disease, and anemia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=gxAT6Ah06lc\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three physicians “found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop,” said Randall Johnson, a member of the Nobel Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cells and tissues are constantly experiencing changes in oxygen availability,” Johnson said. “As an embryo grows and develops, as muscles work, the oxygen available changes as the tissues themselves change. Cells need a way to adjust to the amount of oxygen they have, while still doing their important jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson added, “Scientists often toss around this phrase ‘textbook discovery.’ But I’d say this is really a textbook discovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The committee said the discoveries are of fundamental importance for physiology and could blaze the trail for new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and many other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We make knowledge. That’s what I do as a publicly funded scientist,” Ratcliffe said by phone \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2dV4Qwf0pQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in an interview with the Nobel Committee\u003c/a>. And he added that he could not have predicted the impact his work would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is important that scientists have the courage, and are allowed to derive knowledge for its own sake — i.e., independent of the perceived value at the point of creation. And the history of science tells us over and over again that the value of that knowledge can increase” in a number of random and unpredictable ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NobelPrize/status/1181142335465381888\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize of 9 million Swedish crowns ($913,000) will be shared equally by the three winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaelin was born in New York and received an M.D. from Duke University. He did his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore and at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ratcliffe was born in Lancashire, United Kingdom, and studied medicine at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University and did his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford. He is the director of clinical research at the Francis Crick Institute in London, the director of the Target Discovery Institute in Oxford and a member of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Semenza was born in New York. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts in biology from Harvard and his M.D./Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine. He did his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University. He is the director of the Vascular Research Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The three physicians \"found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop,\" a member of the Nobel Committee said.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848258,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":581},"headData":{"title":"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen | KQED","description":"The three physicians "found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop," a member of the Nobel Committee said.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Discovery of How Cells Adapt to Low Oxygen","datePublished":"2019-10-07T16:12:43.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:57:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Nobel Prize","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Jonathan Nackstrand","nprByline":"Scott Neuman\u003c/br>Bill Chappell\u003c/br>NPR","nprImageAgency":"AFP via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"767796791","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=767796791&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/07/767796791/trio-wins-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-for-work-on-cell-metabolism?ft=nprml&f=767796791","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 07 Oct 2019 11:17:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 07 Oct 2019 05:39:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 07 Oct 2019 11:17:26 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2019/10/20191007_me_nobel_prize_in_medicine_or_physiology_is_announced_monday.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=225&story=767796791&ft=nprml&f=767796791","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1767830597-c926b6.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=225&story=767796791&ft=nprml&f=767796791","audioTrackLength":226,"path":"/science/1948645/trio-wins-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-for-work-on-cells-and-oxygen","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2019/10/20191007_me_nobel_prize_in_medicine_or_physiology_is_announced_monday.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=225&story=767796791&ft=nprml&f=767796791","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three scientists who made important discoveries about how cells sense and adapt to different oxygen levels have won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, in the first announcement of Nobel winners for 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfhcc.harvard.edu/insider/member-detail/member/william-g-kaelin-jr-md/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William G. Kaelin Jr.\u003c/a> of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/peter-ratcliffe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter J. Ratcliffe\u003c/a> of Oxford University and the Francis Crick Institute and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0800056/gregg-semenza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gregg L. Semenza\u003c/a> of Johns Hopkins University were jointly awarded the prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The seminal discoveries by this year’s Nobel laureates revealed the mechanism for one of life’s most essential adaptive processes,” the Nobel Assembly at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists studied hypoxia — low oxygen levels — and while many people might know about that condition because of its link to high altitude, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/peter-ratcliffe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ratcliffe has called hypoxia\u003c/a> “an important component of many human diseases including cancer, heart disease, stroke, vascular disease, and anemia.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/gxAT6Ah06lc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/gxAT6Ah06lc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three physicians “found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop,” said Randall Johnson, a member of the Nobel Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cells and tissues are constantly experiencing changes in oxygen availability,” Johnson said. “As an embryo grows and develops, as muscles work, the oxygen available changes as the tissues themselves change. Cells need a way to adjust to the amount of oxygen they have, while still doing their important jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson added, “Scientists often toss around this phrase ‘textbook discovery.’ But I’d say this is really a textbook discovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The committee said the discoveries are of fundamental importance for physiology and could blaze the trail for new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and many other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We make knowledge. That’s what I do as a publicly funded scientist,” Ratcliffe said by phone \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2dV4Qwf0pQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in an interview with the Nobel Committee\u003c/a>. And he added that he could not have predicted the impact his work would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is important that scientists have the courage, and are allowed to derive knowledge for its own sake — i.e., independent of the perceived value at the point of creation. And the history of science tells us over and over again that the value of that knowledge can increase” in a number of random and unpredictable ways.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1181142335465381888"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The prize of 9 million Swedish crowns ($913,000) will be shared equally by the three winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaelin was born in New York and received an M.D. from Duke University. He did his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore and at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ratcliffe was born in Lancashire, United Kingdom, and studied medicine at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University and did his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford. He is the director of clinical research at the Francis Crick Institute in London, the director of the Target Discovery Institute in Oxford and a member of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Semenza was born in New York. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts in biology from Harvard and his M.D./Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine. He did his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University. He is the director of the Vascular Research Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1948645/trio-wins-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-for-work-on-cells-and-oxygen","authors":["byline_science_1948645"],"categories":["science_30","science_29","science_32","science_39","science_16","science_3890","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_5181","science_3838","science_2918","science_1943"],"featImg":"science_1948651","label":"source_science_1948645"},"science_1948604":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1948604","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1948604","score":null,"sort":[1570223850000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"feds-open-californias-central-coast-for-new-oil-drilling","title":"Feds Open California's Central Coast For New Oil Drilling","publishDate":1570223850,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Feds Open California’s Central Coast For New Oil Drilling | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">The federal government has opened 722,000 acres of land to new leases for oil and gas drilling across the Central Coast of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bureau of Land Management’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.blm.gov/press-release/blm-central-coast-field-office-issues-decision-oil-and-gas-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">decision\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is the latest example of the Trump administration’s push to expand domestic fracking and oil production, and it opens up parts of the Bay Area, including Alameda and Contra Costa counties, for potential drilling — although the likelihood of new production there is slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, environmental groups said the decision flies in the face of local opposition, and they decried it as reckless, promising to sue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Turning over these spectacular wild places to dirty drilling and fracking will sicken Californians, harm endangered species and fuel climate chaos,” said Clare Lakewood, a senior attorney for the Center for Biological Diversity, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, dating back to the Obama administration, the Interior Department, which oversees the bureau, has sought a new oil and gas leasing plan for the Central Coast of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the decision opens up land for new leases, it does not give the greenlight to any new drilling, at least not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the decision, the Bureau of Land Management issued 14 new leases to projects around existing oil fields, but the companies will still need to file applications for drilling permits and conduct site-specific environmental analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Serena Baker, a spokeswoman for the agency’s regional office, said this plan meets goals outlined by President Donald Trump, who has pushed a doctrine of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/29/climate/trump-energy-dominance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">energy dominance\u003c/span>\u003c/a>” and called for increased development of fossil fuel resources and job creation in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-executive-order-promoting-energy-independence-economic-growth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">executive order\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This plan supports the administration’s priority of promoting environmentally responsible energy development,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency estimates that the oil and gas industry accounts for 3,000 jobs and $620 million in tax revenue across its Central Coast territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baker said that BLM expects oil and gas development in this part of California only around existing oil and gas fields in Fresno, Monterrey, and San Benito County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked if the agency expects any new drilling in the Bay Area, Baker said, “We do not.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A spokeswoman for the Bureau of Land Management said the agency does not expect to see any drilling in the Bay Area. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848264,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":370},"headData":{"title":"Feds Open California's Central Coast For New Oil Drilling | KQED","description":"A spokeswoman for the Bureau of Land Management said the agency does not expect to see any drilling in the Bay Area. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Feds Open California's Central Coast For New Oil Drilling","datePublished":"2019-10-04T21:17:30.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:57:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Energy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1948604/feds-open-californias-central-coast-for-new-oil-drilling","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">The federal government has opened 722,000 acres of land to new leases for oil and gas drilling across the Central Coast of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bureau of Land Management’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.blm.gov/press-release/blm-central-coast-field-office-issues-decision-oil-and-gas-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">decision\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is the latest example of the Trump administration’s push to expand domestic fracking and oil production, and it opens up parts of the Bay Area, including Alameda and Contra Costa counties, for potential drilling — although the likelihood of new production there is slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, environmental groups said the decision flies in the face of local opposition, and they decried it as reckless, promising to sue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Turning over these spectacular wild places to dirty drilling and fracking will sicken Californians, harm endangered species and fuel climate chaos,” said Clare Lakewood, a senior attorney for the Center for Biological Diversity, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, dating back to the Obama administration, the Interior Department, which oversees the bureau, has sought a new oil and gas leasing plan for the Central Coast of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the decision opens up land for new leases, it does not give the greenlight to any new drilling, at least not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the decision, the Bureau of Land Management issued 14 new leases to projects around existing oil fields, but the companies will still need to file applications for drilling permits and conduct site-specific environmental analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Serena Baker, a spokeswoman for the agency’s regional office, said this plan meets goals outlined by President Donald Trump, who has pushed a doctrine of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/29/climate/trump-energy-dominance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">energy dominance\u003c/span>\u003c/a>” and called for increased development of fossil fuel resources and job creation in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-executive-order-promoting-energy-independence-economic-growth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">executive order\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This plan supports the administration’s priority of promoting environmentally responsible energy development,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency estimates that the oil and gas industry accounts for 3,000 jobs and $620 million in tax revenue across its Central Coast territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baker said that BLM expects oil and gas development in this part of California only around existing oil and gas fields in Fresno, Monterrey, and San Benito County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked if the agency expects any new drilling in the Bay Area, Baker said, “We do not.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1948604/feds-open-californias-central-coast-for-new-oil-drilling","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_29","science_33","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_3840","science_429","science_953","science_952","science_3322"],"featImg":"science_1948609","label":"source_science_1948604"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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