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In 2012, the state produced nearly three billion pounds, a quarter of all the cheese made in the U.S. With that cheese comes a lot of waste in the form of nutrient rich, milky water which is spread over farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about 10 percent of the milk used by cheese makers turns into actual cheese. That leaves a lot of milky wastewater – something like the milky water you're left with when you rinse out an empty glass but on a much bigger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If done incorrectly, the wastewater can pollute rivers and lakes. But a startup company in the small village of Turtle Lake Wisconsin is now turning that waste into energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Comstock Creamery\" href=\"http://media.eatwisconsincheese.com/resources/wi_cheese_company_search/companydetail.aspx?companyid=11&companyinfoid=21\" target=\"_blank\">Comstock Creamery\u003c/a> is a small cheese producer in western Wisconsin. Assistant Executive Manager Tom Messicci said they produce about 50,000 gallons of wastewater per day that needs to be either treated or spread over farm fields as a low grade fertilizer. Since they can’t afford a treatment plant, he said, they’ve been sending their waste to the farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64001\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64001\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/RKtrucks-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Two 5,000 gallon tanker trucks deliver cheese plant wastewater to GreenWhey Energy. \" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two 5,000 gallon tanker trucks deliver cheese plant wastewater to GreenWhey Energy. Photo credit: Rich Kremer, Wisconsin Public Radio\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We did land spreading and we used Northern Liquid Waste Management to do that for us, but that became problematic with regulations,” said Messicci.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land spreading is tightly regulated by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. The wastewater has high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen that could run off into nearby lakes and streams, causing oxygen depletion and blooms of noxious algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the community of \u003ca title=\"Turtle Lake, Wisconsin\" href=\"http://www.mapquest.com/maps?city=Turtle%20Lake&state=WI\" target=\"_blank\">Turtle Lake\u003c/a>, a startup company called \u003ca title=\"Greenwhey Energy\" href=\"http://greenwheyenergy.com/\" target=\"_blank\">GreenWhey Energy \u003c/a>is using wastewater from Comstock Creamery and other cheese plants to make natural gas, and produce electricity for the local grid, as well as heat. The $30 million construction project, which included green-energy tax credits and loans, wrapped up this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece is what’s called an “upflow anearobic digester.” Eric Ludy, a lab technician and son of one of the company’s founders, pointed to a huge concrete wall laced with dozens of large pipes. “The whole plant is built around two two-million gallon reactors,” he said. “So, behind this wall … there’s four million gallons of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is filled with anaerobic bacteria that eat the dairy wastewater and produce methane gas. Ludy said the gas is treated and eventually powers two 20-cylinder generators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like massive locomotive engines and that’s basically what they are,” said Ludy. “They’re powered entirely on biogas, which is a mix of methane and carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other materials like hydrogen sulfide, and they pump out about 3.2 megawatts of electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some dairy plants, meat processors, and even breweries have their own biodigesters. In Milwaukee, the Forest County Potawatomi tribe has just started operating a biodigester that's similar to GreenWhey's but smaller. But co-founder Tom Ludy said his is the first privately owned company to contract for multiple sources of food wastes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also do soy waste from soy protein,” said Ludy. “We do mustards and dressings and horseradish waste food products here –-several different ones besides dairy. But dairy is the main one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Ludy could start GreenWhey, he had to buy his bacteria –- which he calls “bugs” –- in the form of feed sludge from a brewery in La Crosse and a meatpacking plant in Green Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The secret is, the more you put in to start with, the less time it takes to start,” said Ludy. “So, we hauled in here as much as we could afford and now we are going through our startup process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GreenWhey is running at about 50 percent capacity as they wait for their bacteria to reproduce. But they’re already having a big impact on the area. Ludy said they’re keeping hundreds of thousands of gallons of wastewater off the ground every day. He also said testing shows that they’re keeping about 1,000 pounds of phosphorus from getting into rivers and lakes each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to the future, Ludy hopes to make and sell excess natural gas, sell heat to nearby cheese plants, and process their leftover sludge to make fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As America’s obsession with cheese continues to grow, so do the possibilities of turning leftover waste, once considered a liability, into a valuable commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Wisconsin produces a quarter of all the cheese made in the United States. Since only about ten percent of the milk becomes cheese, there is an abundance of milky-water waste. Comstock Creamery and GreenWhey Energy have teamed up to turn this wastewater into natural gas and electricity.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450497669,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":779},"headData":{"title":"From Cheese to Energy | KQED","description":"Wisconsin produces a quarter of all the cheese made in the United States. Since only about ten percent of the milk becomes cheese, there is an abundance of milky-water waste. Comstock Creamery and GreenWhey Energy have teamed up to turn this wastewater into natural gas and electricity.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"From Cheese to Energy","datePublished":"2013-11-25T15:00:49.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T04:01:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"63215 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=63215","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/25/from-cheese-to-energy/","disqusTitle":"From Cheese to Energy","source":"Food","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/food/","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Wisconsin/Radio/Stream/GREENWHEYQUEST.mp3","path":"/quest/63215/from-cheese-to-energy","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wisconsin dominates when it comes to cheese production. In 2012, the state produced nearly three billion pounds, a quarter of all the cheese made in the U.S. With that cheese comes a lot of waste in the form of nutrient rich, milky water which is spread over farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about 10 percent of the milk used by cheese makers turns into actual cheese. That leaves a lot of milky wastewater – something like the milky water you're left with when you rinse out an empty glass but on a much bigger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If done incorrectly, the wastewater can pollute rivers and lakes. But a startup company in the small village of Turtle Lake Wisconsin is now turning that waste into energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Comstock Creamery\" href=\"http://media.eatwisconsincheese.com/resources/wi_cheese_company_search/companydetail.aspx?companyid=11&companyinfoid=21\" target=\"_blank\">Comstock Creamery\u003c/a> is a small cheese producer in western Wisconsin. Assistant Executive Manager Tom Messicci said they produce about 50,000 gallons of wastewater per day that needs to be either treated or spread over farm fields as a low grade fertilizer. Since they can’t afford a treatment plant, he said, they’ve been sending their waste to the farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64001\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64001\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/RKtrucks-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Two 5,000 gallon tanker trucks deliver cheese plant wastewater to GreenWhey Energy. \" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two 5,000 gallon tanker trucks deliver cheese plant wastewater to GreenWhey Energy. Photo credit: Rich Kremer, Wisconsin Public Radio\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We did land spreading and we used Northern Liquid Waste Management to do that for us, but that became problematic with regulations,” said Messicci.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land spreading is tightly regulated by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. The wastewater has high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen that could run off into nearby lakes and streams, causing oxygen depletion and blooms of noxious algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the community of \u003ca title=\"Turtle Lake, Wisconsin\" href=\"http://www.mapquest.com/maps?city=Turtle%20Lake&state=WI\" target=\"_blank\">Turtle Lake\u003c/a>, a startup company called \u003ca title=\"Greenwhey Energy\" href=\"http://greenwheyenergy.com/\" target=\"_blank\">GreenWhey Energy \u003c/a>is using wastewater from Comstock Creamery and other cheese plants to make natural gas, and produce electricity for the local grid, as well as heat. The $30 million construction project, which included green-energy tax credits and loans, wrapped up this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece is what’s called an “upflow anearobic digester.” Eric Ludy, a lab technician and son of one of the company’s founders, pointed to a huge concrete wall laced with dozens of large pipes. “The whole plant is built around two two-million gallon reactors,” he said. “So, behind this wall … there’s four million gallons of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is filled with anaerobic bacteria that eat the dairy wastewater and produce methane gas. Ludy said the gas is treated and eventually powers two 20-cylinder generators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like massive locomotive engines and that’s basically what they are,” said Ludy. “They’re powered entirely on biogas, which is a mix of methane and carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other materials like hydrogen sulfide, and they pump out about 3.2 megawatts of electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some dairy plants, meat processors, and even breweries have their own biodigesters. In Milwaukee, the Forest County Potawatomi tribe has just started operating a biodigester that's similar to GreenWhey's but smaller. But co-founder Tom Ludy said his is the first privately owned company to contract for multiple sources of food wastes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also do soy waste from soy protein,” said Ludy. “We do mustards and dressings and horseradish waste food products here –-several different ones besides dairy. But dairy is the main one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Ludy could start GreenWhey, he had to buy his bacteria –- which he calls “bugs” –- in the form of feed sludge from a brewery in La Crosse and a meatpacking plant in Green Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The secret is, the more you put in to start with, the less time it takes to start,” said Ludy. “So, we hauled in here as much as we could afford and now we are going through our startup process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GreenWhey is running at about 50 percent capacity as they wait for their bacteria to reproduce. But they’re already having a big impact on the area. Ludy said they’re keeping hundreds of thousands of gallons of wastewater off the ground every day. He also said testing shows that they’re keeping about 1,000 pounds of phosphorus from getting into rivers and lakes each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to the future, Ludy hopes to make and sell excess natural gas, sell heat to nearby cheese plants, and process their leftover sludge to make fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As America’s obsession with cheese continues to grow, so do the possibilities of turning leftover waste, once considered a liability, into a valuable commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/63215/from-cheese-to-energy","authors":["10509"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_3229","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_12452","quest_252","quest_3505","quest_12453","quest_755","quest_984","quest_12269","quest_12454","quest_12392","quest_12355","quest_13364","quest_3106"],"featImg":"quest_64121","label":"source_quest_63215"},"quest_59148":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_59148","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"59148","score":null,"sort":[1383577251000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fracking-wastewater","title":"After the Frack","publishDate":1383577251,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. Kell says the injection well track record is solid, and there have been no instances of groundwater contamination since the process started in the early ’80s. There are also questions and disagreements around the radiation levels in the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all the facts that are being disputed come down to one question, “Is this a safe process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the main challenge you faced in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The main challenge was time, the time limitation [eight minutes] in which to tell the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you have to leave on the cutting-room floor? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: So much! One thing I wish I could have gotten into more was the issue of earthquakes. I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. So, before the water gets injected into the ground to fracture a well, energy companies \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/why-chemicals-are-used\">lace it\u003c/a> with chemicals, which include benzene and other potentially hazardous chemicals. These chemicals help lubricate the process, prevent corrosion of the pipe, etc. They represent just a small portion of the total frack fluid, but their presence raises concerns for many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your goal in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to explore the science behind the disposal of fracking wastewater, and give people tools to form -- and inform -- their own views on it.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. QUEST travels to Ohio to investigate how this wastewater is produced and the controversy over how to safely dispose of it. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565424,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":815},"headData":{"title":"After the Frack | KQED","description":"Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. QUEST travels to Ohio to investigate how this wastewater is produced and the controversy over how to safely dispose of it. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"After the Frack","datePublished":"2013-11-04T15:00:51.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:17:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"59148 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=59148","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/04/fracking-wastewater/","disqusTitle":"After the Frack","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BM0o2iGgNL0","path":"/quest/59148/fracking-wastewater","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. Kell says the injection well track record is solid, and there have been no instances of groundwater contamination since the process started in the early ’80s. There are also questions and disagreements around the radiation levels in the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all the facts that are being disputed come down to one question, “Is this a safe process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the main challenge you faced in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The main challenge was time, the time limitation [eight minutes] in which to tell the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you have to leave on the cutting-room floor? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: So much! One thing I wish I could have gotten into more was the issue of earthquakes. I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. So, before the water gets injected into the ground to fracture a well, energy companies \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/why-chemicals-are-used\">lace it\u003c/a> with chemicals, which include benzene and other potentially hazardous chemicals. These chemicals help lubricate the process, prevent corrosion of the pipe, etc. They represent just a small portion of the total frack fluid, but their presence raises concerns for many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your goal in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to explore the science behind the disposal of fracking wastewater, and give people tools to form -- and inform -- their own views on it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/59148/fracking-wastewater","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_10978","quest_12269","quest_12382","quest_10979","quest_10327","quest_12384","quest_12383","quest_9804","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_10429","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_3106","quest_10326"],"featImg":"quest_62975","label":"quest"},"quest_2597":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2597","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2597","score":null,"sort":[1243366156000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-wastewater-woes-bye-bye-poo-poo","title":"Producer's Notes: Wastewater Woes - Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo!","publishDate":1243366156,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Right about the time I started researching the story about sewage spills in the Bay Area, I also started the preliminary stages of potty training my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/born-too-soon-preterm-births-on-the-rise\">nearly-two-year-old twin boys\u003c/a>. This involves first getting them familiar and comfortable with the whole process of using the toilet. So for the last couple of months, I’ve been dutifully inviting them into the bathroom with me when I go “potty”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They LOVE announcing like, squawking little birds, exactly what it is I'm doing in there. They knock each other over for the chance to flush the toilet. But it seems the best part of all is giving it a hero’s send-off: \"Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo! Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo! Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo!\" Apart from it just being sort of fun to say, I don’t think that I’m imagining that they are experiencing a kind of satisfaction in making it go away. Call me jaded but I think my own enthusiasm for the process has faded somewhat since I was their age. But after producing \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/wastewater-woes\">Wastewater Woes: Sewage Spills in SF Bay\u003c/a>, I've learned some things about sewage collection and wastewater treatment systems that are good to be aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2605\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/blog_byebye_poopoo1.jpg\" alt=\"The guts of the system are hidden underground.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2605\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The guts of the system are hidden underground.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When one of the 47 wastewater treatment plants around the bay has a spill or an overflow during wet weather, it's unlikely that Bay Area residents consider that it was caused by anything that we've done or neglected to do. But I learned that one of the main reasons for so many sewage spills in San Francisco Bay- both from the treatment plants and the collection systems underground- is that those of us who use and depend on the sewage system don't really understand it. Water and sewage customers need to be conscious of a few key facts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>The water that's flushed down the toilet, used to wash clothes or dishes, or runs while we brush our teeth ultimately ends up getting treated then is discharged into the bay or the ocean.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Putting grease down the drain, flushing rags, feminine hygiene products or anything but toilet paper down the toilet can lead to blocked sewage pipes and dangerous spills in the collection systems.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Years of neglecting our cracked and crumbling sewage collection systems, including privately-owned sewage lateral pipes that connect every single home and business to the city-owned sewage mains, has resulted in the inflow of great volumes of rainwater to the collection system as well as spills and overflows downstream at treatment plants.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Sure, sewage is not the most pleasant thing to contemplate and it's understandable that most people don’t give it a second thought because the guts of the system are hidden underground. But it is precisely this \"out of sight, out of mind\" mentality that has led to untreated sewage spills in San Francisco Bay becoming a significant source of pollution that can have harmful impacts on people, animals and habitat. The cost of fixing the Bay Area's systems is estimated at several billion dollars. Obviously, that won't happen overnight. So in the meantime, have your own lateral inspected and repaired and don’t be surprised if your sewage rates continue to creep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For my own part, I will strive to teach my boys responsible flushing and instill in them a little bit of curiosity about what exactly happens AFTER we flush the toilet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UPDATE: Also see our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/26/where-the-waste-water-goes/\">\u003cstrong>Interactive Map of Bay Area publicly-owned sewage treatment plants and spills\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I learned that one of the main reasons for so many sewage spills in San Francisco Bay is that those of us who use and depend on the sewage system, don’t really understand it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457748593,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":608},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Wastewater Woes - Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo! | KQED","description":"I learned that one of the main reasons for so many sewage spills in San Francisco Bay is that those of us who use and depend on the sewage system, don’t really understand it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Wastewater Woes - Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo!","datePublished":"2009-05-26T19:29:16.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-12T02:09:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2597 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2597","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/26/producers-notes-wastewater-woes-bye-bye-poo-poo/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Wastewater Woes - Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo!","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3KeKhddeDA","path":"/quest/2597/producers-notes-wastewater-woes-bye-bye-poo-poo","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Right about the time I started researching the story about sewage spills in the Bay Area, I also started the preliminary stages of potty training my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/born-too-soon-preterm-births-on-the-rise\">nearly-two-year-old twin boys\u003c/a>. This involves first getting them familiar and comfortable with the whole process of using the toilet. So for the last couple of months, I’ve been dutifully inviting them into the bathroom with me when I go “potty”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They LOVE announcing like, squawking little birds, exactly what it is I'm doing in there. They knock each other over for the chance to flush the toilet. But it seems the best part of all is giving it a hero’s send-off: \"Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo! Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo! Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo!\" Apart from it just being sort of fun to say, I don’t think that I’m imagining that they are experiencing a kind of satisfaction in making it go away. Call me jaded but I think my own enthusiasm for the process has faded somewhat since I was their age. But after producing \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/wastewater-woes\">Wastewater Woes: Sewage Spills in SF Bay\u003c/a>, I've learned some things about sewage collection and wastewater treatment systems that are good to be aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2605\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/blog_byebye_poopoo1.jpg\" alt=\"The guts of the system are hidden underground.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2605\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The guts of the system are hidden underground.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When one of the 47 wastewater treatment plants around the bay has a spill or an overflow during wet weather, it's unlikely that Bay Area residents consider that it was caused by anything that we've done or neglected to do. But I learned that one of the main reasons for so many sewage spills in San Francisco Bay- both from the treatment plants and the collection systems underground- is that those of us who use and depend on the sewage system don't really understand it. Water and sewage customers need to be conscious of a few key facts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>The water that's flushed down the toilet, used to wash clothes or dishes, or runs while we brush our teeth ultimately ends up getting treated then is discharged into the bay or the ocean.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Putting grease down the drain, flushing rags, feminine hygiene products or anything but toilet paper down the toilet can lead to blocked sewage pipes and dangerous spills in the collection systems.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Years of neglecting our cracked and crumbling sewage collection systems, including privately-owned sewage lateral pipes that connect every single home and business to the city-owned sewage mains, has resulted in the inflow of great volumes of rainwater to the collection system as well as spills and overflows downstream at treatment plants.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Sure, sewage is not the most pleasant thing to contemplate and it's understandable that most people don’t give it a second thought because the guts of the system are hidden underground. But it is precisely this \"out of sight, out of mind\" mentality that has led to untreated sewage spills in San Francisco Bay becoming a significant source of pollution that can have harmful impacts on people, animals and habitat. The cost of fixing the Bay Area's systems is estimated at several billion dollars. Obviously, that won't happen overnight. So in the meantime, have your own lateral inspected and repaired and don’t be surprised if your sewage rates continue to creep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For my own part, I will strive to teach my boys responsible flushing and instill in them a little bit of curiosity about what exactly happens AFTER we flush the toilet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UPDATE: Also see our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/26/where-the-waste-water-goes/\">\u003cstrong>Interactive Map of Bay Area publicly-owned sewage treatment plants and spills\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2597/producers-notes-wastewater-woes-bye-bye-poo-poo","authors":["209"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_1082","quest_1092","quest_1278","quest_1617","quest_2261","quest_2292","quest_2501","quest_2574","quest_2599","quest_3106"],"label":"quest"},"quest_789":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_789","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"789","score":null,"sort":[1219180301000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"quest-quiz-water-2","title":"QUEST Quiz: Water","publishDate":1219180301,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>How much water does it take to produce a steak? How much water does a leaky toilet waste? Test your water knowledge in this quiz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How much water does it take to produce a steak? How much water does a leaky toilet waste? Test your water knowledge in this quiz.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457833819,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":27},"headData":{"title":"QUEST Quiz: Water | KQED","description":"How much water does it take to produce a steak? How much water does a leaky toilet waste? Test your water knowledge in this quiz.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"QUEST Quiz: Water","datePublished":"2008-08-19T21:11:41.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-13T01:50:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"789 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=789","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/08/19/quest-quiz-water-2/","disqusTitle":"QUEST Quiz: Water","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dR3EtGbzfFE","path":"/quest/789/quest-quiz-water-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How much water does it take to produce a steak? How much water does a leaky toilet waste? Test your water knowledge in this quiz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/789/quest-quiz-water-2","authors":["6166"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_684","quest_883","quest_1586","quest_2893","quest_2952","quest_3106","quest_3108","quest_3117"],"featImg":"quest_790","label":"quest"},"quest_698":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_698","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"698","score":null,"sort":[1216073256000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-californias-water-future","title":"Producer's Notes: California's Water Future","publishDate":1216073256,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Could the future of potable water in California be in recycling wastewater? The Orange County Water District thinks so. In February of this year it opened its advanced water treatment plant, which produces 50 million gallons of potable water per day. It took them 13 years to finish the project. They spent a lot of that time educating consumers. Of course the idea of drinking water that was once used for other less savory purposes than drinking is an unpleasant thought. So Orange County's water district took its educational campaign very seriously. They went to great lengths to explain that the wastewater is cleaned to the point where it meets state and federal drinking water standards and then put through an extra filtration step, which consists of dumping it into a lake with a sandy basin and letting it filter into the aquifers. (This is why they call the project the Groundwater Replenishment System). As part of its outreach, the district even got Orange County's Bishop Jaime Soto to record positive comments about the project and posted the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gwrsystem.com/about/soto.html\">video\u003c/a> on its Web site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area, projects to use recycled wastewater aren't as advanced. Still, John Stufflebean, director of environmental services for the City of San José, says it’s in the cards for San José. The city has started its own educational effort. Stufflebean is one of the city officials that give regular \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/esd/plantmasterplan/tour-reservations.asp\">guided tours of the San José/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant\u003c/a> in northern San José. The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/state-of-thirst-californias-water-future\">process really is quite a sight\u003c/a>. The gray and smelly raw wastewater comes in on one end, and at the end of a three-step process -- once again clean and transparent -- either trickles back into the Bay or is used to irrigate golf courses and farms. Stufflebean says that people on the tour often ask why this water can’t be used for drinking. With some additional steps, it could. Stay tuned. Perhaps in the future it will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Could the future of potable water in California be in recycling wastewater? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457837426,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":342},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: California's Water Future | KQED","description":"Could the future of potable water in California be in recycling wastewater? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: California's Water Future","datePublished":"2008-07-14T22:07:36.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-13T02:50:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"698 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=698","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/14/producers-notes-californias-water-future/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: California's Water Future","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=panaJZaffYk","path":"/quest/698/producers-notes-californias-water-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Could the future of potable water in California be in recycling wastewater? The Orange County Water District thinks so. In February of this year it opened its advanced water treatment plant, which produces 50 million gallons of potable water per day. It took them 13 years to finish the project. They spent a lot of that time educating consumers. Of course the idea of drinking water that was once used for other less savory purposes than drinking is an unpleasant thought. So Orange County's water district took its educational campaign very seriously. They went to great lengths to explain that the wastewater is cleaned to the point where it meets state and federal drinking water standards and then put through an extra filtration step, which consists of dumping it into a lake with a sandy basin and letting it filter into the aquifers. (This is why they call the project the Groundwater Replenishment System). As part of its outreach, the district even got Orange County's Bishop Jaime Soto to record positive comments about the project and posted the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gwrsystem.com/about/soto.html\">video\u003c/a> on its Web site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area, projects to use recycled wastewater aren't as advanced. Still, John Stufflebean, director of environmental services for the City of San José, says it’s in the cards for San José. The city has started its own educational effort. Stufflebean is one of the city officials that give regular \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/esd/plantmasterplan/tour-reservations.asp\">guided tours of the San José/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant\u003c/a> in northern San José. The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/state-of-thirst-californias-water-future\">process really is quite a sight\u003c/a>. The gray and smelly raw wastewater comes in on one end, and at the end of a three-step process -- once again clean and transparent -- either trickles back into the Bay or is used to irrigate golf courses and farms. Stufflebean says that people on the tour often ask why this water can’t be used for drinking. With some additional steps, it could. Stay tuned. Perhaps in the future it will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/698/producers-notes-californias-water-future","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_6","quest_8","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_285","quest_438","quest_684","quest_883","quest_1093","quest_1278","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2387","quest_2493","quest_2504","quest_3106"],"featImg":"quest_699","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. 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Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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