In Rare Sea Snail, Scientists Find Compound That Could Help Cancer Patients
Vaccine Waivers, Informed Consent and Public Health
Doubt and Denialism: Vaccine Myths Persist in the Face of Science
Quest Topic in the News: The Autism-Vaccine Connection
Producer's Notes: Autism: Searching for Causes
Vaccines: One Small Risk for a Child, One Giant Benefit for Mankind
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She was a 2013 recipient of the NYU Reporting Award, a 2013 Dennis Hunt Health Journalism fellow and a 2015 USC Data Journalism fellow.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Liza Gross | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lizagross"},"rachel-zurer":{"type":"authors","id":"10203","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10203","found":true},"name":"Rachel Zurer","firstName":"Rachel","lastName":"Zurer","slug":"rachel-zurer","email":"rzurer@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Rachel Zurer is an intern for QUEST. Originally from Washington, DC, she's been steadily making her way further west and deeper into the world of science. After earning her B.A. at Duke University, she spent two years as a crew leader with the Utah Conservation Corps, building trails, killing weeds, and learning first hand about the awesomeness of nature. Then she moved indoors to become the Gallery Programs Coordinator for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.umnh.utah.edu/\">Utah Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>. Now a Berkeley resident, she's pursuing her MFA in Creative Nonfiction writing through Goucher College. She's thrilled to be helping explain cool science for people through as many types of media as possible","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a0b186ee440d5d6ccda16ab1f6b21403?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Rachel Zurer | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a0b186ee440d5d6ccda16ab1f6b21403?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a0b186ee440d5d6ccda16ab1f6b21403?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/rachel-zurer"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_70177":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_70177","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"70177","score":null,"sort":[1413468002000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-rare-sea-snail-scientists-find-compound-that-could-help-cancer-patients","title":"In Rare Sea Snail, Scientists Find Compound That Could Help Cancer Patients","publishDate":1413468002,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>PORT HUENEME -- Frank Oakes is betting his future on a snail. Thousands are suctioned onto the walls of 19 outdoor aquaculture tanks behind his office in Port Hueneme, California, south of Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaped like oblong cinnamon rolls, the black, tan, and striped snails may live up to 60 years, although their population may be dwindling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs,” said Oakes, who is the CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/\">Stellar Biotechnologies Inc.\u003c/a>, a biomedical company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets contain a valuable protein called KLH, or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_limpet_hemocyanin\">keyhole limpet hemocyanin\u003c/a>, which is being tested in more than 20 different types of cancer vaccines and on autoimmune diseases like Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72272\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and automimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"365\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The copper-based blood protein carries oxygen through the snail’s body, as hemoglobin does in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s, immunologists found that inserting KLH into patients triggered a powerful immune response. Such responses are critical in helping the body fight cancer and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of situations where we wish we could elicit an immune response,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.oxy.edu/\">Occidental College\u003c/a> biology professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.oxy.edu/faculty/gary-martin\">Gary Martin\u003c/a>. “Cancer, for example, doesn’t stimulate a strong response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers have figured out how to take markers for a specific type of cancer and attach KLH before inserting them into a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once administered, KLH wakes up the immune system and the patient’s antibodies see the markers. Like a signpost, the markers point toward the patient’s cancer. This process trains the immune system to fight the patient’s specific type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope with the cancer vaccines that contain KLH is that one day they will be preventative, much like the vaccines for measles and polio are today,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/about-stellar/leadership/management-team\">Catherine Brisson\u003c/a>, chief operating officer of Stellar Biotechnologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff8000\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs\" -- Frank Oakes, CEO Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>KLH-based vaccines are in phase III clinical trials, the last stage before a drug receives commercial approval from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/\">Food and Drug Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other countries, including South Korea, China, and the Netherlands, have already approved KLH-based cancer vaccines. Stellar sells the purified blood protein to international companies for $50,000 per gram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But generating a steady supply of KLH is tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets only live off the California coast and no one knows how many exist in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most international pharmaceutical companies collect mollusks from the ocean, which are frozen and shipped overseas or bled to death and thrown back into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"225\" height=\"339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is sold to pharmaceutical companies for $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have been working in our kelp forest since 1970 and have seen [them] become much more rare over the years,” \u003ca href=\"http://daytonlab.ucsd.edu/\">Paul Dayton\u003c/a>, a marine ecologist at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a>, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the market value for the blood protein, Dayton said, “it makes sense that they might be disappearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s important, he said, is preserving a marine habitat that is vastly under studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think it is appropriate to have a commercial harvest…without first doing some research on the population biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton argued for restrictions on the number of snails that can be removed, since there are no catch limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Stellar is no longer taking limpets from the wild, it is relying on a supply that may not last if KLH-based treatments are approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Should any of these clinical trials hit the jackpot, we don’t have a huge reservoir of these animals to supply the need for further clinical trials and treatments,” said Martin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>This story was made possible, in part, by support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ijnr.org/\">Institute for Journalism & Natural Resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A marine mollusk with a coveted blood protein is shaping the way researchers treat cancer and autoimmune diseases.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457553692,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":676},"headData":{"title":"In Rare Sea Snail, Scientists Find Compound That Could Help Cancer Patients | KQED","description":"A marine mollusk with a coveted blood protein is shaping the way researchers treat cancer and autoimmune diseases.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Rare Sea Snail, Scientists Find Compound That Could Help Cancer Patients","datePublished":"2014-10-16T14:00:02.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T20:01:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"70177 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=70177","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/10/16/in-rare-sea-snail-scientists-find-compound-that-could-help-cancer-patients/","disqusTitle":"In Rare Sea Snail, Scientists Find Compound That Could Help Cancer Patients","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wSMe9hh66M","path":"/quest/70177/in-rare-sea-snail-scientists-find-compound-that-could-help-cancer-patients","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>PORT HUENEME -- Frank Oakes is betting his future on a snail. Thousands are suctioned onto the walls of 19 outdoor aquaculture tanks behind his office in Port Hueneme, California, south of Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaped like oblong cinnamon rolls, the black, tan, and striped snails may live up to 60 years, although their population may be dwindling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs,” said Oakes, who is the CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/\">Stellar Biotechnologies Inc.\u003c/a>, a biomedical company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets contain a valuable protein called KLH, or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_limpet_hemocyanin\">keyhole limpet hemocyanin\u003c/a>, which is being tested in more than 20 different types of cancer vaccines and on autoimmune diseases like Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72272\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and automimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"365\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The copper-based blood protein carries oxygen through the snail’s body, as hemoglobin does in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s, immunologists found that inserting KLH into patients triggered a powerful immune response. Such responses are critical in helping the body fight cancer and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of situations where we wish we could elicit an immune response,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.oxy.edu/\">Occidental College\u003c/a> biology professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.oxy.edu/faculty/gary-martin\">Gary Martin\u003c/a>. “Cancer, for example, doesn’t stimulate a strong response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers have figured out how to take markers for a specific type of cancer and attach KLH before inserting them into a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once administered, KLH wakes up the immune system and the patient’s antibodies see the markers. Like a signpost, the markers point toward the patient’s cancer. This process trains the immune system to fight the patient’s specific type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope with the cancer vaccines that contain KLH is that one day they will be preventative, much like the vaccines for measles and polio are today,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/about-stellar/leadership/management-team\">Catherine Brisson\u003c/a>, chief operating officer of Stellar Biotechnologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff8000\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs\" -- Frank Oakes, CEO Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>KLH-based vaccines are in phase III clinical trials, the last stage before a drug receives commercial approval from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/\">Food and Drug Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other countries, including South Korea, China, and the Netherlands, have already approved KLH-based cancer vaccines. Stellar sells the purified blood protein to international companies for $50,000 per gram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But generating a steady supply of KLH is tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets only live off the California coast and no one knows how many exist in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most international pharmaceutical companies collect mollusks from the ocean, which are frozen and shipped overseas or bled to death and thrown back into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"225\" height=\"339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is sold to pharmaceutical companies for $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have been working in our kelp forest since 1970 and have seen [them] become much more rare over the years,” \u003ca href=\"http://daytonlab.ucsd.edu/\">Paul Dayton\u003c/a>, a marine ecologist at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a>, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the market value for the blood protein, Dayton said, “it makes sense that they might be disappearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s important, he said, is preserving a marine habitat that is vastly under studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think it is appropriate to have a commercial harvest…without first doing some research on the population biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton argued for restrictions on the number of snails that can be removed, since there are no catch limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Stellar is no longer taking limpets from the wild, it is relying on a supply that may not last if KLH-based treatments are approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Should any of these clinical trials hit the jackpot, we don’t have a huge reservoir of these animals to supply the need for further clinical trials and treatments,” said Martin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>This story was made possible, in part, by support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ijnr.org/\">Institute for Journalism & Natural Resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/70177/in-rare-sea-snail-scientists-find-compound-that-could-help-cancer-patients","authors":["5432"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_12994","quest_326","quest_475","quest_12269","quest_12996","quest_2034","quest_12995","quest_13","quest_12997","quest_12992","quest_12993","quest_13365","quest_3056","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72198","label":"quest"},"quest_46104":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_46104","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"46104","score":null,"sort":[1350486005000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health","title":"Vaccine Waivers, Informed Consent and Public Health","publishDate":1350486005,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46119\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/measles-micrograph-carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46119\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/measles-micrograph-carousel-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"measles virus virion\" title=\"measles micrograph carousel\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-46119\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This electron micrograph image shows the structure of a single virus particle, or “virion,” of measles virus. Before 1963, about 3 to 4 million people got measles each year and an average of 450 people died, mostly children. After the vaccine became available, the number of measles cases dropped by 98%. (Image: CDC/ Cynthia S. Goldsmith; William Bellini, PhD) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has made it just a little bit harder for parents to refuse or skip vaccinations for their children. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By signing AB 2109 into law last month, Brown strengthened one of the nation's most permissive school immunization requirements. Under existing law, California parents could choose which vaccinations to reject simply by signing a form saying \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/forms/ctrldforms/pm286b.pdf\">“all or some immunizations are contrary to my beliefs.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, at least, their beliefs will need to be informed by actual science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State laws require children entering private or public school to get immunized to reduce the risk of spreading infectious diseases to their classmates. All states allow medical exemptions for children with allergies, immunodeficiency or other conditions, and most allow exemptions on religious grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of 20 states that allow parents to opt out of laws requiring children to get vaccinated before they enter school simply because they choose not to. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Costs of easy exemptions\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn California, personal belief exemption rates rose slowly between 1996 and 2007, from half a percent to 1.5 percent. But between 2008 and 2010, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698009\">study published in the American Journal of Public Health\u003c/a> in August, the number of children with one or more personal belief exemptions increased by 25%. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means more than 11,500 kids showed up in classrooms, playgrounds, and after-school activities without their vaccinations in 2010. Even more troubling, the number of kindergartners who attended schools with more than 20 exempted classmates more than doubled. Exempt children are clustering within the same schools, putting themselves—and their peers—at greater risk of an epidemic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay Area has among the highest clustering of exemptions in the state, while Santa Cruz County ranks in the top 10 counties for all three measures analyzed: prevalence (proportion of students with exemptions), exposure (the likelihood a child would interact with an exempt classmate) and vulnerability (a measure of the risk of disease outbreak resulting from compromised herd immunity).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46122\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/nigeria-cropped/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46122\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/nigeria-cropped-329x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"nigeria measles victim\" width=\"329\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46122\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> This late 1960s photograph shows a Nigerian mother and her child, who was recovering from measles. The child’s skin is peeling as his measles infection heals. Measles victims in poor countries where other diseases are prevalent often require intensive nursing to avoid complications, including subsequent infections. (Image: CDC) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases, from pertussis to measles, implicates exemptions in the outbreaks. But without data on the incidence of these vaccine-preventable diseases, says public health researcher Alison Buttenheim, “we can’t say for certain that more personal belief exemptions cause higher disease risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Buttenheim, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing who led the study, says there’s one thing she knows for sure. “Parents who choose not to vaccinate are free-riders, relying on herd immunity maintained by those who do vaccinate to protect their children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Buttenheim didn’t have the data to study the link, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kdheks.gov/testimony/download/HB2094_Testimony_DCHunt_2012.pdf\">other studies\u003c/a> have found that exemptions tend to cluster geographically, increasing the risk of local disease outbreaks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a recent study in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1209037\">New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/a>, states with looser exemption policies also had more cases of pertussis (or \"whooping cough\"), a bacterial infection that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/outbreaks.html\">killed 10 infants in California\u003c/a> in 2010. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoopingcough.net/cough-child-muchwhooping.wav\">Anyone who thinks babies don't suffer from pertussis never heard this cough.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vaccine-preventable diseases are going to start in places where people are refusing,” says Roger Baxter, a physician, infectious disease expert and co-director of the Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center in Oakland. “We have lots of evidence of that around the world. We’ve seen it. We know it will happen.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why some states are requiring parents to think through the risks of leaving their children—and their neighbors’ children—vulnerable to deadly pathogens by refusing some or all pediatric vaccinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.doh.wa.gov/CommunityandEnvironment/Schools/Immunization/Exemptions.aspx\">Washington\u003c/a> (and just last month \u003ca href=\"http://www.leg.state.vt.us/docs/2012/Acts/ACT157.pdf\">Vermont\u003c/a>) passed laws requiring parents to have a health care professional certify that they received information regarding the risks of immunization, as well as the risks of exposing their family and community to potentially deadly diseases by forgoing immunization. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under California's new law, starting January 2014, parents seeking personal belief exemptions must do the same. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, sponsored by state Assemblyman Richard Pan (D-Sacramento), a pediatrician and director of the UC Davis Pediatric Residency Program, is little more than an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/legal-topics/patient-physician-relationship-topics/informed-consent.page\">informed consent law\u003c/a>. Anytime you undergo a medical procedure, your doctor is required by law to counsel you on its risks and benefits. The bill requires the same counseling for parents who want to avoid vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In signing the bill, Brown noted that those “whose religious beliefs preclude vaccinations” don’t need a health care practitioner’s signature. Until the new law takes effect, the state’s philosophical and personal belief exemptions cover religious objections, and parents’ signatures are sufficient in either case. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The myth of 100% safety\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut for Baxter, vaccine refusal has veered into religion, with people obsessed with “uber-protection” and vaccine safety. “There’s nothing in this world that’s 100 percent safe,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With vaccines, we expect some reactions like fevers or sore arms. But for serious adverse events, where we might expect 1 in 1,000 for most medications, if we see 1 in 100,000 for vaccines, we think it’s too much. Yet many people are worried about things that happen as rarely as 1 in a million. The benefits of vaccines far outweigh that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a 1 to 2 in a million risk that the measles-controlling MMR vaccine will cause a serious adverse reaction like encephalitis or pneumonia. By contrast, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/overview.html\">1 to 2 of every 1,000 measles cases\u003c/a> ends in death. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as no vaccine is 100% safe, no vaccine is 100% effective. That’s why the concept of \u003ca href=\"http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/herd-immunity-0\">“herd immunity”\u003c/a> is so important. When vaccination rates in a community reach a certain threshold (85% to 95% depending on the contagiousness of the disease), then those who can’t get vaccinated—because they’re too young, on immune-suppressing treatments like chemotherapy, or their immune system didn’t respond to the vaccine—are still protected. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But herd immunity relies on high-compliance with recommended pediatric vaccination schedules. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An the trouble is, you’re not likely to know if your child’s vaccination didn’t offer full protection until he comes home sick after going to school, soccer practice, or a play date with unvaccinated peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunistic pathogens\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn February 2010, the SF Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbaypeds.com/storage/post-files/SFDPH_Measles%20Health%20Alert.2010.2.22.final.pdf\">issued a health alert\u003c/a> about a measles outbreak. How it started is unclear. But two years earlier, 11 cases of measles in San Diego were traced to a seven-year-old unvaccinated boy who had traveled to Switzerland with his parents and came home with the measles. Within 19 days, he had infected his two siblings, five classmates, and four children—including three infants who were too young to be vaccinated—at his pediatrician’s office. One of the infants had to be hospitalized for severe dehydration, which can be fatal for babies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The child who started the epidemic went to a school where 36 of 376 children—nearly 1 in 10—had personal belief exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why some doctors have decided not to see families who shun vaccination. Some regularly treat very sick children and don’t want to risk exposing them to infections that could cause complications and even death. But most doctors that Baxter works with see the informed consent law as an opportunity to explain the risks to parents who didn’t really understand them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/rubella-poster-smaller2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46142\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rubella-poster-smaller2-614x360.jpg\" alt=\"rubella vaccine poster\" title=\"rubella poster\" width=\"614\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46142\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Typically a mild childhood illness, rubella (also known as “German measles”) can pose a serious threat to the developing fetus if the mother is infected during pregnancy. More than 20,000 babies were born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) during an outbreak in 1964-65, before the US vaccine was licensed in 1969. CRS can cause diverse symptoms ranging from deafness to seizures, encephalitis, and developmental delays. (Image: CDC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before Brown signed the bill, anti-vaccination activists led by ex-SNL cast member Rob Schneider fought against the bill on the grounds of parental rights, child safety, and a \u003ca href=\"http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2012/06/29/makin-copies-of-antivaccine-nonsense-against-california-bill-ab-2019/\">list of myths too numerous\u003c/a> to go into here. Incredibly, Sacramento-based TV News Channel 10 \u003ca href=\"http://www.news10.net/video/1824491466001/1/Rob-Schneider-discusses-his-stance-on-AB-2109-with-News10\">gave Schneider 11 minutes\u003c/a> to spread his misinformation. He was joined by die-hard anti-vaccination activist Dawn Winkler and Tony Amador, a candidate for the Assembly seat held by the author of AB 2109, Richard Pan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists like Winkler and Schneider tell people that vaccines are dangerous and parents should have the right to decide what’s best for their children. What’s really dangerous, though, is giving people like Schneider — who have little grasp of the facts about vaccines, immunology, or public health — a platform to spread their misinformed beliefs. Infectious disease experts know what Schneider can't seem to grasp. Infectious pathogens are remarkably adaptable and will readily exploit any weaknesses in herd immunity to make a roaring comeback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, a pertussis outbreak at an El Sobrante Waldorf school forced public health officials to close the school temporarily. According to data filed with the California Department of Public Health, 68% of children attending that school have personal belief exemptions on file this year. Only 6% of children there are fully vaccinated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Waldorf School isn't far behind, with personal belief exemptions for 59% of children, leaving 22% of students without all their vaccinations. At the Greenwood School in Mill Valley, where 79% of students have personal belief exemptions, only 2% of children are fully vaccinated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s bad enough that people who don’t want to vaccinate are putting they own children at risk, Baxter says. “But they’re also putting their children’s friends at risk, they’re putting little babies who are too young to be vaccinated at risk, they’re putting immune-compromised kids at risk, and they’re putting their classmates at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People shouldn’t lull themselves into complacency thinking that high vaccination rates in general will protect their kids. “If there’s a pertussis outbreak,” Baxter says, “it’s going to start in schools with high personal exemption rates. Same with measles, varicella, any vaccine-preventable disease. They’re going to start in places where people are refusing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents have the right to ask school administrators to disclose the exemption rates at their child’s school. You can also go to the California Department of Public Health’s web site to find each school’s exemption rates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be a good thing if parents refused to send their kids to schools with high exemption rates, Baxter says, rather than choosing schools where “parental rights” are viewed as more important than public health. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, he adds, it takes a mandate to bring vaccinations up to the levels that can protect people from these diseases. “It’s the only thing that works because people are busy, or lazy—or have weird ideas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, in too many cases, they're getting medical advice from the likes of Rob Schneider instead of a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Starting in 2014, California will require parents to see a health practitioner to learn the risks and benefits of vaccination before opting out of the state's immunization requirements. Public health officials hope that when parents learn the difference between science-based evidence and the uninformed myths so prevalent online and in the mainstream media, they'll decide to protect their children from the real risks of infectious disease, rather than worry about unfounded theoretical risks. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1351578670,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":39,"wordCount":2009},"headData":{"title":"Vaccine Waivers, Informed Consent and Public Health | KQED","description":"Starting in 2014, California will require parents to see a health practitioner to learn the risks and benefits of vaccination before opting out of the state's immunization requirements. Public health officials hope that when parents learn the difference between science-based evidence and the uninformed myths so prevalent online and in the mainstream media, they'll decide to protect their children from the real risks of infectious disease, rather than worry about unfounded theoretical risks. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Vaccine Waivers, Informed Consent and Public Health","datePublished":"2012-10-17T15:00:05.000Z","dateModified":"2012-10-30T06:31:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"46104 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=46104","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/","disqusTitle":"Vaccine Waivers, Informed Consent and Public Health","path":"/quest/46104/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health","audioUrl":"http://www.whoopingcough.net/cough-child-muchwhooping.wav","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46119\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/measles-micrograph-carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46119\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/measles-micrograph-carousel-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"measles virus virion\" title=\"measles micrograph carousel\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-46119\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This electron micrograph image shows the structure of a single virus particle, or “virion,” of measles virus. Before 1963, about 3 to 4 million people got measles each year and an average of 450 people died, mostly children. After the vaccine became available, the number of measles cases dropped by 98%. (Image: CDC/ Cynthia S. Goldsmith; William Bellini, PhD) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has made it just a little bit harder for parents to refuse or skip vaccinations for their children. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By signing AB 2109 into law last month, Brown strengthened one of the nation's most permissive school immunization requirements. Under existing law, California parents could choose which vaccinations to reject simply by signing a form saying \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/forms/ctrldforms/pm286b.pdf\">“all or some immunizations are contrary to my beliefs.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, at least, their beliefs will need to be informed by actual science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State laws require children entering private or public school to get immunized to reduce the risk of spreading infectious diseases to their classmates. All states allow medical exemptions for children with allergies, immunodeficiency or other conditions, and most allow exemptions on religious grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of 20 states that allow parents to opt out of laws requiring children to get vaccinated before they enter school simply because they choose not to. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Costs of easy exemptions\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn California, personal belief exemption rates rose slowly between 1996 and 2007, from half a percent to 1.5 percent. But between 2008 and 2010, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698009\">study published in the American Journal of Public Health\u003c/a> in August, the number of children with one or more personal belief exemptions increased by 25%. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means more than 11,500 kids showed up in classrooms, playgrounds, and after-school activities without their vaccinations in 2010. Even more troubling, the number of kindergartners who attended schools with more than 20 exempted classmates more than doubled. Exempt children are clustering within the same schools, putting themselves—and their peers—at greater risk of an epidemic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay Area has among the highest clustering of exemptions in the state, while Santa Cruz County ranks in the top 10 counties for all three measures analyzed: prevalence (proportion of students with exemptions), exposure (the likelihood a child would interact with an exempt classmate) and vulnerability (a measure of the risk of disease outbreak resulting from compromised herd immunity).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46122\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/nigeria-cropped/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46122\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/nigeria-cropped-329x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"nigeria measles victim\" width=\"329\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46122\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> This late 1960s photograph shows a Nigerian mother and her child, who was recovering from measles. The child’s skin is peeling as his measles infection heals. Measles victims in poor countries where other diseases are prevalent often require intensive nursing to avoid complications, including subsequent infections. (Image: CDC) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases, from pertussis to measles, implicates exemptions in the outbreaks. But without data on the incidence of these vaccine-preventable diseases, says public health researcher Alison Buttenheim, “we can’t say for certain that more personal belief exemptions cause higher disease risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Buttenheim, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing who led the study, says there’s one thing she knows for sure. “Parents who choose not to vaccinate are free-riders, relying on herd immunity maintained by those who do vaccinate to protect their children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Buttenheim didn’t have the data to study the link, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kdheks.gov/testimony/download/HB2094_Testimony_DCHunt_2012.pdf\">other studies\u003c/a> have found that exemptions tend to cluster geographically, increasing the risk of local disease outbreaks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a recent study in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1209037\">New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/a>, states with looser exemption policies also had more cases of pertussis (or \"whooping cough\"), a bacterial infection that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/outbreaks.html\">killed 10 infants in California\u003c/a> in 2010. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoopingcough.net/cough-child-muchwhooping.wav\">Anyone who thinks babies don't suffer from pertussis never heard this cough.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vaccine-preventable diseases are going to start in places where people are refusing,” says Roger Baxter, a physician, infectious disease expert and co-director of the Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center in Oakland. “We have lots of evidence of that around the world. We’ve seen it. We know it will happen.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why some states are requiring parents to think through the risks of leaving their children—and their neighbors’ children—vulnerable to deadly pathogens by refusing some or all pediatric vaccinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.doh.wa.gov/CommunityandEnvironment/Schools/Immunization/Exemptions.aspx\">Washington\u003c/a> (and just last month \u003ca href=\"http://www.leg.state.vt.us/docs/2012/Acts/ACT157.pdf\">Vermont\u003c/a>) passed laws requiring parents to have a health care professional certify that they received information regarding the risks of immunization, as well as the risks of exposing their family and community to potentially deadly diseases by forgoing immunization. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under California's new law, starting January 2014, parents seeking personal belief exemptions must do the same. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, sponsored by state Assemblyman Richard Pan (D-Sacramento), a pediatrician and director of the UC Davis Pediatric Residency Program, is little more than an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/legal-topics/patient-physician-relationship-topics/informed-consent.page\">informed consent law\u003c/a>. Anytime you undergo a medical procedure, your doctor is required by law to counsel you on its risks and benefits. The bill requires the same counseling for parents who want to avoid vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In signing the bill, Brown noted that those “whose religious beliefs preclude vaccinations” don’t need a health care practitioner’s signature. Until the new law takes effect, the state’s philosophical and personal belief exemptions cover religious objections, and parents’ signatures are sufficient in either case. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The myth of 100% safety\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut for Baxter, vaccine refusal has veered into religion, with people obsessed with “uber-protection” and vaccine safety. “There’s nothing in this world that’s 100 percent safe,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With vaccines, we expect some reactions like fevers or sore arms. But for serious adverse events, where we might expect 1 in 1,000 for most medications, if we see 1 in 100,000 for vaccines, we think it’s too much. Yet many people are worried about things that happen as rarely as 1 in a million. The benefits of vaccines far outweigh that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a 1 to 2 in a million risk that the measles-controlling MMR vaccine will cause a serious adverse reaction like encephalitis or pneumonia. By contrast, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/overview.html\">1 to 2 of every 1,000 measles cases\u003c/a> ends in death. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as no vaccine is 100% safe, no vaccine is 100% effective. That’s why the concept of \u003ca href=\"http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/herd-immunity-0\">“herd immunity”\u003c/a> is so important. When vaccination rates in a community reach a certain threshold (85% to 95% depending on the contagiousness of the disease), then those who can’t get vaccinated—because they’re too young, on immune-suppressing treatments like chemotherapy, or their immune system didn’t respond to the vaccine—are still protected. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But herd immunity relies on high-compliance with recommended pediatric vaccination schedules. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An the trouble is, you’re not likely to know if your child’s vaccination didn’t offer full protection until he comes home sick after going to school, soccer practice, or a play date with unvaccinated peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunistic pathogens\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn February 2010, the SF Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbaypeds.com/storage/post-files/SFDPH_Measles%20Health%20Alert.2010.2.22.final.pdf\">issued a health alert\u003c/a> about a measles outbreak. How it started is unclear. But two years earlier, 11 cases of measles in San Diego were traced to a seven-year-old unvaccinated boy who had traveled to Switzerland with his parents and came home with the measles. Within 19 days, he had infected his two siblings, five classmates, and four children—including three infants who were too young to be vaccinated—at his pediatrician’s office. One of the infants had to be hospitalized for severe dehydration, which can be fatal for babies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The child who started the epidemic went to a school where 36 of 376 children—nearly 1 in 10—had personal belief exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why some doctors have decided not to see families who shun vaccination. Some regularly treat very sick children and don’t want to risk exposing them to infections that could cause complications and even death. But most doctors that Baxter works with see the informed consent law as an opportunity to explain the risks to parents who didn’t really understand them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/rubella-poster-smaller2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46142\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rubella-poster-smaller2-614x360.jpg\" alt=\"rubella vaccine poster\" title=\"rubella poster\" width=\"614\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46142\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Typically a mild childhood illness, rubella (also known as “German measles”) can pose a serious threat to the developing fetus if the mother is infected during pregnancy. More than 20,000 babies were born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) during an outbreak in 1964-65, before the US vaccine was licensed in 1969. CRS can cause diverse symptoms ranging from deafness to seizures, encephalitis, and developmental delays. (Image: CDC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before Brown signed the bill, anti-vaccination activists led by ex-SNL cast member Rob Schneider fought against the bill on the grounds of parental rights, child safety, and a \u003ca href=\"http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2012/06/29/makin-copies-of-antivaccine-nonsense-against-california-bill-ab-2019/\">list of myths too numerous\u003c/a> to go into here. Incredibly, Sacramento-based TV News Channel 10 \u003ca href=\"http://www.news10.net/video/1824491466001/1/Rob-Schneider-discusses-his-stance-on-AB-2109-with-News10\">gave Schneider 11 minutes\u003c/a> to spread his misinformation. He was joined by die-hard anti-vaccination activist Dawn Winkler and Tony Amador, a candidate for the Assembly seat held by the author of AB 2109, Richard Pan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists like Winkler and Schneider tell people that vaccines are dangerous and parents should have the right to decide what’s best for their children. What’s really dangerous, though, is giving people like Schneider — who have little grasp of the facts about vaccines, immunology, or public health — a platform to spread their misinformed beliefs. Infectious disease experts know what Schneider can't seem to grasp. Infectious pathogens are remarkably adaptable and will readily exploit any weaknesses in herd immunity to make a roaring comeback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, a pertussis outbreak at an El Sobrante Waldorf school forced public health officials to close the school temporarily. According to data filed with the California Department of Public Health, 68% of children attending that school have personal belief exemptions on file this year. Only 6% of children there are fully vaccinated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Waldorf School isn't far behind, with personal belief exemptions for 59% of children, leaving 22% of students without all their vaccinations. At the Greenwood School in Mill Valley, where 79% of students have personal belief exemptions, only 2% of children are fully vaccinated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s bad enough that people who don’t want to vaccinate are putting they own children at risk, Baxter says. “But they’re also putting their children’s friends at risk, they’re putting little babies who are too young to be vaccinated at risk, they’re putting immune-compromised kids at risk, and they’re putting their classmates at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People shouldn’t lull themselves into complacency thinking that high vaccination rates in general will protect their kids. “If there’s a pertussis outbreak,” Baxter says, “it’s going to start in schools with high personal exemption rates. Same with measles, varicella, any vaccine-preventable disease. They’re going to start in places where people are refusing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents have the right to ask school administrators to disclose the exemption rates at their child’s school. You can also go to the California Department of Public Health’s web site to find each school’s exemption rates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be a good thing if parents refused to send their kids to schools with high exemption rates, Baxter says, rather than choosing schools where “parental rights” are viewed as more important than public health. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, he adds, it takes a mandate to bring vaccinations up to the levels that can protect people from these diseases. “It’s the only thing that works because people are busy, or lazy—or have weird ideas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, in too many cases, they're getting medical advice from the likes of Rob Schneider instead of a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/46104/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11538","quest_13201","quest_11537","quest_2163","quest_13202","quest_3054","quest_3056"],"featImg":"quest_46119","label":"quest"},"quest_42176":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42176","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42176","score":null,"sort":[1344438037000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"doubt-and-denialism-vaccine-myths-persist-in-the-face-of-science","title":"Doubt and Denialism: Vaccine Myths Persist in the Face of Science","publishDate":1344438037,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>As a science journalist, I’m often confronted with the unsettling fact that a sizable portion of my audience rejects what scientists know is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take two classic cases, climate change and evolution. Even though \u003ca href=\"http://environment.yale.edu/climate/files/Climate-Beliefs-March-2012.pdf\">two-thirds of Americans believe global warming is happening\u003c/a> (up 3% from last year), less than half think we’re to blame. Just 15% of Americans believe humans evolved over millions of years from archaic species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/155003/Hold-Creationist-View-Human-Origins.aspx\">while 46% think God created us pretty much as-is\u003c/a> sometime within the past 10,000 years. That’s right, 46%—a figure that’s barely budged since Gallup started asking the question 30 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s yet another evidence-impervious belief that I find most troubling. Last year, a Harris Interactive/HealthDay poll found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.harrisinteractive.com/newsroom/pressreleases/tabid/446/mid/1506/articleid/674/ctl/readcustom%20default/default.aspx\">18% of Americans think vaccines cause autism\u003c/a>—a theory that has no basis in scientific reality, doesn’t even have a plausible biological basis, and has been knocked down more times than a metal duck in a shooting gallery. (Nearly a third aren’t sure if there’s any connection, while just over half think none exists.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blithe rejection of scientific knowledge in favor of, well, fantasy has become so common that it now has a name: “denialism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denialism can take many forms, but most scholars agree that simply raising doubt about an issue can undercut the legitimacy of an entire corpus of scientific evidence in the public’s mind. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2012/04/25/the-impasse-when-the-truth-wins-assumption-fails/\">tactics for raising doubt\u003c/a> abound. Those identified by infectious disease experts in a \u003ca href=\"http://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/1/2.full\">2009 commentary\u003c/a> include charges of conspiracy—for example, accusing vaccine advocates of profiting from the “vaccine-industrial complex”—and creating impossible expectations of what science can do—“absolute proof” that vaccines are safe, most recently raised by one-time “Saturday Night Live” cut-up Rob Schneider in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/01/rob-schneider-links-autism-vaccines_n_1641922.html\">bizarre interview\u003c/a>. I must point out that in \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/thepanicvirus/2012/07/18/apparently-rob-schneider-thinks-all-caps-is-a-substitute-for-having-a-clue-a-lower-cased-fact-based-rebuttal/\">peddling his vaccine-autism insanity\u003c/a>, Schneider noted that autism was “nearly unheard of in the 1930s.” No joke. I guess he didn’t realize the syndrome wasn’t described until 1943.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunistic Pathogens\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn a way, that 18% still believe vaccines cause autism shows progress—down from 25% just two years ago. But unlike the idea that humans spontaneously appeared through an act of God, believing against all evidence that vaccines cause autism (or ill-defined harm) can have dangerous consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, CDC officials reported more than 18,000 cases of whooping cough (or pertussis) across the country—a rate of infection they hadn’t seen so early in the year since 1959. So far, nine babies have died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California had its own epidemic in 2010, with more than 9,100 cases and 10 infant deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease. But prevention depends on public compliance. And people like Schneider who doubt vaccine safety tend to consider their children’s vaccinations optional. In the 2011 poll, 86% of doubters opted out of some or all of their kids’ scheduled shots. That’s why some blame vaccine skeptics for the current epidemic. With just 84% of toddlers fully vaccinated, it’s likely skeptics play some role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CDC officials aren’t sure what’s behind the epidemic, or why even vaccinated teenagers are getting sick. It’s possible that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/pertussis-vax-effectiveness/\">vaccine isn’t as effective as researchers hoped\u003c/a> or has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/jan-june11/pledge_03-16.html\">targeting the wrong pathogen strains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42266\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 296px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/doubt-and-denialism-vaccine-myths-persist-in-the-face-of-science/polio_vaccine_poster/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42266\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42266\" title=\"Polio_vaccine_poster\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Polio_vaccine_poster-296x360.jpg\" alt=\"polio vaccine poster\" width=\"296\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The CDC’s national symbol of public health, the \"Wellbee\", appears in this 1963 poster to encourage the public to get the oral polio vaccine. (Image: CDC/ Mary Hilpertshauser)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What officials do know is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6128a1.htm\">unvaccinated kids are eight times as likely to get pertussis as vaccinated kids\u003c/a>. And when vaccinated kids do contract the disease, it’s much milder, doesn’t last as long, and tends to be less infectious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why public officials are \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/bodypolitic/2012/07/26/a-forgotten-but-crucial-cause-for-the-pertussis-epidemic/\">urging adults, especially pregnant women, to get boosters\u003c/a> to protect children still too young to be fully vaccinated. Kids get the first of five pertussis shots (plus a later booster) at 2 months. Most pertussis deaths claim children younger than 3 months old. Nine of the 10 children who died in California during the 2010 outbreak were under 8 weeks old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Separating Fears from Facts\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAll this weighed heavily on my mind last week, when I \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/biologue/2012/07/31/could-vaccines-breed-super-virulent-malaria/\">wrote about new research\u003c/a> that could conceivably feed vaccine doubts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001368\">The study\u003c/a>, a fascinating investigation of experimental evolution in lab mice, found that vaccines can favor the evolution of more virulent malaria parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vicki Barclay (a postdoc in evolutionary biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvXc9aMF6CA\">Andrew Read\u003c/a>’s group at Penn State University) vaccinated mice with a malaria protein found in several vaccines now in clinical trials. She mimicked natural disease transmission by using needles instead of mosquitoes and letting parasites grow in one mouse before infecting the next one. (She did the same thing with unvaccinated mice.) Parasites that evolved in immunized mice caused more severe disease symptoms than those that evolved in unvaccinated mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inevitably, some will misconstrue these results to confirm their belief that vaccines aren’t safe. Except the findings don’t say anything about vaccine safety. They show that, from a pathogen’s point of view, medical technologies act like any other selective pressure. We spend billions to develop the most powerful drugs science can muster only to discover we’re outnumbered, outgunned, and outmaneuvered. Millions of years of evolution have endowed pathogens with survival strategies we’ve yet to imagine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lest you delude yourself into thinking we humans have an edge in this evolutionary battle, consider this: Scientists have managed to wipe out just one human pathogen. Ever. After Edward Jenner discovered a smallpox vaccine in 1798, it took nearly 200 years and an all-out international effort to eradicate this disfiguring disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Read and Barclay’s study shows, when you try to kill pathogens, they fight back. And when vaccines don’t destroy all the parasites (like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/335354/title/Malaria_vaccine_yields_protection\">malaria vaccine now in clinical trials)\u003c/a> or fail to provide lifelong immunity (like the pertussis vaccine), the survivors can evolve. And they might come back even stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know that most people who shun government vaccine schedules \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000114\">have their children’s best interests at heart\u003c/a>. Some truly worry that vaccines may somehow cause irreversible damage to their child—and if it happened, how could they ever forgive themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But anyone who chooses not to vaccinate their kids is missing something critical: the pathogens vaccine researchers are trying so desperately to control are formidable opponents. And though scientists still have a lot to learn about how pathogens adapt to our efforts to control them, they’re sure of this much: vaccines aren’t the enemy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines rarely provide 100% protection. But they’re the state-of-the-art defense against infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, if vaccine-preventable diseases like pertussis become more virulent, and there’s \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/8/pdfs/08-1511.pdf\">some evidence that this may be true\u003c/a>, those who refuse vaccination will have little recourse when their kids—or their neighbors’ kids—take ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials often say that parents who reject vaccination will realize they’ve made a terrible mistake only when these once rare childhood diseases, long controlled by vaccination, return, with tragic consequences. Why on earth would anyone want to help a deadly agent hell-bent on survival get the upper hand?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many people continue to doubt the evidence for climate change, evolution, and vaccine safety, even though the scientific consensus on these issues is rock solid. Among the most troubling evidence-resistant theories is the long-debunked yet persistent myth that vaccines cause autism—a completely unfounded belief--leading to general doubts about vaccine safety, with dangerous public health consequences.\r\n\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1478825957,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1278},"headData":{"title":"Doubt and Denialism: Vaccine Myths Persist in the Face of Science | KQED","description":"Many people continue to doubt the evidence for climate change, evolution, and vaccine safety, even though the scientific consensus on these issues is rock solid. Among the most troubling evidence-resistant theories is the long-debunked yet persistent myth that vaccines cause autism—a completely unfounded belief--leading to general doubts about vaccine safety, with dangerous public health consequences.\r\n\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Doubt and Denialism: Vaccine Myths Persist in the Face of Science","datePublished":"2012-08-08T15:00:37.000Z","dateModified":"2016-11-11T00:59:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"42176 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=42176","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/doubt-and-denialism-vaccine-myths-persist-in-the-face-of-science/","disqusTitle":"Doubt and Denialism: Vaccine Myths Persist in the Face of Science","path":"/quest/42176/doubt-and-denialism-vaccine-myths-persist-in-the-face-of-science","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As a science journalist, I’m often confronted with the unsettling fact that a sizable portion of my audience rejects what scientists know is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take two classic cases, climate change and evolution. Even though \u003ca href=\"http://environment.yale.edu/climate/files/Climate-Beliefs-March-2012.pdf\">two-thirds of Americans believe global warming is happening\u003c/a> (up 3% from last year), less than half think we’re to blame. Just 15% of Americans believe humans evolved over millions of years from archaic species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/155003/Hold-Creationist-View-Human-Origins.aspx\">while 46% think God created us pretty much as-is\u003c/a> sometime within the past 10,000 years. That’s right, 46%—a figure that’s barely budged since Gallup started asking the question 30 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s yet another evidence-impervious belief that I find most troubling. Last year, a Harris Interactive/HealthDay poll found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.harrisinteractive.com/newsroom/pressreleases/tabid/446/mid/1506/articleid/674/ctl/readcustom%20default/default.aspx\">18% of Americans think vaccines cause autism\u003c/a>—a theory that has no basis in scientific reality, doesn’t even have a plausible biological basis, and has been knocked down more times than a metal duck in a shooting gallery. (Nearly a third aren’t sure if there’s any connection, while just over half think none exists.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blithe rejection of scientific knowledge in favor of, well, fantasy has become so common that it now has a name: “denialism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denialism can take many forms, but most scholars agree that simply raising doubt about an issue can undercut the legitimacy of an entire corpus of scientific evidence in the public’s mind. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2012/04/25/the-impasse-when-the-truth-wins-assumption-fails/\">tactics for raising doubt\u003c/a> abound. Those identified by infectious disease experts in a \u003ca href=\"http://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/1/2.full\">2009 commentary\u003c/a> include charges of conspiracy—for example, accusing vaccine advocates of profiting from the “vaccine-industrial complex”—and creating impossible expectations of what science can do—“absolute proof” that vaccines are safe, most recently raised by one-time “Saturday Night Live” cut-up Rob Schneider in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/01/rob-schneider-links-autism-vaccines_n_1641922.html\">bizarre interview\u003c/a>. I must point out that in \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/thepanicvirus/2012/07/18/apparently-rob-schneider-thinks-all-caps-is-a-substitute-for-having-a-clue-a-lower-cased-fact-based-rebuttal/\">peddling his vaccine-autism insanity\u003c/a>, Schneider noted that autism was “nearly unheard of in the 1930s.” No joke. I guess he didn’t realize the syndrome wasn’t described until 1943.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunistic Pathogens\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn a way, that 18% still believe vaccines cause autism shows progress—down from 25% just two years ago. But unlike the idea that humans spontaneously appeared through an act of God, believing against all evidence that vaccines cause autism (or ill-defined harm) can have dangerous consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, CDC officials reported more than 18,000 cases of whooping cough (or pertussis) across the country—a rate of infection they hadn’t seen so early in the year since 1959. So far, nine babies have died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California had its own epidemic in 2010, with more than 9,100 cases and 10 infant deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease. But prevention depends on public compliance. And people like Schneider who doubt vaccine safety tend to consider their children’s vaccinations optional. In the 2011 poll, 86% of doubters opted out of some or all of their kids’ scheduled shots. That’s why some blame vaccine skeptics for the current epidemic. With just 84% of toddlers fully vaccinated, it’s likely skeptics play some role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CDC officials aren’t sure what’s behind the epidemic, or why even vaccinated teenagers are getting sick. It’s possible that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/pertussis-vax-effectiveness/\">vaccine isn’t as effective as researchers hoped\u003c/a> or has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/jan-june11/pledge_03-16.html\">targeting the wrong pathogen strains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42266\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 296px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/doubt-and-denialism-vaccine-myths-persist-in-the-face-of-science/polio_vaccine_poster/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42266\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42266\" title=\"Polio_vaccine_poster\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Polio_vaccine_poster-296x360.jpg\" alt=\"polio vaccine poster\" width=\"296\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The CDC’s national symbol of public health, the \"Wellbee\", appears in this 1963 poster to encourage the public to get the oral polio vaccine. (Image: CDC/ Mary Hilpertshauser)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What officials do know is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6128a1.htm\">unvaccinated kids are eight times as likely to get pertussis as vaccinated kids\u003c/a>. And when vaccinated kids do contract the disease, it’s much milder, doesn’t last as long, and tends to be less infectious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why public officials are \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/bodypolitic/2012/07/26/a-forgotten-but-crucial-cause-for-the-pertussis-epidemic/\">urging adults, especially pregnant women, to get boosters\u003c/a> to protect children still too young to be fully vaccinated. Kids get the first of five pertussis shots (plus a later booster) at 2 months. Most pertussis deaths claim children younger than 3 months old. Nine of the 10 children who died in California during the 2010 outbreak were under 8 weeks old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Separating Fears from Facts\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAll this weighed heavily on my mind last week, when I \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/biologue/2012/07/31/could-vaccines-breed-super-virulent-malaria/\">wrote about new research\u003c/a> that could conceivably feed vaccine doubts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001368\">The study\u003c/a>, a fascinating investigation of experimental evolution in lab mice, found that vaccines can favor the evolution of more virulent malaria parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vicki Barclay (a postdoc in evolutionary biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvXc9aMF6CA\">Andrew Read\u003c/a>’s group at Penn State University) vaccinated mice with a malaria protein found in several vaccines now in clinical trials. She mimicked natural disease transmission by using needles instead of mosquitoes and letting parasites grow in one mouse before infecting the next one. (She did the same thing with unvaccinated mice.) Parasites that evolved in immunized mice caused more severe disease symptoms than those that evolved in unvaccinated mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inevitably, some will misconstrue these results to confirm their belief that vaccines aren’t safe. Except the findings don’t say anything about vaccine safety. They show that, from a pathogen’s point of view, medical technologies act like any other selective pressure. We spend billions to develop the most powerful drugs science can muster only to discover we’re outnumbered, outgunned, and outmaneuvered. Millions of years of evolution have endowed pathogens with survival strategies we’ve yet to imagine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lest you delude yourself into thinking we humans have an edge in this evolutionary battle, consider this: Scientists have managed to wipe out just one human pathogen. Ever. After Edward Jenner discovered a smallpox vaccine in 1798, it took nearly 200 years and an all-out international effort to eradicate this disfiguring disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Read and Barclay’s study shows, when you try to kill pathogens, they fight back. And when vaccines don’t destroy all the parasites (like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/335354/title/Malaria_vaccine_yields_protection\">malaria vaccine now in clinical trials)\u003c/a> or fail to provide lifelong immunity (like the pertussis vaccine), the survivors can evolve. And they might come back even stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know that most people who shun government vaccine schedules \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000114\">have their children’s best interests at heart\u003c/a>. Some truly worry that vaccines may somehow cause irreversible damage to their child—and if it happened, how could they ever forgive themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But anyone who chooses not to vaccinate their kids is missing something critical: the pathogens vaccine researchers are trying so desperately to control are formidable opponents. And though scientists still have a lot to learn about how pathogens adapt to our efforts to control them, they’re sure of this much: vaccines aren’t the enemy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines rarely provide 100% protection. But they’re the state-of-the-art defense against infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, if vaccine-preventable diseases like pertussis become more virulent, and there’s \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/8/pdfs/08-1511.pdf\">some evidence that this may be true\u003c/a>, those who refuse vaccination will have little recourse when their kids—or their neighbors’ kids—take ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials often say that parents who reject vaccination will realize they’ve made a terrible mistake only when these once rare childhood diseases, long controlled by vaccination, return, with tragic consequences. Why on earth would anyone want to help a deadly agent hell-bent on survival get the upper hand?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42176/doubt-and-denialism-vaccine-myths-persist-in-the-face-of-science","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_256","quest_11335","quest_2163","quest_13","quest_2532","quest_2538","quest_3054","quest_3056"],"featImg":"quest_42287","label":"quest"},"quest_1492":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_1492","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"1492","score":null,"sort":[1236193161000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"quest-topic-in-the-news-the-autism-vaccine-connection","title":"Quest Topic in the News: The Autism-Vaccine Connection","publishDate":1236193161,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/03/vaccine.jpg\">\u003cem>Is there a link between childhood vaccines and\u003cbr>\nautism? Recent news says no. Credit: James Gathany\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February was a big month in the debate about the possible role of vaccines in causing autism, a subject we covered in last year's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/autism-searching-for-causes\" target=\"_blank\">TV story\u003c/a>, Autism: Searching for Causes, and several \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/06/vaccines-one-small-risk-for-a-child-one-giant-benefit-for-mankind/\" target=\"_blank\">blog posts\u003c/a>. The claim-–that there might be a link between the immunizations children receive and the onset of autism–-has recently taken some hard hits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, on February 1, two Philadelphia researchers published a scientific \u003ca href=\"http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2009/02/02/Researchers_see_no_autism-vaccine_link/UPI-44431233558583/\" target=\"_blank\">literature review\u003c/a> that summarized a number of studies from around the world, all of which refuted the claim that there was a vaccine-autism link. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then on February 8, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article5683671.ece\" target=\"_blank\">news\u003c/a> came out that the doctor whose 1998 research had sparked the initial autism-vaccine scare had manipulated his data. Finally, on February 12, a special federal court \u003ca href=\"//www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-vaccine13-2009feb13,0,3844915.story\" target=\"_blank\">ruled\u003c/a> against three families who argued that the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine had caused autism in their children, saying that the evidence was \"overwhelmingly contrary\" to the claims. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No doubt there will be more debate about this issue in the future, as families and researchers continue the search for the cause. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"February was a big month in the debate about the possible role of vaccines in causing autism, a subject we covered in last year's TV story, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/autism-searching-for-causes\" target=\"_blank\">Autism: Searching for Causes\u003c/a> and several \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/06/vaccines-one-small-risk-for-a-child-one-giant-benefit-for-mankind/\">blog posts\u003c/a>. The claim-–that there might be a link between the immunizations children receive and the onset of autism–-has recently taken some hard hits.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1236193161,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":203},"headData":{"title":"Quest Topic in the News: The Autism-Vaccine Connection | KQED","description":"February was a big month in the debate about the possible role of vaccines in causing autism, a subject we covered in last year's TV story, Autism: Searching for Causes and several blog posts. The claim-–that there might be a link between the immunizations children receive and the onset of autism–-has recently taken some hard hits.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Quest Topic in the News: The Autism-Vaccine Connection","datePublished":"2009-03-04T18:59:21.000Z","dateModified":"2009-03-04T18:59:21.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"1492 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=1492","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/04/quest-topic-in-the-news-the-autism-vaccine-connection/","disqusTitle":"Quest Topic in the News: The Autism-Vaccine Connection","path":"/quest/1492/quest-topic-in-the-news-the-autism-vaccine-connection","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/03/vaccine.jpg\">\u003cem>Is there a link between childhood vaccines and\u003cbr>\nautism? Recent news says no. Credit: James Gathany\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February was a big month in the debate about the possible role of vaccines in causing autism, a subject we covered in last year's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/autism-searching-for-causes\" target=\"_blank\">TV story\u003c/a>, Autism: Searching for Causes, and several \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/06/vaccines-one-small-risk-for-a-child-one-giant-benefit-for-mankind/\" target=\"_blank\">blog posts\u003c/a>. The claim-–that there might be a link between the immunizations children receive and the onset of autism–-has recently taken some hard hits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, on February 1, two Philadelphia researchers published a scientific \u003ca href=\"http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2009/02/02/Researchers_see_no_autism-vaccine_link/UPI-44431233558583/\" target=\"_blank\">literature review\u003c/a> that summarized a number of studies from around the world, all of which refuted the claim that there was a vaccine-autism link. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then on February 8, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article5683671.ece\" target=\"_blank\">news\u003c/a> came out that the doctor whose 1998 research had sparked the initial autism-vaccine scare had manipulated his data. Finally, on February 12, a special federal court \u003ca href=\"//www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-vaccine13-2009feb13,0,3844915.story\" target=\"_blank\">ruled\u003c/a> against three families who argued that the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine had caused autism in their children, saying that the evidence was \"overwhelmingly contrary\" to the claims. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No doubt there will be more debate about this issue in the future, as families and researchers continue the search for the cause. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/1492/quest-topic-in-the-news-the-autism-vaccine-connection","authors":["10203"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_256","quest_13201","quest_1586","quest_13203","quest_3056"],"label":"quest"},"quest_787":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_787","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"787","score":null,"sort":[1219180325000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-autism-searching-for-causes","title":"Producer's Notes: Autism: Searching for Causes","publishDate":1219180325,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>It's challenging to report on an illness such as autism, which scientists and doctors are only beginning to understand (the disease was described in the 1940s) and over which there is so much debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is even disagreement around the question of whether or not there has been a real increase in the number of children being diagnosed with autism in California. In our TV segment, we interview psychologist Ron Huff, director of clinical services at the Alta California Regional Center in Sacramento. In the mid-1990s, Huff sounded the alarm about an increase in the number of reported cases of autism in California. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.dds.ca.gov/RC/Home.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Through California's 21 regional centers\u003c/a> the state's Department of Developmental Services offers services to children and adults with developmental disabilities).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In 1996 I asked the Department of Developmental Services to pull some raw data off of their statewide electronic information system. And when I saw that data it was obvious that there were a lot more kids in our system with autism than anyone else had expected,\"Huff told QUEST. \"By 1999 the (California) legislature decided to have the department do a formal study of the number of people who were entering the system with autism. So we looked at about 11 years of data and recognized that there was a 300 plus percent increase in the number of kids coming in with autism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, researchers have vigorously been debating whether or not there is a true increase in the number of cases. Huff believes that at least part of the increase is a true increase, in other words, that not all of the increase can be explained by factors such as more accurate diagnosis of autism, increased awareness or better availability of services. But other researchers like Kaiser Permanente epidemiologist Lisa Croen feel there isn’t enough information to conclude that even part of the cases are due to a true increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, I don't think we really have the data, and no one really has the data right now to answer that question adequately,\" she told QUEST. But in her view, whether or not there's a true increase, there is indeed a crisis afoot. \"It goes without question that there are definitely more people being diagnosed with autism today than ever before and that is a really big public health crisis. Estimates across the country are that one in 150 children at about 8 years of age will have a diagnosis of autism. So whether or not the increase, or how much of this increase, is really due to a true increase in occurrence, the question now is what’s causing this and what are the risk factors and that’s what we really have to concentrate on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research looking into factors other than genes is just beginning. The Centers for Disease Control have launched a large epidemiological study called SEED that seeks to answer the question of what the environmental causes of autism are. When researchers talk about \"environmental factors\" they mean this very broadly. These factors include, for example, the age of the parents. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/autism-searching-for-causes\" target=\"_blank\">For our TV story we filmed Meghan Wallace\u003c/a>, a four-year-old with an autism diagnosis who is participating in SEED. In Northern California, Kaiser Permanente is overseeing the research. Both children with and without autism are being enrolled. \"There really has never been a large, robust, well-designed epidemiologic study that can adequately study the many possible risk factors for autism spectrum disorders,\" said Lisa Croen, who is one of the principal investigators on SEED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, U.C. Davis' M.I.N.D. Institute is carrying out a smaller study into the causes of autism. It's called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/welcome/features/20070912_pregnantmothers_autism/\" target=\"_blank\">MARBLES\u003c/a> and it’s funded by the EPA and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. By studying pregnant women, MARBLES principal investigator Irva Hertz-Picciotto hopes to find out if there are any risk factors for autism that happen during pregnancy. In our TV story, we followed M.I.N.D. Institute personnel as they visited one of the families in the study. They had followed the mother through her pregnancy and delivery and were now taking samples from her six-month-old boy. The researchers collected everything from his dirty diapers to dust from the family's rug. In between, they asked the mom about her family's use of pesticides and cleaning products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hertz-Picciotto's research stemming from another M.I.N.D. Institute study has already pointed to a connection between autism and pesticides. In May of 2008, she and her colleagues reported at the International Meeting for Autism Research in London that mothers of autistic children were twice as likely as mothers of children who didn't develop autism to report that they had used household insecticides and pet shampoos for fleas or ticks. They reported using these products during a period between three months before conception and the first year of the child’s life. Other risk factors are also starting to emerge. A study by Lisa Croen and colleagues reported that paternal and maternal age are risk factors for autism. \"What we found was for every 10 years of increase in the age of a mother or a father, the risk of autism went up by about 20 or 30%,\" Croen told QUEST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the SEED and the MARBLES studies are looking at the question of whether or not childhood vaccination is a risk factor for autism. This is another issue that we talk about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/autism-searching-for-causes\" target=\"_blank\">in our TV story\u003c/a>. Concerned about guaranteeing that infectious diseases don't reemerge, public health officials at agencies like the CDCs state that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/vaccines.htm\" target=\"_blank\">research doesn't bear out an autism-vaccine connection\u003c/a>. But UC Davis' M.I.N.D. Institute is taking a more nuanced approach to the question. Based on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/Gene_Expression_Changes_in_Children_With_Autism_by_Hertz-Picciotto_2008.pdf\">new findings by their researchers\u003c/a> showing that the immune systems of autistic children are different than those of typically developing children, the Institute suggests that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute/newsroom/vaccineposition.html\" target=\"_blank\">a small number of children may respond to vaccines in an atypical way\u003c/a>. They quickly add that there isn't yet a way to determine who those children might be. Studies like SEED and MARBLES might help elucidate this and other questions about what remains a mysterious disease.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's challenging to report on an illness such as autism, which scientists and doctors are only beginning to understand (the disease was described in the 1940s) and over which there is so much debate. There is even disagreement around the question of whether or not there has been a real increase in the number of children being diagnosed with autism in California.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457833674,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":1057},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Autism: Searching for Causes | KQED","description":"It's challenging to report on an illness such as autism, which scientists and doctors are only beginning to understand (the disease was described in the 1940s) and over which there is so much debate. There is even disagreement around the question of whether or not there has been a real increase in the number of children being diagnosed with autism in California.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Autism: Searching for Causes","datePublished":"2008-08-19T21:12:05.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-13T01:47:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"787 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=787","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/08/19/producers-notes-autism-searching-for-causes/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Autism: Searching for Causes","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZiH5nJbz9o","path":"/quest/787/producers-notes-autism-searching-for-causes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's challenging to report on an illness such as autism, which scientists and doctors are only beginning to understand (the disease was described in the 1940s) and over which there is so much debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is even disagreement around the question of whether or not there has been a real increase in the number of children being diagnosed with autism in California. In our TV segment, we interview psychologist Ron Huff, director of clinical services at the Alta California Regional Center in Sacramento. In the mid-1990s, Huff sounded the alarm about an increase in the number of reported cases of autism in California. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.dds.ca.gov/RC/Home.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Through California's 21 regional centers\u003c/a> the state's Department of Developmental Services offers services to children and adults with developmental disabilities).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In 1996 I asked the Department of Developmental Services to pull some raw data off of their statewide electronic information system. And when I saw that data it was obvious that there were a lot more kids in our system with autism than anyone else had expected,\"Huff told QUEST. \"By 1999 the (California) legislature decided to have the department do a formal study of the number of people who were entering the system with autism. So we looked at about 11 years of data and recognized that there was a 300 plus percent increase in the number of kids coming in with autism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, researchers have vigorously been debating whether or not there is a true increase in the number of cases. Huff believes that at least part of the increase is a true increase, in other words, that not all of the increase can be explained by factors such as more accurate diagnosis of autism, increased awareness or better availability of services. But other researchers like Kaiser Permanente epidemiologist Lisa Croen feel there isn’t enough information to conclude that even part of the cases are due to a true increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, I don't think we really have the data, and no one really has the data right now to answer that question adequately,\" she told QUEST. But in her view, whether or not there's a true increase, there is indeed a crisis afoot. \"It goes without question that there are definitely more people being diagnosed with autism today than ever before and that is a really big public health crisis. Estimates across the country are that one in 150 children at about 8 years of age will have a diagnosis of autism. So whether or not the increase, or how much of this increase, is really due to a true increase in occurrence, the question now is what’s causing this and what are the risk factors and that’s what we really have to concentrate on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research looking into factors other than genes is just beginning. The Centers for Disease Control have launched a large epidemiological study called SEED that seeks to answer the question of what the environmental causes of autism are. When researchers talk about \"environmental factors\" they mean this very broadly. These factors include, for example, the age of the parents. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/autism-searching-for-causes\" target=\"_blank\">For our TV story we filmed Meghan Wallace\u003c/a>, a four-year-old with an autism diagnosis who is participating in SEED. In Northern California, Kaiser Permanente is overseeing the research. Both children with and without autism are being enrolled. \"There really has never been a large, robust, well-designed epidemiologic study that can adequately study the many possible risk factors for autism spectrum disorders,\" said Lisa Croen, who is one of the principal investigators on SEED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, U.C. Davis' M.I.N.D. Institute is carrying out a smaller study into the causes of autism. It's called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/welcome/features/20070912_pregnantmothers_autism/\" target=\"_blank\">MARBLES\u003c/a> and it’s funded by the EPA and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. By studying pregnant women, MARBLES principal investigator Irva Hertz-Picciotto hopes to find out if there are any risk factors for autism that happen during pregnancy. In our TV story, we followed M.I.N.D. Institute personnel as they visited one of the families in the study. They had followed the mother through her pregnancy and delivery and were now taking samples from her six-month-old boy. The researchers collected everything from his dirty diapers to dust from the family's rug. In between, they asked the mom about her family's use of pesticides and cleaning products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hertz-Picciotto's research stemming from another M.I.N.D. Institute study has already pointed to a connection between autism and pesticides. In May of 2008, she and her colleagues reported at the International Meeting for Autism Research in London that mothers of autistic children were twice as likely as mothers of children who didn't develop autism to report that they had used household insecticides and pet shampoos for fleas or ticks. They reported using these products during a period between three months before conception and the first year of the child’s life. Other risk factors are also starting to emerge. A study by Lisa Croen and colleagues reported that paternal and maternal age are risk factors for autism. \"What we found was for every 10 years of increase in the age of a mother or a father, the risk of autism went up by about 20 or 30%,\" Croen told QUEST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the SEED and the MARBLES studies are looking at the question of whether or not childhood vaccination is a risk factor for autism. This is another issue that we talk about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/autism-searching-for-causes\" target=\"_blank\">in our TV story\u003c/a>. Concerned about guaranteeing that infectious diseases don't reemerge, public health officials at agencies like the CDCs state that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/vaccines.htm\" target=\"_blank\">research doesn't bear out an autism-vaccine connection\u003c/a>. But UC Davis' M.I.N.D. Institute is taking a more nuanced approach to the question. Based on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/Gene_Expression_Changes_in_Children_With_Autism_by_Hertz-Picciotto_2008.pdf\">new findings by their researchers\u003c/a> showing that the immune systems of autistic children are different than those of typically developing children, the Institute suggests that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute/newsroom/vaccineposition.html\" target=\"_blank\">a small number of children may respond to vaccines in an atypical way\u003c/a>. They quickly add that there isn't yet a way to determine who those children might be. Studies like SEED and MARBLES might help elucidate this and other questions about what remains a mysterious disease.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/787/producers-notes-autism-searching-for-causes","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_12","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_256","quest_257","quest_258","quest_512","quest_1192","quest_13201","quest_1586","quest_2893","quest_3056"],"featImg":"quest_788","label":"quest"},"quest_635":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_635","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"635","score":null,"sort":[1212785951000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"vaccines-one-small-risk-for-a-child-one-giant-benefit-for-mankind","title":"Vaccines: One Small Risk for a Child, One Giant Benefit for Mankind","publishDate":1212785951,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/lightningstrike1.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You're as likely to be struck by lightning as to have a severe reaction to a vaccine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was reading an \u003ca href=\"http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1721109,00.html\">article in Time\u003c/a> last week about parents not vaccinating their children. The story was about how this phenomenon is becoming more widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of stories are weird to me because vaccines are pretty safe. The risk of an adverse side effect is incredibly small. For example, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046738.htm\">risk for anaphylaxis\u003c/a> from the Hepatitis B Virus vaccination is around 1 in 600,000. This is about the same risk as being struck by lightning (1 in 700,000).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the article wasn't talking about known risks. Instead, it was referring to a hypothesized link between vaccines and autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People proposed this link when they noticed that cases of autism and the number of vaccinations were rising at the same time. Of course, just because two things happen to occur at the same time, this does not mean they are causally linked. For example, the increase in global temperature is not related to the decrease in the world's populations of pirates (despite what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.venganza.org/about/open-letter/\">Pastafarians\u003c/a> say).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how could an increased number of vaccinations cause an increase in the number of cases of autism? I have seen two ideas put forth. The first is that thimerosal is to blame. The second is that there are so many vaccinations now that we are stressing out the body's immune system. Most likely neither idea is valid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thimerosal is a mercury-based preservative that used to be used in vaccines. Even though there haven't been any good studies on the effects of thimerosal on brain development, everyone knows mercury is bad for the brain. So the idea behind thimerosal makes some sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2001, vaccine manufacturers decided to eliminate thimerosal from their vaccines. We would predict, then, that cases of autism should go down significantly if thimerosal was linked to autism. They haven't. In fact, in one \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/news/20080107/thimerosal-down-but-autism-rising\">California study\u003c/a>, cases have continued to climb. So thimerosal is most likely not to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another point that has been made is that there are so many vaccines now that we are stressing out our bodies' immune systems. Again, this concern is unfounded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines are injections of viral proteins. Our bodies see the proteins and raise antibodies to them. Then when a virus invades, we have antibodies that recognize the virus and target it for destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the number of viral proteins that matter in terms of taxing the body's immune system and not the number of vaccinations. All of the current vaccines put together do not have as many viral proteins as the old smallpox vaccine (150 vs. 200). So the number of vaccines is unlikely to be the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What all of this means is that vaccines are probably not responsible for the significant increase in the number of cases of autism. What is responsible? No one knows for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be that the rise just comes from all of us recognizing the symptoms more. Or it could be due to some cause we don't know about or understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we do know is that vaccines save many lives. I assume no one wants to go back to the early 20th century when polio epidemics swept the country. For example, 2,500 cases of \u003ca title=\"polio\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio\" target=\"_blank\">polio\u003c/a> ended up at one Los Angeles hospital between May and November of 1934. And in 1952, the U.S. had 21,000 cases of paralytic polio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can prevent this sort of thing from happening by making sure everyone is vaccinated. And yet there are people who choose to hide behind the people who take the miniscule risk of getting vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is this a matter of free choice? Should parents be allowed to opt out of vaccinating their children even if it risks society at large?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One idea, I suppose, is to have people who choose not to be vaccinated to sign a waiver saying they accept full responsibility for their actions. In practice this would mean that health insurance and the government would not be responsible for their children's health care bills if they become ill with one of the diseases they refused to be vaccinated against.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if your infant, grandma, or immuno-suppressed cousin came down with a disease these folks refused to be vaccinated against, then you could sue the un-vaccinated for damages. The common good isn't enough to encourage these folks. Perhaps threats to their pocketbook will be.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1478825924,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":761},"headData":{"title":"Vaccines: One Small Risk for a Child, One Giant Benefit for Mankind | KQED","description":"I was reading an article in Time last week about parents not vaccinating their children. The story was about how this phenomenon is becoming more widespread. These kinds of stories are weird to me because vaccines are pretty safe. The risk of an adverse side effect is incredibly small. For example, the risk for anaphylaxis","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Vaccines: One Small Risk for a Child, One Giant Benefit for Mankind","datePublished":"2008-06-06T20:59:11.000Z","dateModified":"2016-11-11T00:58:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"635 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=635","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/06/vaccines-one-small-risk-for-a-child-one-giant-benefit-for-mankind/","disqusTitle":"Vaccines: One Small Risk for a Child, One Giant Benefit for Mankind","path":"/quest/635/vaccines-one-small-risk-for-a-child-one-giant-benefit-for-mankind","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/lightningstrike1.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You're as likely to be struck by lightning as to have a severe reaction to a vaccine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was reading an \u003ca href=\"http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1721109,00.html\">article in Time\u003c/a> last week about parents not vaccinating their children. The story was about how this phenomenon is becoming more widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of stories are weird to me because vaccines are pretty safe. The risk of an adverse side effect is incredibly small. For example, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046738.htm\">risk for anaphylaxis\u003c/a> from the Hepatitis B Virus vaccination is around 1 in 600,000. This is about the same risk as being struck by lightning (1 in 700,000).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the article wasn't talking about known risks. Instead, it was referring to a hypothesized link between vaccines and autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People proposed this link when they noticed that cases of autism and the number of vaccinations were rising at the same time. Of course, just because two things happen to occur at the same time, this does not mean they are causally linked. For example, the increase in global temperature is not related to the decrease in the world's populations of pirates (despite what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.venganza.org/about/open-letter/\">Pastafarians\u003c/a> say).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how could an increased number of vaccinations cause an increase in the number of cases of autism? I have seen two ideas put forth. The first is that thimerosal is to blame. The second is that there are so many vaccinations now that we are stressing out the body's immune system. Most likely neither idea is valid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thimerosal is a mercury-based preservative that used to be used in vaccines. Even though there haven't been any good studies on the effects of thimerosal on brain development, everyone knows mercury is bad for the brain. So the idea behind thimerosal makes some sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2001, vaccine manufacturers decided to eliminate thimerosal from their vaccines. We would predict, then, that cases of autism should go down significantly if thimerosal was linked to autism. They haven't. In fact, in one \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/news/20080107/thimerosal-down-but-autism-rising\">California study\u003c/a>, cases have continued to climb. So thimerosal is most likely not to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another point that has been made is that there are so many vaccines now that we are stressing out our bodies' immune systems. Again, this concern is unfounded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines are injections of viral proteins. Our bodies see the proteins and raise antibodies to them. Then when a virus invades, we have antibodies that recognize the virus and target it for destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the number of viral proteins that matter in terms of taxing the body's immune system and not the number of vaccinations. All of the current vaccines put together do not have as many viral proteins as the old smallpox vaccine (150 vs. 200). So the number of vaccines is unlikely to be the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What all of this means is that vaccines are probably not responsible for the significant increase in the number of cases of autism. What is responsible? No one knows for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be that the rise just comes from all of us recognizing the symptoms more. Or it could be due to some cause we don't know about or understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we do know is that vaccines save many lives. I assume no one wants to go back to the early 20th century when polio epidemics swept the country. For example, 2,500 cases of \u003ca title=\"polio\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio\" target=\"_blank\">polio\u003c/a> ended up at one Los Angeles hospital between May and November of 1934. And in 1952, the U.S. had 21,000 cases of paralytic polio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can prevent this sort of thing from happening by making sure everyone is vaccinated. And yet there are people who choose to hide behind the people who take the miniscule risk of getting vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is this a matter of free choice? Should parents be allowed to opt out of vaccinating their children even if it risks society at large?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One idea, I suppose, is to have people who choose not to be vaccinated to sign a waiver saying they accept full responsibility for their actions. In practice this would mean that health insurance and the government would not be responsible for their children's health care bills if they become ill with one of the diseases they refused to be vaccinated against.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if your infant, grandma, or immuno-suppressed cousin came down with a disease these folks refused to be vaccinated against, then you could sue the un-vaccinated for damages. The common good isn't enough to encourage these folks. Perhaps threats to their pocketbook will be.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/635/vaccines-one-small-risk-for-a-child-one-giant-benefit-for-mankind","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_256","quest_378","quest_575","quest_1328","quest_1451","quest_3351","quest_1791","quest_2011","quest_2133","quest_2252","quest_2349","quest_2931","quest_3054","quest_3055","quest_3056","quest_3078"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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