University of California BerkeleyUniversity of California Berkeley
Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots
Catching Up on Sleep Science
Searching for Other Earths
The Green Side of Drones: Science and Environmental Apps Abound
The Planet Hunters
Sponsored
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He is a two-time winner of the international Society of Environmental Journalists Award for Outstanding Television Story and has received multiple Northern California Emmy Awards. Some of his Quest stories have been featured in the San Francisco Ocean Film Festival, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, United Nations Association Film Festival, the BLUE Ocean Film Festival and the Environmental Film Festival in Washington DC. A 5th generation Bay Area resident and a graduate of St. Mary's College of California, his hobbies include canoeing, snowboarding, wood-working and trying to play the ukulele. He and his family live in Alameda, CA.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d606424d49e072570290f2ab542490b0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Chris Bauer | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d606424d49e072570290f2ab542490b0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d606424d49e072570290f2ab542490b0?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/chris-bauer"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_78432":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_78432","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"78432","score":null,"sort":[1443726352000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","title":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots","publishDate":1443726352,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Alice Agogino is a mechanical engineering professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and she and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">her lab\u003c/a> are among a group of engineers that are designing what might be the next generation of space exploring robots. These don’t look like the Mars rovers with the big wheels that you may be thinking of-- oh no, they are totally different-- and that’s the point. These robots actually look like a ball of rods and cables, and they are modelled after a baby toy, of all things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78452\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Vytas with bay toy\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vytas SunSpiral with a tensegrity baby toy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It all began when \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">Vytas SunSpiral\u003c/a>, a robotics researcher and his colleague Adrian Agogino (Alice Agogino’s son and also a robotics researcher) were brainstorming how to improve space robotics. They happened to be playing with a baby toy called a Skwish. The skwish is a type of structure known as a tensegrity structure. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts like wooden rods or steel beams aren’t directly connected to one another by nails or screws, but rather are held together by wires, cables, chains or some kind of band. As a baby toy they are fun to play with because you can squash them and throw them and they won’t break. They can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LddumjHEmg8\">easily distribute and absorb forces\u003c/a> that result from impact. So after throwing this toy on the ground and observing its ability to remain intact, SunSpiral’s team realized this type of structure might be a good landing structure for a space robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional space robots, like the Mars rovers are really difficult to land because you have a pretty delicate robot approaching a planet at really high speeds. As a result, engineers spend a lot of time and money making sure nothing breaks during landing. In fact, landing Curiosity, the current robot on Mars, has been nicknamed the\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki_Af_o9Q9s\"> 7 minutes of terror\u003c/a>. Traditional rovers are also somewhat limited in the places they can explore. For example, rock walls or cliff edges are too risky for them. If one were to fall down a steep slope then it could break rendering the rover useless. Sharp rocky surfaces can also tear or puncture the robot’s wheels making it difficult to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robots based on tensegrity structures might be easier to land and cheaper to make. They could possibly even explore some of the more challenging surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78455\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg\" alt=\"early prototype of tensegrity robot\" width=\"400\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-800x780.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-960x937.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg 1106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An early prototype of a tensegrity robot created by Alice Agogino's lab\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So tensegrity rovers offer a lot of advantages over the traditional wheeled-structured rovers. They’re lighter weight, they’re more robust, they can handle lot of damage because the load is distributed among the tensile elements,” explains Alice Agogino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SunSpiral and his colleagues have received a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z_ablQGh-8\">NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts\u003c/a> award to see if they can get these structures to move and perform the tasks that are needed for space exploration. He is now a principal investigator of the Dynamic Tensegrity Robotics Lab at NASA Ames Research Center, and several collaborators, like Agogino’s lab at Berkeley have joined the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How science really happens is that you get teams together, you build collaborations, you build networks of colleagues who are thinking about similar parts of the problem but may be taking slightly different approaches to it… and you work with each other and you share ideas,” adds SunSpiral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a lot involved in designing one of these robots. In general, computers control motors that cause the cables to stretch or compress. This causes the structure to shift its shape, altering the center of gravity and creating a rolling motion. The eventual idea is that these robots could carry instruments, like cameras and sensors. Several robots could be compactly packed into a space craft and dropped on a planet where they could roll around taking images and gathering data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78456\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Another p\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the tensegrity robot prototypes developed at Alice Agogino's lab. This one has a centralized computer and uses linear actuators to expand and compress the cables to get the robots to move.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Agogino’s lab at Berkeley has created several rapid prototypes of the tensegrity structures. For each prototype they change parameters like the materials they are making the robots out of and the types and locations of the motors. For example, one version uses motors that stretches and compresses the cables by pulling or pushing on a straight line, while another version actually wraps the cable around a spool to shorten it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78458\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the prototypes are built they test for things like how fast they go, how much energy they need to move, how much weight they can carry, how far they can be dropped, and how they respond to different environments. In additional to building physical prototypes, the teams are also exploring how to best program the robots to move using \u003ca href=\"http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/asr/intelligent-robotics/tensegrity/ntrt/\">NASA’s Tensegrity Robotics Toolkit (NTRT)\u003c/a>. They also use computer simulations to build computer models of these robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An actual space mission with these robots is still a long way off. But the researchers are looking at other uses for tensegrity robotics as well. For example, they are examining how tensegrity robots could be used in home healthcare. Her lab is also developing educational toys and robots to help teach students about tensegrity and robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re exploring just the wide range of motions that we can get out of tensegrities. Can they eventually climb up stairs for home health care – that's one thing that we’re really interested in. So we’re really interested exploring the limit of what you can do with this kind of structure,” explains Alice Agogino. Tensegrity robots could offer exciting new possibilities in the world of robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1. What problems were the engineers trying to solve?\u003cbr>\n2. What constraints do you think they might be working with?\u003cbr>\n3. What types of things are they testing when the engineers test their prototypes?\u003cbr>\n4. What types of changes might the engineers make to their prototypes and designs?\u003cbr>\n5. How do you think the researchers are using prototypes and computer models to design the robots?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Could the next generation of space-exploring robots be modeled after a baby toy?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475573,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":1070},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots | KQED","description":"Could the next generation of space-exploring robots be modeled after a baby toy?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots","datePublished":"2015-10-01T19:05:52.000Z","dateModified":"2016-08-17T23:12:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"78432 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=78432","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtHrcmZoXsc","source":"Engineering","path":"/quest/78432/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Alice Agogino is a mechanical engineering professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and she and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">her lab\u003c/a> are among a group of engineers that are designing what might be the next generation of space exploring robots. These don’t look like the Mars rovers with the big wheels that you may be thinking of-- oh no, they are totally different-- and that’s the point. These robots actually look like a ball of rods and cables, and they are modelled after a baby toy, of all things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78452\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Vytas with bay toy\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vytas SunSpiral with a tensegrity baby toy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It all began when \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">Vytas SunSpiral\u003c/a>, a robotics researcher and his colleague Adrian Agogino (Alice Agogino’s son and also a robotics researcher) were brainstorming how to improve space robotics. They happened to be playing with a baby toy called a Skwish. The skwish is a type of structure known as a tensegrity structure. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts like wooden rods or steel beams aren’t directly connected to one another by nails or screws, but rather are held together by wires, cables, chains or some kind of band. As a baby toy they are fun to play with because you can squash them and throw them and they won’t break. They can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LddumjHEmg8\">easily distribute and absorb forces\u003c/a> that result from impact. So after throwing this toy on the ground and observing its ability to remain intact, SunSpiral’s team realized this type of structure might be a good landing structure for a space robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional space robots, like the Mars rovers are really difficult to land because you have a pretty delicate robot approaching a planet at really high speeds. As a result, engineers spend a lot of time and money making sure nothing breaks during landing. In fact, landing Curiosity, the current robot on Mars, has been nicknamed the\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki_Af_o9Q9s\"> 7 minutes of terror\u003c/a>. Traditional rovers are also somewhat limited in the places they can explore. For example, rock walls or cliff edges are too risky for them. If one were to fall down a steep slope then it could break rendering the rover useless. Sharp rocky surfaces can also tear or puncture the robot’s wheels making it difficult to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robots based on tensegrity structures might be easier to land and cheaper to make. They could possibly even explore some of the more challenging surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78455\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg\" alt=\"early prototype of tensegrity robot\" width=\"400\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-800x780.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-960x937.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg 1106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An early prototype of a tensegrity robot created by Alice Agogino's lab\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So tensegrity rovers offer a lot of advantages over the traditional wheeled-structured rovers. They’re lighter weight, they’re more robust, they can handle lot of damage because the load is distributed among the tensile elements,” explains Alice Agogino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SunSpiral and his colleagues have received a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z_ablQGh-8\">NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts\u003c/a> award to see if they can get these structures to move and perform the tasks that are needed for space exploration. He is now a principal investigator of the Dynamic Tensegrity Robotics Lab at NASA Ames Research Center, and several collaborators, like Agogino’s lab at Berkeley have joined the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How science really happens is that you get teams together, you build collaborations, you build networks of colleagues who are thinking about similar parts of the problem but may be taking slightly different approaches to it… and you work with each other and you share ideas,” adds SunSpiral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a lot involved in designing one of these robots. In general, computers control motors that cause the cables to stretch or compress. This causes the structure to shift its shape, altering the center of gravity and creating a rolling motion. The eventual idea is that these robots could carry instruments, like cameras and sensors. Several robots could be compactly packed into a space craft and dropped on a planet where they could roll around taking images and gathering data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78456\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Another p\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the tensegrity robot prototypes developed at Alice Agogino's lab. This one has a centralized computer and uses linear actuators to expand and compress the cables to get the robots to move.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Agogino’s lab at Berkeley has created several rapid prototypes of the tensegrity structures. For each prototype they change parameters like the materials they are making the robots out of and the types and locations of the motors. For example, one version uses motors that stretches and compresses the cables by pulling or pushing on a straight line, while another version actually wraps the cable around a spool to shorten it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78458\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the prototypes are built they test for things like how fast they go, how much energy they need to move, how much weight they can carry, how far they can be dropped, and how they respond to different environments. In additional to building physical prototypes, the teams are also exploring how to best program the robots to move using \u003ca href=\"http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/asr/intelligent-robotics/tensegrity/ntrt/\">NASA’s Tensegrity Robotics Toolkit (NTRT)\u003c/a>. They also use computer simulations to build computer models of these robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An actual space mission with these robots is still a long way off. But the researchers are looking at other uses for tensegrity robotics as well. For example, they are examining how tensegrity robots could be used in home healthcare. Her lab is also developing educational toys and robots to help teach students about tensegrity and robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re exploring just the wide range of motions that we can get out of tensegrities. Can they eventually climb up stairs for home health care – that's one thing that we’re really interested in. So we’re really interested exploring the limit of what you can do with this kind of structure,” explains Alice Agogino. Tensegrity robots could offer exciting new possibilities in the world of robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1. What problems were the engineers trying to solve?\u003cbr>\n2. What constraints do you think they might be working with?\u003cbr>\n3. What types of things are they testing when the engineers test their prototypes?\u003cbr>\n4. What types of changes might the engineers make to their prototypes and designs?\u003cbr>\n5. How do you think the researchers are using prototypes and computer models to design the robots?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/78432/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","authors":["6544"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_13383","quest_13152","quest_1919","quest_2443","quest_2739","quest_12220","quest_11296","quest_12094","quest_3071","quest_13384"],"collections":["quest_13394"],"featImg":"quest_78451","label":"source_quest_78432"},"quest_17514":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17514","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17514","score":null,"sort":[1415804432000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"catching-up-on-sleep-science","title":"Catching Up on Sleep Science","publishDate":1415804432,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/sheraz-sadiq/\">Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/a> and was updated by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\"> Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/acurry/\">Arwen Curry.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be honest – do you ever brag about how little sleep you get? If so, you’re not alone. Humans are the only species that seems to deliberately deprive themselves of sleep. But if you’ve ever uttered a phrase like “I’ll sleep when I’m dead,” it’s time for a wake-up call, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72675\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have long known that adequate sleep is critical for good health. Insufficient sleep \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/lack-of-sleep/faq-20057757\">impairs the immune system\u003c/a>, and is associated with everything from \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/sleep/\">obesity\u003c/a> to cardiovascular disease, stroke to cancer, depression to schizophrenia and \u003ca href=\"http://news.temple.edu/news/2014-03-18/chronic-sleep-disturbance-might-trigger-onset-alzheimer%E2%80%99s\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a>. Now scientists are several steps closer to knowing how sleep keeps us healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important clue about sleep’s function surfaced in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n2/full/nn.3303.html\">a 2013 study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/index.html\">Nature Neuroscience\u003c/a> \u003c/em>and conducted at the University of California-Berkeley. The study, by neuroscience professor Matthew Walker and his colleagues, showed that the structural changes the brain experiences as we age damage the quality of deep sleep. This hinders the brain’s ongoing ability to store memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72671 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800-264x169.jpg\" alt=\"Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley Photo by Arwen Curry.\" width=\"264\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley.\u003cbr> Photo by Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists were already aware of a connection between sleep and memory – now they are developing a working hypothesis about how the mechanism actually works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though your learning system is like a USB stick,” Walker said. “During the day you’re acquiring lots of information rapidly.” This information is lodged in an area of the brain called the hippocampus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we sleep, this data is exported to “the hard drive of our brain,” a larger storage space called the cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we wake up the next day, our USB stick has now been cleared out, so we can start to learn new information anew,” Walker said. “We’ve refreshed our learning capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that we need less sleep as we age is a fallacy, he added. It now appears that the brain is physically unable to achieve the amount of slow-wave, non-rapid-eye-movement sleep needed to consolidate memories as we grow older. By the time we’re 50 years old, non-REM sleep has reduced by half compared to when we were 18 years old. By the time we’re 70, deep sleep is down to about 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72668\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72668 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists use electric pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists use electrical pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This research suggests that improving slow-wave sleep, which takes up about a quarter of the night, could slow the decline of memory as we age. Scientists are investigating \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016643289390140L\">ways to use electrical stimulation to improve deep sleep in older people\u003c/a> by attaching electrodes to the scalp to create a mild current that mimics the pattern of slow-wave sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of sleep has traditionally been abstract, but advances in imaging technology now allow scientists to peek inside the sleeping brain. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3956\">a groundbreaking 2013 study\u003c/a>, researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center injected dyes into the brains of sleeping mice, and watched in real-time as the neurons in their brains shrank dramatically by about 60 percent. This increased the spaces between the brain cells, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to easily flow through and cleanse the brain of naturally occurring toxic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72672\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72672 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse. Photo courtesy of the University of Rochester Medical Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though you’re sort of walking past one of those delightful posh hotels and during the day there’s lots of dirt that happens on the sidewalk,” said Walker. “And then at night, someone comes out with one of those pressure-jet washers and cleans it all out, so that it’s fresh and functional the next day. That’s exactly what we think is now happening during sleep at night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular note is that chronic sleep deprivation contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887018\">the buildup of a toxic protein called beta-amyloid\u003c/a>, which is a predictor of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker’s research also suggests strong connections between sleep and creativity and emotional regulation. But with all we’ve learned about sleep, there remains much more to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about it,” said Walker, “we’ve understood the other three main biological drives – eating, drinking and reproducing – for many tens, if not hundreds, of years. But the fourth main biological drive, common across all species that we’ve studied, which is to sleep, remains that quintessential mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear: \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/166553/less-recommended-amount-sleep.aspx\">People are sleeping demonstrably less than they did 70 years ago\u003c/a>. An estimated 70 million Americans suffer from some form of chronic sleep disorder, and 40 percent get less than the recommended amount of sleep – seven and a half to eight hours a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contributing factors include multi-tasking, the invasion of technology in the bedroom and long commute times, which rob us of precious free hours, Walker said. But the biggest culprit may be our own attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think where we’re at in modern-day society is a problematic relationship with sleep,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that sleep is fundamentally important at the most basic of biological levels,” he said. “But something strange has happened – sleep has received a stigma. There’s some kind of intonation which suggests that getting sufficient sleep is equivalent to being lazy. We wear this badge of sleep deprivation like some kind of honor emblem on our arm, and that’s profoundly misguided.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408261000\">Forum with Michael Krasny: sleep expert Matthew Walker\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/08/27/sleep-apps-myths-and-more-strategies-for-a-good-nights-rest/\">Sleep Apps, Myths and More: Strategies for a Good Night’s Rest\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201311270930\">Forum with Dave Iverson: sleep therapy as a treatment for depression\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sleep: It’s more important than you might think. Watch the video to see how sleep imprints memories, regulates emotions, and cleanses the brain of toxins. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442634965,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1052},"headData":{"title":"Catching Up on Sleep Science | KQED","description":"Sleep: It’s more important than you might think. Watch the video to see how sleep imprints memories, regulates emotions, and cleanses the brain of toxins. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Catching Up on Sleep Science","datePublished":"2014-11-12T15:00:32.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T03:56:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17514 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/catching-up-on-sleep-science/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/12/catching-up-on-sleep-science/","disqusTitle":"Catching Up on Sleep Science","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HW1HxGJAjqY","source":"Health","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/health/","path":"/quest/17514/catching-up-on-sleep-science","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/sheraz-sadiq/\">Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/a> and was updated by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\"> Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/acurry/\">Arwen Curry.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be honest – do you ever brag about how little sleep you get? If so, you’re not alone. Humans are the only species that seems to deliberately deprive themselves of sleep. But if you’ve ever uttered a phrase like “I’ll sleep when I’m dead,” it’s time for a wake-up call, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72675\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have long known that adequate sleep is critical for good health. Insufficient sleep \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/lack-of-sleep/faq-20057757\">impairs the immune system\u003c/a>, and is associated with everything from \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/sleep/\">obesity\u003c/a> to cardiovascular disease, stroke to cancer, depression to schizophrenia and \u003ca href=\"http://news.temple.edu/news/2014-03-18/chronic-sleep-disturbance-might-trigger-onset-alzheimer%E2%80%99s\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a>. Now scientists are several steps closer to knowing how sleep keeps us healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important clue about sleep’s function surfaced in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n2/full/nn.3303.html\">a 2013 study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/index.html\">Nature Neuroscience\u003c/a> \u003c/em>and conducted at the University of California-Berkeley. The study, by neuroscience professor Matthew Walker and his colleagues, showed that the structural changes the brain experiences as we age damage the quality of deep sleep. This hinders the brain’s ongoing ability to store memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72671 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800-264x169.jpg\" alt=\"Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley Photo by Arwen Curry.\" width=\"264\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley.\u003cbr> Photo by Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists were already aware of a connection between sleep and memory – now they are developing a working hypothesis about how the mechanism actually works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though your learning system is like a USB stick,” Walker said. “During the day you’re acquiring lots of information rapidly.” This information is lodged in an area of the brain called the hippocampus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we sleep, this data is exported to “the hard drive of our brain,” a larger storage space called the cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we wake up the next day, our USB stick has now been cleared out, so we can start to learn new information anew,” Walker said. “We’ve refreshed our learning capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that we need less sleep as we age is a fallacy, he added. It now appears that the brain is physically unable to achieve the amount of slow-wave, non-rapid-eye-movement sleep needed to consolidate memories as we grow older. By the time we’re 50 years old, non-REM sleep has reduced by half compared to when we were 18 years old. By the time we’re 70, deep sleep is down to about 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72668\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72668 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists use electric pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists use electrical pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This research suggests that improving slow-wave sleep, which takes up about a quarter of the night, could slow the decline of memory as we age. Scientists are investigating \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016643289390140L\">ways to use electrical stimulation to improve deep sleep in older people\u003c/a> by attaching electrodes to the scalp to create a mild current that mimics the pattern of slow-wave sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of sleep has traditionally been abstract, but advances in imaging technology now allow scientists to peek inside the sleeping brain. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3956\">a groundbreaking 2013 study\u003c/a>, researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center injected dyes into the brains of sleeping mice, and watched in real-time as the neurons in their brains shrank dramatically by about 60 percent. This increased the spaces between the brain cells, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to easily flow through and cleanse the brain of naturally occurring toxic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72672\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72672 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse. Photo courtesy of the University of Rochester Medical Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though you’re sort of walking past one of those delightful posh hotels and during the day there’s lots of dirt that happens on the sidewalk,” said Walker. “And then at night, someone comes out with one of those pressure-jet washers and cleans it all out, so that it’s fresh and functional the next day. That’s exactly what we think is now happening during sleep at night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular note is that chronic sleep deprivation contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887018\">the buildup of a toxic protein called beta-amyloid\u003c/a>, which is a predictor of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker’s research also suggests strong connections between sleep and creativity and emotional regulation. But with all we’ve learned about sleep, there remains much more to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about it,” said Walker, “we’ve understood the other three main biological drives – eating, drinking and reproducing – for many tens, if not hundreds, of years. But the fourth main biological drive, common across all species that we’ve studied, which is to sleep, remains that quintessential mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear: \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/166553/less-recommended-amount-sleep.aspx\">People are sleeping demonstrably less than they did 70 years ago\u003c/a>. An estimated 70 million Americans suffer from some form of chronic sleep disorder, and 40 percent get less than the recommended amount of sleep – seven and a half to eight hours a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contributing factors include multi-tasking, the invasion of technology in the bedroom and long commute times, which rob us of precious free hours, Walker said. But the biggest culprit may be our own attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think where we’re at in modern-day society is a problematic relationship with sleep,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that sleep is fundamentally important at the most basic of biological levels,” he said. “But something strange has happened – sleep has received a stigma. There’s some kind of intonation which suggests that getting sufficient sleep is equivalent to being lazy. We wear this badge of sleep deprivation like some kind of honor emblem on our arm, and that’s profoundly misguided.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408261000\">Forum with Michael Krasny: sleep expert Matthew Walker\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/08/27/sleep-apps-myths-and-more-strategies-for-a-good-nights-rest/\">Sleep Apps, Myths and More: Strategies for a Good Night’s Rest\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201311270930\">Forum with Dave Iverson: sleep therapy as a treatment for depression\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17514/catching-up-on-sleep-science","authors":["6444"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_83","quest_135","quest_13038","quest_13048","quest_13044","quest_423","quest_13042","quest_13045","quest_13047","quest_13052","quest_13050","quest_13040","quest_13046","quest_12269","quest_13201","quest_13035","quest_1451","quest_11723","quest_10537","quest_1788","quest_13039","quest_13036","quest_1916","quest_13041","quest_9816","quest_13037","quest_2031","quest_13","quest_10538","quest_2655","quest_13034","quest_13051","quest_2893","quest_3021","quest_12094","quest_13043","quest_3071","quest_13049"],"featImg":"quest_72659","label":"source_quest_17514"},"quest_72717":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72717","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72717","score":null,"sort":[1415286031000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"searching-for-other-earths","title":"Searching for Other Earths","publishDate":1415286031,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>During six weeks every summer, for the past six years, University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy and five of his students have spent their nights in a small basement room on campus. The room has a microwave oven, a coffeemaker and a couch with two cushions. But none of them gets much use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72711\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72711 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each night, Marcy and his students – usually in teams of two – race to scour the skies from 11 pm until 9 am the next morning. Connecting remotely to one of the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, they search for planets outside our solar system, trillions of miles away. The Keck telescopes are some of the world's largest, and each night of looking at the stars with one of them costs $50,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little embarrassing to describe how manic we are,” said Marcy. “From the time the sun sets till the moment when the sun rises, we don’t take any breaks. We just make sure the telescope is pointed at one star, and then immediately another star, and then immediately another star.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72712\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72712 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On an early morning in August, Marcy and graduate student Lauren Weiss were doing just that, somewhat frantically making a last-minute decision to change the way they were taking measurements on a star called HTR248-002. By studying changes in starlight over time, astronomers are able to figure out if the star has any planets orbiting around it. This particular star has one Jupiter-size planet that has been confirmed. Marcy and Weiss were gathering data that could help them confirm the existence of a second planet, this one three times the mass of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called exoplanets that Marcy and Weiss are looking for remained elusive for decades, until the first ones were discovered in 1995, first by a team in Switzerland, and shortly thereafter by graduate student Paul Butler and Marcy, who were then at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discoveries of other planets outside our solar system exploded in 2009, when NASA launched \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">the Kepler telescope\u003c/a> into space, with the mission of finding planets in a constellation of our Milky Way galaxy. Kepler observed the slight dimming caused by planets as they crossed in front of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72710\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013. Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013.\u003cbr>Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on Kepler’s observations, in 2013 Marcy’s student Erik Petigura, together with Marcy and Andrew Howard, of the University of Hawaii-Manoa, produced an estimate that revealed a stunning number of planets similar to Earth. Their calculations showed that in our galaxy roughly one out of five stars like the sun has an Earth-size planet at just the right distance from its star to potentially harbor water in liquid form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Forty \u003cem>billion\u003c/em> Earth-size planets at habitable temperatures,” said Marcy. “And that’s just within our Milky Way galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That estimate won Petigura, Howard and Marcy the 2013 National Academy of Sciences’ Cozzarelli Prize, a prestigious award that recognizes outstanding contributions to scientific research. Some 1,500 exoplanets have been confirmed, and another 3,400 exoplanets observed by Kepler await confirmation, according to \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">exoplanets.org\u003c/a>, run by Jason Wright, at Penn State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72707\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72707\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets. Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets.\u003cbr>Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, Marcy and his fellow astronomers are trying to figure out which Earth-size exoplanets might actually have water. With measurements from Kepler and Keck, they’re able to calculate a planet’s mass. The denser a planet is, the likelier it is to have a rocky surface where water could pool, allowing life to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four years of looking for Earth-size exoplanets, Kepler has suffered enough wear and tear that scientists can no longer use it to find Earth-size planets, said Marcy. The $600 million space telescope, which malfunctioned last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.astropublishing.com/FreeAstronomyMagazine_JulAug2014/index.html#44/z%20\">but was stabilized and renamed the K2 mission\u003c/a>, is still able to look for exoplanets slightly larger than Earth. Marcy, Petigura and Howard are using it to figure out if exoplanets are as abundant in the rest of the Milky Way as they are in the constellation Cygnus that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72709\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72709\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water. Credit: Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water.\u003cbr>Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the search for Earth-size exoplanets continues. A new telescope, the Automated Planet Finder, managed by the University of California-Santa Cruz, recently started collecting data at the Lick Observatory, in the hills east of San Jose. The APF gets its name from its ability to observe the skies without the presence of a human operator. With the Keck telescope and two other instruments, the HARPS-N telescope in the Canary Islands and the HARPS in Chile, the APF is one of a handful of powerful telescopes looking for Earth-size exoplanets that are much closer to Earth than the ones that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although considered nearby by astronomers, the closer planets would still take thousands of years for humans to reach with today’s fastest-known rockets. Yet they still intrigue scientists, offering tantalizing opportunities to look for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can maybe look for the glinting of starlight off the oceans,” said Marcy. “Maybe we can analyze the light to look for chlorophyll, or the methane that would come from bovine flatulence or some such. So the nearest stars and their Earth-like planets represent some kind of an astro-biological goldmine, and we’re hunting for those Earths very vigorously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Update: On Oct. 14, 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/14/berkeley-astronomer-geoff-marcy-in-wake-of-sex-harassment-case\" target=\"_blank\">Geoff Marcy resigned his professorship\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley after an investigation found he violated campus sexual harassment policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">was originally produced by Christopher Bauer\u003c/a> and was updated by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Do other planets like Earth exist? Since it launched in 2009, NASA’s Kepler space observatory has revealed billions of Earth-size planets. Now scientists are looking for signs of water on these planets. Watch a video and read about their search.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1445296186,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1151},"headData":{"title":"Searching for Other Earths | KQED","description":"Do other planets like Earth exist? Since it launched in 2009, NASA’s Kepler space observatory has revealed billions of Earth-size planets. Now scientists are looking for signs of water on these planets. Watch a video and read about their search.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Searching for Other Earths","datePublished":"2014-11-06T15:00:31.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-19T23:09:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"72717 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72717","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/06/searching-for-other-earths/","disqusTitle":"Searching for Other Earths","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SE8QDD4BwU?feature=player_profilepage","path":"/quest/72717/searching-for-other-earths","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>During six weeks every summer, for the past six years, University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy and five of his students have spent their nights in a small basement room on campus. The room has a microwave oven, a coffeemaker and a couch with two cushions. But none of them gets much use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72711\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72711 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each night, Marcy and his students – usually in teams of two – race to scour the skies from 11 pm until 9 am the next morning. Connecting remotely to one of the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, they search for planets outside our solar system, trillions of miles away. The Keck telescopes are some of the world's largest, and each night of looking at the stars with one of them costs $50,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little embarrassing to describe how manic we are,” said Marcy. “From the time the sun sets till the moment when the sun rises, we don’t take any breaks. We just make sure the telescope is pointed at one star, and then immediately another star, and then immediately another star.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72712\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72712 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On an early morning in August, Marcy and graduate student Lauren Weiss were doing just that, somewhat frantically making a last-minute decision to change the way they were taking measurements on a star called HTR248-002. By studying changes in starlight over time, astronomers are able to figure out if the star has any planets orbiting around it. This particular star has one Jupiter-size planet that has been confirmed. Marcy and Weiss were gathering data that could help them confirm the existence of a second planet, this one three times the mass of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called exoplanets that Marcy and Weiss are looking for remained elusive for decades, until the first ones were discovered in 1995, first by a team in Switzerland, and shortly thereafter by graduate student Paul Butler and Marcy, who were then at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discoveries of other planets outside our solar system exploded in 2009, when NASA launched \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">the Kepler telescope\u003c/a> into space, with the mission of finding planets in a constellation of our Milky Way galaxy. Kepler observed the slight dimming caused by planets as they crossed in front of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72710\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013. Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013.\u003cbr>Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on Kepler’s observations, in 2013 Marcy’s student Erik Petigura, together with Marcy and Andrew Howard, of the University of Hawaii-Manoa, produced an estimate that revealed a stunning number of planets similar to Earth. Their calculations showed that in our galaxy roughly one out of five stars like the sun has an Earth-size planet at just the right distance from its star to potentially harbor water in liquid form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Forty \u003cem>billion\u003c/em> Earth-size planets at habitable temperatures,” said Marcy. “And that’s just within our Milky Way galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That estimate won Petigura, Howard and Marcy the 2013 National Academy of Sciences’ Cozzarelli Prize, a prestigious award that recognizes outstanding contributions to scientific research. Some 1,500 exoplanets have been confirmed, and another 3,400 exoplanets observed by Kepler await confirmation, according to \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">exoplanets.org\u003c/a>, run by Jason Wright, at Penn State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72707\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72707\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets. Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets.\u003cbr>Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, Marcy and his fellow astronomers are trying to figure out which Earth-size exoplanets might actually have water. With measurements from Kepler and Keck, they’re able to calculate a planet’s mass. The denser a planet is, the likelier it is to have a rocky surface where water could pool, allowing life to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four years of looking for Earth-size exoplanets, Kepler has suffered enough wear and tear that scientists can no longer use it to find Earth-size planets, said Marcy. The $600 million space telescope, which malfunctioned last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.astropublishing.com/FreeAstronomyMagazine_JulAug2014/index.html#44/z%20\">but was stabilized and renamed the K2 mission\u003c/a>, is still able to look for exoplanets slightly larger than Earth. Marcy, Petigura and Howard are using it to figure out if exoplanets are as abundant in the rest of the Milky Way as they are in the constellation Cygnus that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72709\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72709\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water. Credit: Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water.\u003cbr>Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the search for Earth-size exoplanets continues. A new telescope, the Automated Planet Finder, managed by the University of California-Santa Cruz, recently started collecting data at the Lick Observatory, in the hills east of San Jose. The APF gets its name from its ability to observe the skies without the presence of a human operator. With the Keck telescope and two other instruments, the HARPS-N telescope in the Canary Islands and the HARPS in Chile, the APF is one of a handful of powerful telescopes looking for Earth-size exoplanets that are much closer to Earth than the ones that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although considered nearby by astronomers, the closer planets would still take thousands of years for humans to reach with today’s fastest-known rockets. Yet they still intrigue scientists, offering tantalizing opportunities to look for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can maybe look for the glinting of starlight off the oceans,” said Marcy. “Maybe we can analyze the light to look for chlorophyll, or the methane that would come from bovine flatulence or some such. So the nearest stars and their Earth-like planets represent some kind of an astro-biological goldmine, and we’re hunting for those Earths very vigorously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Update: On Oct. 14, 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/14/berkeley-astronomer-geoff-marcy-in-wake-of-sex-harassment-case\" target=\"_blank\">Geoff Marcy resigned his professorship\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley after an investigation found he violated campus sexual harassment policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">was originally produced by Christopher Bauer\u003c/a> and was updated by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72717/searching-for-other-earths","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13054","quest_1037","quest_12269","quest_10972","quest_13053","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_12094","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72714","label":"quest"},"quest_54744":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_54744","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"54744","score":null,"sort":[1370649031000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-green-side-of-drones-science-and-environmental-apps-abound","title":"The Green Side of Drones: Science and Environmental Apps Abound","publishDate":1370649031,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It appears that “drones” are here to stay. And Silicon Valley drone makers are going beyond military and spy applications, creating new environmental uses for unmanned aerial vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday afternoons, you’ll usually find Chris Anderson out by the Berkeley Marina, tinkering with his squadron of drones. Looking up at the sky as one of his creations buzzes about, he can’t help blurting out, \"So that’s just freakin’ cool, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Anderson, this is serious stuff. He quit his job as editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine to build \u003ca href=\"http://3drobotics.com/\">3D Robotics\u003c/a>. The do-it-yourself drone company based in San Diego, won’t do military projects. That's part of a compact it has with about 40 thousand developers in its \u003ca href=\"http://diydrones.com/\">online community\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few of them are here today, testing a 2-pound fixed-wing airplane that’s carrying a pocket-sized near-infrared camera, which is nothing more than a regular point-and-shoot model, with the plastic filter popped off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our eyes are like the worst eyes in the animal kingdom,” Anderson says. “The cameras have been sort of crippled, to resemble the human eye. So we ‘un-cripple’ these cameras, to see the world the way an insect would see it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpMn1-qgGQo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Photo: Systems Program, UC Berkeley Engineering \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mini-airplane with a 2-and-half foot wingspan is different from conventional remote-controlled planes because it’s flying without a human operator. It’s following GPS coordinates plugged in before take-off. Other drones track moving objects on the ground using sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more autonomous, the more drone-like they are,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drone darts back and forth in a lawnmower pattern, 150 feet above the grass. It’s reporting its position to a laptop, and snapping pictures to stitch together a high-resolution map of the marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That image may not be something the world desperately needs but Anderson says farmers could use this kind of data gathering and image processing for crop surveys, to figure out what plants need water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A healthy plant will absorb the red light, but reflect the infrared,” he explains. “But as chlorophyll is damaged, it'll start to reflect the red as well. So the ratio of the infrared and the red tells you the health of the plant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application isn’t quite ready to go wheels-up. Anderson is still working on getting his drones to tell up from down. The accelerators, the gyroscopes, the magnetometers and GPS have to get better at correcting each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, it's illegal to fly drones for profit. The Federal Aviation Administration is expected to issue regulations by 2015. Anderson points out that a camera on a drone is far more regulated than the one in his iPhone. \"We've seen what camera phones have done to spread cameras everywhere, except for in the sky. The sky's empty.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 415px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints-415x253.jpg\" alt=\"This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo courtesy of 3D Robotics\" width=\"415\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo: 3D Robotics\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unforeseen Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley technology forecaster \u003ca href=\"http://www.saffo.com/\">Paul Saffo\u003c/a> says one man’s drone utopia could be another’s dystopia. \"There are going to be people upset enough by these drones, that they're going to figure out counter-measures,” he predicts, “whether it's shining lasers into their sensor systems, or perhaps a shotgun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones could be used for \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/28/uvs-avia/\">search and rescue\u003c/a>, to \u003ca href=\"http://opencanada.org/features/the-think-tank/essays/the-case-for-humanitarian-drones/\">drop medicine in remote villages\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebrisblog.wordpress.com/2012/06/18/looking-for-debris-from-the-sky/\">to scout debris from tsunamis\u003c/a>, or to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/04/25/179017548/from-battle-to-birds-drones-get-second-life-counting-critters\">count wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental and scientific uses may end up \u003cstrong>not\u003c/strong> being the most popular. Saffo says drones could also be the next killer app for police spying on homes and teenage boys peeking into the girls' locker room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs of civilian conflict. The animal rights group PETA is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/11/us/animal-rights-drones\">shopping for drones\u003c/a> to prevent illegal hunting while hunters \u003ca href=\"http://westernfarmpress.com/blog/peta-drones-trophy-prize-us-hunters\">vow to shoot down\u003c/a> those eyes in the sky. Lawmakers in California and other states that embrace self-driving cars are \u003ca href=\"http://legiscan.com/CA/bill/SB15\">drafting bills\u003c/a> to limit self-driving aerial vehicles, out of privacy concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saffo isn't convinced just yet that privacy will emerge as the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>main issue. He likens the current state of drones to when automobiles first arrived a century ago. “There were cities that required somebody walking in front of the automobile with a red flag, warning off horses and riders,” he recounted. “Turned out that wasn’t an issue. But traffic jams were an issue, and nobody imagined traffic jams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Low-Cost Solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raja Sengupta is the go-to drones professor at \u003ca href=\"http://c3uv.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley’s engineering school\u003c/a>. On a recent day, he and three of his students gathered at Oakland’s Lake Merritt, to test a small drone that could help merchant ships avoid collisions with whales or icebergs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just imagine if the Titanic had had a drone in front of it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta gets to skirt some of the tough issues like privacy, by taking his drones out to sea. His team did a project with Shell Oil using drones last year. Sengupta says drones could save oil companies a lot of money. “As I understand it, they pay people to sit in Cessnas and fly around and count whales,” he tells me, then adds, “I mean, this is some part of the money we are putting into the gas tank.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading industry group estimates that drones will generate \u003ca href=\"http://www.auvsi.org/econreport\">$82 billion and 100,000 jobs\u003c/a> in the decade after they go commercial. Sengupata says the more important number may be the cost of building a drone. It's relatively cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His student Hao Chen mounts a digital camera on a small, beat-up drone made of ice cream sticks and Styrofoam. “This whole thing is probably about 600 or 700 hundred dollars,” Chen estimates. And Sengupta estimates the data it collects is worth five thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chen programs GPS coordinates into the drone and it takes off over the lake. Geese flutter away, sounding frazzled. And in two minutes, the drone vanishes. It’s completely out of sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fortunately it’s a very harmless drone,” Sengupta laughs. “It has no weapons system on it. It’s nothing like President Obama’s drones.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can sort of see the drone's position on Google maps. It's stuck in a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation, which has invested $25 million in drone science over the last five years, gave Sengupta an NSF-sponsored graduate student. He climbs the tree to rescue the drone, as though it were a stranded cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta keeps laughing, \"This is exactly the kind of doctoral student one wants -- does everything from solving a differential equation to climbing a tree.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The propeller is broken. But the pictures -- the data -- survived. Sengupta says that's proof civilian drones will take off: crashing doesn't put a deep dent in anyone's wallet.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Drone enthusiasts in Silicon Valley are going beyond military and spy applications, exploring new uses for science and the environment.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450490775,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1197},"headData":{"title":"The Green Side of Drones: Science and Environmental Apps Abound | KQED","description":"Drone enthusiasts in Silicon Valley are going beyond military and spy applications, exploring new uses for science and the environment.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Green Side of Drones: Science and Environmental Apps Abound","datePublished":"2013-06-07T23:50:31.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T02:06:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"54744 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=54744","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/06/07/the-green-side-of-drones-science-and-environmental-apps-abound/","disqusTitle":"The Green Side of Drones: Science and Environmental Apps Abound","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-10-science.mp3","path":"/quest/54744/the-green-side-of-drones-science-and-environmental-apps-abound","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It appears that “drones” are here to stay. And Silicon Valley drone makers are going beyond military and spy applications, creating new environmental uses for unmanned aerial vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday afternoons, you’ll usually find Chris Anderson out by the Berkeley Marina, tinkering with his squadron of drones. Looking up at the sky as one of his creations buzzes about, he can’t help blurting out, \"So that’s just freakin’ cool, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Anderson, this is serious stuff. He quit his job as editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine to build \u003ca href=\"http://3drobotics.com/\">3D Robotics\u003c/a>. The do-it-yourself drone company based in San Diego, won’t do military projects. That's part of a compact it has with about 40 thousand developers in its \u003ca href=\"http://diydrones.com/\">online community\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few of them are here today, testing a 2-pound fixed-wing airplane that’s carrying a pocket-sized near-infrared camera, which is nothing more than a regular point-and-shoot model, with the plastic filter popped off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our eyes are like the worst eyes in the animal kingdom,” Anderson says. “The cameras have been sort of crippled, to resemble the human eye. So we ‘un-cripple’ these cameras, to see the world the way an insect would see it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpMn1-qgGQo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Photo: Systems Program, UC Berkeley Engineering \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mini-airplane with a 2-and-half foot wingspan is different from conventional remote-controlled planes because it’s flying without a human operator. It’s following GPS coordinates plugged in before take-off. Other drones track moving objects on the ground using sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more autonomous, the more drone-like they are,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drone darts back and forth in a lawnmower pattern, 150 feet above the grass. It’s reporting its position to a laptop, and snapping pictures to stitch together a high-resolution map of the marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That image may not be something the world desperately needs but Anderson says farmers could use this kind of data gathering and image processing for crop surveys, to figure out what plants need water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A healthy plant will absorb the red light, but reflect the infrared,” he explains. “But as chlorophyll is damaged, it'll start to reflect the red as well. So the ratio of the infrared and the red tells you the health of the plant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application isn’t quite ready to go wheels-up. Anderson is still working on getting his drones to tell up from down. The accelerators, the gyroscopes, the magnetometers and GPS have to get better at correcting each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, it's illegal to fly drones for profit. The Federal Aviation Administration is expected to issue regulations by 2015. Anderson points out that a camera on a drone is far more regulated than the one in his iPhone. \"We've seen what camera phones have done to spread cameras everywhere, except for in the sky. The sky's empty.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 415px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints-415x253.jpg\" alt=\"This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo courtesy of 3D Robotics\" width=\"415\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo: 3D Robotics\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unforeseen Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley technology forecaster \u003ca href=\"http://www.saffo.com/\">Paul Saffo\u003c/a> says one man’s drone utopia could be another’s dystopia. \"There are going to be people upset enough by these drones, that they're going to figure out counter-measures,” he predicts, “whether it's shining lasers into their sensor systems, or perhaps a shotgun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones could be used for \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/28/uvs-avia/\">search and rescue\u003c/a>, to \u003ca href=\"http://opencanada.org/features/the-think-tank/essays/the-case-for-humanitarian-drones/\">drop medicine in remote villages\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebrisblog.wordpress.com/2012/06/18/looking-for-debris-from-the-sky/\">to scout debris from tsunamis\u003c/a>, or to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/04/25/179017548/from-battle-to-birds-drones-get-second-life-counting-critters\">count wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental and scientific uses may end up \u003cstrong>not\u003c/strong> being the most popular. Saffo says drones could also be the next killer app for police spying on homes and teenage boys peeking into the girls' locker room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs of civilian conflict. The animal rights group PETA is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/11/us/animal-rights-drones\">shopping for drones\u003c/a> to prevent illegal hunting while hunters \u003ca href=\"http://westernfarmpress.com/blog/peta-drones-trophy-prize-us-hunters\">vow to shoot down\u003c/a> those eyes in the sky. Lawmakers in California and other states that embrace self-driving cars are \u003ca href=\"http://legiscan.com/CA/bill/SB15\">drafting bills\u003c/a> to limit self-driving aerial vehicles, out of privacy concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saffo isn't convinced just yet that privacy will emerge as the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>main issue. He likens the current state of drones to when automobiles first arrived a century ago. “There were cities that required somebody walking in front of the automobile with a red flag, warning off horses and riders,” he recounted. “Turned out that wasn’t an issue. But traffic jams were an issue, and nobody imagined traffic jams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Low-Cost Solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raja Sengupta is the go-to drones professor at \u003ca href=\"http://c3uv.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley’s engineering school\u003c/a>. On a recent day, he and three of his students gathered at Oakland’s Lake Merritt, to test a small drone that could help merchant ships avoid collisions with whales or icebergs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just imagine if the Titanic had had a drone in front of it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta gets to skirt some of the tough issues like privacy, by taking his drones out to sea. His team did a project with Shell Oil using drones last year. Sengupta says drones could save oil companies a lot of money. “As I understand it, they pay people to sit in Cessnas and fly around and count whales,” he tells me, then adds, “I mean, this is some part of the money we are putting into the gas tank.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading industry group estimates that drones will generate \u003ca href=\"http://www.auvsi.org/econreport\">$82 billion and 100,000 jobs\u003c/a> in the decade after they go commercial. Sengupata says the more important number may be the cost of building a drone. It's relatively cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His student Hao Chen mounts a digital camera on a small, beat-up drone made of ice cream sticks and Styrofoam. “This whole thing is probably about 600 or 700 hundred dollars,” Chen estimates. And Sengupta estimates the data it collects is worth five thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chen programs GPS coordinates into the drone and it takes off over the lake. Geese flutter away, sounding frazzled. And in two minutes, the drone vanishes. It’s completely out of sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fortunately it’s a very harmless drone,” Sengupta laughs. “It has no weapons system on it. It’s nothing like President Obama’s drones.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can sort of see the drone's position on Google maps. It's stuck in a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation, which has invested $25 million in drone science over the last five years, gave Sengupta an NSF-sponsored graduate student. He climbs the tree to rescue the drone, as though it were a stranded cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta keeps laughing, \"This is exactly the kind of doctoral student one wants -- does everything from solving a differential equation to climbing a tree.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The propeller is broken. But the pictures -- the data -- survived. Sengupta says that's proof civilian drones will take off: crashing doesn't put a deep dent in anyone's wallet.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/54744/the-green-side-of-drones-science-and-environmental-apps-abound","authors":["1340"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_9","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_326","quest_12095","quest_12092","quest_13197","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_12093","quest_12094","quest_12096"],"featImg":"quest_56107","label":"source_quest_54744"},"quest_17386":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17386","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17386","score":null,"sort":[1185919421000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-planet-hunters","title":"The Planet Hunters","publishDate":1185919421,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Do other planets like Earth exist? To find out, a team of astronomers from the University of California is building a new telescope in the hills east of San Jose. QUEST finds out what the chances are that there are others like ours somewhere in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/searching-for-other-earths/\">updated\u003c/a> on 11/6/14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Do other planets like Earth exist? To find out, a team of astronomers from the University of California is building a new telescope in the hills east of San Jose. QUEST finds out what the chances are that there are others like ours somewhere in the cosmos.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457573609,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":57},"headData":{"title":"The Planet Hunters | KQED","description":"Do other planets like Earth exist? To find out, a team of astronomers from the University of California is building a new telescope in the hills east of San Jose. QUEST finds out what the chances are that there are others like ours somewhere in the cosmos.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Planet Hunters","datePublished":"2007-07-31T22:03:41.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-10T01:33:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17386 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/31/the-planet-hunters/","disqusTitle":"The Planet Hunters","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SE8QDD4BwU","path":"/quest/17386/the-planet-hunters","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Do other planets like Earth exist? To find out, a team of astronomers from the University of California is building a new telescope in the hills east of San Jose. QUEST finds out what the chances are that there are others like ours somewhere in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/searching-for-other-earths/\">updated\u003c/a> on 11/6/14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17386/the-planet-hunters","authors":["10169","6176"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_13054","quest_544","quest_1037","quest_10972","quest_13053","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_12094","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_35201","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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