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Follow her on Twitter @summertomato.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b5303fe7938a19bb9d4baa7837fb8390?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Darya Pino | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b5303fe7938a19bb9d4baa7837fb8390?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b5303fe7938a19bb9d4baa7837fb8390?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/darya-pino"},"spencermichels":{"type":"authors","id":"10305","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10305","found":true},"name":"Spencer Michels","firstName":"Spencer","lastName":"Michels","slug":"spencermichels","email":"spencer@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Spencer Michels, correspondent and producer in the San Francisco office of the NewsHour, began reporting stories for the broadcast in 1983, while still anchor and correspondent for KQED. 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Stream or download it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/c7e42f18-46b1-4cb8-8588-1c628a3e5b18/developmental-stem-cell-biology-graduate-student/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n \u003cbr>\nElijah Martin is a second-year graduate student in the \u003ca href=\"https://dscb.ucsf.edu/\">Developmental and Stem Cell Biology \u003c/a>program at University of California, San Francisco. He works in the laboratory of \u003ca href=\"http://gladstoneinstitutes.org/u/dsrivastava/SrivastavaLab.htm\">Dr. Deepak Srivastava \u003c/a>at the Gladstone Institutes. Martin studies how the heart forms to try to understand the causes of heart disease in order to develop therapies. In the lab, he grows heart cells in petri dishes, which involves mixing together different chemicals and nutrients to get the cells to grow and develop into a heart. He uses microscopes to track the growth of the cells. Since he was a young child, Martin has wanted to study the heart and he says attending graduate school will help turn his dream into a career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is featured in our \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a>\u003c/b>e-book. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Elijah Martin is a graduate student in Dr. Deepak Srivastava's Lab at Gladstone Institutes where he studies how the heart develops. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450483280,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":160},"headData":{"title":"Career Spotlight: Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Student | KQED","description":"Elijah Martin is a graduate student in Dr. Deepak Srivastava's Lab at Gladstone Institutes where he studies how the heart develops. 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Stream or download it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/c7e42f18-46b1-4cb8-8588-1c628a3e5b18/developmental-stem-cell-biology-graduate-student/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n \u003cbr>\nElijah Martin is a second-year graduate student in the \u003ca href=\"https://dscb.ucsf.edu/\">Developmental and Stem Cell Biology \u003c/a>program at University of California, San Francisco. He works in the laboratory of \u003ca href=\"http://gladstoneinstitutes.org/u/dsrivastava/SrivastavaLab.htm\">Dr. Deepak Srivastava \u003c/a>at the Gladstone Institutes. Martin studies how the heart forms to try to understand the causes of heart disease in order to develop therapies. In the lab, he grows heart cells in petri dishes, which involves mixing together different chemicals and nutrients to get the cells to grow and develop into a heart. He uses microscopes to track the growth of the cells. 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You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74092/career-spotlight-developmental-and-stem-cell-biology-graduate-student","authors":["6544"],"series":["quest_13374"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_13128","quest_793","quest_12946","quest_13173","quest_12269","quest_1218","quest_13172","quest_1331","quest_1332","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_2791","quest_3025","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13175"],"featImg":"quest_74094","label":"source_quest_74092"},"quest_17484":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17484","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17484","score":null,"sort":[1415890846000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-sweet-science-of-chocolate","title":"The Sweet Science of Chocolate","publishDate":1415890846,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3354,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a> and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocolate is the solid gold of sweets, providing a standard of delectability that’s been upheld around the globe for more than 2,000 years. The ancient Mayans and Aztecs even used the pods of the cacao tree, which produces chocolate, as currency. They also used cacao as a tonic to improve overall health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72953\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72953 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript. Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript.\u003cbr> Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today’s scientists agree with the ancients: chocolate, in small doses, is not just delicious -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/healthy-chocolate/faq-20058044\">it’s actually good for you\u003c/a>. This is particularly true of dark chocolate, which is rich in compounds called flavanols. Also found in red wine, tea and berries, \u003ca href=\"http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/flavonoids-good-for-3158.html\">flavanols have an antioxidant effect\u003c/a>, reducing cell damage and heart disease. Research also strongly suggests that they support healthy blood pressure and reduce the chances of strokes and heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really good at really scavenging or sopping up these free radicals that can damage your cells,” said Mary Engler, a senior clinician and training director at the National Institutes of Health, NINR, in Bethesda, MD. Engler has studied the health effects of chocolate and other flavonols since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72949\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800-282x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day. Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\" width=\"282\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day.\u003cbr>Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should take special note: Regular intake of chocolate -- the darker the better -- during pregnancy appears to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901253/\">lower the risk of pre-eclampsia\u003c/a>, a dangerous complication. A 2013 study at the University of Helsinki, Finland also showed that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3604275.stm\">women who eat chocolate every day during pregnancy report calmer, happier babies\u003c/a> six months after giving birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milk and white chocolate lovers, you're out of luck: you’ll get all the butter, fat, and sugar, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS014067360761873X/fulltext\">no circulation-boosting flavanols\u003c/a>. Even dark chocolate is rich and should be eaten in moderation, and beware: some manufacturers artificially darken their product and remove the bitter cacao solids, which contain the healthy compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72948\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72948 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Scientist hope that advanced genomics will help to minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree. Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are using advanced genomics to help minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree.\u003cbr> Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As beloved as it is, it’s not surprising that chocolate is an important crop for farmers around the world. Roughly 70 percent of cacao is produced in equatorial Africa, where two million small-scale farms depend on the crop. But cocoa production has long suffered from serious losses due to pests, drought and diseases. A third of the cocoa produced in Africa -- $800 million’s worth -- is lost each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there’s relief in sight for cacao farmers and the consumers who depend on them. In 2010, scientists at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service and universities partnered with IBM and the candy company Mars to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">se\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">quence the genome of cacao\u003c/a>, in order to help identify the markers of a more sustainable crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72947\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72947 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800-280x169.jpg\" alt=\"A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\" width=\"280\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cacao genome sequence has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacaogenomedb.org/\">released for free on the internet\u003c/a>, where it can be accessed by researchers who can use it to improve cacao breeding techniques. Farmers can also use the cacao database to select the breeds that will flourish best under changing local conditions. And that’s sweet news for the future of one of the world’s favorite treats.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Everybody loves chocolate, but did you know that small daily doses of dark chocolate are good for your health? Read the story and watch the video to learn about the precision engineering and chemistry behind the beloved treat. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442634495,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":612},"headData":{"title":"The Sweet Science of Chocolate | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Sweet Science of Chocolate","datePublished":"2014-11-13T15:00:46.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T03:48:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17484 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-sweet-science-of-chocolate/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/13/the-sweet-science-of-chocolate/","disqusTitle":"The Sweet Science of Chocolate","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUwaidNGXaM?feature=player_detailpage","path":"/quest/17484/the-sweet-science-of-chocolate","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a> and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocolate is the solid gold of sweets, providing a standard of delectability that’s been upheld around the globe for more than 2,000 years. The ancient Mayans and Aztecs even used the pods of the cacao tree, which produces chocolate, as currency. They also used cacao as a tonic to improve overall health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72953\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72953 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript. Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript.\u003cbr> Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today’s scientists agree with the ancients: chocolate, in small doses, is not just delicious -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/healthy-chocolate/faq-20058044\">it’s actually good for you\u003c/a>. This is particularly true of dark chocolate, which is rich in compounds called flavanols. Also found in red wine, tea and berries, \u003ca href=\"http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/flavonoids-good-for-3158.html\">flavanols have an antioxidant effect\u003c/a>, reducing cell damage and heart disease. Research also strongly suggests that they support healthy blood pressure and reduce the chances of strokes and heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really good at really scavenging or sopping up these free radicals that can damage your cells,” said Mary Engler, a senior clinician and training director at the National Institutes of Health, NINR, in Bethesda, MD. Engler has studied the health effects of chocolate and other flavonols since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72949\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800-282x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day. Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\" width=\"282\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day.\u003cbr>Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should take special note: Regular intake of chocolate -- the darker the better -- during pregnancy appears to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901253/\">lower the risk of pre-eclampsia\u003c/a>, a dangerous complication. A 2013 study at the University of Helsinki, Finland also showed that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3604275.stm\">women who eat chocolate every day during pregnancy report calmer, happier babies\u003c/a> six months after giving birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milk and white chocolate lovers, you're out of luck: you’ll get all the butter, fat, and sugar, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS014067360761873X/fulltext\">no circulation-boosting flavanols\u003c/a>. Even dark chocolate is rich and should be eaten in moderation, and beware: some manufacturers artificially darken their product and remove the bitter cacao solids, which contain the healthy compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72948\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72948 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Scientist hope that advanced genomics will help to minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree. Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are using advanced genomics to help minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree.\u003cbr> Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As beloved as it is, it’s not surprising that chocolate is an important crop for farmers around the world. Roughly 70 percent of cacao is produced in equatorial Africa, where two million small-scale farms depend on the crop. But cocoa production has long suffered from serious losses due to pests, drought and diseases. A third of the cocoa produced in Africa -- $800 million’s worth -- is lost each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there’s relief in sight for cacao farmers and the consumers who depend on them. In 2010, scientists at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service and universities partnered with IBM and the candy company Mars to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">se\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">quence the genome of cacao\u003c/a>, in order to help identify the markers of a more sustainable crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72947\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72947 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800-280x169.jpg\" alt=\"A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\" width=\"280\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cacao genome sequence has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacaogenomedb.org/\">released for free on the internet\u003c/a>, where it can be accessed by researchers who can use it to improve cacao breeding techniques. Farmers can also use the cacao database to select the breeds that will flourish best under changing local conditions. And that’s sweet news for the future of one of the world’s favorite treats.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17484/the-sweet-science-of-chocolate","authors":["6444"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11124","quest_13081","quest_590","quest_641","quest_11122","quest_11123","quest_1122","quest_12269","quest_10557","quest_13201","quest_1436","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_13078","quest_2141","quest_13082","quest_3711","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_13364","quest_13079","quest_2893","quest_13080","quest_3025","quest_13083","quest_3046","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_72976","label":"quest_3354"},"quest_27458":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27458","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27458","score":null,"sort":[1321988419000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-research-into-disappearing-bees","title":"New Research into Disappearing Bees","publishDate":1321988419,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Bees – for some reason – seem to fascinate many of us. Perhaps it’s their social structure: the queen, the workers, the drones, producing honey and baby bees and living their short lives in a super-organized way that would be the envy of any business. Like many an enterprise today, they even have guards outside the hives to sound the alarm if things get out of hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when five years ago the world learned that bees in America and Canada were dying in large numbers, and hives were becoming defunct, the agricultural community and the beekeepers and just plain people became alarmed. Hives were deserted, the bees gone, presumably dead, honey production stopped, and the bee industry crippled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder\">Colony Collapse Disorder\u003c/a>, and it threatened California’s very profitable almond industry, which is dependent on bees to pollinate the trees and keep the nuts growing. And not just almonds: 130 crops in California alone depend on honey bees. Beekeepers from around the nation load their hives on trucks and bring them to California and rent them out to growers. As the disease, or whatever it is, spread, the price of renting ever-more-scarce bees went up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27537\" title=\"114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne (15)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne-15-e1321647984490.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne-15-e1321647984490.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne-15-e1321647984490-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Honey bee hive at UC Davis\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the news media started reporting heavily on the plight of the bees and the beekeepers, interest soared. Researchers at universities around the country started looking into the problem; money was donated to figure out what was killing the bees. Stories appeared frequently about the scientific efforts to figure out what was causing Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and what would cure it. With all that attention you’d think they would have solved the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what the scientists have discovered is that they really don’t know very much about bees. They don’t have a baseline of what goes on on the microscopic level in the hives. What viruses already exist in healthy colonies? You’ve got know that before you can start to understand if a virus is normal or abnormal and may be killing bees. Scientists like \u003ca href=\"http://derisilab.ucsf.edu/\">Joe DeRisi\u003c/a> at the University of California San Francisco say they’ve made great strides, even though they haven’t found a culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>DeRisi: “I think there’s been tremendous progress. One of the frustrating things with CCD is it doesn’t look like there’s any one single agent or culprit that you can point the finger to that’s causing all of these problems. It looks to be a confluence of things that is several different pathogens or situations or environmental conditions that are coming together to cause losses that are more than would be expected. And that’s what’s frustrating people. What has occurred because of the interest in honeybees and because of the large losses caused by CCD is people like myself and other researchers around the country applying new techniques and tools to honeybees which they normally would not have done so, and so we’ve learned an incredible amount about the ecosystem in the bee and around the bee. And what we now know is that there’s a whole host of pathogens no one knew anything about and that certain combinations of these appear to be associated with higher losses than would otherwise be expected during the season. “\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeRisi’s lab discovered four new viruses that exist in healthy hives they never knew existed before. But that didn’t solve the problem at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease remains a serious threat, with about a third of all bee colonies affected, and no cure in sight. But many among the other two-thirds of the beekeeping community think they have it under control, because their hives are doing well. They claim they take better care of their bees, feed them better, and use various medicines and techniques to keep the hives healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One technique some beekeepers swear by is splitting the hives every year or even more frequently. That means taking half the bees out, getting a new queen (you can buy queens!), and making two hives out of one. \u003ca href=\"http://entomology.ucdavis.edu/faculty/facpage.cfm?id=mussen\">Eric Mussen\u003c/a>, a university extension bee specialist at the University of California at Davis, thinks splitting works – up to a point:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mussen: “When you make these splits, you more or less take the pathogen load, all the problems, you kind of split it in half and then you’ve got these little colonies that have to build up really quickly and when that happens frequently they can outrun some of the parasites. They can outrun some of the disease problems for awhile, so those colonies get up and they make it and they’re, they’re good for a season. Okay, had you not split it, it seems like in many cases the microbes and the parasites become overwhelming and the colony dies, so my terminology is starting from packages, making splits, if you could keep your colonies forever young it looks like that’s a, a way that helps deal with the problem. Nothing’s perfect.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Q: Why hasn’t that completely eradicated this problem then? Why isn’t everybody splitting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mussen: Well, a number of people are splitting, either by default or some by design. They’ve, they’re now understanding what the problem is and, and how this helps. But the problem is that I think some of the equipment has or whatever the CCD problem is, is kind of innate in the equipment and so it really doesn’t matter what bees you put in and how you deal with them, it’s always right there, right on the edge ready to create a real problem. So you do the best that you can to try to just stay a little bit ahead of that.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research goes on – and so does pollination. The almond industry is surviving, and in fact, thriving. Last year was the largest crop ever. The crisis mentality seems to have passed, but the problem remains. While beekeepers are used to cycles where their bees die off, and then come back, Colony Collapse Disorder seems to be more persistent than previous die-offs, and shows little sign of abatement. While it hasn’t been decoded nor cured, it has focused attention on a unique part of agriculture that seems to need the attention. And that’s not honey-coating the progress that has been made.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In 2006, the world learned that honeybees in America and Canada were dying in large numbers, and hives were becoming defunct. Five years later, what have scientists learned about the causes of Colony Collapse Disorder? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457640199,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":1110},"headData":{"title":"New Research into Disappearing Bees | KQED","description":"In 2006, the world learned that honeybees in America and Canada were dying in large numbers, and hives were becoming defunct. Five years later, what have scientists learned about the causes of Colony Collapse Disorder? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Research into Disappearing Bees","datePublished":"2011-11-22T19:00:19.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-10T20:03:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27458 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27458","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/22/new-research-into-disappearing-bees/","disqusTitle":"New Research into Disappearing Bees","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AknFzPzATaE","path":"/quest/27458/new-research-into-disappearing-bees","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bees – for some reason – seem to fascinate many of us. Perhaps it’s their social structure: the queen, the workers, the drones, producing honey and baby bees and living their short lives in a super-organized way that would be the envy of any business. Like many an enterprise today, they even have guards outside the hives to sound the alarm if things get out of hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when five years ago the world learned that bees in America and Canada were dying in large numbers, and hives were becoming defunct, the agricultural community and the beekeepers and just plain people became alarmed. Hives were deserted, the bees gone, presumably dead, honey production stopped, and the bee industry crippled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder\">Colony Collapse Disorder\u003c/a>, and it threatened California’s very profitable almond industry, which is dependent on bees to pollinate the trees and keep the nuts growing. And not just almonds: 130 crops in California alone depend on honey bees. Beekeepers from around the nation load their hives on trucks and bring them to California and rent them out to growers. As the disease, or whatever it is, spread, the price of renting ever-more-scarce bees went up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27537\" title=\"114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne (15)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne-15-e1321647984490.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne-15-e1321647984490.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne-15-e1321647984490-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Honey bee hive at UC Davis\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the news media started reporting heavily on the plight of the bees and the beekeepers, interest soared. Researchers at universities around the country started looking into the problem; money was donated to figure out what was killing the bees. Stories appeared frequently about the scientific efforts to figure out what was causing Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and what would cure it. With all that attention you’d think they would have solved the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what the scientists have discovered is that they really don’t know very much about bees. They don’t have a baseline of what goes on on the microscopic level in the hives. What viruses already exist in healthy colonies? You’ve got know that before you can start to understand if a virus is normal or abnormal and may be killing bees. Scientists like \u003ca href=\"http://derisilab.ucsf.edu/\">Joe DeRisi\u003c/a> at the University of California San Francisco say they’ve made great strides, even though they haven’t found a culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>DeRisi: “I think there’s been tremendous progress. One of the frustrating things with CCD is it doesn’t look like there’s any one single agent or culprit that you can point the finger to that’s causing all of these problems. It looks to be a confluence of things that is several different pathogens or situations or environmental conditions that are coming together to cause losses that are more than would be expected. And that’s what’s frustrating people. What has occurred because of the interest in honeybees and because of the large losses caused by CCD is people like myself and other researchers around the country applying new techniques and tools to honeybees which they normally would not have done so, and so we’ve learned an incredible amount about the ecosystem in the bee and around the bee. And what we now know is that there’s a whole host of pathogens no one knew anything about and that certain combinations of these appear to be associated with higher losses than would otherwise be expected during the season. “\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeRisi’s lab discovered four new viruses that exist in healthy hives they never knew existed before. But that didn’t solve the problem at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease remains a serious threat, with about a third of all bee colonies affected, and no cure in sight. But many among the other two-thirds of the beekeeping community think they have it under control, because their hives are doing well. They claim they take better care of their bees, feed them better, and use various medicines and techniques to keep the hives healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One technique some beekeepers swear by is splitting the hives every year or even more frequently. That means taking half the bees out, getting a new queen (you can buy queens!), and making two hives out of one. \u003ca href=\"http://entomology.ucdavis.edu/faculty/facpage.cfm?id=mussen\">Eric Mussen\u003c/a>, a university extension bee specialist at the University of California at Davis, thinks splitting works – up to a point:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mussen: “When you make these splits, you more or less take the pathogen load, all the problems, you kind of split it in half and then you’ve got these little colonies that have to build up really quickly and when that happens frequently they can outrun some of the parasites. They can outrun some of the disease problems for awhile, so those colonies get up and they make it and they’re, they’re good for a season. Okay, had you not split it, it seems like in many cases the microbes and the parasites become overwhelming and the colony dies, so my terminology is starting from packages, making splits, if you could keep your colonies forever young it looks like that’s a, a way that helps deal with the problem. Nothing’s perfect.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Q: Why hasn’t that completely eradicated this problem then? Why isn’t everybody splitting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mussen: Well, a number of people are splitting, either by default or some by design. They’ve, they’re now understanding what the problem is and, and how this helps. But the problem is that I think some of the equipment has or whatever the CCD problem is, is kind of innate in the equipment and so it really doesn’t matter what bees you put in and how you deal with them, it’s always right there, right on the edge ready to create a real problem. So you do the best that you can to try to just stay a little bit ahead of that.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research goes on – and so does pollination. The almond industry is surviving, and in fact, thriving. Last year was the largest crop ever. The crisis mentality seems to have passed, but the problem remains. While beekeepers are used to cycles where their bees die off, and then come back, Colony Collapse Disorder seems to be more persistent than previous die-offs, and shows little sign of abatement. While it hasn’t been decoded nor cured, it has focused attention on a unique part of agriculture that seems to need the attention. And that’s not honey-coating the progress that has been made.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27458/new-research-into-disappearing-bees","authors":["10305"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_301","quest_515","quest_10469","quest_10471","quest_3564","quest_10467","quest_10472","quest_10468","quest_13","quest_10473","quest_2893","quest_3022","quest_3025","quest_10470"],"featImg":"quest_27534","label":"quest"},"quest_26829":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26829","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26829","score":null,"sort":[1320436852000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-swords-to-test-tubes-the-million-veteran-program","title":"From Swords to Test Tubes: The Million Veteran Program","publishDate":1320436852,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/11/2011-11-07-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26844\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"schuler_2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26844\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carl Schuler is one of 10,000 vets to have donated blood samples to the Million Veteran Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every year, on Veterans Day, we hear stories about bravery on the battlefield, or the challenges returning veterans face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story is about a different type of military service: It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">a project\u003c/a> where veterans help scientists learn more about conditions like cancer and post-traumatic stress disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's what brought Carl Schuler to the VA Medical Center in Palo Alto one sunny October morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler served in the military for ten years, completing two tours in Iraq. The second tour was in Fallujah, where he oversaw a batallion of 18 soldiers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What haunts him about his time in Iraq is the fact that he came home largely unscathed. That was not the case for his best friend, who was badly injured by an IED. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You start thinking, well, how fair is that?\" says Schuler. \"Here's my friend, 88 percent burned, two people in his battalion killed. And here I am in a similar situation and we're all OK. It's a tough thing to deal with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the States, Schuler struggled with problems that will sound familiar to a lot of returning vets. He's had to tame his road rage. And sometimes, he can be a bit withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's gotten him through this is helping other returning soldiers. He is now a fellow for a group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.missioncontinues.org/\">The Mission Continues\u003c/a>. His placement is with a group called \u003ca href=\"https://app01.usatogether.org/\">USA Together\u003c/a>, counseling Bay Area vets who are having financial problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that same impulse -- to help vets – that brought him down to the VA Medical Center in Palo Alto on a recent morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler came to take part in something called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">Million Veterans Program\u003c/a>, or MVP. It is a project to build the largest database of medical information in the world, with both medical histories and blood samples from one million US vets. The Medical Center in Palo Alto is one of 33 VA hospitals across the country taking part, with the ultimate goal of making participation available to all veterans enrolled in the VA healthcare system. The recruitment will last between five and seven years. In 2012 alone, the program is projected to cost $19.8 million. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this program possible is something that puts the VA well ahead of the curve, when it comes to health care: electronic medical records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when virtually every other sector of the economy has gone online, medicine has lagged behind. Most American doctors still carry paper files when they go into see a patient. Less than a third of hospitals have digitized records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But VA abounds in electronic data, says the VA’s Dr. Jennifer Hoblyn. She says in addition to clinical records of its 8.6 million patients, the VA also has annual assessments that it uses to track patients, including evaluations of depression, PTSD, alcoholic substances, traumatic brain injury, and other conditions. All of the information is digitized and available to VA doctors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an amazing medical record,\" says Hoblyn, \"and it stretches back 25 years.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the VA wants to pair that information -- detached from individual names -- with anonymous blood samples from a million vets. It would be the biggest medical database in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's an exciting prospect for people like Robert Hiatt, who chairs the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatisticsis at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hiatt says when he started out in his field, researchers would send staff with clipboards from doctor’s office to doctor’s office, pulling folders from shelves and manually tallying up the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electronic databases have made this type of research vastly faster and more powerful. A massive database like what the VA is building would allow Hiatt to compare thousands of anonymous medical records with just a few keystrokes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would help him and other researchers look for genetic explanations to the mystery of why some people get sick with diseases like lung cancer, and others don't. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know smoking leads to lung cancer, but not everyone who smokes gets lung cancer,\" says Hiatt. \"And some people who get lung cancer don't smoke. Is that because of some genetic predisposition? Or some large genetic protective effect?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those types of questions are common in epidemiology, as well as in drug development, where researchers try and understand why some drugs work for some people, but not others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the VA, one major focus of research is on PTSD, which is relatively common, but hard to predict. Some soldiers suffer terribly. Others don't. To understand why, you need to look for patterns, across large numbers of vets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joel Kupersmith, the VA's Chief Research and Development Officer, says the MVP will allow VA researchers to compare the genes of people who have PTSD with others who don't. They’ll also take environmental factors into consideration: Where a vet lives, what other conditions he or she has, what he or she might have been exposed to in the service. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It gets to be very complicated,\" says Kupersmith, \"and you need large numbers to sort it out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bit like an impressionist painting that only comes into focus when you stand far away from it. The more data, says UCSF’s Robert Hiatt, the stronger your conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Big numbers are important because effects are small. In order to see effects and have some confidence in them, you need large numbers.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the Million Veteran Project signed on its ten thousandth participant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Flier.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Flier-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Flier\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-26846\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The VA's Kupersmith believes that in 18 months they’ll pass the half-million mark. That would put them well ahead of the other medical databases currently available to researchers, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.dor.kaiser.org/external/DORExternal/rpgeh/index.aspx\">Kaiser Permanete's biobank\u003c/a>, which includes anonymous saliva samples -- containing DNA -- from 170,000 Kaiser patients, and is aiming for 500,000 participants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reach its goal, VA staff will have to convince hundreds of thousands of veterans to come in and donate blood. They'll also have to reassure them that the information will be kept private.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The info is totally de-identified,\" says the VA's Jennifer Hoblyn. \"Each sample gets a unique study info number. So actually it won’t be connected with your name whatsoever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler says he knows this information isn't likely to improve his own health, or even that of the soldiers he served with. But he considers it an extension of his work to help other vets, \"another piece of the puzzle,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a way to continue his service, even now that he's back home.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A massive database like what the VA is building would allow scientists to compare thousands of anonymous medical records with just a few keystrokes, to study conditions such as cancer and PTSD. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370996909,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1136},"headData":{"title":"From Swords to Test Tubes: The Million Veteran Program | KQED","description":"A massive database like what the VA is building would allow scientists to compare thousands of anonymous medical records with just a few keystrokes, to study conditions such as cancer and PTSD. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"From Swords to Test Tubes: The Million Veteran Program","datePublished":"2011-11-04T20:00:52.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:28:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"26829 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=26829","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/04/from-swords-to-test-tubes-the-million-veteran-program/","disqusTitle":"From Swords to Test Tubes: The Million Veteran Program","path":"/quest/26829/from-swords-to-test-tubes-the-million-veteran-program","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/11/2011-11-07-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/11/2011-11-07-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26844\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"schuler_2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26844\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carl Schuler is one of 10,000 vets to have donated blood samples to the Million Veteran Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every year, on Veterans Day, we hear stories about bravery on the battlefield, or the challenges returning veterans face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story is about a different type of military service: It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">a project\u003c/a> where veterans help scientists learn more about conditions like cancer and post-traumatic stress disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's what brought Carl Schuler to the VA Medical Center in Palo Alto one sunny October morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler served in the military for ten years, completing two tours in Iraq. The second tour was in Fallujah, where he oversaw a batallion of 18 soldiers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What haunts him about his time in Iraq is the fact that he came home largely unscathed. That was not the case for his best friend, who was badly injured by an IED. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You start thinking, well, how fair is that?\" says Schuler. \"Here's my friend, 88 percent burned, two people in his battalion killed. And here I am in a similar situation and we're all OK. It's a tough thing to deal with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the States, Schuler struggled with problems that will sound familiar to a lot of returning vets. He's had to tame his road rage. And sometimes, he can be a bit withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's gotten him through this is helping other returning soldiers. He is now a fellow for a group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.missioncontinues.org/\">The Mission Continues\u003c/a>. His placement is with a group called \u003ca href=\"https://app01.usatogether.org/\">USA Together\u003c/a>, counseling Bay Area vets who are having financial problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that same impulse -- to help vets – that brought him down to the VA Medical Center in Palo Alto on a recent morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler came to take part in something called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">Million Veterans Program\u003c/a>, or MVP. It is a project to build the largest database of medical information in the world, with both medical histories and blood samples from one million US vets. The Medical Center in Palo Alto is one of 33 VA hospitals across the country taking part, with the ultimate goal of making participation available to all veterans enrolled in the VA healthcare system. The recruitment will last between five and seven years. In 2012 alone, the program is projected to cost $19.8 million. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this program possible is something that puts the VA well ahead of the curve, when it comes to health care: electronic medical records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when virtually every other sector of the economy has gone online, medicine has lagged behind. Most American doctors still carry paper files when they go into see a patient. Less than a third of hospitals have digitized records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But VA abounds in electronic data, says the VA’s Dr. Jennifer Hoblyn. She says in addition to clinical records of its 8.6 million patients, the VA also has annual assessments that it uses to track patients, including evaluations of depression, PTSD, alcoholic substances, traumatic brain injury, and other conditions. All of the information is digitized and available to VA doctors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an amazing medical record,\" says Hoblyn, \"and it stretches back 25 years.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the VA wants to pair that information -- detached from individual names -- with anonymous blood samples from a million vets. It would be the biggest medical database in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's an exciting prospect for people like Robert Hiatt, who chairs the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatisticsis at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hiatt says when he started out in his field, researchers would send staff with clipboards from doctor’s office to doctor’s office, pulling folders from shelves and manually tallying up the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electronic databases have made this type of research vastly faster and more powerful. A massive database like what the VA is building would allow Hiatt to compare thousands of anonymous medical records with just a few keystrokes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would help him and other researchers look for genetic explanations to the mystery of why some people get sick with diseases like lung cancer, and others don't. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know smoking leads to lung cancer, but not everyone who smokes gets lung cancer,\" says Hiatt. \"And some people who get lung cancer don't smoke. Is that because of some genetic predisposition? Or some large genetic protective effect?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those types of questions are common in epidemiology, as well as in drug development, where researchers try and understand why some drugs work for some people, but not others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the VA, one major focus of research is on PTSD, which is relatively common, but hard to predict. Some soldiers suffer terribly. Others don't. To understand why, you need to look for patterns, across large numbers of vets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joel Kupersmith, the VA's Chief Research and Development Officer, says the MVP will allow VA researchers to compare the genes of people who have PTSD with others who don't. They’ll also take environmental factors into consideration: Where a vet lives, what other conditions he or she has, what he or she might have been exposed to in the service. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It gets to be very complicated,\" says Kupersmith, \"and you need large numbers to sort it out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bit like an impressionist painting that only comes into focus when you stand far away from it. The more data, says UCSF’s Robert Hiatt, the stronger your conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Big numbers are important because effects are small. In order to see effects and have some confidence in them, you need large numbers.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the Million Veteran Project signed on its ten thousandth participant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Flier.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Flier-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Flier\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-26846\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The VA's Kupersmith believes that in 18 months they’ll pass the half-million mark. That would put them well ahead of the other medical databases currently available to researchers, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.dor.kaiser.org/external/DORExternal/rpgeh/index.aspx\">Kaiser Permanete's biobank\u003c/a>, which includes anonymous saliva samples -- containing DNA -- from 170,000 Kaiser patients, and is aiming for 500,000 participants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reach its goal, VA staff will have to convince hundreds of thousands of veterans to come in and donate blood. They'll also have to reassure them that the information will be kept private.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The info is totally de-identified,\" says the VA's Jennifer Hoblyn. \"Each sample gets a unique study info number. So actually it won’t be connected with your name whatsoever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler says he knows this information isn't likely to improve his own health, or even that of the soldiers he served with. But he considers it an extension of his work to help other vets, \"another piece of the puzzle,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a way to continue his service, even now that he's back home.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26829/from-swords-to-test-tubes-the-million-veteran-program","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_10410","quest_10409","quest_13203","quest_2328","quest_13202","quest_3314","quest_3025","quest_10411"],"featImg":"quest_26844","label":"quest"},"quest_26370":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26370","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26370","score":null,"sort":[1319744188000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa","title":"Affinity for Stone: The Public Art of Ruth Asawa","publishDate":1319744188,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26378\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26378\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawatop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26378\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detail of the rock garden in Ruth Asawa's 'Garden of Remembrance' at UCSF. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stone is more than the peculiar specialty of geologists. All of us have dealt with stone since our deepest ancestors' days in the African savanna, and I welcome the variety of viewpoints that center around it. The child, the builder, the fabricator, the gravestone cutter and the artist see stone in special ways. Lately I've noticed the affinity for stone that Ruth Asawa displays in her art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruthasawa.com/index.html\">Ruth Asawa\u003c/a> has created public art in the Bay Area and elsewhere for more than 40 years. Unlike her signature woven wire pieces, Asawa's public commissions are in bronze or stone. The bronze is carefully sculpted and cast, but the stone is as nearly natural as can be. Let's look at two interesting examples in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Buchanan Mall (Nihonmachi) Fountain\u003c/strong> is an installation meant for use and enjoyment as an integral part of the Japantown center. It immediately calls to mind the traditional Japanese rock garden in the streamlines of its cobblestone pavers and island stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawajapantown/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26374\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawajapantown\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26374\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawastele/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26377\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawastele\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bronze sculptures, one of them a fountain, sit in two stone circles like islands or ponds. Both were inspired by origami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawalotus/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26375\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawalotus\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both circles include island stones and are harmoniously faced with Californian river rocks. It interests me that Japan and California, facing each other across the Pacific, both owe their geology to subduction, the plate tectonic process of clashing plates that pushes their rocks together into mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawacloseup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26372\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawacloseup\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Garden of Remembrance\u003c/strong> is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsu.edu/~puboff/tour/garden_remembrance.htm\">in a courtyard at San Francisco State University\u003c/a>, built to commemorate the imprisonment of Japanese-Americans during World War II—a troubling act of U.S. public policy and a formative event in Asawa's life. It has two parts, a grassy square and a waterfall rock garden. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawaucsflawn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26371\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawaucsflawn\" width=\"600\" height=\"397\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently Asawa's intent for the square was to bring together rocks from each of the ten \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_internment#WRA_Relocation_Centers\">War Relocation Centers\u003c/a>. But the first stone I approached told me immediately that geology had thwarted this purpose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawaperid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26376\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawaperid\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26376\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This classic peridotite, streaked blue with serpentine minerals, could not have come from California's Tule Lake or Manzanar. The first would have been black Cascades lava, the second Sierran granite or gneiss. This boulder comes from the Klamath Range. Clearly these stones were symbolic, not literal representatives of the camps. It was a relief at that point to put down my geologist's mindset, because an artwork like this should not distract anyone from its true purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later I learned that the Rohwer, Arkansas, camp where Asawa spent the war years (along with George Takei, Janice Mirikitani and more than 8,000 other American citizens) was located in a marshy lowland with no rocks at all. The same was true of the camp at Jerome, Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there is some color among the ten boulders, most are structureless mudstones, dark and mute. They populate their lawn in a scatter that schematically matches their pattern on the American map. (In that context, the blue peridotite represents Tule Lake and its exceptional role in the camp system. Maybe my geologist's mind has something to work on after all.) Asawa collaborated with stonesetters Isao Ogura and Shigeru Namba in selecting and placing the stones here, and in the uplifting rock garden next to the lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawagarden/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26373\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawagarden\" width=\"600\" height=\"368\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26373\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at shady times of day or in the typical fog, this garden must be a bright place thanks to the light-colored Sierran boulders. On a sunny day, the combined direct and reflected light makes it almost dazzling. The top photo of this post shows a closeup. The stones themselves are luscious, coaxing even the geologist to simply stand and gaze.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Stone is more than the plaything of geologists. Each of us sees it in special ways. Take a look at stone in two masterworks by San Francisco artist Ruth Asawa.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1325108701,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":621},"headData":{"title":"Affinity for Stone: The Public Art of Ruth Asawa | KQED","description":"Stone is more than the plaything of geologists. Each of us sees it in special ways. Take a look at stone in two masterworks by San Francisco artist Ruth Asawa.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Affinity for Stone: The Public Art of Ruth Asawa","datePublished":"2011-10-27T19:36:28.000Z","dateModified":"2011-12-28T21:45:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"26370 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=26370","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/","disqusTitle":"Affinity for Stone: The Public Art of Ruth Asawa","path":"/quest/26370/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26378\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26378\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawatop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26378\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detail of the rock garden in Ruth Asawa's 'Garden of Remembrance' at UCSF. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stone is more than the peculiar specialty of geologists. All of us have dealt with stone since our deepest ancestors' days in the African savanna, and I welcome the variety of viewpoints that center around it. The child, the builder, the fabricator, the gravestone cutter and the artist see stone in special ways. Lately I've noticed the affinity for stone that Ruth Asawa displays in her art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruthasawa.com/index.html\">Ruth Asawa\u003c/a> has created public art in the Bay Area and elsewhere for more than 40 years. Unlike her signature woven wire pieces, Asawa's public commissions are in bronze or stone. The bronze is carefully sculpted and cast, but the stone is as nearly natural as can be. Let's look at two interesting examples in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Buchanan Mall (Nihonmachi) Fountain\u003c/strong> is an installation meant for use and enjoyment as an integral part of the Japantown center. It immediately calls to mind the traditional Japanese rock garden in the streamlines of its cobblestone pavers and island stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawajapantown/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26374\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawajapantown\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26374\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawastele/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26377\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawastele\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bronze sculptures, one of them a fountain, sit in two stone circles like islands or ponds. Both were inspired by origami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawalotus/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26375\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawalotus\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both circles include island stones and are harmoniously faced with Californian river rocks. It interests me that Japan and California, facing each other across the Pacific, both owe their geology to subduction, the plate tectonic process of clashing plates that pushes their rocks together into mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawacloseup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26372\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawacloseup\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Garden of Remembrance\u003c/strong> is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsu.edu/~puboff/tour/garden_remembrance.htm\">in a courtyard at San Francisco State University\u003c/a>, built to commemorate the imprisonment of Japanese-Americans during World War II—a troubling act of U.S. public policy and a formative event in Asawa's life. It has two parts, a grassy square and a waterfall rock garden. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawaucsflawn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26371\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawaucsflawn\" width=\"600\" height=\"397\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently Asawa's intent for the square was to bring together rocks from each of the ten \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_internment#WRA_Relocation_Centers\">War Relocation Centers\u003c/a>. But the first stone I approached told me immediately that geology had thwarted this purpose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawaperid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26376\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawaperid\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26376\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This classic peridotite, streaked blue with serpentine minerals, could not have come from California's Tule Lake or Manzanar. The first would have been black Cascades lava, the second Sierran granite or gneiss. This boulder comes from the Klamath Range. Clearly these stones were symbolic, not literal representatives of the camps. It was a relief at that point to put down my geologist's mindset, because an artwork like this should not distract anyone from its true purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later I learned that the Rohwer, Arkansas, camp where Asawa spent the war years (along with George Takei, Janice Mirikitani and more than 8,000 other American citizens) was located in a marshy lowland with no rocks at all. The same was true of the camp at Jerome, Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there is some color among the ten boulders, most are structureless mudstones, dark and mute. They populate their lawn in a scatter that schematically matches their pattern on the American map. (In that context, the blue peridotite represents Tule Lake and its exceptional role in the camp system. Maybe my geologist's mind has something to work on after all.) Asawa collaborated with stonesetters Isao Ogura and Shigeru Namba in selecting and placing the stones here, and in the uplifting rock garden next to the lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawagarden/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26373\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawagarden\" width=\"600\" height=\"368\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26373\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at shady times of day or in the typical fog, this garden must be a bright place thanks to the light-colored Sierran boulders. On a sunny day, the combined direct and reflected light makes it almost dazzling. The top photo of this post shows a closeup. The stones themselves are luscious, coaxing even the geologist to simply stand and gaze.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26370/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13200","quest_10348","quest_10346","quest_13202","quest_2447","quest_10347","quest_2486","quest_3025"],"featImg":"quest_26378","label":"quest"},"quest_19213":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19213","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19213","score":null,"sort":[1302883204000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"exercise-may-protect-against-stress-related-cellular-aging","title":"Exercise May Protect Against Stress-Related Cellular Aging","publishDate":1302883204,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/exercise.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem> Exercise prevents the shortening of telomeres caused by psychological stress. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/mikebaird/3539161615/\">mikebaird\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research by Nobel Prize winning UCSF researcher, \u003ca href=\"http://biochemistry.ucsf.edu/labs/blackburn/\">Elizabeth Blackburn\u003c/a>, provides a possible mechanism by which exercise protects against stress-related chromosome aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, presented this month at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aacr.org/\">American Association for Cancer Research\u003c/a> 102nd Annual Meeting, were based on earlier research showing that stress accelerates telomere shortening. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere\">Telomeres\u003c/a> are protective strands of DNA found on the end of chromosomes that protect them from degradation during cell division. Telomere length is associated with cellular health, and is a known marker of cell aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shorter telomeres are associated with cell death and chromosome instability, which can lead to inflammation. In immune cells, short telomeres can predict poorer prognosis in patients with heart disease and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a previous study by Blackburn, psychological stress was associated with shorter telomeres in the lymphocytes of caregivers of chronically ill children. This was the first demonstration that telomere length is correlated to perceived stress. In the current study, co-authored by biochemist Jue Lin, telomere length was again associated with stress levels, this time in primary caregivers looking after a family member with dementia. However when the researchers looked at the immune cells in those who exercised, there was no association between stress and telomere length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study, led by Eli Puterman, examined the impact of exercise on the telomeres of healthy women who had been victims of child abuse. In this study those who exercised were protected against the effects of stress on telomere length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a relationship between childhood trauma and short telomere length but the relationship seems to go away in people who exercise vigorously at least three times a week,” said Lin in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/25267\">press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exercise is known to beneficially impact immune function and several other aspects of health. This new research illuminates on one possible mechanism by which physical activity exerts its helpful effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.76355 -122.458\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New research by Nobel Prize winning UCSF researcher, Elizabeth Blackburn, provides a possible mechanism by which exercise protects against stress-related chromosome aging.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1302883204,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":329},"headData":{"title":"Exercise May Protect Against Stress-Related Cellular Aging | KQED","description":"New research by Nobel Prize winning UCSF researcher, Elizabeth Blackburn, provides a possible mechanism by which exercise protects against stress-related chromosome aging.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Exercise May Protect Against Stress-Related Cellular Aging","datePublished":"2011-04-15T16:00:04.000Z","dateModified":"2011-04-15T16:00:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"19213 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=13800","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/15/exercise-may-protect-against-stress-related-cellular-aging/","disqusTitle":"Exercise May Protect Against Stress-Related Cellular Aging","path":"/quest/19213/exercise-may-protect-against-stress-related-cellular-aging","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/exercise.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem> Exercise prevents the shortening of telomeres caused by psychological stress. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/mikebaird/3539161615/\">mikebaird\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research by Nobel Prize winning UCSF researcher, \u003ca href=\"http://biochemistry.ucsf.edu/labs/blackburn/\">Elizabeth Blackburn\u003c/a>, provides a possible mechanism by which exercise protects against stress-related chromosome aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, presented this month at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aacr.org/\">American Association for Cancer Research\u003c/a> 102nd Annual Meeting, were based on earlier research showing that stress accelerates telomere shortening. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere\">Telomeres\u003c/a> are protective strands of DNA found on the end of chromosomes that protect them from degradation during cell division. Telomere length is associated with cellular health, and is a known marker of cell aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shorter telomeres are associated with cell death and chromosome instability, which can lead to inflammation. In immune cells, short telomeres can predict poorer prognosis in patients with heart disease and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a previous study by Blackburn, psychological stress was associated with shorter telomeres in the lymphocytes of caregivers of chronically ill children. This was the first demonstration that telomere length is correlated to perceived stress. In the current study, co-authored by biochemist Jue Lin, telomere length was again associated with stress levels, this time in primary caregivers looking after a family member with dementia. However when the researchers looked at the immune cells in those who exercised, there was no association between stress and telomere length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study, led by Eli Puterman, examined the impact of exercise on the telomeres of healthy women who had been victims of child abuse. In this study those who exercised were protected against the effects of stress on telomere length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a relationship between childhood trauma and short telomere length but the relationship seems to go away in people who exercise vigorously at least three times a week,” said Lin in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/25267\">press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exercise is known to beneficially impact immune function and several other aspects of health. This new research illuminates on one possible mechanism by which physical activity exerts its helpful effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.76355 -122.458\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19213/exercise-may-protect-against-stress-related-cellular-aging","authors":["10218"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_83","quest_966","quest_1451","quest_3785","quest_2898","quest_3025"],"featImg":"quest_13803","label":"quest"},"quest_11180":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11180","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11180","score":null,"sort":[1292358121000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ucsf-scientists-bio-hack-bacteria","title":"UCSF Scientists Bio-Hack Bacteria","publishDate":1292358121,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_42_22.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF bioengineering graduate student Alvin Tamsir places E.coli bacteria onto a petri dish in the lab. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of California-San Francisco have hacked into the genetic wiring of billions of individual bacteria and outfitted them with the kind of on/off switches normally found in computer chips, not living organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The switches, which are built out of genes, allow the bacteria to listen for chemical signals and respond, much like computer chips that can perform powerful tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The switches may one day help the development of biofuels that are cheaper and more powerful than gasoline, or a new suite of pharmaceuticals that could more effectively target and kill tumor cells with fewer side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists have been trying to engineer bacteria to be more programmable, to do various things, but biology is hard to program” said Alvin Tamsir a doctoral student at UCSF. “I want to generate the technology so that bacteria can be more programmable in a more predictable way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tasmir was the lead author of a study on the subject that was published last week in the journal, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature09565.html\">Nature\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_12_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF bioengineering graduate student Alvin Tamsir. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building new molecular circuits into bacteria, Tamsir and his team can now make the bacteria perform specific tasks, much like the millions of wires which comprise the electrical circuitry of a modern computer chip enable the dizzying array of complex calculations and tasks a computer can do in micro-seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all part of the new field of synthetic biology, where principles from computer science, electrical engineering and genetics, along with other sciences, mix together to reveal the tools and strategies for reprogramming the cellular machinery of living organisms like bacteria and yeast. Scientists and companies in the Bay Area and elsewhere, working on other synthetic biology project, already are developing a new generation of drugs and biofuels with bionic bacteria and yeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these drugs that we are working on right now require 40 genes. And you have to control when those genes turn on and for how long and in what order, and for all that, you need a circuit,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.voigtlab.ucsf.edu/\">Christopher Voigt\u003c/a>, an associate professor at UCSF’s Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the senior author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamsir and Voigt looked to the world of electrical engineering, where circuits bring the necessary level of control to millions of precisely timed calculations that a computer chip must complete to execute any task, like spellchecking a document or surfing the web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do these tasks, microscopic switches called “logic gates” are etched into the silicon of computer chips. The logic gates function according to a set of rules and are connected with wires that make up a circuit on the chip. Each of these logic gates receives an input, such as an electrical current, from the wires, and responds based on the kind of gate it is. For example, if it’s an “AND” gate, it will turn on and send its output of an electrical signal to the gate next to it, but only if it is getting inputs from the two wires that feed into it. If it’s an “OR” gate, it will turn on even if it is getting a signal from just one of the wires connected to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In computers, complex tasks like opening a document or performing a calculation can be boiled down to simpler calculations performed by these logic gates,” said Tamsir. A modern Pentium chip can have more than a million logic gates, each one performing a tiny piece of the calculation or task at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But you don't have an engineer at Intel that is choosing exactly where each wire goes,” said Voigt. Instead, programming languages have automated the process, quickly and reliably reproducing on the computer chip the precise circuits of logic gates needed to carry out functions specified by a computer engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to create a programming language for cells,” Voigt added, “and ultimately have it so you can take any function you can imagine and convert that into a DNA sequence that carries out that function.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_84_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Four colonies of E. coli bacteria cells plated onto a petri dish. Each colony contains a billion cells. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists can’t exactly take the hardware of tiny gates and wires on computer chips and insert them into living bacteria like E. coli. So Tamsir and his team had to engineer genes that would reprogram the DNA of E. coli, instructing it to make logic gates out of proteins that would help the bacteria perform more like a computer to carry out a specific task – in this case, to make a fluorescent yellow protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In computer chips, the metal wires that feed into a logic gate are physically separated so that the inputs going into one logic gate don’t cross with the wires of a nearby logic gate. But this isn’t the case with living bacteria. “Every gate is a molecule and they're all being run based on molecules and they're all crammed together in the bag that is the cell,” Voigt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the scientists created eight different colonies of bacteria, each with their own discrete logic gate, only four colonies were used at a time to see if they could link up to form a circuit that would yield the fluorescent protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One logic gate in one of the bacteria colonies may need two inputs, like a sugar and an antibiotic, to release its molecular output, such as an enzyme, that would then act as an input for a second set of logic gates. But this next set of logic gates may have been designed so that it produces its own molecular output only if it doesn’t receive the sugar and antibiotic inputs that triggered the activity of the first logic gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s by combining multiple gates together that you get different behavior. And that's how electrical circuits behave - they use a lot of logic gates and combine them in various ways to get various functions,” said Tamsir. Similarly, the scientists were able to modify the behavior of their bacterial circuits by simply moving the location of the bacteria colonies in the petri dish, since each colony operated with its own set of logical rules for responding to the chemical inputs feeding into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Tamsir_3a_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> An illustrated wiring diagram showing two different kinds of logic gates (NOR and Buffer) operating in four bacteria colonies on a petri dish. The last bacteria colony, indicated in brown, completes the circuit to make fluorescent yellow protein. (Credit: Alvin Tamsir, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamsir built 16 different kinds of genetic logic gates to program the bacterial 'computers'. Each one successfully suppressed or promoted the production of the fluorescent yellow protein depending on how it was linked together in the bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hard part,” said Tamsir, who has worked for more than two years on this research, “was combining different genetic parts so that when they are put together, they function as you want them to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers are taking note.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have begun the process of creating a characterized library of elements which can be used by other labs to build more complex systems,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/ece/people/faculty/a-g/douglas-densmore/\">Douglas Densmore\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of computer and electrical engineering at Boston University who read the \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>paper describing the UCSF team’s research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamsir and his team now want to increase the complexity of their bacterial circuits by building even more sophisticated logic gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voigt added that there are roughly 200 to 300 circuits that regulate different biological activities in E. coli bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s the good news – that it’s not millions,” he said. Unlike a computer chip, “the bacteria don’t require a lot of gates and if we had 100 gates, we could do some pretty amazing things,” Voigt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By designing more complex gates and more of them, he said a scientist could be “in full control of programming bacteria.” This arsenal of expanded logic gates could then coax the bacteria to produce more than just a biofuel or a low-cost malaria drug, like the one developed using synthetic biology by \u003ca href=\"http://www.amyrisbiotech.com/\">Amyris Biotechnologies\u003c/a> in Emeryville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything you see in biology -- such as a corn plant growing -- those complex processes are being implemented by natural circuitry,” said Voigt. “And one of the reasons that we can't access those functions is because we don't have that refined level of control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the new system of logic gates snapping together to form synthetic circuits, the UCSF scientists have expanded that level of control and consequently, what bacteria or yeast could be programmed to do, like some day make synthetic wood, silk or antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_55_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF bioengineering graduate student Alvin Tamsir handles test tubes containing E. coli bacteria. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lifetechnologies.com/home.html\">Life Technologies\u003c/a>, a biotech firm based in Carlsbad, has partnered with Voigt’s lab to generate a software package that would allow other scientists to specify the kind of logic gates they want to run in the bacteria being used in their experiments. After a few keystrokes and some processing by the computer, the scientists would receive a recipe for making those logic gates, which could then be sequenced from the sugars and phosphates which make up genes, and inserted into their bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Tamsir, the research is incredibly challenging but also extremely rewarding, a vital part of his doctorate degree in bioengineering which he hopes to complete in May. The 26 year-old scientist grew up tinkering with circuit boards and even derived programming inspiration from Lego Mindstorms, a line of robotic toys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I found out about the field of synthetic biology through Chris Voigt's lab. Right then, I knew that this was the right field of study for me,” he said. “It combines my love for computer programming with my love for biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.767050 -122.391139\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers at the University of California-San Francisco have hacked into the genetic wiring of billions of individual bacteria and outfitted them with the kind of on/off switches normally found in computer chips, not living organisms.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367350336,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":41,"wordCount":1732},"headData":{"title":"UCSF Scientists Bio-Hack Bacteria | KQED","description":"Researchers at the University of California-San Francisco have hacked into the genetic wiring of billions of individual bacteria and outfitted them with the kind of on/off switches normally found in computer chips, not living organisms.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"UCSF Scientists Bio-Hack Bacteria","datePublished":"2010-12-14T20:22:01.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-30T19:32:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"11180 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/12/14/ucsf-scientists-bio-hack-bacteria/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/14/ucsf-scientists-bio-hack-bacteria/","disqusTitle":"UCSF Scientists Bio-Hack Bacteria","path":"/quest/11180/ucsf-scientists-bio-hack-bacteria","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_42_22.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF bioengineering graduate student Alvin Tamsir places E.coli bacteria onto a petri dish in the lab. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of California-San Francisco have hacked into the genetic wiring of billions of individual bacteria and outfitted them with the kind of on/off switches normally found in computer chips, not living organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The switches, which are built out of genes, allow the bacteria to listen for chemical signals and respond, much like computer chips that can perform powerful tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The switches may one day help the development of biofuels that are cheaper and more powerful than gasoline, or a new suite of pharmaceuticals that could more effectively target and kill tumor cells with fewer side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists have been trying to engineer bacteria to be more programmable, to do various things, but biology is hard to program” said Alvin Tamsir a doctoral student at UCSF. “I want to generate the technology so that bacteria can be more programmable in a more predictable way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tasmir was the lead author of a study on the subject that was published last week in the journal, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature09565.html\">Nature\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_12_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF bioengineering graduate student Alvin Tamsir. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building new molecular circuits into bacteria, Tamsir and his team can now make the bacteria perform specific tasks, much like the millions of wires which comprise the electrical circuitry of a modern computer chip enable the dizzying array of complex calculations and tasks a computer can do in micro-seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all part of the new field of synthetic biology, where principles from computer science, electrical engineering and genetics, along with other sciences, mix together to reveal the tools and strategies for reprogramming the cellular machinery of living organisms like bacteria and yeast. Scientists and companies in the Bay Area and elsewhere, working on other synthetic biology project, already are developing a new generation of drugs and biofuels with bionic bacteria and yeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these drugs that we are working on right now require 40 genes. And you have to control when those genes turn on and for how long and in what order, and for all that, you need a circuit,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.voigtlab.ucsf.edu/\">Christopher Voigt\u003c/a>, an associate professor at UCSF’s Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the senior author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamsir and Voigt looked to the world of electrical engineering, where circuits bring the necessary level of control to millions of precisely timed calculations that a computer chip must complete to execute any task, like spellchecking a document or surfing the web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do these tasks, microscopic switches called “logic gates” are etched into the silicon of computer chips. The logic gates function according to a set of rules and are connected with wires that make up a circuit on the chip. Each of these logic gates receives an input, such as an electrical current, from the wires, and responds based on the kind of gate it is. For example, if it’s an “AND” gate, it will turn on and send its output of an electrical signal to the gate next to it, but only if it is getting inputs from the two wires that feed into it. If it’s an “OR” gate, it will turn on even if it is getting a signal from just one of the wires connected to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In computers, complex tasks like opening a document or performing a calculation can be boiled down to simpler calculations performed by these logic gates,” said Tamsir. A modern Pentium chip can have more than a million logic gates, each one performing a tiny piece of the calculation or task at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But you don't have an engineer at Intel that is choosing exactly where each wire goes,” said Voigt. Instead, programming languages have automated the process, quickly and reliably reproducing on the computer chip the precise circuits of logic gates needed to carry out functions specified by a computer engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to create a programming language for cells,” Voigt added, “and ultimately have it so you can take any function you can imagine and convert that into a DNA sequence that carries out that function.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_84_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Four colonies of E. coli bacteria cells plated onto a petri dish. Each colony contains a billion cells. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists can’t exactly take the hardware of tiny gates and wires on computer chips and insert them into living bacteria like E. coli. So Tamsir and his team had to engineer genes that would reprogram the DNA of E. coli, instructing it to make logic gates out of proteins that would help the bacteria perform more like a computer to carry out a specific task – in this case, to make a fluorescent yellow protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In computer chips, the metal wires that feed into a logic gate are physically separated so that the inputs going into one logic gate don’t cross with the wires of a nearby logic gate. But this isn’t the case with living bacteria. “Every gate is a molecule and they're all being run based on molecules and they're all crammed together in the bag that is the cell,” Voigt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the scientists created eight different colonies of bacteria, each with their own discrete logic gate, only four colonies were used at a time to see if they could link up to form a circuit that would yield the fluorescent protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One logic gate in one of the bacteria colonies may need two inputs, like a sugar and an antibiotic, to release its molecular output, such as an enzyme, that would then act as an input for a second set of logic gates. But this next set of logic gates may have been designed so that it produces its own molecular output only if it doesn’t receive the sugar and antibiotic inputs that triggered the activity of the first logic gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s by combining multiple gates together that you get different behavior. And that's how electrical circuits behave - they use a lot of logic gates and combine them in various ways to get various functions,” said Tamsir. Similarly, the scientists were able to modify the behavior of their bacterial circuits by simply moving the location of the bacteria colonies in the petri dish, since each colony operated with its own set of logical rules for responding to the chemical inputs feeding into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Tamsir_3a_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> An illustrated wiring diagram showing two different kinds of logic gates (NOR and Buffer) operating in four bacteria colonies on a petri dish. The last bacteria colony, indicated in brown, completes the circuit to make fluorescent yellow protein. (Credit: Alvin Tamsir, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamsir built 16 different kinds of genetic logic gates to program the bacterial 'computers'. Each one successfully suppressed or promoted the production of the fluorescent yellow protein depending on how it was linked together in the bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hard part,” said Tamsir, who has worked for more than two years on this research, “was combining different genetic parts so that when they are put together, they function as you want them to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers are taking note.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have begun the process of creating a characterized library of elements which can be used by other labs to build more complex systems,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/ece/people/faculty/a-g/douglas-densmore/\">Douglas Densmore\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of computer and electrical engineering at Boston University who read the \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>paper describing the UCSF team’s research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamsir and his team now want to increase the complexity of their bacterial circuits by building even more sophisticated logic gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voigt added that there are roughly 200 to 300 circuits that regulate different biological activities in E. coli bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s the good news – that it’s not millions,” he said. Unlike a computer chip, “the bacteria don’t require a lot of gates and if we had 100 gates, we could do some pretty amazing things,” Voigt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By designing more complex gates and more of them, he said a scientist could be “in full control of programming bacteria.” This arsenal of expanded logic gates could then coax the bacteria to produce more than just a biofuel or a low-cost malaria drug, like the one developed using synthetic biology by \u003ca href=\"http://www.amyrisbiotech.com/\">Amyris Biotechnologies\u003c/a> in Emeryville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything you see in biology -- such as a corn plant growing -- those complex processes are being implemented by natural circuitry,” said Voigt. “And one of the reasons that we can't access those functions is because we don't have that refined level of control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the new system of logic gates snapping together to form synthetic circuits, the UCSF scientists have expanded that level of control and consequently, what bacteria or yeast could be programmed to do, like some day make synthetic wood, silk or antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_55_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF bioengineering graduate student Alvin Tamsir handles test tubes containing E. coli bacteria. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lifetechnologies.com/home.html\">Life Technologies\u003c/a>, a biotech firm based in Carlsbad, has partnered with Voigt’s lab to generate a software package that would allow other scientists to specify the kind of logic gates they want to run in the bacteria being used in their experiments. After a few keystrokes and some processing by the computer, the scientists would receive a recipe for making those logic gates, which could then be sequenced from the sugars and phosphates which make up genes, and inserted into their bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Tamsir, the research is incredibly challenging but also extremely rewarding, a vital part of his doctorate degree in bioengineering which he hopes to complete in May. The 26 year-old scientist grew up tinkering with circuit boards and even derived programming inspiration from Lego Mindstorms, a line of robotic toys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I found out about the field of synthetic biology through Chris Voigt's lab. Right then, I knew that this was the right field of study for me,” he said. “It combines my love for computer programming with my love for biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.767050 -122.391139\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11180/ucsf-scientists-bio-hack-bacteria","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11765","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_130","quest_595","quest_867","quest_898","quest_1683","quest_13203","quest_2861","quest_3025"],"featImg":"quest_11184","label":"quest"},"quest_8955":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_8955","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"8955","score":null,"sort":[1287180014000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"when-brains-hit-the-gym-2","title":"When Brains Hit the Gym","publishDate":1287180014,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/when-brains-hit-the-gym\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/brain.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>There is one thing that aging experts say can stave off the effects of aging on the brain: exercise. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Americans spent $300 million dollars on products intended to improve their short-term memories, or to help them concentrate better at work. Do these products work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple years ago, Alvaro Fernandez’s wife, Lisa, had a baby. She took six months off, then she went back to work. Fernandez says it was a tough adjustment. “Obviously she would have loved to have a brain bootcamp to go back to her job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bootcamp, for the brain. Fernandez, who is an analyst with the market research company \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharpbrains.com/\">Sharp Brains\u003c/a>, says 20 years ago baby boomers were discovering aerobics. Pretty soon he believes they'll be hiring personal brain fitness trainers. Today, he says, Americans spend $300 million on brain fitness games. “We predict that by the year 2015, the industry may grow to between two billion to eight billion dollars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the industry mostly consists of video games. They cost anywhere from 50 to 400 dollars. They're also popular thank you gifts for public media station fund drives, including KQED. Examples include \u003ca href=\"http://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cognifit.com/\">Cognifit\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.happy-neuron.com/\">Happy Neuron\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One game, made by the San Francisco-based company \u003ca href=\"http://www.positscience.com/\">Posit Science\u003c/a>, involves listening carefully to short blasts of sound, and determining whether the pitch goes up or down. The general idea is that by doing a series of basic and repetitive tasks, which get harder over time, you’re actually changing your brain structure. Over time, the manufacturers claim, you can train an old brain to behave like a new one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of the physical, functional, and chemical functions that contrast the old versus young brain -- and I mean all -- appear to be reversible,” says Mike Merzenich, the Chief Scientific Officer of Posit Science and a retired professor of neuroscience at UCSF. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many scientists who study aging are skeptical. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most of the claims they make are exaggerated,” says Murali Doraiswamy , who teaches psychiatry and geriatrics at Duke University Medical Center, and has \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=brain-games-do-they-really\">researched these games\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doraiswamy is not entirely critical of brain fitness games; in fact, he believes some of the research on them is promising. But he says there hasn’t been nearly enough of it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because they can sell these products without FDA approval,” he said, “there’s not a lot of incentive to do the kinds of large clinical trials. And unfortunately because of that, the evidence is still weak.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, an issue scientists call \"transfer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you start getting higher scores on a brain fitness game. Is that all that's changed? Several game manufacturers have \u003ca href=\"http://www.cogmed.com/research\">studied \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.positscience.com/science/proven-in-labs/studies/active-study\">this\u003c/a>, and the manufacturers say the skills do carry over to the rest of your life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Carstensen, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://longevity.stanford.edu/\">Center for Longevity at Stanford University\u003c/a>, disagrees. “It's the difference between I can teach you something, or I can make you smarter.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can you improve your brain so that it's faster, more adept, more vital? That's what the claims are, and I don’t think there’s really any evidence for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one thing, however, that Carstensen and other aging experts say \u003ci>can\u003c/i> stave off the effects of aging on the brain: exercise. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the research such far demonstrates a much clearer link between exercise and brain health,” says Joel Kramer, a neuropsychologist at \u003ca href=\"http://memory.ucsf.edu/\">UCSF's Memory and Aging Center\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked his advice on how to improve brain functioning, Kramer’s advice was simple: “Head to the gym and start getting some aerobic exercise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it isn’t just the fear of normal aging that has people buying brain fitness programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his office, Kramer showed me a video of a medical screening he’d done on a patent. Kramer read the man a list of words, and then, seconds later, asked the patient to repeat them. “Can’t remember a single one,” said the patient. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not normal aging. This is Alzheimer’s disease. Asked whether brain fitness programs could have helped Joel Kramer’s patient, Stanford's Laura Carstensen was unequivocal. “No evidence. No evidence. None. Zero. That these games could prevent Alzheimer’s disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=alzheimers-prevention-strategies\">nothing \u003c/a>has been shown \u003ca href=\"http://consensus.nih.gov/2010/alzstatement.htm\">to prevent Alzheimer's\u003c/a>. Not crossword puzzles, not Sudoku, not exercise. But that doesn’t mean Carstensen won't give advice to people who worry about becoming forgetful as they age: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Continue to be involved in the community, with kids, with schools, with work.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that in addition to exercise people who do things like \u003ca href=\"http://newoldage.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/26/using-it-or-losing-it/\">teach kids to read\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed\">take dancing lessons\u003c/a>, seem to stay sharp, longer. Scientists aren't sure why that is, exactly, but they say it’s not a bad program to follow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Duke’s Murali Doriswamy, “my recommendation is whatever it is that they find novel, they find challenging, and to stick with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/when-brains-hit-the-gym\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/radio_icon_light1.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/when-brains-hit-the-gym\">Listen to When Brains Hit the Gym\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.76355 -122.458\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The general idea is that by doing a series of basic and repetitive tasks, which get harder over time, you’re actually changing your brain structure. Over time, the manufacturers claim, you can train an old brain to behave like a new one. But many scientists who study aging are skeptical.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371075920,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":883},"headData":{"title":"When Brains Hit the Gym | KQED","description":"The general idea is that by doing a series of basic and repetitive tasks, which get harder over time, you’re actually changing your brain structure. Over time, the manufacturers claim, you can train an old brain to behave like a new one. But many scientists who study aging are skeptical.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"When Brains Hit the Gym","datePublished":"2010-10-15T22:00:14.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T22:25:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"8955 http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/15/when-brains-hit-the-gym-2/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/15/when-brains-hit-the-gym-2/","disqusTitle":"When Brains Hit the Gym","path":"/quest/8955/when-brains-hit-the-gym-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/when-brains-hit-the-gym\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/brain.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>There is one thing that aging experts say can stave off the effects of aging on the brain: exercise. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Americans spent $300 million dollars on products intended to improve their short-term memories, or to help them concentrate better at work. Do these products work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple years ago, Alvaro Fernandez’s wife, Lisa, had a baby. She took six months off, then she went back to work. Fernandez says it was a tough adjustment. “Obviously she would have loved to have a brain bootcamp to go back to her job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bootcamp, for the brain. Fernandez, who is an analyst with the market research company \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharpbrains.com/\">Sharp Brains\u003c/a>, says 20 years ago baby boomers were discovering aerobics. Pretty soon he believes they'll be hiring personal brain fitness trainers. Today, he says, Americans spend $300 million on brain fitness games. “We predict that by the year 2015, the industry may grow to between two billion to eight billion dollars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the industry mostly consists of video games. They cost anywhere from 50 to 400 dollars. They're also popular thank you gifts for public media station fund drives, including KQED. Examples include \u003ca href=\"http://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cognifit.com/\">Cognifit\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.happy-neuron.com/\">Happy Neuron\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One game, made by the San Francisco-based company \u003ca href=\"http://www.positscience.com/\">Posit Science\u003c/a>, involves listening carefully to short blasts of sound, and determining whether the pitch goes up or down. The general idea is that by doing a series of basic and repetitive tasks, which get harder over time, you’re actually changing your brain structure. Over time, the manufacturers claim, you can train an old brain to behave like a new one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of the physical, functional, and chemical functions that contrast the old versus young brain -- and I mean all -- appear to be reversible,” says Mike Merzenich, the Chief Scientific Officer of Posit Science and a retired professor of neuroscience at UCSF. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many scientists who study aging are skeptical. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most of the claims they make are exaggerated,” says Murali Doraiswamy , who teaches psychiatry and geriatrics at Duke University Medical Center, and has \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=brain-games-do-they-really\">researched these games\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doraiswamy is not entirely critical of brain fitness games; in fact, he believes some of the research on them is promising. But he says there hasn’t been nearly enough of it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because they can sell these products without FDA approval,” he said, “there’s not a lot of incentive to do the kinds of large clinical trials. And unfortunately because of that, the evidence is still weak.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, an issue scientists call \"transfer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you start getting higher scores on a brain fitness game. Is that all that's changed? Several game manufacturers have \u003ca href=\"http://www.cogmed.com/research\">studied \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.positscience.com/science/proven-in-labs/studies/active-study\">this\u003c/a>, and the manufacturers say the skills do carry over to the rest of your life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Carstensen, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://longevity.stanford.edu/\">Center for Longevity at Stanford University\u003c/a>, disagrees. “It's the difference between I can teach you something, or I can make you smarter.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can you improve your brain so that it's faster, more adept, more vital? That's what the claims are, and I don’t think there’s really any evidence for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one thing, however, that Carstensen and other aging experts say \u003ci>can\u003c/i> stave off the effects of aging on the brain: exercise. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the research such far demonstrates a much clearer link between exercise and brain health,” says Joel Kramer, a neuropsychologist at \u003ca href=\"http://memory.ucsf.edu/\">UCSF's Memory and Aging Center\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked his advice on how to improve brain functioning, Kramer’s advice was simple: “Head to the gym and start getting some aerobic exercise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it isn’t just the fear of normal aging that has people buying brain fitness programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his office, Kramer showed me a video of a medical screening he’d done on a patent. Kramer read the man a list of words, and then, seconds later, asked the patient to repeat them. “Can’t remember a single one,” said the patient. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not normal aging. This is Alzheimer’s disease. Asked whether brain fitness programs could have helped Joel Kramer’s patient, Stanford's Laura Carstensen was unequivocal. “No evidence. No evidence. None. Zero. That these games could prevent Alzheimer’s disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=alzheimers-prevention-strategies\">nothing \u003c/a>has been shown \u003ca href=\"http://consensus.nih.gov/2010/alzstatement.htm\">to prevent Alzheimer's\u003c/a>. Not crossword puzzles, not Sudoku, not exercise. But that doesn’t mean Carstensen won't give advice to people who worry about becoming forgetful as they age: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Continue to be involved in the community, with kids, with schools, with work.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that in addition to exercise people who do things like \u003ca href=\"http://newoldage.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/26/using-it-or-losing-it/\">teach kids to read\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed\">take dancing lessons\u003c/a>, seem to stay sharp, longer. Scientists aren't sure why that is, exactly, but they say it’s not a bad program to follow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Duke’s Murali Doriswamy, “my recommendation is whatever it is that they find novel, they find challenging, and to stick with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/when-brains-hit-the-gym\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/radio_icon_light1.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/when-brains-hit-the-gym\">Listen to When Brains Hit the Gym\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.76355 -122.458\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/8955/when-brains-hit-the-gym-2","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_379","quest_380","quest_644","quest_1312","quest_1539","quest_1620","quest_1699","quest_1823","quest_1893","quest_13203","quest_2265","quest_3025"],"label":"quest"},"quest_5918":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5918","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5918","score":null,"sort":[1273885491000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-baby-brain-development","title":"Reporter's Notes: Baby Brain Development","publishDate":1273885491,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/baby-brain-development\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/blog_baby_brain_og_Page_2.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Deirdre Kennedy.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nIt is well known that strokes can happen in the elderly. But what many people don't know is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.kidshavestrokes.org/\">babies suffer strokes\u003c/a>. So an entire month, May, has been dedicated to childhood stroke awareness. Infants often don't show the same symptoms as adults and because babies can't tell us when they're having problems moving or thinking. There is just a lot less known about infant strokes.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nA stroke happens when the blood supply is cut off from a part of the brain or a blood vessel bursts and causes a build up of pressure in the brain. Doctors can tell that a child has had at stroke as an infant by taking an MRI of the brain. Researchers at UCSF Children's Hospital are working to develop \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsfchildrenshospital.org/index.html\">early treatments for babies who suffer from stroke\u003c/a> before it causes long-term brain problems. Donna Ferreiro, Chief of Child Neurology at UCSF and one of the nation's leading experts on neurological complications in babies, says a baby with a stroke can look completely normal.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003cem>\"Often those strokes get missed in the nursery because these are babies who generally look well, they're cherubic, they weigh the right amount, they feed ok...It's not until they're older and then all of a sudden the parents notice that they're only reaching with one hand, and not both hands like they should, or that when they try to stand up and walk they topple to one side\".\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nA stroke can continue to cause brain problems over time. It may cause seizures, which researchers believe, can damage the brain further. Like strokes, seizures are also hard to notice with the naked eye. Babies don't have big shaking movements like adults. They may have a subtle eye or head movement, some lip smacking or bicycling movement of the legs, says Ferreiro. By monitoring the brain waves of babies who have had birth problems or are born premature, doctors can intervene with drugs and other therapies. Both strokes and seizures can also happen \u003cem>in utero\u003c/em> but there are no established treatments for newborn or fetal strokes yet.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nUCSF is heading up an international consortium to test new drugs for babies. One involves using a growth factor called erythropoietin that promotes the formation of new blood cells. Ferreiro says it has been shown in the lab to make new neurons grow. You can find out much more about current treatments being used on newborns with brain defects, by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/baby-brain-development\">listening to our Quest radio report, Baby Brain Development\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7848918 -122.4389185\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It is well known that strokes can happen in the elderly. But what many people don't know is that babies suffer strokes.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1273885491,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":436},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Baby Brain Development | KQED","description":"It is well known that strokes can happen in the elderly. But what many people don't know is that babies suffer strokes.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Baby Brain Development","datePublished":"2010-05-15T01:04:51.000Z","dateModified":"2010-05-15T01:04:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"5918 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=5918","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/05/14/reporters-notes-baby-brain-development/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Baby Brain Development","path":"/quest/5918/reporters-notes-baby-brain-development","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/baby-brain-development\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/blog_baby_brain_og_Page_2.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Deirdre Kennedy.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nIt is well known that strokes can happen in the elderly. But what many people don't know is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.kidshavestrokes.org/\">babies suffer strokes\u003c/a>. So an entire month, May, has been dedicated to childhood stroke awareness. Infants often don't show the same symptoms as adults and because babies can't tell us when they're having problems moving or thinking. There is just a lot less known about infant strokes.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nA stroke happens when the blood supply is cut off from a part of the brain or a blood vessel bursts and causes a build up of pressure in the brain. Doctors can tell that a child has had at stroke as an infant by taking an MRI of the brain. Researchers at UCSF Children's Hospital are working to develop \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsfchildrenshospital.org/index.html\">early treatments for babies who suffer from stroke\u003c/a> before it causes long-term brain problems. Donna Ferreiro, Chief of Child Neurology at UCSF and one of the nation's leading experts on neurological complications in babies, says a baby with a stroke can look completely normal.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003cem>\"Often those strokes get missed in the nursery because these are babies who generally look well, they're cherubic, they weigh the right amount, they feed ok...It's not until they're older and then all of a sudden the parents notice that they're only reaching with one hand, and not both hands like they should, or that when they try to stand up and walk they topple to one side\".\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nA stroke can continue to cause brain problems over time. It may cause seizures, which researchers believe, can damage the brain further. Like strokes, seizures are also hard to notice with the naked eye. Babies don't have big shaking movements like adults. They may have a subtle eye or head movement, some lip smacking or bicycling movement of the legs, says Ferreiro. By monitoring the brain waves of babies who have had birth problems or are born premature, doctors can intervene with drugs and other therapies. Both strokes and seizures can also happen \u003cem>in utero\u003c/em> but there are no established treatments for newborn or fetal strokes yet.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nUCSF is heading up an international consortium to test new drugs for babies. One involves using a growth factor called erythropoietin that promotes the formation of new blood cells. Ferreiro says it has been shown in the lab to make new neurons grow. You can find out much more about current treatments being used on newborns with brain defects, by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/baby-brain-development\">listening to our Quest radio report, Baby Brain Development\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7848918 -122.4389185\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5918/reporters-notes-baby-brain-development","authors":["10215"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_575","quest_1347","quest_3351","quest_1986","quest_1987","quest_1988","quest_2141","quest_2280","quest_2349","quest_13206","quest_3025"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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