The San Francisco Impact of the 2010 Japan Tsunami
Tsunami Awareness at the Beach
Earthquake Warning Signs in Tiny Marine Fossils
Scary Tsunamis
Producer's Notes: Scary Tsunamis
Sponsored
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In her spare time, Cathy is pursuing a Master in Communication in Digital Media (MCDM) degree from the University of Washington and enjoys practicing photography and traveling.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5ae7f1e677ff11199a8dd42a2677f129?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Cathy Britt | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5ae7f1e677ff11199a8dd42a2677f129?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5ae7f1e677ff11199a8dd42a2677f129?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/cathybritt"},"dwilliams":{"type":"authors","id":"10282","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10282","found":true},"name":"David Williams","firstName":"David","lastName":"Williams","slug":"dwilliams","email":"wingate@seanet.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"David B. Williams is an author and naturalist based in Seattle. He is the author of Stories in Stone: Travels Through Urban Geology and The Seattle Street-Smart Naturalist: Field Notes from the City. At present he is at work on a book about the natural and cultural history of cairns.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/307d7ed1fa3f7d9ec6c83a18112c519a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"David Williams | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/307d7ed1fa3f7d9ec6c83a18112c519a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/307d7ed1fa3f7d9ec6c83a18112c519a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dwilliams"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_72520":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72520","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72520","score":null,"sort":[1419606049000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scary-tsunamis-2","title":"Scary Tsunamis","publishDate":1419606049,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Ten years ago this week, a massive earthquake in the Indian Ocean off Sumatra triggered a tsunami that killed more than 230,000 people in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years later, another huge quake - with a magnitude 9.0, the fourth largest in the world since 1900 - erupted off the east coast of Japan. It caused another devastating tsunami that generated waves rising to more than 100 feet tall. Buildings and homes were toppled and hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated as the flooding water caused a meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 16,000 people died in that disaster. And the effects were felt as far away as California and Oregon, where surging waves caused an estimated $50 million in damage to six coastal California counties, including Santa Cruz, where docks were smashed and boats that were pried loose from their moorings were wrecked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\" alt=\"Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two tragedies ratcheted up the pressure to shore up California’s tsunami preparedness and response efforts. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/earthquakes/Pages/index.aspx\">California Geological Survey\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calema.ca.gov/PlanningandPreparedness/Pages/Earthquakes-and-Tsunamis.aspx\">California Office of Emergency Services\u003c/a>, along with federal assistance from\u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/\"> FEMA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/\">NOAA\u003c/a>, began creating “playbooks” for California coastal communities, such as Alameda, that are vulnerable to tsunamis. The playbooks model the strength of the currents and the amount of flooding possible from mild, moderate and severe tsunamis, which would help coastal communities update evacuation plans and minimize the damage to harbors and boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, there are now more than 6,000 tsunami hazard signs posted along the California coast help direct residents to higher ground in the event of this potentially deadly natural disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s not possible to predict when the next big earthquake will erupt on the ocean floor and generate another massive tsunami, monitoring signs of tsunami activity in the ocean can yield precious minutes to alert residents to move to higher ground, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A tsunami will actually travel at hundreds of miles per hour,” said Tom Evans, a meteorologist and the Director of Operations at the National Weather Service in Honolulu. “So a warning system in place is very necessary,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a real-time tsunami monitoring system already exists through the \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) program\u003c/a> which is operated by NOAA. In all, 39 buoys that ring the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean measure signs of early tsunami waves and relay the measurements to warning centers in Hawaii and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72523\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72523\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\" alt=\"Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the system has been hampered by malfunctions and legislative inaction on bills that would fund tsunami preparedness and outreach to vulnerable coastal communities. At the end of July 2014, 10 of the 39 DART buoy stations were “non-operational due to some sort of failure,” according to Michael Angove, the NOAA / National Weather Service Tsunami Program Manager. Maintenance work to fix the malfunctioning buoys would not begin until spring 2015, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tsunamis do occur along the (California) coast here, in San Francisco, we’ve had them in the bay. So yes, they are a real threat,” said Evans. “Nature is very powerful. And we have to respect it,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Christopher Bauer and updated by Sheraz Sadiq.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this video story, learn how coastal communities in California are vulnerable to massive, potentially deadly tsunamis. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442622759,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":615},"headData":{"title":"Scary Tsunamis | KQED","description":"In this video story, learn how coastal communities in California are vulnerable to massive, potentially deadly tsunamis. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scary Tsunamis","datePublished":"2014-12-26T15:00:49.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T00:32:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"72520 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72520","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/26/scary-tsunamis-2/","disqusTitle":"Scary Tsunamis","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfCZhx6YvnI?feature=player_profilepage","source":"Geology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/geology/","path":"/quest/72520/scary-tsunamis-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ten years ago this week, a massive earthquake in the Indian Ocean off Sumatra triggered a tsunami that killed more than 230,000 people in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years later, another huge quake - with a magnitude 9.0, the fourth largest in the world since 1900 - erupted off the east coast of Japan. It caused another devastating tsunami that generated waves rising to more than 100 feet tall. Buildings and homes were toppled and hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated as the flooding water caused a meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 16,000 people died in that disaster. And the effects were felt as far away as California and Oregon, where surging waves caused an estimated $50 million in damage to six coastal California counties, including Santa Cruz, where docks were smashed and boats that were pried loose from their moorings were wrecked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\" alt=\"Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two tragedies ratcheted up the pressure to shore up California’s tsunami preparedness and response efforts. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/earthquakes/Pages/index.aspx\">California Geological Survey\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calema.ca.gov/PlanningandPreparedness/Pages/Earthquakes-and-Tsunamis.aspx\">California Office of Emergency Services\u003c/a>, along with federal assistance from\u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/\"> FEMA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/\">NOAA\u003c/a>, began creating “playbooks” for California coastal communities, such as Alameda, that are vulnerable to tsunamis. The playbooks model the strength of the currents and the amount of flooding possible from mild, moderate and severe tsunamis, which would help coastal communities update evacuation plans and minimize the damage to harbors and boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, there are now more than 6,000 tsunami hazard signs posted along the California coast help direct residents to higher ground in the event of this potentially deadly natural disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s not possible to predict when the next big earthquake will erupt on the ocean floor and generate another massive tsunami, monitoring signs of tsunami activity in the ocean can yield precious minutes to alert residents to move to higher ground, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A tsunami will actually travel at hundreds of miles per hour,” said Tom Evans, a meteorologist and the Director of Operations at the National Weather Service in Honolulu. “So a warning system in place is very necessary,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a real-time tsunami monitoring system already exists through the \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) program\u003c/a> which is operated by NOAA. In all, 39 buoys that ring the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean measure signs of early tsunami waves and relay the measurements to warning centers in Hawaii and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72523\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72523\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\" alt=\"Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the system has been hampered by malfunctions and legislative inaction on bills that would fund tsunami preparedness and outreach to vulnerable coastal communities. At the end of July 2014, 10 of the 39 DART buoy stations were “non-operational due to some sort of failure,” according to Michael Angove, the NOAA / National Weather Service Tsunami Program Manager. Maintenance work to fix the malfunctioning buoys would not begin until spring 2015, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tsunamis do occur along the (California) coast here, in San Francisco, we’ve had them in the bay. So yes, they are a real threat,” said Evans. “Nature is very powerful. And we have to respect it,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Christopher Bauer and updated by Sheraz Sadiq.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72520/scary-tsunamis-2","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13026","quest_13025","quest_13024","quest_13027","quest_12269","quest_2001","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_3003","quest_3321","quest_13028","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72522","label":"source_quest_72520"},"quest_31902":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_31902","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"31902","score":null,"sort":[1330633077000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-half-life-of-disaster-awareness","title":"The Half-Life of Disaster Awareness","publishDate":1330633077,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/01/the-half-life-of-disaster-awareness/pacifica-tsusign/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31903\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/pacifica-tsusign-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pacifica-tsusign\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31903\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Sumatra earthquake and tsunami of 2004, the U.S. government quickly expanded funding for the right things. These included the network of \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">DART\u003c/a> (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) seafloor sensors, coastal signage, inundation maps, and procedures to be presented at coastal towns. By 2011, the tsunami program had done a lot of good, and when the giant Tohoku earthquake sent tsunamis across the Pacific, the DART network did its job, emergency workers did theirs, and citizens had a clear idea of what would happen when waves reached America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What now? Most people would probably agree that a useful, well-operating program should be maintained. When the White House proposed to reduce its funding next year, voices of dismay were easy to find. Environmentalist Jeff Ruch said, \"This is like a homeowner trying to economize by disconnecting the smoke detector.\" The \u003ci>Mercury News\u003c/i> editors thundered, \"Nobody wants to find out what an unannounced tsunami might do to America's shores.\" I think those responses are over the top. More realistic was a quote from an emergency management pro: \"Preparedness and public education is perishable. People need to be reminded. It's just like earthquakes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people running the program didn't seem as upset, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_20057646\">the reported details of the plan\u003c/a> appeared to be consistent with an agency tapering off from buildup to maintenance. Still, beneath the concern was a bit of knowledge that's deeply ingrained among earthquake scientists, especially those in California: awareness is short-lived, peaking with significant events and then declining until the next catastrophe. History tells them so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early Californians were shaken by earthquakes often. Just since statehood, the Bay Area had damaging quakes (magnitude 6 and greater) in 1861, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1868, 1870, 1881, 1884, 1889, 1890, 1892, 1897, 1898, and then 1906. (See them in \u003ca href=\"http://projects.californiawatch.org/earthquakes/california-earthquake-history/\">this timeline from California Watch\u003c/a>.) Historian Stephen Tobriner has shown that 19th-century San Francisco architects designed their structures in full awareness of earthquakes, although building codes did not reflect the need. The 1906 earthquake was followed by strenuous denial of the hazard on the part of officials and business interests. Building codes did not begin to change until after the Santa Barbara quake of 1925, and the Long Beach quake of 1933 led to the Field Act mandating earthquake-resistant school buildings. Since then, scientists and the state have generally had a good relationship in terms of codes and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public awareness and mass preparation have been more episodic. In this part of California, large earthquakes virtually disappeared after 1906 until the late 1970s. In the meantime, populations multiplied and memories faded. Since then the tectonic system has been expressing the growing strain that will inevitably spawn the next Big One. It's no wonder that earthquake scientists are staying vigilant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a half-life in public awareness, analogous to the half-life of a radioactive isotope, such that measures of concern peak after an event, soon drop, and then taper off more gradually to a background level. (The web-link service bit.ly has documented \u003ca href=\"http://blog.bitly.com/post/9887686919/you-just-shared-a-link-how-long-will-people-pay\">its own version of this half-life\u003c/a>, and marketing researchers incorporate half-life in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_adstock\">models of advertising\u003c/a>.) Old-timers in seismology can recount waves of government support for their science that crested in the 1960s (in the Cold War context), the 1970s (after the 1971 Whittier quake) and again after our own wake-up event, 1989's Loma Prieta quake. Volcanologists can tell similar stories about \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=bobby-jindal-and-volcano-monitoring-2009-02-25\">volcano monitoring\u003c/a>. The weather service has its ups and downs of government favor, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will tsunami researchers have to go through cycles like this before they reach steady levels of support? Undoubtedly. A key task is to raise that background level of awareness. The road signs and inundation models and DART networks have a built-in robustness that assures them a lasting effect beyond the annual budget cycle. It's up to the rest of us to keep paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Moves to trim the federal budget for its tsunami program arouse concern for deep as well as shallow reasons.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1331149423,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":662},"headData":{"title":"The Half-Life of Disaster Awareness | KQED","description":"Moves to trim the federal budget for its tsunami program arouse concern for deep as well as shallow reasons.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Half-Life of Disaster Awareness","datePublished":"2012-03-01T20:17:57.000Z","dateModified":"2012-03-07T19:43:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"31902 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=31902","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/01/the-half-life-of-disaster-awareness/","disqusTitle":"The Half-Life of Disaster Awareness","path":"/quest/31902/the-half-life-of-disaster-awareness","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/01/the-half-life-of-disaster-awareness/pacifica-tsusign/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31903\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/pacifica-tsusign-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pacifica-tsusign\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31903\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Sumatra earthquake and tsunami of 2004, the U.S. government quickly expanded funding for the right things. These included the network of \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">DART\u003c/a> (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) seafloor sensors, coastal signage, inundation maps, and procedures to be presented at coastal towns. By 2011, the tsunami program had done a lot of good, and when the giant Tohoku earthquake sent tsunamis across the Pacific, the DART network did its job, emergency workers did theirs, and citizens had a clear idea of what would happen when waves reached America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What now? Most people would probably agree that a useful, well-operating program should be maintained. When the White House proposed to reduce its funding next year, voices of dismay were easy to find. Environmentalist Jeff Ruch said, \"This is like a homeowner trying to economize by disconnecting the smoke detector.\" The \u003ci>Mercury News\u003c/i> editors thundered, \"Nobody wants to find out what an unannounced tsunami might do to America's shores.\" I think those responses are over the top. More realistic was a quote from an emergency management pro: \"Preparedness and public education is perishable. People need to be reminded. It's just like earthquakes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people running the program didn't seem as upset, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_20057646\">the reported details of the plan\u003c/a> appeared to be consistent with an agency tapering off from buildup to maintenance. Still, beneath the concern was a bit of knowledge that's deeply ingrained among earthquake scientists, especially those in California: awareness is short-lived, peaking with significant events and then declining until the next catastrophe. History tells them so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early Californians were shaken by earthquakes often. Just since statehood, the Bay Area had damaging quakes (magnitude 6 and greater) in 1861, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1868, 1870, 1881, 1884, 1889, 1890, 1892, 1897, 1898, and then 1906. (See them in \u003ca href=\"http://projects.californiawatch.org/earthquakes/california-earthquake-history/\">this timeline from California Watch\u003c/a>.) Historian Stephen Tobriner has shown that 19th-century San Francisco architects designed their structures in full awareness of earthquakes, although building codes did not reflect the need. The 1906 earthquake was followed by strenuous denial of the hazard on the part of officials and business interests. Building codes did not begin to change until after the Santa Barbara quake of 1925, and the Long Beach quake of 1933 led to the Field Act mandating earthquake-resistant school buildings. Since then, scientists and the state have generally had a good relationship in terms of codes and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public awareness and mass preparation have been more episodic. In this part of California, large earthquakes virtually disappeared after 1906 until the late 1970s. In the meantime, populations multiplied and memories faded. Since then the tectonic system has been expressing the growing strain that will inevitably spawn the next Big One. It's no wonder that earthquake scientists are staying vigilant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a half-life in public awareness, analogous to the half-life of a radioactive isotope, such that measures of concern peak after an event, soon drop, and then taper off more gradually to a background level. (The web-link service bit.ly has documented \u003ca href=\"http://blog.bitly.com/post/9887686919/you-just-shared-a-link-how-long-will-people-pay\">its own version of this half-life\u003c/a>, and marketing researchers incorporate half-life in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_adstock\">models of advertising\u003c/a>.) Old-timers in seismology can recount waves of government support for their science that crested in the 1960s (in the Cold War context), the 1970s (after the 1971 Whittier quake) and again after our own wake-up event, 1989's Loma Prieta quake. Volcanologists can tell similar stories about \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=bobby-jindal-and-volcano-monitoring-2009-02-25\">volcano monitoring\u003c/a>. The weather service has its ups and downs of government favor, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will tsunami researchers have to go through cycles like this before they reach steady levels of support? Undoubtedly. A key task is to raise that background level of awareness. The road signs and inundation models and DART networks have a built-in robustness that assures them a lasting effect beyond the annual budget cycle. It's up to the rest of us to keep paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/31902/the-half-life-of-disaster-awareness","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10748","quest_909","quest_1684","quest_10188","quest_13202","quest_3003"],"featImg":"quest_31903","label":"quest"},"quest_25809":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25809","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25809","score":null,"sort":[1318014395000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tales-from-the-ghost-forests","title":"Tales from the Ghost Forests","publishDate":1318014395,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25811\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"black and white image of dead upright trees and water\" title=\"WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25811\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghost forest on Washington state's Copalis River during a very high fair-weather tide in December 1997. Photo courtesy of the USGS public domain\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a megathrust earthquake struck the modern world, most of us would know about it within seconds. Bill Steele, Director of Information Services at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Pacific Northwest Seismic Network\u003c/a>, would get a detailed account from an extensive array of seismometers located around the globe. Regular citizens would probably get an email, tweet, or Facebook note from a friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if the quake hit hundreds of years ago? How were scientists able to determine that a Cascadia Subduction Zone megathrust trembler hit sometime between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m. on January 26, 1700?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts in the 1980s when geologist Brian Atwater, dendrochronologist David Yamaguchi, and others began to investigate the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington. Traveling by foot and boat through the region’s many bays and river mouths, the scientists examined thousands of dead western red cedar and Sitka spruce. The trees had not fallen to the ground but stuck upright out of the sand in great groves, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/earthquakes/bigone/detective.html\" target=\"_blank\">ghost forests\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intriguingly, James Graham Cooper, a naturalist living on the Washington coast in 1853-1854, had noticed the dead trees, too. He thought they had died slowly, sinking into quicksand. Atwater, however, knew differently. When a magnitude 9.5 earthquake hit Chile in 1960, coastal marshes had dropped several feet, allowing sea water to flow in and quickly kill the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the spruce and cedar still stood in place, Atwater and Yamaguchi realized they had a clock that would tell precisely when the trees died. All they had to do was look at the trees’ growth rings. Those rings would reveal how the trees had lived and when they had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/tree_rings.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tree ring analysis\u003c/a>, or dendrochonology, is based on the fact that trees add new material each year: early, lighter-colored cells followed by darker cells. Each set is known as a tree, annual, or growth ring. Width depends on the climatic conditions with wider rings in a good growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamaguchi found that the trees had wide rings right up until the time they died. This indicated that disease had not killed the trees. He and other researchers then compared the rings of the dead trees with those living nearby. These trees spanned nearly a thousand years of time, from 993 to 1986. Using this data, they tried to match the growth rings of the living trees with the growth ring of the dead trees. A match would tell when the ghost forest trees died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had a problem, though. Erosion of the tree’s trunks had obliterated the final rings. Fortunately, in 1996, they dug up eight stumps whose roots had not decayed. In all but one case the rings showed the trees had died between August 1699 and May 1700. Narrowing the timing down to January 26 required another line of evidence, and the assistance of colleagues and documents from Japan.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When a megathrust earthquake strikes, scientists around the world know in seconds. But what about hundreds of years ago? How, exactly, do scientists know there was a megathrust quake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone on January 26, 1700 between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m.? The answer lies in a ghost forest discovered on the Washington coast that reveals the secrets of one of the most powerful earthquakes to hit the planet. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1318014395,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":512},"headData":{"title":"Tales from the Ghost Forests | KQED","description":"When a megathrust earthquake strikes, scientists around the world know in seconds. But what about hundreds of years ago? How, exactly, do scientists know there was a megathrust quake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone on January 26, 1700 between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m.? The answer lies in a ghost forest discovered on the Washington coast that reveals the secrets of one of the most powerful earthquakes to hit the planet. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tales from the Ghost Forests","datePublished":"2011-10-07T19:06:35.000Z","dateModified":"2011-10-07T19:06:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"25809 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=25809","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/tales-from-the-ghost-forests/","disqusTitle":"Tales from the Ghost Forests","path":"/quest/25809/tales-from-the-ghost-forests","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25811\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"black and white image of dead upright trees and water\" title=\"WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25811\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghost forest on Washington state's Copalis River during a very high fair-weather tide in December 1997. Photo courtesy of the USGS public domain\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a megathrust earthquake struck the modern world, most of us would know about it within seconds. Bill Steele, Director of Information Services at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Pacific Northwest Seismic Network\u003c/a>, would get a detailed account from an extensive array of seismometers located around the globe. Regular citizens would probably get an email, tweet, or Facebook note from a friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if the quake hit hundreds of years ago? How were scientists able to determine that a Cascadia Subduction Zone megathrust trembler hit sometime between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m. on January 26, 1700?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts in the 1980s when geologist Brian Atwater, dendrochronologist David Yamaguchi, and others began to investigate the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington. Traveling by foot and boat through the region’s many bays and river mouths, the scientists examined thousands of dead western red cedar and Sitka spruce. The trees had not fallen to the ground but stuck upright out of the sand in great groves, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/earthquakes/bigone/detective.html\" target=\"_blank\">ghost forests\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intriguingly, James Graham Cooper, a naturalist living on the Washington coast in 1853-1854, had noticed the dead trees, too. He thought they had died slowly, sinking into quicksand. Atwater, however, knew differently. When a magnitude 9.5 earthquake hit Chile in 1960, coastal marshes had dropped several feet, allowing sea water to flow in and quickly kill the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the spruce and cedar still stood in place, Atwater and Yamaguchi realized they had a clock that would tell precisely when the trees died. All they had to do was look at the trees’ growth rings. Those rings would reveal how the trees had lived and when they had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/tree_rings.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tree ring analysis\u003c/a>, or dendrochonology, is based on the fact that trees add new material each year: early, lighter-colored cells followed by darker cells. Each set is known as a tree, annual, or growth ring. Width depends on the climatic conditions with wider rings in a good growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamaguchi found that the trees had wide rings right up until the time they died. This indicated that disease had not killed the trees. He and other researchers then compared the rings of the dead trees with those living nearby. These trees spanned nearly a thousand years of time, from 993 to 1986. Using this data, they tried to match the growth rings of the living trees with the growth ring of the dead trees. A match would tell when the ghost forest trees died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had a problem, though. Erosion of the tree’s trunks had obliterated the final rings. Fortunately, in 1996, they dug up eight stumps whose roots had not decayed. In all but one case the rings showed the trees had died between August 1699 and May 1700. Narrowing the timing down to January 26 required another line of evidence, and the assistance of colleagues and documents from Japan.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25809/tales-from-the-ghost-forests","authors":["10282"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10268","quest_10212","quest_10265","quest_907","quest_10266","quest_3623","quest_3933","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3288","quest_10267","quest_3003"],"featImg":"quest_25811","label":"quest"},"quest_24915":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_24915","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"24915","score":null,"sort":[1316650715000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"up-up-and-away-escaping-a-tsunami-vertically","title":"Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically","publishDate":1316650715,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300.jpg\" alt=\"sketch elevation of tower / berm\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24958\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed tower and berm structure by Ronald Kasprisin. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CAMP MURRAY, WASHINGTON- When natural disaster strikes, most of us instinctively run for the hills. But what if you live in the flats, and can't outrun or even out-drive a fast-approaching tsunami wave?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying coast on the west coast of Washington state is one such region. Residents face both the risk of a major earthquake from the Cascadia fault, and tsunami waves predicted to pummel the shore only 30-40 minutes after the quake. John Schelling, Earthquake Program Manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/\">Washington State Emergency Management Division\u003c/a>, claims that when a tsunami is approaching, residents need to be prepared to evacuate—vertically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schelling worked with a team of engineers to plan a series of \u003ca href=\"https://catalyst.uw.edu/workspace/file/download/e466fc0f6a68c61dae189b1a0ab9d2b36c6c0502e30f0e6271fa76c56b903097?inline=1\">towers, buildings and berms\u003c/a> to provide a vertical escape option that is easily accessible and can withstand the massive force of a tsunami. The proposal, dubbed \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?ref=ts\">Project Safe Haven\u003c/a>,\" is well underway in Washington's coastal communities, including Ocean Shores and Westport where community members have come together to figure out what “heading for higher ground” will look like for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The community members themselves have been the drivers for a lot of the effort that’s gone on in the Safe Haven Project,” says Schelling. “We’ve tried to make sure all of these are multipurpose so that people interact with them on a daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there will be much more physics and engineering going into these buildings than meets the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-map300.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-map300\" width=\"300\" height=\"489\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24950\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Locations on Washington coast for proposed vertical evacuation structures. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The structures themselves have to be designed to withstand at least a magnitude 9 earthquake,” says Schelling. “You’re talking about a significant amount of geotechnical engineering and analysis to make sure the footings that are placed support the weight of the structure, as well as account for the forces that are coming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designing a structure to withstand an earthquake of that size is a task in itself, but these buildings and towers will also then need to withstand the force of the approaching tsunami wave. The engineering answer to this challenge? “The ground floor would be sacrificial, the walls are designed to wash away, and allow water to flow in and out,” says Schelling. Meanwhile, the top floors, where the evacuees would be gathered, are left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a different design concept than berms which are essentially small, hollow hills that can be easily accessed, including by those people who may have trouble quickly climbing to safety in towers or buildings. These structures will be strategically placed throughout the communities most vulnerable to a tsunami. The goal is not only to get as many people to safety as possible; it’s to get as many people to safety as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the berms would have the largest foot print on the landscape, they will be able to hold anywhere from 100 to 10,000 people above the water. The outer mound will be constructed from soil to provide a natural slope that can easily be climbed. Schelling says the inside will be a “reinforced concrete core” to keep the berm from collapsing during an earthquake and steady as the tsunami waves hit the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other benefit to berms is that the mound of earth, similar to the one in Gasworks Park in Seattle, can provide safety without looking too man-made and disrupting the natural environment. “It’s designed to blend in and provide a nice aesthetic to the natural and built environment that people love about the coast,” says Schelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For these safe havens, the sky is the limit. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?sk=info\">Project Safe Haven: Tsunami Vertical Evacuation on the Washington Coast on Facebook\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/preparedness/prep_tsunami_evacuation.shtml\">Washington Military Department: Emergency Management Division's Tsunami Evacuation Tips\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Colette Kent\u003c/strong>, intern at KCTS 9 and student at George Washington University, contributed to this blog.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Northwest disaster officials and communities propose new structures for people to get to safety when a killer tsunami wave is on the way, not by trying to outrun the wave, but by trying to out-climb it. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316650715,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":685},"headData":{"title":"Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically | KQED","description":"Northwest disaster officials and communities propose new structures for people to get to safety when a killer tsunami wave is on the way, not by trying to outrun the wave, but by trying to out-climb it. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically","datePublished":"2011-09-22T00:18:35.000Z","dateModified":"2011-09-22T00:18:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"24915 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=24915","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/21/up-up-and-away-escaping-a-tsunami-vertically/","disqusTitle":"Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically","path":"/quest/24915/up-up-and-away-escaping-a-tsunami-vertically","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300.jpg\" alt=\"sketch elevation of tower / berm\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24958\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed tower and berm structure by Ronald Kasprisin. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CAMP MURRAY, WASHINGTON- When natural disaster strikes, most of us instinctively run for the hills. But what if you live in the flats, and can't outrun or even out-drive a fast-approaching tsunami wave?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying coast on the west coast of Washington state is one such region. Residents face both the risk of a major earthquake from the Cascadia fault, and tsunami waves predicted to pummel the shore only 30-40 minutes after the quake. John Schelling, Earthquake Program Manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/\">Washington State Emergency Management Division\u003c/a>, claims that when a tsunami is approaching, residents need to be prepared to evacuate—vertically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schelling worked with a team of engineers to plan a series of \u003ca href=\"https://catalyst.uw.edu/workspace/file/download/e466fc0f6a68c61dae189b1a0ab9d2b36c6c0502e30f0e6271fa76c56b903097?inline=1\">towers, buildings and berms\u003c/a> to provide a vertical escape option that is easily accessible and can withstand the massive force of a tsunami. The proposal, dubbed \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?ref=ts\">Project Safe Haven\u003c/a>,\" is well underway in Washington's coastal communities, including Ocean Shores and Westport where community members have come together to figure out what “heading for higher ground” will look like for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The community members themselves have been the drivers for a lot of the effort that’s gone on in the Safe Haven Project,” says Schelling. “We’ve tried to make sure all of these are multipurpose so that people interact with them on a daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there will be much more physics and engineering going into these buildings than meets the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-map300.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-map300\" width=\"300\" height=\"489\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24950\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Locations on Washington coast for proposed vertical evacuation structures. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The structures themselves have to be designed to withstand at least a magnitude 9 earthquake,” says Schelling. “You’re talking about a significant amount of geotechnical engineering and analysis to make sure the footings that are placed support the weight of the structure, as well as account for the forces that are coming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designing a structure to withstand an earthquake of that size is a task in itself, but these buildings and towers will also then need to withstand the force of the approaching tsunami wave. The engineering answer to this challenge? “The ground floor would be sacrificial, the walls are designed to wash away, and allow water to flow in and out,” says Schelling. Meanwhile, the top floors, where the evacuees would be gathered, are left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a different design concept than berms which are essentially small, hollow hills that can be easily accessed, including by those people who may have trouble quickly climbing to safety in towers or buildings. These structures will be strategically placed throughout the communities most vulnerable to a tsunami. The goal is not only to get as many people to safety as possible; it’s to get as many people to safety as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the berms would have the largest foot print on the landscape, they will be able to hold anywhere from 100 to 10,000 people above the water. The outer mound will be constructed from soil to provide a natural slope that can easily be climbed. Schelling says the inside will be a “reinforced concrete core” to keep the berm from collapsing during an earthquake and steady as the tsunami waves hit the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other benefit to berms is that the mound of earth, similar to the one in Gasworks Park in Seattle, can provide safety without looking too man-made and disrupting the natural environment. “It’s designed to blend in and provide a nice aesthetic to the natural and built environment that people love about the coast,” says Schelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For these safe havens, the sky is the limit. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?sk=info\">Project Safe Haven: Tsunami Vertical Evacuation on the Washington Coast on Facebook\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/preparedness/prep_tsunami_evacuation.shtml\">Washington Military Department: Emergency Management Division's Tsunami Evacuation Tips\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Colette Kent\u003c/strong>, intern at KCTS 9 and student at George Washington University, contributed to this blog.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/24915/up-up-and-away-escaping-a-tsunami-vertically","authors":["10240"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10213","quest_10212","quest_907","quest_10209","quest_3933","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_10211","quest_2349","quest_3288","quest_2963","quest_3003","quest_10210"],"featImg":"quest_24923","label":"quest"},"quest_13069":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_13069","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"13069","score":null,"sort":[1300381235000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-san-francisco-impact-of-the-japan-tsunami","title":"The San Francisco Impact of the 2010 Japan Tsunami","publishDate":1300381235,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/tsunami2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Courtesy of NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 12, a one-foot tidal wave was filmed as it slowly surged across the San Francisco Bay. The wave traveling 5000 miles from Japan started out as a 23-foot tsunami off the Japanese coast. It was created by a devastating earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0. The earthquake was the largest earthquake in Japan’s history and the fourth largest earthquake since 1900. It shifted the planet’s axis and opened a rift that moved Japan closer to the United States by thirteen feet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We were lucky to have such a slight nudge from such a devastating natural disaster. Crescent City was not so lucky. Six to eight foot surges hit the harbor of Crescent City creating flooding, splintered docks, and damage to boats and marinas alike. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"390\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/jdMDCLwblkY\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crescent City’s claim to fame is it the only town in the continental US where a tsunami has killed residents. On March 28, 1964, a 21-foot tsunami wave created by a earthquake in nearby Alaska surged into the town of 7,500 doing extensive damage and killing 11 people. Underwater topography can tunnel these massive waves to direct them towards a certain point, which increases the power by centralizing their force. Such was the case with the wave that hit Crescent City; the underwater topography leading to Crescent City created a funnel for the wave in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With such a powerful wave, it is a blessing that more people were not killed. Early sirens warned of the wave and many residents retreated to higher ground. UGGS put out a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1187\">report in 2005\u003c/a> of how to survive a tsunami taking much information from the survivors of Tsunamis in Chile, Hawaii and Japan. From their extensive research, the following points were given:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tMany will survive the earthquake that will later trigger a tsunami\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tLook for natural warnings; An earthquake or rise and fall of coastal waters may serve as an early warning as well as wildlife heading for higher ground\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tListen for official warnings; Take sirens and evacuation notices seriously\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tThere is usually not just one wave; Generally small waves are then followed by higher intensity waves\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tHead for higher ground and stay put; It may take several hours for the Tsunami force wave to hit\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tAbandon belongings; Many people died concerning themselves with belonging rather than heading to higher ground\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tRoads may not be an escape route; They might be made impassable by earthquakes or earlier waves\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tIf getting to higher ground is not an option:\u003cbr>\n Go to an upper floor or roof of a building; Climb a tree; If you are near wave, find something that can act as a raft\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On March 12, a one-foot tidal wave was filmed as it slowly surged across the San Francisco Bay. The wave traveling 5000 miles from Japan started out as a 23-foot tsunami off the Japanese coast.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1326489457,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.youtube.com/embed/jdMDCLwblkY"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":463},"headData":{"title":"The San Francisco Impact of the 2010 Japan Tsunami | KQED","description":"On March 12, a one-foot tidal wave was filmed as it slowly surged across the San Francisco Bay. The wave traveling 5000 miles from Japan started out as a 23-foot tsunami off the Japanese coast.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The San Francisco Impact of the 2010 Japan Tsunami","datePublished":"2011-03-17T17:00:35.000Z","dateModified":"2012-01-13T21:17:37.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"13069 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/03/17/the-san-francisco-impact-of-the-tsunami/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/17/the-san-francisco-impact-of-the-japan-tsunami/","disqusTitle":"The San Francisco Impact of the 2010 Japan Tsunami","path":"/quest/13069/the-san-francisco-impact-of-the-japan-tsunami","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/tsunami2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Courtesy of NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 12, a one-foot tidal wave was filmed as it slowly surged across the San Francisco Bay. The wave traveling 5000 miles from Japan started out as a 23-foot tsunami off the Japanese coast. It was created by a devastating earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0. The earthquake was the largest earthquake in Japan’s history and the fourth largest earthquake since 1900. It shifted the planet’s axis and opened a rift that moved Japan closer to the United States by thirteen feet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We were lucky to have such a slight nudge from such a devastating natural disaster. Crescent City was not so lucky. Six to eight foot surges hit the harbor of Crescent City creating flooding, splintered docks, and damage to boats and marinas alike. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"390\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/jdMDCLwblkY\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crescent City’s claim to fame is it the only town in the continental US where a tsunami has killed residents. On March 28, 1964, a 21-foot tsunami wave created by a earthquake in nearby Alaska surged into the town of 7,500 doing extensive damage and killing 11 people. Underwater topography can tunnel these massive waves to direct them towards a certain point, which increases the power by centralizing their force. Such was the case with the wave that hit Crescent City; the underwater topography leading to Crescent City created a funnel for the wave in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With such a powerful wave, it is a blessing that more people were not killed. Early sirens warned of the wave and many residents retreated to higher ground. UGGS put out a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1187\">report in 2005\u003c/a> of how to survive a tsunami taking much information from the survivors of Tsunamis in Chile, Hawaii and Japan. From their extensive research, the following points were given:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tMany will survive the earthquake that will later trigger a tsunami\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tLook for natural warnings; An earthquake or rise and fall of coastal waters may serve as an early warning as well as wildlife heading for higher ground\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tListen for official warnings; Take sirens and evacuation notices seriously\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tThere is usually not just one wave; Generally small waves are then followed by higher intensity waves\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tHead for higher ground and stay put; It may take several hours for the Tsunami force wave to hit\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tAbandon belongings; Many people died concerning themselves with belonging rather than heading to higher ground\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tRoads may not be an escape route; They might be made impassable by earthquakes or earlier waves\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tIf getting to higher ground is not an option:\u003cbr>\n Go to an upper floor or roof of a building; Climb a tree; If you are near wave, find something that can act as a raft\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/13069/the-san-francisco-impact-of-the-japan-tsunami","authors":["10173"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_907","quest_1942","quest_3792","quest_3003"],"featImg":"quest_13105","label":"quest"},"quest_13072":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_13072","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"13072","score":null,"sort":[1300378850000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tsunami-awareness-at-the-beach","title":"Tsunami Awareness at the Beach","publishDate":1300378850,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Tsunami Awareness at the Beach | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/brokendockSCruz2.jpg\" alt=\"tsunami\" title=\"santa cruz tsunami\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>The tsunami of March 11 broke docks and damaged boats in Santa Cruz Harbor. Most earthquake-generated tsunamis in this part of California will cause similar levels of damage. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sempivirens/\">Sequoia Hughes\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the Bay Area got a tiny taste of Japan’s seismic disaster when tsunami waves stirred our waters, a giant agitating the San Francisco Bay and coast with a flick of its pinky. The waves we saw overwhelming the east coast of Honshu were attenuated to small surges here at the opposite side of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In central California, we will always have good warning of these big seismic tsunamis because they are not created nearby. Our tectonic setting is not conducive to Japan or Sumatra-style tsunamis. But I said \u003ci>seismic\u003c/i> tsunamis, the ones that earthquakes cause. There are two other kinds that mean you should always practice tsunami awareness when you’re at the beach. And \u003ca href=\"http://nthmp.tsunami.gov/tsunamiweek.html\">National Tsunami Awareness Week\u003c/a>, scheduled by purest coincidence for next week, is a good occasion to train yourself and your family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standard tsunami awareness is pretty simple, simple enough to put on a sign that says, “In case of earthquake, go to high ground or inland.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/thai-tsunami-sign2.jpg\" alt=\"thai tsunami sign\">\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>\u003csub>Photo courtesy Bruce Manchon, all rights reserved\u003c/sub>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That refers to an earthquake that you feel, not one you hear about on the radio. I can be a little more specific. Don’t worry about small earthquakes, namely the short, sharp shocks we feel often around here. Worry about a long-lasting earthquake, one with slow rhythms. If one of those happens while you’re at the beach, look—you want to leave anyway, because a large earthquake like that may mean trouble at home. If the sea starts acting strange, do what the sign says, period. Otherwise, follow your usual earthquake protocol: Get away without dawdling, drive warily with your radio on, remember your family plan, use your phone no more than absolutely necessary. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tsunamis that arrive from distant quakes, or teletsunamis, come with several hours of warning. The nearest earthquake faults that could send a damaging tsunami our way—subduction zones—are off northernmost California, part of the \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/quake_preparedness/a/aa_cascadiaEQ.htm\">Cascadia seismic zone\u003c/a> that stretches up the Oregon and Washington coast into Canada. A tsunami arising from a magnitude-8 or larger event up there would arrive here at least a couple hours later. Tsunamis from major earthquakes in Alaska, far eastern Russia, Japan and the Philippines will give us much longer warning times. There are enough people on a typical beach, with phones and text devices and radios, that you should be able to count on sufficient warning even for a Cascadia event. In addition, local emergency responders will be out in person to warn beachgoers. (If you’re on the beach alone, be more alert.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you hear about an approaching tsunami, I must advise you: don’t be irresponsible and rush to the beach. We’re all intrigued by geological phenomena, and every red-blooded geologist has “witness a tsunami” on his or her geological bucket list. But remember the person taking pictures at Crescent City (\u003ca href=\"http://nisquallyquake.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/the-1964-alaska-earthquake-and-tsunami-that-hit-the-west-coast/\">a town also ravaged by a tsunami from the 1964 Alaska earthquake\u003c/a>) who was washed out to sea. Think about the surfers who wandered around Santa Cruz Harbor, risking themselves and worrying others, as the waters rushed in and out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, if you choose to ignore my advice, then you should do as I wish I could have done, and proceed in a responsible manner to a safe place high above the water, obeying authorities, not congesting emergency escape routes, prepared for the worst. UC Santa Cruz geologist Christie Rowe did that and \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/aboutgeology#!/album.php?id=1092875994&aid=2099749\">recorded the tsunami’s arrival\u003c/a>. She adds, “I would advise people not to panic, to check the \u003ca href=\"http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/\">West Coast Tsunami Warning Center website\u003c/a> and select a vantage point well above the predicted wave height.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not every tsunami is a seismic tsunami. Two other kinds of tsunamis, not monitored by dedicated networks, have a chance of happening somewhere in the world during the average lifetime: landslide and impact tsunamis. A \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/tsunamis/a/Landslide-Tsunamis.htm\">landslide tsunami\u003c/a>, caused by large mass movements into or beneath the sea, is quite plausible along our steep coasts and rugged offshore seafloors. Be wary of one even after a relatively small local quake. An impact tsunami, caused by an \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/impacts/a/impacts.htm\">object from space crashing into the ocean\u003c/a>, has no upper size limit and no preferred location. The odds are small but every beach in the world, ours included, faces the risk. So be like a sailor and always keep your weather eye out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Inundation_Maps/Pages/Index.aspx\">California tsunami information\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://nthmp.tsunami.gov/tsunamiweek.html\">National Tsunami Awareness Week\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://tsunami.gov/\">tsunami.gov\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/\">West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 36.9590 -122.0226\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Central California will have good warning of big seismic tsunamis which aren't created nearby, but always keep your weather eye out.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974450,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":811},"headData":{"title":"Tsunami Awareness at the Beach | KQED","description":"Central California will have good warning of big seismic tsunamis which aren't created nearby, but always keep your weather eye out.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tsunami Awareness at the Beach","datePublished":"2011-03-17T16:20:50.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:27:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/13072/tsunami-awareness-at-the-beach","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/brokendockSCruz2.jpg\" alt=\"tsunami\" title=\"santa cruz tsunami\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>The tsunami of March 11 broke docks and damaged boats in Santa Cruz Harbor. Most earthquake-generated tsunamis in this part of California will cause similar levels of damage. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sempivirens/\">Sequoia Hughes\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the Bay Area got a tiny taste of Japan’s seismic disaster when tsunami waves stirred our waters, a giant agitating the San Francisco Bay and coast with a flick of its pinky. The waves we saw overwhelming the east coast of Honshu were attenuated to small surges here at the opposite side of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In central California, we will always have good warning of these big seismic tsunamis because they are not created nearby. Our tectonic setting is not conducive to Japan or Sumatra-style tsunamis. But I said \u003ci>seismic\u003c/i> tsunamis, the ones that earthquakes cause. There are two other kinds that mean you should always practice tsunami awareness when you’re at the beach. And \u003ca href=\"http://nthmp.tsunami.gov/tsunamiweek.html\">National Tsunami Awareness Week\u003c/a>, scheduled by purest coincidence for next week, is a good occasion to train yourself and your family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standard tsunami awareness is pretty simple, simple enough to put on a sign that says, “In case of earthquake, go to high ground or inland.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/thai-tsunami-sign2.jpg\" alt=\"thai tsunami sign\">\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>\u003csub>Photo courtesy Bruce Manchon, all rights reserved\u003c/sub>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That refers to an earthquake that you feel, not one you hear about on the radio. I can be a little more specific. Don’t worry about small earthquakes, namely the short, sharp shocks we feel often around here. Worry about a long-lasting earthquake, one with slow rhythms. If one of those happens while you’re at the beach, look—you want to leave anyway, because a large earthquake like that may mean trouble at home. If the sea starts acting strange, do what the sign says, period. Otherwise, follow your usual earthquake protocol: Get away without dawdling, drive warily with your radio on, remember your family plan, use your phone no more than absolutely necessary. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tsunamis that arrive from distant quakes, or teletsunamis, come with several hours of warning. The nearest earthquake faults that could send a damaging tsunami our way—subduction zones—are off northernmost California, part of the \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/quake_preparedness/a/aa_cascadiaEQ.htm\">Cascadia seismic zone\u003c/a> that stretches up the Oregon and Washington coast into Canada. A tsunami arising from a magnitude-8 or larger event up there would arrive here at least a couple hours later. Tsunamis from major earthquakes in Alaska, far eastern Russia, Japan and the Philippines will give us much longer warning times. There are enough people on a typical beach, with phones and text devices and radios, that you should be able to count on sufficient warning even for a Cascadia event. In addition, local emergency responders will be out in person to warn beachgoers. (If you’re on the beach alone, be more alert.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you hear about an approaching tsunami, I must advise you: don’t be irresponsible and rush to the beach. We’re all intrigued by geological phenomena, and every red-blooded geologist has “witness a tsunami” on his or her geological bucket list. But remember the person taking pictures at Crescent City (\u003ca href=\"http://nisquallyquake.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/the-1964-alaska-earthquake-and-tsunami-that-hit-the-west-coast/\">a town also ravaged by a tsunami from the 1964 Alaska earthquake\u003c/a>) who was washed out to sea. Think about the surfers who wandered around Santa Cruz Harbor, risking themselves and worrying others, as the waters rushed in and out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, if you choose to ignore my advice, then you should do as I wish I could have done, and proceed in a responsible manner to a safe place high above the water, obeying authorities, not congesting emergency escape routes, prepared for the worst. UC Santa Cruz geologist Christie Rowe did that and \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/aboutgeology#!/album.php?id=1092875994&aid=2099749\">recorded the tsunami’s arrival\u003c/a>. She adds, “I would advise people not to panic, to check the \u003ca href=\"http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/\">West Coast Tsunami Warning Center website\u003c/a> and select a vantage point well above the predicted wave height.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not every tsunami is a seismic tsunami. Two other kinds of tsunamis, not monitored by dedicated networks, have a chance of happening somewhere in the world during the average lifetime: landslide and impact tsunamis. A \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/tsunamis/a/Landslide-Tsunamis.htm\">landslide tsunami\u003c/a>, caused by large mass movements into or beneath the sea, is quite plausible along our steep coasts and rugged offshore seafloors. Be wary of one even after a relatively small local quake. An impact tsunami, caused by an \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/impacts/a/impacts.htm\">object from space crashing into the ocean\u003c/a>, has no upper size limit and no preferred location. The odds are small but every beach in the world, ours included, faces the risk. So be like a sailor and always keep your weather eye out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Inundation_Maps/Pages/Index.aspx\">California tsunami information\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://nthmp.tsunami.gov/tsunamiweek.html\">National Tsunami Awareness Week\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://tsunami.gov/\">tsunami.gov\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/\">West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 36.9590 -122.0226\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/13072/tsunami-awareness-at-the-beach","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_294","quest_3501","quest_909","quest_13200","quest_2474","quest_2507","quest_2817","quest_3003"],"featImg":"quest_13074","label":"quest"},"quest_19202":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19202","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19202","score":null,"sort":[1300121506000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"earthquake-warning-signs-in-tiny-marine-fossils","title":"Earthquake Warning Signs in Tiny Marine Fossils","publishDate":1300121506,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/holmanel.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Tiny shelled marine organisms called foraminifera can provide clues about earthquake occurrence in the past—and the future. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/holmanel.html\">UCMP\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels like the world is still shaking from the earthquake and ensuing tsunami that hit northern Japan on Friday. The 8.9 magnitude quake created enormous waves of water, which moved quickly through the ocean and hit the coast of Japan with waves that in some areas were over 10 feet high. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/11/world/asia/maps-of-earthquake-and-tsunami-damage-in-japan.html?ref=asia\">animation\u003c/a> shows how earthquakes give rise to tsunamis. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/13/world/asia/satellite-photos-japan-before-and-after-tsunami.html\">When tsunamis hit shore\u003c/a>, they can carry with them sediment that they’ve picked up from the bottom of the ocean. This sediment differs from the sediment close to shore, leaving a long-term record of the tsunami’s occurrence. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paleontologists can look at the layers of sediment along the coast and see records of past tsunamis. They can also see that before tsunamis occur, the land along the coast often starts to subside, as one tectonic plate slips underneath another. The clue that tells paleontologists that the coastline tilts before an earthquake is a group of tiny marine organisms, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramintro.html\">foraminifera\u003c/a>. By studying these organisms in the sediment along the shore of the West Coast, scientists can learn how frequently tsunamis occurred here in the past, and whether we can predict a big quake in the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny marine organisms in the sediment are called foraminifera, or forams for short. They are protists—neither animals nor plants, protists are a grab bag of simple organisms that includes amoebas, seaweeds, and single-celled algae. Forams are unicellular, and they build a shell, called a test, out of calcium carbonate. The test has little opening from which pseudopods—thin strands of the cell’s cytoplasm—protrude. The pseudopods help the forams move around. However, it is the calcium carbonate tests that make forams so useful as records of geological events. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tests of foraminifera are often well preserved in marine sediment, as fossils. Forams evolve relatively quickly, so micropaleontologists (folks who study tiny fossils) can determine the age of the sediment by identifying the species of foram that is preserved. Also, each species of foram can survive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions. If the water is too salty, a given species can’t survive; if the water is too fresh, that species won’t survive either. The salinity of the water has to be just right. This means that micropaleontologists can use foram fossils to estimate the salinity of the water in the past. (For similar reasons, forams are also good indicators of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramfr.html\">the proximity of oil deposits\u003c/a>, and a good \u003ca href=\"http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/proxies/paleoclimate.html\">proxy for past climates\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, UC Berkeley Professor Emeritus Jere Lipps and a few colleagues, including Dalhousie University professor David Scott, travelled along the coast from Alaska to Baja, taking cores of coastal sediment along the way. They found that several years before a big earthquake and tsunami, the foram composition in the sediment changed slightly. The forams shifted from species that live in very slightly salty water to species that live in water that is even saltier. This is a sign that the land had begun to tilt downward towards the ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific plate is slowly sliding underneath the North American plate. But the plates stick together, and the edge of the North American plate gets pulled down slightly along with the Pacific plate. Suddenly, the plates will un-stick; the North American plate will release and move upwards again, and the Pacific plate will slide underneath. This kind if quake is called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake\u003c/a>. Dr. Lipps and his colleagues found that there have been three megathrust earthquakes, preceded by a tilt in the coastline, over the past 3000 years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forams are good measurements of past coastline tilt. But to measure coastlines in real time today, scientists can deploy \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometer\">seismometers\u003c/a>. By placing seismometers in areas that have undergone a pre-earthquake tilt in the past, we may be able to detect early warning signs of potentially destructive megathrust earthquakes and resultant tsunamis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It feels like the world is still shaking from the earthquake and ensuing tsunami that hit northern Japan on Friday.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1300121506,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":689},"headData":{"title":"Earthquake Warning Signs in Tiny Marine Fossils | KQED","description":"It feels like the world is still shaking from the earthquake and ensuing tsunami that hit northern Japan on Friday.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Earthquake Warning Signs in Tiny Marine Fossils","datePublished":"2011-03-14T16:51:46.000Z","dateModified":"2011-03-14T16:51:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"19202 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=12858","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/14/earthquake-warning-signs-in-tiny-marine-fossils/","disqusTitle":"Earthquake Warning Signs in Tiny Marine Fossils","path":"/quest/19202/earthquake-warning-signs-in-tiny-marine-fossils","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/holmanel.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Tiny shelled marine organisms called foraminifera can provide clues about earthquake occurrence in the past—and the future. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/holmanel.html\">UCMP\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels like the world is still shaking from the earthquake and ensuing tsunami that hit northern Japan on Friday. The 8.9 magnitude quake created enormous waves of water, which moved quickly through the ocean and hit the coast of Japan with waves that in some areas were over 10 feet high. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/11/world/asia/maps-of-earthquake-and-tsunami-damage-in-japan.html?ref=asia\">animation\u003c/a> shows how earthquakes give rise to tsunamis. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/13/world/asia/satellite-photos-japan-before-and-after-tsunami.html\">When tsunamis hit shore\u003c/a>, they can carry with them sediment that they’ve picked up from the bottom of the ocean. This sediment differs from the sediment close to shore, leaving a long-term record of the tsunami’s occurrence. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paleontologists can look at the layers of sediment along the coast and see records of past tsunamis. They can also see that before tsunamis occur, the land along the coast often starts to subside, as one tectonic plate slips underneath another. The clue that tells paleontologists that the coastline tilts before an earthquake is a group of tiny marine organisms, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramintro.html\">foraminifera\u003c/a>. By studying these organisms in the sediment along the shore of the West Coast, scientists can learn how frequently tsunamis occurred here in the past, and whether we can predict a big quake in the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny marine organisms in the sediment are called foraminifera, or forams for short. They are protists—neither animals nor plants, protists are a grab bag of simple organisms that includes amoebas, seaweeds, and single-celled algae. Forams are unicellular, and they build a shell, called a test, out of calcium carbonate. The test has little opening from which pseudopods—thin strands of the cell’s cytoplasm—protrude. The pseudopods help the forams move around. However, it is the calcium carbonate tests that make forams so useful as records of geological events. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tests of foraminifera are often well preserved in marine sediment, as fossils. Forams evolve relatively quickly, so micropaleontologists (folks who study tiny fossils) can determine the age of the sediment by identifying the species of foram that is preserved. Also, each species of foram can survive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions. If the water is too salty, a given species can’t survive; if the water is too fresh, that species won’t survive either. The salinity of the water has to be just right. This means that micropaleontologists can use foram fossils to estimate the salinity of the water in the past. (For similar reasons, forams are also good indicators of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramfr.html\">the proximity of oil deposits\u003c/a>, and a good \u003ca href=\"http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/proxies/paleoclimate.html\">proxy for past climates\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, UC Berkeley Professor Emeritus Jere Lipps and a few colleagues, including Dalhousie University professor David Scott, travelled along the coast from Alaska to Baja, taking cores of coastal sediment along the way. They found that several years before a big earthquake and tsunami, the foram composition in the sediment changed slightly. The forams shifted from species that live in very slightly salty water to species that live in water that is even saltier. This is a sign that the land had begun to tilt downward towards the ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific plate is slowly sliding underneath the North American plate. But the plates stick together, and the edge of the North American plate gets pulled down slightly along with the Pacific plate. Suddenly, the plates will un-stick; the North American plate will release and move upwards again, and the Pacific plate will slide underneath. This kind if quake is called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake\u003c/a>. Dr. Lipps and his colleagues found that there have been three megathrust earthquakes, preceded by a tilt in the coastline, over the past 3000 years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forams are good measurements of past coastline tilt. But to measure coastlines in real time today, scientists can deploy \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometer\">seismometers\u003c/a>. By placing seismometers in areas that have undergone a pre-earthquake tilt in the past, we may be able to detect early warning signs of potentially destructive megathrust earthquakes and resultant tsunamis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19202/earthquake-warning-signs-in-tiny-marine-fossils","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_907","quest_909","quest_3579","quest_1133","quest_3405","quest_3656","quest_3657","quest_3003"],"featImg":"quest_12860","label":"quest"},"quest_17493":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17493","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17493","score":null,"sort":[1248834660000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scary-tsunamis","title":"Scary Tsunamis","publishDate":1248834660,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Is California at risk? In 2004, a massive tsunami struck the Indian Ocean. More than 225,000 people were killed. Bay Area researchers raced to the scene to learn everything they could about these deadly forces of nature. The information they gained provides a 'Rosetta stone' for helping to understand the geologic history of tsunamis and when and where they may strike again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Learn more about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/28/producers-notes-scary-tsunamis/\" target=\"_blank\">tsunamis and this video\u003c/a> with the Producer's Notes.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In 2004, a massive tsunami struck the Indian Ocean. More than 225,000 people were killed. Bay Area researchers raced to the scene to learn everything they could about these deadly forces of nature.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457743643,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":77},"headData":{"title":"Scary Tsunamis | KQED","description":"In 2004, a massive tsunami struck the Indian Ocean. More than 225,000 people were killed. Bay Area researchers raced to the scene to learn everything they could about these deadly forces of nature.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scary Tsunamis","datePublished":"2009-07-29T02:31:00.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-12T00:47:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17493 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/scary-tsunamis/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/28/scary-tsunamis/","disqusTitle":"Scary Tsunamis","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfCZhx6YvnI","path":"/quest/17493/scary-tsunamis","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Is California at risk? In 2004, a massive tsunami struck the Indian Ocean. More than 225,000 people were killed. Bay Area researchers raced to the scene to learn everything they could about these deadly forces of nature. The information they gained provides a 'Rosetta stone' for helping to understand the geologic history of tsunamis and when and where they may strike again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Learn more about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/28/producers-notes-scary-tsunamis/\" target=\"_blank\">tsunamis and this video\u003c/a> with the Producer's Notes.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17493/scary-tsunamis","authors":["10169","6176"],"categories":["quest_11","quest_16","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_3351","quest_2001","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_3003","quest_3321","quest_3048"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3198":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3198","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3198","score":null,"sort":[1248803827000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-scary-tsunamis","title":"Producer's Notes: Scary Tsunamis","publishDate":1248803827,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\"If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The philosopher \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley\">George Berkeley\u003c/a> posed this philosophical question and a quick internet search found a somewhat scientific answer in an 1894 issue of Scientific American. There they wrote: \"Sound is vibration, transmitted to our senses through the mechanism of the ear, and recognized as sound only at our nerve centers. The falling of the tree or any other disturbance will produce vibration of the air. If there be no ears to hear, there will be no sound.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe sometimes vibrations are heard much later, only when the right person is listening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On January 26, 1700, at about 9:00 p.m. Pacific Standard Time one of the largest earthquakes ever to strike the Pacific Northwest rumbled across the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascadia_subduction_zone\">Cascadia Subduction Zone.\u003c/a> This massive earthquake sent a giant 33 foot high tsunami crashing onto shore, inundating the quiet coastline. While there is no written account describing the earthquake, tsunami or consequential damage, the devastation was enormous. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So wait. If there was no written record, how can we know the exact time and date when the tsunami struck? How can we know how big it was or what kind of damage it did? It took some digging and an impressive bit of scientific detective work by geologist Brian Atwater. First scientists discovered an unusual layer of sand in a marsh area that left a clue that a wave had struck, taken sand from offshore and brought it far inland. The scientists were able to date this thin sand deposit to around 1700, plus or minus 25 to 50 years. Then through tree-ring dating they were able to narrow that down to within five or ten years. Further study of tree roots narrowed it down even further to winter, 1700. Then investigators went to Japan and checked for evidence of a tsunami during that time. They looked for one which did not have a known earthquake associated with it. These were known as “orphan tsunami.\" There, in the records from 1700, was a tsunami the struck Japan, a wave that had the right pattern, right size, and was generated at the same place, the Cascadia Subduction Zone all the way on the other side of the Pacific Ocean. January 26, 1700, 9:00 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can it happen again. Yes. Are we listening?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On January 26, 1700, at about 9:00 p.m. Pacific Standard Time one of the largest earthquakes ever to strike the Pacific Northwest rumbled across the Cascadia Subduction Zone. This massive earthquake sent a giant 33 foot high tsunami crashing onto shore, inundating the quiet coastline.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457743698,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":404},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Scary Tsunamis | KQED","description":"On January 26, 1700, at about 9:00 p.m. Pacific Standard Time one of the largest earthquakes ever to strike the Pacific Northwest rumbled across the Cascadia Subduction Zone. This massive earthquake sent a giant 33 foot high tsunami crashing onto shore, inundating the quiet coastline.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Scary Tsunamis","datePublished":"2009-07-28T17:57:07.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-12T00:48:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3198 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3198","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/28/producers-notes-scary-tsunamis/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Scary Tsunamis","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfCZhx6YvnI","path":"/quest/3198/producers-notes-scary-tsunamis","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The philosopher \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley\">George Berkeley\u003c/a> posed this philosophical question and a quick internet search found a somewhat scientific answer in an 1894 issue of Scientific American. There they wrote: \"Sound is vibration, transmitted to our senses through the mechanism of the ear, and recognized as sound only at our nerve centers. The falling of the tree or any other disturbance will produce vibration of the air. If there be no ears to hear, there will be no sound.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe sometimes vibrations are heard much later, only when the right person is listening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On January 26, 1700, at about 9:00 p.m. Pacific Standard Time one of the largest earthquakes ever to strike the Pacific Northwest rumbled across the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascadia_subduction_zone\">Cascadia Subduction Zone.\u003c/a> This massive earthquake sent a giant 33 foot high tsunami crashing onto shore, inundating the quiet coastline. While there is no written account describing the earthquake, tsunami or consequential damage, the devastation was enormous. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So wait. If there was no written record, how can we know the exact time and date when the tsunami struck? How can we know how big it was or what kind of damage it did? It took some digging and an impressive bit of scientific detective work by geologist Brian Atwater. First scientists discovered an unusual layer of sand in a marsh area that left a clue that a wave had struck, taken sand from offshore and brought it far inland. The scientists were able to date this thin sand deposit to around 1700, plus or minus 25 to 50 years. Then through tree-ring dating they were able to narrow that down to within five or ten years. Further study of tree roots narrowed it down even further to winter, 1700. Then investigators went to Japan and checked for evidence of a tsunami during that time. They looked for one which did not have a known earthquake associated with it. These were known as “orphan tsunami.\" There, in the records from 1700, was a tsunami the struck Japan, a wave that had the right pattern, right size, and was generated at the same place, the Cascadia Subduction Zone all the way on the other side of the Pacific Ocean. January 26, 1700, 9:00 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can it happen again. Yes. Are we listening?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3198/producers-notes-scary-tsunamis","authors":["10169"],"categories":["quest_11","quest_16","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_285","quest_757","quest_815","quest_907","quest_2034","quest_2817","quest_2893","quest_3003","quest_3122"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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