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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"kyle-s-dawson":{"type":"authors","id":"10185","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10185","found":true},"name":"Kyle S. 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And it has nothing to do with Star Wars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it dark energy, and it is believed to be causing galaxies to move away from each other faster and faster. Now, researchers who have been trying to figure it out for more than 20 years by studying supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – are hoping to send a telescope into space, where they’ll be able to get a better look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see hundreds of times more sky at a time,” said Saul Perlmutter, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. “And it’s also designed for just the wave length range, just the colors, where we need to study the supernovae and the other galaxies in order to study dark energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new NASA telescope is known as \u003ca href=\"http://wfirst.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WFIRST\u003c/a>, which stands for wide-field infrared survey telescope. If Congress approves initial development funds of $50 million to $100 million by the end of the year, WFIRST could launch sometime between 2022 and 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telescope like it has been in the works for more than 15 years, at one point developed by a Joint Dark Energy Mission made up of NASA and the Department of Energy. Now the project is back in NASA’s hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the project’s bumpy history, Perlmutter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point things are sounding good,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding, with galaxies moving away from each other. Before Hubble’s discovery, even Albert Einstein believed that the universe was static.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty years later, in 2011, Perlmutter, who also is an astrophysicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, shared the Nobel Prize in physics for his contributions to the discovery that the expansion of the universe started to accelerate seven billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just imagine that you are living here on a galaxy, and there’s galaxies forever going in all directions, nothing but galaxies, no end,” said Perlmutter gesturing with his arms. “And the only thing I mean when I’m saying that the universe is expanding is that we’re sort of pumping extra space between the galaxies. And when we say it’s accelerating, we just mean that that extra pumping is happening faster and faster and the distances are growing bigger and bigger more and more quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out that the expansion was accelerating, Perlmutter and his team used the light from supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – to plot out the history of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particular kind of supernova stars, called Type 1a, explode in a very similar way every time, brightening like fireworks and then fading away. And they reach the same peak brightness every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their predictability makes these exploding stars what researchers call “standard candles.” Their initial brightness is constant and grows fainter with distance. Since researchers know light always travels at 186,000 miles per second, they’re able to calculate how long ago these supernovae exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a supernova explodes, the light starts spreading out in all directions, much like the ripples on the water spread out when you drop a pebble into a lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae Perlmutter studies exploded billions of years ago. As the light from their explosions was traveling toward our galaxy, our solar system had time to develop, dinosaurs had a chance to come and go, and humans made their grand entrance and had time to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-99168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg\" alt='Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. ' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“While the light is traveling to us through the universe, the universe is expanding. And everything in the universe that’s not nailed down expands with the universe,” said Perlmutter. “That includes the very wavelengths of the photons of light that are traveling to us from the supernova.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the light is moving away from the observer, it appears red, in a phenomenon known as “redshift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now with these two ingredients – the brightness of the supernova and how much the light has been shifted towards the red in its appearance – you now can just read off the history of the expansion of the universe,” said Perlmutter, “because the brightness tells you how far back in time any given supernova event occurred, and the red shift tells us how much the universe has expanded since that time. And now we just do this for five, ten, 20, 40 supernovae at different times back in history and they, one after another, tell us for each time in history how much the universe has stretched since that time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With WFIRST, astronomers plan to study supernovae that are farther away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope, which would be launched to space on a satellite, would also include technology to study dark energy in other ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One new technique called Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, or BAO for short, allows scientists to refine their history of the universe by comparing the average distance between galaxies at different points in time with the distances between the hot and cold spots just after the Big Bang. The hotter spots were denser and gave rise to more galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Congress were to move forward with WFIRST, it would be an exciting step for scientists trying to figure out what dark energy might be, said Perlmutter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really would be able to probe into the history of the expansion of the universe in a way that we’ve never done before,” he said. “This would be the big chance of finding out what dark energy is in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Congress could approve funding for a space telescope that would help scientists investigate dark energy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1448917547,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1001},"headData":{"title":"Bringing Dark Energy to Light | KQED","description":"Congress could approve funding for a space telescope that would help scientists investigate dark energy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bringing Dark Energy to Light","datePublished":"2015-11-25T14:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2015-11-30T21:05:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17428 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/25/dark-energy/","disqusTitle":"Bringing Dark Energy to Light","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/6AMthlVpdds","source":"Astronomy","path":"/quest/17428/dark-energy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a mysterious force that makes up about two-thirds of the universe. And it has nothing to do with Star Wars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it dark energy, and it is believed to be causing galaxies to move away from each other faster and faster. Now, researchers who have been trying to figure it out for more than 20 years by studying supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – are hoping to send a telescope into space, where they’ll be able to get a better look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see hundreds of times more sky at a time,” said Saul Perlmutter, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. “And it’s also designed for just the wave length range, just the colors, where we need to study the supernovae and the other galaxies in order to study dark energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new NASA telescope is known as \u003ca href=\"http://wfirst.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WFIRST\u003c/a>, which stands for wide-field infrared survey telescope. If Congress approves initial development funds of $50 million to $100 million by the end of the year, WFIRST could launch sometime between 2022 and 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telescope like it has been in the works for more than 15 years, at one point developed by a Joint Dark Energy Mission made up of NASA and the Department of Energy. Now the project is back in NASA’s hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the project’s bumpy history, Perlmutter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point things are sounding good,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding, with galaxies moving away from each other. Before Hubble’s discovery, even Albert Einstein believed that the universe was static.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty years later, in 2011, Perlmutter, who also is an astrophysicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, shared the Nobel Prize in physics for his contributions to the discovery that the expansion of the universe started to accelerate seven billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just imagine that you are living here on a galaxy, and there’s galaxies forever going in all directions, nothing but galaxies, no end,” said Perlmutter gesturing with his arms. “And the only thing I mean when I’m saying that the universe is expanding is that we’re sort of pumping extra space between the galaxies. And when we say it’s accelerating, we just mean that that extra pumping is happening faster and faster and the distances are growing bigger and bigger more and more quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out that the expansion was accelerating, Perlmutter and his team used the light from supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – to plot out the history of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particular kind of supernova stars, called Type 1a, explode in a very similar way every time, brightening like fireworks and then fading away. And they reach the same peak brightness every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their predictability makes these exploding stars what researchers call “standard candles.” Their initial brightness is constant and grows fainter with distance. Since researchers know light always travels at 186,000 miles per second, they’re able to calculate how long ago these supernovae exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a supernova explodes, the light starts spreading out in all directions, much like the ripples on the water spread out when you drop a pebble into a lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae Perlmutter studies exploded billions of years ago. As the light from their explosions was traveling toward our galaxy, our solar system had time to develop, dinosaurs had a chance to come and go, and humans made their grand entrance and had time to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-99168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg\" alt='Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. ' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“While the light is traveling to us through the universe, the universe is expanding. And everything in the universe that’s not nailed down expands with the universe,” said Perlmutter. “That includes the very wavelengths of the photons of light that are traveling to us from the supernova.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the light is moving away from the observer, it appears red, in a phenomenon known as “redshift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now with these two ingredients – the brightness of the supernova and how much the light has been shifted towards the red in its appearance – you now can just read off the history of the expansion of the universe,” said Perlmutter, “because the brightness tells you how far back in time any given supernova event occurred, and the red shift tells us how much the universe has expanded since that time. And now we just do this for five, ten, 20, 40 supernovae at different times back in history and they, one after another, tell us for each time in history how much the universe has stretched since that time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With WFIRST, astronomers plan to study supernovae that are farther away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope, which would be launched to space on a satellite, would also include technology to study dark energy in other ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One new technique called Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, or BAO for short, allows scientists to refine their history of the universe by comparing the average distance between galaxies at different points in time with the distances between the hot and cold spots just after the Big Bang. The hotter spots were denser and gave rise to more galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Congress were to move forward with WFIRST, it would be an exciting step for scientists trying to figure out what dark energy might be, said Perlmutter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really would be able to probe into the history of the expansion of the universe in a way that we’ve never done before,” he said. “This would be the big chance of finding out what dark energy is in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17428/dark-energy","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16","quest_3422"],"tags":["quest_767","quest_1626","quest_2349","quest_13392","quest_2837","quest_3071","quest_13423"],"featImg":"quest_81279","label":"source_quest_17428"},"quest_48585":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48585","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48585","score":null,"sort":[1357948877000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-stars-go-for-the-gold","title":"The Stars Go For the Gold","publishDate":1357948877,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48587\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/11/the-stars-go-for-the-gold/starsgoforgold/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48587\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg\" alt=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" title=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48587\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stars Go For Gold\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm looking at my wedding ring right now, feeling the weight of this bit of gold and using it as a mental peephole back in time, to before our solar system even existed. Though most of the chemical elements that make up the Earth and the solar system at large have similar long lineage, coming from the mixture of gases in the interstellar cloud that the sun and planets condensed from, the atoms of gold have a special distinction. These atoms, as well as other atomic nuclei heavier than the element iron, could only have been forged in the core of a super massive star at the end of its life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a long winded way of saying, \"Cool! And I get to wear that stuff around my finger!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast-rewinding a bit, about 13.7 billion years to when the universe began with a \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/\" title=\"The Big Bang\" target=\"_blank\">Big Bang\u003c/a>, the first, and for a while only, chemical elements to form out of the seething, expanding ball of energy that was our early universe were hydrogen and helium—and relatively small amounts of lithium and beryllium. Though we're still working out what exactly energy and matter are, we've known for some time now that they are interchangeable: matter can be converted into energy and from energy can come matter -- subatomic particles, like protons, neutrons, electrons, and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the early universe was a vast expanding ball of super-hot, hot hydrogen and helium gas. What next? Still no gold to be found anywhere, even where you find it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What came next were stars and galaxies —- though we're still working out which came first (a variation on the chicken and egg problem). Did galaxies begin as vast condensing swirls of hydrogen and helium, possibly aided by the gravitational forces of primordial super-massive black holes? Did stars then condense within this concentrated gas environment? Or did stars form first in smaller clusters and groups which over time were assembled into galaxies? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's relevant here is that the stars did begin to form, condensing from gases into tighter and denser blobs, until finally the pressure at their cores was high enough for the process of \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html\" title=\"Nucleosynthesis\" target=\"_blank\">nuclear fusion\u003c/a> to take place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, hydrogen atoms fused to form heavier hydrogen isotopes like deuterium and tritium, and those isotopes fused to make helium atoms, adding to the universe's inventory of the latter while using up some of the former. Each time nuclei are fused a bit of energy is released in the process, the energy source that powers a star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, further magic at the cores of stars worked to forge nuclei that had never existed before, like carbon, sulfur, magnesium, and iron. Each time the core of a star would run out of a fusionable fuel it would begin to collapse under its own gravity, thus increasing its core pressure and enabling it to fuse heavier nuclei into even heavier ones—in effect burning the \"ashes\" of the fuel it had burned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most massive stars —- more massive than our sun -- would eventually build up a core of iron and go no further. A star can only re-burn atomic \"ashes\" as long as it can release some energy in the process. But fusion of iron into heavier elements does not release energy; instead it requires energy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a point of crisis, the massive iron core of the old super-massive star suddenly has no more fuel to burn, and collapses. And this is when the doomed star suddenly finds a source of energy with which to fuse its stubborn iron into heavier elements: its own powerful gravitation, which draws the core together and raises the internal temperature and pressure to enormous levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the star explodes as a supernova, blasting into space its outer layers of lighter chemicals as well as the iron, gold, uranium, and other heavy elements it has newly fused. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make a long story short, those materials mixed with the interstellar clouds from which our sun and the planets formed, providing the materials necessary to make planets like Earth possible. And, of course, the gold that now makes up my wedding ring. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. Not just pretty words; it's the literal truth!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998141,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":741},"headData":{"title":"The Stars Go For the Gold | KQED","description":"The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. Not just pretty words; it's the literal truth!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Stars Go For the Gold","datePublished":"2013-01-12T00:01:17.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:49:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48585 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48585","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/11/the-stars-go-for-the-gold/","disqusTitle":"The Stars Go For the Gold","path":"/quest/48585/the-stars-go-for-the-gold","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48587\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/11/the-stars-go-for-the-gold/starsgoforgold/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48587\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg\" alt=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" title=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48587\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stars Go For Gold\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm looking at my wedding ring right now, feeling the weight of this bit of gold and using it as a mental peephole back in time, to before our solar system even existed. Though most of the chemical elements that make up the Earth and the solar system at large have similar long lineage, coming from the mixture of gases in the interstellar cloud that the sun and planets condensed from, the atoms of gold have a special distinction. These atoms, as well as other atomic nuclei heavier than the element iron, could only have been forged in the core of a super massive star at the end of its life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a long winded way of saying, \"Cool! And I get to wear that stuff around my finger!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast-rewinding a bit, about 13.7 billion years to when the universe began with a \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/\" title=\"The Big Bang\" target=\"_blank\">Big Bang\u003c/a>, the first, and for a while only, chemical elements to form out of the seething, expanding ball of energy that was our early universe were hydrogen and helium—and relatively small amounts of lithium and beryllium. Though we're still working out what exactly energy and matter are, we've known for some time now that they are interchangeable: matter can be converted into energy and from energy can come matter -- subatomic particles, like protons, neutrons, electrons, and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the early universe was a vast expanding ball of super-hot, hot hydrogen and helium gas. What next? Still no gold to be found anywhere, even where you find it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What came next were stars and galaxies —- though we're still working out which came first (a variation on the chicken and egg problem). Did galaxies begin as vast condensing swirls of hydrogen and helium, possibly aided by the gravitational forces of primordial super-massive black holes? Did stars then condense within this concentrated gas environment? Or did stars form first in smaller clusters and groups which over time were assembled into galaxies? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's relevant here is that the stars did begin to form, condensing from gases into tighter and denser blobs, until finally the pressure at their cores was high enough for the process of \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html\" title=\"Nucleosynthesis\" target=\"_blank\">nuclear fusion\u003c/a> to take place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, hydrogen atoms fused to form heavier hydrogen isotopes like deuterium and tritium, and those isotopes fused to make helium atoms, adding to the universe's inventory of the latter while using up some of the former. Each time nuclei are fused a bit of energy is released in the process, the energy source that powers a star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, further magic at the cores of stars worked to forge nuclei that had never existed before, like carbon, sulfur, magnesium, and iron. Each time the core of a star would run out of a fusionable fuel it would begin to collapse under its own gravity, thus increasing its core pressure and enabling it to fuse heavier nuclei into even heavier ones—in effect burning the \"ashes\" of the fuel it had burned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most massive stars —- more massive than our sun -- would eventually build up a core of iron and go no further. A star can only re-burn atomic \"ashes\" as long as it can release some energy in the process. But fusion of iron into heavier elements does not release energy; instead it requires energy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a point of crisis, the massive iron core of the old super-massive star suddenly has no more fuel to burn, and collapses. And this is when the doomed star suddenly finds a source of energy with which to fuse its stubborn iron into heavier elements: its own powerful gravitation, which draws the core together and raises the internal temperature and pressure to enormous levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the star explodes as a supernova, blasting into space its outer layers of lighter chemicals as well as the iron, gold, uranium, and other heavy elements it has newly fused. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make a long story short, those materials mixed with the interstellar clouds from which our sun and the planets formed, providing the materials necessary to make planets like Earth possible. And, of course, the gold that now makes up my wedding ring. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48585/the-stars-go-for-the-gold","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_316","quest_544","quest_1232","quest_11565","quest_13202","quest_2780","quest_2837"],"label":"quest"},"quest_23908":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_23908","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"23908","score":null,"sort":[1315585837000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"supernova-super-hero","title":"Supernova Super Hero","publishDate":1315585837,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23911\" class=\"wp-caption alignnon\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/09/supernova-super-hero/m101-sn2011fe/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23911\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/m101-sn2011fe.jpg\" alt=\"Supernova 2011fe in M-101\" title=\"Supernova 2011fe in M-101\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23911\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/m101-sn2011fe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/m101-sn2011fe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Supernova 2011fe in M-101. Credit: Conrad Jung, Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As you read these words, a former star is blasting its remains into space, spreading the chemical elements forged during its life into the interstellar brew of atoms….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…well, not exactly as you’re reading these words. In fact, the stellar death in question took place 21 million years ago, but so far away that its light is only now reaching Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see it yourself. The supernova is located in the galaxy M-101 in Ursa Major, the Big Bear--which most of us identify as the Big Dipper. It can be found above the Dipper, forming a squat triangle with the two end stars of the handle. You might be able to spot the supernova with a good pair of binoculars, or a small telescope. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Better still, you can come to \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> and, weather permitting, gaze at it through one of our large telescopes with the assistance of one of our staff astronomers or astro-savvy volunteers. Our observatory deck is normally open every fair-weather Friday and Saturday night from 7:30 to 10:30. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova, named SN2011fe, was first sighted on August 24th in one of M-101’s spiral arms by a team from Oxford University and the Palomar Transient Factory (PFT). And while it's the 136th supernova spotted this year, SN2011fe is relatively close to us: 21 million light years, as compared to most supernovae, which are much farther away. In addition to being nearby, what is exciting astronomers is that this is a “Type 1A” supernova. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That statement begs the question, are there different kinds of supernovae, and if so, what makes a Type 1A special? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there are different kinds, and I’d say that they’re all special. But 1As have one quality that makes them useful for things other than spectating a celestial fireworks show. A typical “core collapse” type supernova, of which Type 1A is not, occurs when a really massive star (significantly more massive than our Sun) burns through all of its nuclear fuel and collapses. The sudden collapse produces incredible pressure and temperature at the star’s core, enabling it to fuse the heavier atoms it produced from lighter ones over its lifetime. It goes off like a star-sized nuclear bomb, its outer layers blown away into space and its compressed core collapsing even further into a neutron star or a black hole, depending on its mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of light released by this star death scenario depends on the mass of the original star and can vary widely, like a set of light bulbs with a range of wattages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a Type 1A supernova is produced by a different star death scenario. Picture a less massive star than one of those incredible hulk supernova producers, a star with about the mass of our own Sun, in fact, give or take. When this star runs out of nuclear fuel, it also collapses, but not violently. The star’s core collapses into an object called a White Dwarf, a compact and hot “cinder” roughly the size of the Earth. At the same time, the star’s outer shell sloughs off into space, expanding gracefully as a planetary nebula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is a limit to the size that a White Dwarf can be. Below 1.38 times the mass of our Sun, a White Dwarf will remain a hot, though gradually cooling ball of material. If the situation arises where a White Dwarf below 1.38 solar masses acquires more mass—say, by pulling in material from a neighboring star, a stellar companion—and exceeds the magic limit, the White Dwarf suddenly collapses and, much as in the case of a “typical” supernova, becomes a stellar fusion bomb. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trick is that this stellar fusion bomb is powered by the very precise physics of 1.38 solar masses suddenly collapsing from a White Dwarf, the result of which is that all Type 1A supernovae are equivalent in power and brightness. You’ve seen one 1A, you’ve seen them all…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since all 1As have the same brightness, like a bunch of light bulbs of the same wattage, they’re excellent for \u003ca href=\"http://darkmatterdarkenergy.wordpress.com/2011/08/31/m101-supernova-and-the-cosmic-distance-ladder/\">measuring distances in the Universe\u003c/a>. If we know the actual brightness of a Type 1A supernova, we can compare that to how bright a particular one appears to us, do a little math, and calculate with good precision how far away it, and by extension its home galaxy, is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 1A supernovae are what made possible the recent, and unexpected, discovery that not only is the Universe expanding (as we knew), the rate of expansion is actually accelerating (something scientists did NOT expect). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with SN 2011fe going off relatively close to us, in M-101, scientists have a chance to refine their understanding of the nature of the Type 1A supernova, increasing the power of the measuring stick….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an eyeful. Come to Chabot and grab a peek this weekend (Sept 9 and 10), before it fades away….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Supernova SN2011fe, nearby in the galaxy M-101, is the first stellar explosion of its type to be observed in decades, and offers astronomers a valuable opportunity to refine our understanding of the size and expansion of the Universe.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371060299,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":881},"headData":{"title":"Supernova Super Hero | KQED","description":"Supernova SN2011fe, nearby in the galaxy M-101, is the first stellar explosion of its type to be observed in decades, and offers astronomers a valuable opportunity to refine our understanding of the size and expansion of the Universe.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Supernova Super Hero","datePublished":"2011-09-09T16:30:37.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T18:04:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"23908 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=23908","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/09/supernova-super-hero/","disqusTitle":"Supernova Super Hero","path":"/quest/23908/supernova-super-hero","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23911\" class=\"wp-caption alignnon\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/09/supernova-super-hero/m101-sn2011fe/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23911\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/m101-sn2011fe.jpg\" alt=\"Supernova 2011fe in M-101\" title=\"Supernova 2011fe in M-101\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23911\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/m101-sn2011fe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/m101-sn2011fe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Supernova 2011fe in M-101. Credit: Conrad Jung, Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As you read these words, a former star is blasting its remains into space, spreading the chemical elements forged during its life into the interstellar brew of atoms….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…well, not exactly as you’re reading these words. In fact, the stellar death in question took place 21 million years ago, but so far away that its light is only now reaching Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see it yourself. The supernova is located in the galaxy M-101 in Ursa Major, the Big Bear--which most of us identify as the Big Dipper. It can be found above the Dipper, forming a squat triangle with the two end stars of the handle. You might be able to spot the supernova with a good pair of binoculars, or a small telescope. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Better still, you can come to \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> and, weather permitting, gaze at it through one of our large telescopes with the assistance of one of our staff astronomers or astro-savvy volunteers. Our observatory deck is normally open every fair-weather Friday and Saturday night from 7:30 to 10:30. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova, named SN2011fe, was first sighted on August 24th in one of M-101’s spiral arms by a team from Oxford University and the Palomar Transient Factory (PFT). And while it's the 136th supernova spotted this year, SN2011fe is relatively close to us: 21 million light years, as compared to most supernovae, which are much farther away. In addition to being nearby, what is exciting astronomers is that this is a “Type 1A” supernova. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That statement begs the question, are there different kinds of supernovae, and if so, what makes a Type 1A special? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there are different kinds, and I’d say that they’re all special. But 1As have one quality that makes them useful for things other than spectating a celestial fireworks show. A typical “core collapse” type supernova, of which Type 1A is not, occurs when a really massive star (significantly more massive than our Sun) burns through all of its nuclear fuel and collapses. The sudden collapse produces incredible pressure and temperature at the star’s core, enabling it to fuse the heavier atoms it produced from lighter ones over its lifetime. It goes off like a star-sized nuclear bomb, its outer layers blown away into space and its compressed core collapsing even further into a neutron star or a black hole, depending on its mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of light released by this star death scenario depends on the mass of the original star and can vary widely, like a set of light bulbs with a range of wattages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a Type 1A supernova is produced by a different star death scenario. Picture a less massive star than one of those incredible hulk supernova producers, a star with about the mass of our own Sun, in fact, give or take. When this star runs out of nuclear fuel, it also collapses, but not violently. The star’s core collapses into an object called a White Dwarf, a compact and hot “cinder” roughly the size of the Earth. At the same time, the star’s outer shell sloughs off into space, expanding gracefully as a planetary nebula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is a limit to the size that a White Dwarf can be. Below 1.38 times the mass of our Sun, a White Dwarf will remain a hot, though gradually cooling ball of material. If the situation arises where a White Dwarf below 1.38 solar masses acquires more mass—say, by pulling in material from a neighboring star, a stellar companion—and exceeds the magic limit, the White Dwarf suddenly collapses and, much as in the case of a “typical” supernova, becomes a stellar fusion bomb. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trick is that this stellar fusion bomb is powered by the very precise physics of 1.38 solar masses suddenly collapsing from a White Dwarf, the result of which is that all Type 1A supernovae are equivalent in power and brightness. You’ve seen one 1A, you’ve seen them all…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since all 1As have the same brightness, like a bunch of light bulbs of the same wattage, they’re excellent for \u003ca href=\"http://darkmatterdarkenergy.wordpress.com/2011/08/31/m101-supernova-and-the-cosmic-distance-ladder/\">measuring distances in the Universe\u003c/a>. If we know the actual brightness of a Type 1A supernova, we can compare that to how bright a particular one appears to us, do a little math, and calculate with good precision how far away it, and by extension its home galaxy, is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 1A supernovae are what made possible the recent, and unexpected, discovery that not only is the Universe expanding (as we knew), the rate of expansion is actually accelerating (something scientists did NOT expect). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with SN 2011fe going off relatively close to us, in M-101, scientists have a chance to refine their understanding of the nature of the Type 1A supernova, increasing the power of the measuring stick….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an eyeful. Come to Chabot and grab a peek this weekend (Sept 9 and 10), before it fades away….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/23908/supernova-super-hero","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_544","quest_10077","quest_13202","quest_10076","quest_2837","quest_10075"],"featImg":"quest_23911","label":"quest"},"quest_3463":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3463","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3463","score":null,"sort":[1251508069000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"crab-nebula-awesome-beauty-from-destruction","title":"Crab Nebula: Awesome Beauty From Destruction","publishDate":1251508069,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/crabby.jpg\">\u003cem>The Crab Nebula as seen through Chabot Space & Science Center’s 8-inch refracting telescope, Leah. Image: Conrad Jung, Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When asked what got me interested in astronomy, the stock answer I offer is my childhood experience going to Chabot Observatory and looking through the telescopes—and I'm sure that had a great deal to do with it. But, if I want to give an even shorter answer, I just say, \"Crab Nebula!\" and walk away…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire/pr2005037a/\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>? Astronomy enthusiasts are very familiar with this celestial object, or at least become so very quickly after entering the world of space. It's a supernova remnant—a torn and tortured cloud of gases expanding outward into space, the aftermath of a supernova explosion that happened almost a thousand years ago in the constellation Taurus. In fact, as I write this blog, the age of the Crab Nebula is exactly 955 years and 40 days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we know with such precision when this former star went supernova? The answer, as always in science, is careful observation! The explosion of the star was witnessed by Chinese and Japanese astronomers—and possibly \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/outside/chaco/nebula.html\">sky watchers of the American Southwest\u003c/a>—who carefully observed and recorded the event. The explosion took place on July 4th, 1054 \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era\">CE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred years later, a century after the invention of the telescope, the Crab Nebula was discovered in the same spot—first in 1731 by John Bevis, then again by Charles Messier in 1758 (August 28, in fact—the date of this blog posting!). Messier ran across it while searching for Halley's Comet, and at first mistook it for a comet. This was the reason that he began compiling his famous \u003ca href=\"http://messier.obspm.fr/\">Messier catalog\u003c/a> of \"fuzzy\" objects: a wall of mug shots of unusual suspects that resembled, but were imposters of, comets. He began his catalog with Messier 1 (M1), the Crab Nebula. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Messier 1 got its nickname of the Crab from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.maa.clell.de/Messier/E/More/m001_rosse.html\">drawing made by observer Lord Rosse in 1844\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\nToday, the Crab Nebula is an expanding cloud of gas and some dust spanning 10 light years, or 60 trillion miles. The cloud is still expanding at a speed of about 1,800 kilometers per second—a speed that would get you to the Moon in just under 4 minutes! At its center is the collapsed remnant of the dead star's core, which has become the incredibly small and dense object known as a \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/pulsars.html\">neutron star\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why did the Crab Nebula spark my interest in astronomy? I have a specific memory of being at a summer camp and engaging in a craft activity where we cut out the pictures from a bunch of astronomy calendars and made frames and matting to display them in. I selected a few of my favorite images, which included the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/m27.asp\">Dumbbell Nebula \u003c/a>(a planetary nebula), the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/veil_nebula.asp\">Veil Nebula\u003c/a> (another supernova remnant), and, of course, the Crab. Of all these stunning astrophotos, it was the Crab that stuck the longest in my mind and on my bedroom wall, and impelled me to get my first subscription to Astronomy Magazine, and eventually my first telescope. Sometimes, our lives are guided by stars….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As I write this blog, the age of the Crab Nebula is exactly 955 years and 40 days.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371078074,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":553},"headData":{"title":"Crab Nebula: Awesome Beauty From Destruction | KQED","description":"As I write this blog, the age of the Crab Nebula is exactly 955 years and 40 days.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Crab Nebula: Awesome Beauty From Destruction","datePublished":"2009-08-29T01:07:49.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:01:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3463 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3463","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/08/28/crab-nebula-awesome-beauty-from-destruction/","disqusTitle":"Crab Nebula: Awesome Beauty From Destruction","path":"/quest/3463/crab-nebula-awesome-beauty-from-destruction","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/crabby.jpg\">\u003cem>The Crab Nebula as seen through Chabot Space & Science Center’s 8-inch refracting telescope, Leah. Image: Conrad Jung, Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When asked what got me interested in astronomy, the stock answer I offer is my childhood experience going to Chabot Observatory and looking through the telescopes—and I'm sure that had a great deal to do with it. But, if I want to give an even shorter answer, I just say, \"Crab Nebula!\" and walk away…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire/pr2005037a/\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>? Astronomy enthusiasts are very familiar with this celestial object, or at least become so very quickly after entering the world of space. It's a supernova remnant—a torn and tortured cloud of gases expanding outward into space, the aftermath of a supernova explosion that happened almost a thousand years ago in the constellation Taurus. In fact, as I write this blog, the age of the Crab Nebula is exactly 955 years and 40 days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we know with such precision when this former star went supernova? The answer, as always in science, is careful observation! The explosion of the star was witnessed by Chinese and Japanese astronomers—and possibly \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/outside/chaco/nebula.html\">sky watchers of the American Southwest\u003c/a>—who carefully observed and recorded the event. The explosion took place on July 4th, 1054 \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era\">CE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred years later, a century after the invention of the telescope, the Crab Nebula was discovered in the same spot—first in 1731 by John Bevis, then again by Charles Messier in 1758 (August 28, in fact—the date of this blog posting!). Messier ran across it while searching for Halley's Comet, and at first mistook it for a comet. This was the reason that he began compiling his famous \u003ca href=\"http://messier.obspm.fr/\">Messier catalog\u003c/a> of \"fuzzy\" objects: a wall of mug shots of unusual suspects that resembled, but were imposters of, comets. He began his catalog with Messier 1 (M1), the Crab Nebula. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Messier 1 got its nickname of the Crab from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.maa.clell.de/Messier/E/More/m001_rosse.html\">drawing made by observer Lord Rosse in 1844\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\nToday, the Crab Nebula is an expanding cloud of gas and some dust spanning 10 light years, or 60 trillion miles. The cloud is still expanding at a speed of about 1,800 kilometers per second—a speed that would get you to the Moon in just under 4 minutes! At its center is the collapsed remnant of the dead star's core, which has become the incredibly small and dense object known as a \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/pulsars.html\">neutron star\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why did the Crab Nebula spark my interest in astronomy? I have a specific memory of being at a summer camp and engaging in a craft activity where we cut out the pictures from a bunch of astronomy calendars and made frames and matting to display them in. I selected a few of my favorite images, which included the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/m27.asp\">Dumbbell Nebula \u003c/a>(a planetary nebula), the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/veil_nebula.asp\">Veil Nebula\u003c/a> (another supernova remnant), and, of course, the Crab. Of all these stunning astrophotos, it was the Crab that stuck the longest in my mind and on my bedroom wall, and impelled me to get my first subscription to Astronomy Magazine, and eventually my first telescope. Sometimes, our lives are guided by stars….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3463/crab-nebula-awesome-beauty-from-destruction","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_545","quest_3351","quest_1960","quest_2009","quest_2530","quest_2837"],"label":"quest"},"quest_546":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_546","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"546","score":null,"sort":[1208974723000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"pixels-are-so-20th-century-say-hello-to-spaxels","title":"Pixels are so 20th century - say hello to 'spaxels'","publishDate":1208974723,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Every Photon Count\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/tube_telescope_eng.jpg\">\u003c/span>Last week I went to a talk given by the leader of \u003ca href=\"http://snfactory.lbl.gov/\">the Supernova Factory\u003c/a> collaboration at LBNL. What is SN factory? This is an ambitious project to study supernovae like never before. I mentioned this project briefly in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/24/excellent-conditions-for-skiing-and-supernovae/\">previous post\u003c/a> , now that they are so close to releasing their results I want to discuss it a bit more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main idea of this project is to study several hundred nearby supernovae using an instrument known as the Supernova Integral Field Spectrograph, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/Phys-SNIFS.html\">SNIFS\u003c/a>. This type of instrument is essentially \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/\">a blend between a traditional imaging camera and a spectrograph\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resolution in an integral field spectrograph is defined in \u003cem>spaxels \u003c/em>instead of the pixels that have become all too familiar with the advent of digital cameras. A spaxel is quite similar to a pixel, there aren't nearly as many and each one carries at least \u003cem>a 1000 times as much information\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In your digital camera, the light passes through the lens and directly onto the CCD. Each pixel on the CCD counts the number of photons in the red, the blue, and the green. Typically, there are millions of pixels, each counting photons from a slightly different region of the subject of your photograph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine that instead of just counting red, green, and blue, that each pixel counts the entire rainbow of light from your subject. Now you have a spaxel. In an intregral field unit, the light passes through an array of microlenses and prisms before landing on the detector. We would call each set of microlenses and prisms a spaxel. The resulting image carries information about every wavelength of light from every region of your target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/sn2204ca_spectrum.jpg\">\u003cem>Spectrum of the first SN observed with SNIFS\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The advantage to an integral field spectrograph like SNIFS is that you gain a lot more information than either an imager or spectrograph alone. With an integral field spectrograph you can basically identify and organize every photon that reaches the telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically designed to observe supernovae, SNIFS is being operated at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/88inch/\">88-inch telescope on Mauna Kea\u003c/a>. Spaxels are quite expensive - this particular instrument has only 225. However, this is more than enough to observe the entirety of a galaxy, a supernova, and the background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The members of the SN Factory have now observed over 100 SNe using this new camera. Last Thursday, I saw the data from the first 25 well-calibrated supernovae and was very impressed. The data showed the evolution of each supernova and the properties of the host galaxy in great detail. I'm sure the supernova community will be equally impressed when they first see these new results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all' /></p> <p><span class=\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443826811,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":478},"headData":{"title":"Pixels are so 20th century - say hello to 'spaxels' | KQED","description":"Making Every Photon Count Last week I went to a talk given by the leader of the Supernova Factory collaboration at LBNL. What is SN factory? This is an ambitious project to study supernovae like never before. I mentioned this project briefly in a previous post , now that they are so close to releasing","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Pixels are so 20th century - say hello to 'spaxels'","datePublished":"2008-04-23T18:18:43.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:00:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"546 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/04/23/pixels-are-so-20th-century-say-hello-to-spaxels/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/23/pixels-are-so-20th-century-say-hello-to-spaxels/","disqusTitle":"Pixels are so 20th century - say hello to 'spaxels'","path":"/quest/546/pixels-are-so-20th-century-say-hello-to-spaxels","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Every Photon Count\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/tube_telescope_eng.jpg\">\u003c/span>Last week I went to a talk given by the leader of \u003ca href=\"http://snfactory.lbl.gov/\">the Supernova Factory\u003c/a> collaboration at LBNL. What is SN factory? This is an ambitious project to study supernovae like never before. I mentioned this project briefly in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/24/excellent-conditions-for-skiing-and-supernovae/\">previous post\u003c/a> , now that they are so close to releasing their results I want to discuss it a bit more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main idea of this project is to study several hundred nearby supernovae using an instrument known as the Supernova Integral Field Spectrograph, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/Phys-SNIFS.html\">SNIFS\u003c/a>. This type of instrument is essentially \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/\">a blend between a traditional imaging camera and a spectrograph\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resolution in an integral field spectrograph is defined in \u003cem>spaxels \u003c/em>instead of the pixels that have become all too familiar with the advent of digital cameras. A spaxel is quite similar to a pixel, there aren't nearly as many and each one carries at least \u003cem>a 1000 times as much information\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In your digital camera, the light passes through the lens and directly onto the CCD. Each pixel on the CCD counts the number of photons in the red, the blue, and the green. Typically, there are millions of pixels, each counting photons from a slightly different region of the subject of your photograph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine that instead of just counting red, green, and blue, that each pixel counts the entire rainbow of light from your subject. Now you have a spaxel. In an intregral field unit, the light passes through an array of microlenses and prisms before landing on the detector. We would call each set of microlenses and prisms a spaxel. The resulting image carries information about every wavelength of light from every region of your target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/sn2204ca_spectrum.jpg\">\u003cem>Spectrum of the first SN observed with SNIFS\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The advantage to an integral field spectrograph like SNIFS is that you gain a lot more information than either an imager or spectrograph alone. With an integral field spectrograph you can basically identify and organize every photon that reaches the telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically designed to observe supernovae, SNIFS is being operated at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/88inch/\">88-inch telescope on Mauna Kea\u003c/a>. Spaxels are quite expensive - this particular instrument has only 225. However, this is more than enough to observe the entirety of a galaxy, a supernova, and the background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The members of the SN Factory have now observed over 100 SNe using this new camera. Last Thursday, I saw the data from the first 25 well-calibrated supernovae and was very impressed. The data showed the evolution of each supernova and the properties of the host galaxy in great detail. I'm sure the supernova community will be equally impressed when they first see these new results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all' /></p> <p><span class=\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/546/pixels-are-so-20th-century-say-hello-to-spaxels","authors":["10185"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_467","quest_515","quest_3351","quest_1630","quest_1848","quest_2213","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2680","quest_2681","quest_2745","quest_2746","quest_2749","quest_2751","quest_2837","quest_2891"],"label":"quest"},"quest_522":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_522","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"522","score":null,"sort":[1207707810000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"supernova-legacy","title":"Supernova Legacy","publishDate":1207707810,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/blog_nova_blue.jpg\">\u003c/span>Last night we completed our observations for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/SNLS/\">Supernova Legacy Survey\u003c/a>. This was a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/02/supernovae-in-aspen/\">five year program to study supernovae\u003c/a> using a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/\">4-meter telescope in Hawaii\u003c/a> in combination with several of the largest optical telescopes in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project was headed by a group at a university in Toronto and a group at a university in Paris. Canada and France sponsor the 4-meter telescope that is used to discover and observe the supernovae from the point of explosion to the final days when the supernova fades from view. We call this the imaging part of the program. This data constrains the apparent brightness and life cycle of the supernova, and eventually the absolute distance to the supernova.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our contribution to the project was primarily through our \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/11/07/whose-telescope-is-it-anyway/\">affiliation with Keck Observatory\u003c/a>. We were typically awarded four nights a year to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/\">observe recently discovered supernovae spectroscopically\u003c/a>. The data is used to determine the \u003ca href=\"http://en.allexperts.com/q/Astronomy-1360/Red-shift-Blue-Shift-1.htm\">redshift\u003c/a> and the kind of supernova explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae are used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/10/the-expanding-universe/\">rate of expansion of the universe\u003c/a>. It was this type of experiment that was first used to discover that the universe is actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/23/why-does-it-matter-part-ii/\">dominated by dark energy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one really suspected the presence of dark energy for almost the entirety of the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century. Now, we not only know it exists but are actually trying to understand it in the same way we understand gravity, protons, and electrons. That is where projects like the Supernova Legacy Survey come in. With projects like this, we work to collect enormous samples of well-studied supernovae that can improve our understanding of dark energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We use a certain type of supernova as yardsticks to measure distances in the universe. We then model the affects of dark energy on the expansion history of the universe by comparing distances and rates of expansion. This comparison is typically represented in a \u003ca href=\"http://cas.sdss.org/dr6/en/proj/advanced/hubble/\">Hubble Diagram\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/blog_hubble_diagram.jpg\">\u003c/span>The Supernova Legacy Survey has been very successful in its attempts thus far. On the right, I show the Hubble Diagram from the first year of data. This is less than 20% of the full sample. The dotted line outlines the expectations of the 1990's cosmology crowd. The solid line shows the prediction from the more sophisticated cosmologists of the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> century. As you can see, the original expectations were pretty far off the mark - the supernovae just don't lie on top of the dotted line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that this program is finishing up, we should be seeing similar figures that are teeming with supernovae. Future programs should do an even better job of making these measurements. Someday we may actually understand this dark energy thing, it may turn out to be something else completely new and unexpected!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1207707810,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":485},"headData":{"title":"Supernova Legacy | KQED","description":"Last night we completed our observations for the Supernova Legacy Survey. This was a five year program to study supernovae using a 4-meter telescope in Hawaii in combination with several of the largest optical telescopes in the world. The project was headed by a group at a university in Toronto and a group at a","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Supernova Legacy","datePublished":"2008-04-09T02:23:30.000Z","dateModified":"2008-04-09T02:23:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"522 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/04/08/supernova-legacy/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/08/supernova-legacy/","disqusTitle":"Supernova Legacy","path":"/quest/522/supernova-legacy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/blog_nova_blue.jpg\">\u003c/span>Last night we completed our observations for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/SNLS/\">Supernova Legacy Survey\u003c/a>. This was a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/02/supernovae-in-aspen/\">five year program to study supernovae\u003c/a> using a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/\">4-meter telescope in Hawaii\u003c/a> in combination with several of the largest optical telescopes in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project was headed by a group at a university in Toronto and a group at a university in Paris. Canada and France sponsor the 4-meter telescope that is used to discover and observe the supernovae from the point of explosion to the final days when the supernova fades from view. We call this the imaging part of the program. This data constrains the apparent brightness and life cycle of the supernova, and eventually the absolute distance to the supernova.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our contribution to the project was primarily through our \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/11/07/whose-telescope-is-it-anyway/\">affiliation with Keck Observatory\u003c/a>. We were typically awarded four nights a year to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/\">observe recently discovered supernovae spectroscopically\u003c/a>. The data is used to determine the \u003ca href=\"http://en.allexperts.com/q/Astronomy-1360/Red-shift-Blue-Shift-1.htm\">redshift\u003c/a> and the kind of supernova explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae are used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/10/the-expanding-universe/\">rate of expansion of the universe\u003c/a>. It was this type of experiment that was first used to discover that the universe is actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/23/why-does-it-matter-part-ii/\">dominated by dark energy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one really suspected the presence of dark energy for almost the entirety of the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century. Now, we not only know it exists but are actually trying to understand it in the same way we understand gravity, protons, and electrons. That is where projects like the Supernova Legacy Survey come in. With projects like this, we work to collect enormous samples of well-studied supernovae that can improve our understanding of dark energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We use a certain type of supernova as yardsticks to measure distances in the universe. We then model the affects of dark energy on the expansion history of the universe by comparing distances and rates of expansion. This comparison is typically represented in a \u003ca href=\"http://cas.sdss.org/dr6/en/proj/advanced/hubble/\">Hubble Diagram\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/blog_hubble_diagram.jpg\">\u003c/span>The Supernova Legacy Survey has been very successful in its attempts thus far. On the right, I show the Hubble Diagram from the first year of data. This is less than 20% of the full sample. The dotted line outlines the expectations of the 1990's cosmology crowd. The solid line shows the prediction from the more sophisticated cosmologists of the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> century. As you can see, the original expectations were pretty far off the mark - the supernovae just don't lie on top of the dotted line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that this program is finishing up, we should be seeing similar figures that are teeming with supernovae. Future programs should do an even better job of making these measurements. Someday we may actually understand this dark energy thing, it may turn out to be something else completely new and unexpected!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/522/supernova-legacy","authors":["10185"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_1405","quest_1406","quest_3351","quest_1630","quest_2349","quest_2837","quest_2838","quest_2891"],"label":"quest"},"quest_486":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_486","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"486","score":null,"sort":[1206416051000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"excellent-conditions-for-skiing-and-supernovae","title":"Excellent conditions for skiing and supernovae","publishDate":1206416051,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/blog_snowboard.jpg\">\u003cem>Julien Guy: supernova cosmologist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I'm sitting in the airport right now, passing time as I wait for my flight back to SFO. Looking at the clock now, I see that my jet lag future does not bode well. I awoke at 5:00 AM here and nearly 11 hours later feel like the day is over, yet it is only 7:50 AM in CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent the last week at a conference in the Italian Alps with about 200 skier/cosmologists. Mornings were spent in the conference hall watching 15 or 25 minute presentations. Afternoons were for the slopes. Evenings were back in the conference hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference started with supernova talks - I was fourth on the list. Being in the field, I had heard most of the results that were presented in the other talks. Ditto the other attendees' perspectives on my talk. However, there were some new and very promising results from the \u003ca href=\"http://snfactory.lbl.gov/\">Supernova Factory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova factory is a LBNL-based research group that focuses on \"nearby supernovae\". By nearby, I mean only a few hundred million light years away. These supernovae occur in galaxies that are distant enough to be free of the gravity of the Milky Way and our neighboring galaxies but close enough to observe with smaller telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae observed by the SN factory are very bright compared to the supernovae I observe with the Hubble Space Telescope. The supernovae are bright enough to make very precise measurements at each wavelength of the supernova spectrum. Just like my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/\">earlier post on spectroscopy\u003c/a>, the supernova light is imaged after passing through a prism. These images provide very detailed information about the molecules and atoms that are present in the supernova explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spectroscopic observations also tell us how one supernova may differ from another. The small variations in \u003ca href=\"http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pr/1998/AAS_winter-sn/pr.html\">type Ia supernovae\u003c/a> have been a mystery for quite some time. If we can learn the causes of these variations, these supernovae could be come even more useful for measuring distances in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several models and theories to explain the differences, but none has been extensively tested. A large number of bright nearby supernovae is required to test these models. Hopefully, a project like the supernova factory will provide that sample. In this conference, they only showed a handful of supernovae. All but one of these supernovae was well-behaved, fitting our current models. The last one differed enormously from the others, but the detailed spectroscopic observations lent evidence as to why this may be the case. The data is still being examined, but I am encouraged by the progress necessary if supernovae are to be used to explain the cosmology of our universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presentations over the next five days covered a very large range of topics. Some conference attendees presented ideas that had never occurred to me. One that I found very interesting was an experiment to model the orbital paths of stars around the black hole at the center of the Milky Way. For those patient enough to watch these stars for 15 years, it should be possible to measure the properties of gravity and the black hole itself by looking for deviations in the stars orbits from our current models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the talks were very interesting and well-attended, I can't help but comment on the other important side of this conference. That would of course be the skiing. The Europeans really have it right - they chose the site and the schedule with the perfect balance for leisure time. We were only ten miles from the tallest mountain in Europe, within site of the Matterhorn, had perfect snow all week, and had just enough time to enjoy it. I even had a chance to practice my amateur photography on the slopes. Now the next challenge will be to organize a conference in Tahiti!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1206416051,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":672},"headData":{"title":"Excellent conditions for skiing and supernovae | KQED","description":"Julien Guy: supernova cosmologistI'm sitting in the airport right now, passing time as I wait for my flight back to SFO. Looking at the clock now, I see that my jet lag future does not bode well. I awoke at 5:00 AM here and nearly 11 hours later feel like the day is over, yet","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Excellent conditions for skiing and supernovae","datePublished":"2008-03-25T03:34:11.000Z","dateModified":"2008-03-25T03:34:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"486 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/03/24/excellent-conditions-for-skiing-and-supernovae/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/24/excellent-conditions-for-skiing-and-supernovae/","disqusTitle":"Excellent conditions for skiing and supernovae","path":"/quest/486/excellent-conditions-for-skiing-and-supernovae","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/blog_snowboard.jpg\">\u003cem>Julien Guy: supernova cosmologist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I'm sitting in the airport right now, passing time as I wait for my flight back to SFO. Looking at the clock now, I see that my jet lag future does not bode well. I awoke at 5:00 AM here and nearly 11 hours later feel like the day is over, yet it is only 7:50 AM in CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent the last week at a conference in the Italian Alps with about 200 skier/cosmologists. Mornings were spent in the conference hall watching 15 or 25 minute presentations. Afternoons were for the slopes. Evenings were back in the conference hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference started with supernova talks - I was fourth on the list. Being in the field, I had heard most of the results that were presented in the other talks. Ditto the other attendees' perspectives on my talk. However, there were some new and very promising results from the \u003ca href=\"http://snfactory.lbl.gov/\">Supernova Factory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova factory is a LBNL-based research group that focuses on \"nearby supernovae\". By nearby, I mean only a few hundred million light years away. These supernovae occur in galaxies that are distant enough to be free of the gravity of the Milky Way and our neighboring galaxies but close enough to observe with smaller telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae observed by the SN factory are very bright compared to the supernovae I observe with the Hubble Space Telescope. The supernovae are bright enough to make very precise measurements at each wavelength of the supernova spectrum. Just like my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/\">earlier post on spectroscopy\u003c/a>, the supernova light is imaged after passing through a prism. These images provide very detailed information about the molecules and atoms that are present in the supernova explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spectroscopic observations also tell us how one supernova may differ from another. The small variations in \u003ca href=\"http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pr/1998/AAS_winter-sn/pr.html\">type Ia supernovae\u003c/a> have been a mystery for quite some time. If we can learn the causes of these variations, these supernovae could be come even more useful for measuring distances in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several models and theories to explain the differences, but none has been extensively tested. A large number of bright nearby supernovae is required to test these models. Hopefully, a project like the supernova factory will provide that sample. In this conference, they only showed a handful of supernovae. All but one of these supernovae was well-behaved, fitting our current models. The last one differed enormously from the others, but the detailed spectroscopic observations lent evidence as to why this may be the case. The data is still being examined, but I am encouraged by the progress necessary if supernovae are to be used to explain the cosmology of our universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presentations over the next five days covered a very large range of topics. Some conference attendees presented ideas that had never occurred to me. One that I found very interesting was an experiment to model the orbital paths of stars around the black hole at the center of the Milky Way. For those patient enough to watch these stars for 15 years, it should be possible to measure the properties of gravity and the black hole itself by looking for deviations in the stars orbits from our current models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the talks were very interesting and well-attended, I can't help but comment on the other important side of this conference. That would of course be the skiing. The Europeans really have it right - they chose the site and the schedule with the perfect balance for leisure time. We were only ten miles from the tallest mountain in Europe, within site of the Matterhorn, had perfect snow all week, and had just enough time to enjoy it. I even had a chance to practice my amateur photography on the slopes. Now the next challenge will be to organize a conference in Tahiti!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/486/excellent-conditions-for-skiing-and-supernovae","authors":["10185"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_1162","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1630","quest_1768","quest_2141","quest_2644","quest_2751","quest_2837","quest_2838","quest_2892"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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