Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening
From High-Rise to Low Impact: A Building That Mimics a Forest
Solar Powers China's March Toward Sustainability
We Are the Desert: Tackling California's Water and Electricity Woes
Behind the Scenes with the Mythbusters
Squeezing More Energy from the Sun
Solar Decathlon 2009
Blowing up the House for Energy Efficiency
Last Gasps from Phoenix?
Sponsored
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In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"jim-gunshinan":{"type":"authors","id":"10175","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10175","found":true},"name":"Jim Gunshinan","firstName":"Jim","lastName":"Gunshinan","slug":"jim-gunshinan","email":"JPGunshinan@homeenergy.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jim Gunshinan is the editor of Home Energy, the magazine of sustainable home building and renovation.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b6d603f9c3b8939ca39ad7fb72103a7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jim Gunshinan | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b6d603f9c3b8939ca39ad7fb72103a7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b6d603f9c3b8939ca39ad7fb72103a7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jim-gunshinan"},"marjoriesun":{"type":"authors","id":"10391","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10391","found":true},"name":"Marjorie Sun","firstName":"Marjorie","lastName":"Sun","slug":"marjoriesun","email":"fakeemail@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":null,"avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bdf7e04ec578e3d8369b119b89106f18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Marjorie Sun | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bdf7e04ec578e3d8369b119b89106f18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bdf7e04ec578e3d8369b119b89106f18?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/marjoriesun"},"michaeljameswerner":{"type":"authors","id":"10446","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10446","found":true},"name":"Michael James Werner","firstName":"Michael James","lastName":"Werner","slug":"michaeljameswerner","email":"michaeljameswerner@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Michael Werner is an award-winning independent filmmaker, photographer and writer. His work has been featured in/by: The PBS NewsHour, HBO Films, The Associated Press, Earthfix, Oregon Field Guide, KCTS-9 Seattle, Voice of America TV, The World Channel, the U.S. Olympic Committee and the Cannes International Film Festival. In addition he is a former faculty member at the University of Oregon School of Journalism and holds a master’s degree in narrative journalism. In 2010 he spent five weeks exploring the Democratic Republic of the Congo for a documentary project and developed an appreciation for the taste of curried caterpillars.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Michael James Werner | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/michaeljameswerner"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_62728":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_62728","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"62728","score":null,"sort":[1383663655000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening","title":"Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening","publishDate":1383663655,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST Sustainability Science – TV series | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11767,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In the last major step before the world’s largest solar plant opens in California’s Mojave Desert, engineers at the \u003ca title=\"Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/ivanpah-solar-project\">Ivanpah solar farm\u003c/a>, 40 miles south of Las Vegas, are testing the huge water boilers on top of the plant’s three 459-foot towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.2 billion project is scheduled to start delivering electricity to the power grid by the end of the year, said Joseph Desmond, vice-president of marketing for Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"BrightSource Energy\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>, the plant’s developer. Ivanpah is owned by BrightSource, \u003ca title=\"NRG Energy\" href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> and Google, and is being built by Bechtel. The plant’s electricity will be purchased by Pacific Gas and Electric, in Northern California, and by Southern California Edison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will deliver 377 megawatts of power, enough electricity for 140,000 houses, said Desmond, and about the same output as a medium-sized natural gas-fired plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Power tower surrounded by mirrors\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Ivanpah, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged around three towers like this one. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a major milestone for renewable energy development in North America,” said \u003ca title=\"Carl Zichella, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/carl-zichella\">Carl Zichella\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. “A plant like this creates economies of scale that will reduce the costs in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah, which received a \u003ca title=\"DOE press release\" href=\"http://energy.gov/articles/doe-finalizes-16-billion-loan-guarantee-brightsource-energy-inc\">$1.6 billion loan guarantee\u003c/a> by the federal Department of Energy in 2011, is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California by 2014. In the works for years, together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom is fueled in part by state laws designed to promote renewable energy. In California, under a measure signed by Gov. Jerry Brown two years ago, utilities are required to produce \u003ca title=\"KQED series about California's push for renewable energy\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/\">33 percent of their electricity from solar, wind and other renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was among the very first states to adopt a policy that required utilities to buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources,” said Zichella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 30 states now have similar laws, which are known as \u003ca title=\"Database on renewable portfolio standards\" href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/rpsdata/index.cfm\">renewable portfolio standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, U.S. Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., introduced a bill to require every utility in America to produce 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Environmentalists cheered the news, although similar bills in Congress have failed in recent years due to opposition from Republican leaders and from lawmakers who represent regions that do not have as much wind or sunshine as other areas and worry that such rules would increase monthly utility bills for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63258\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mirrors and boiler at Ivanpah solar farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirrors concentrate the sun's heat onto a 120-foot boiler atop a 459-foot tower. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the next two to three weeks, engineers at Ivanpah will painstakingly point tens of thousands of mirrors onto a boiler full of water on Unit 1. Their goal: to heat the steam inside to a searing 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, said Tim Fisk, Ivanpah project director. That’s six times hotter than boiling water. The high-pressure steam powers a turbine, which in turn generates electricity. The “loading of the boiler,” as this step is known, is the last major step before Unit 1 can start delivering electricity to the grid. Afterward boilers on the plant’s other two units will undergo similar tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each of the plant’s three units, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged in a circular pattern around a tower as tall as a 45-story building, on top of which sits the boiler. The mirrors are controlled by computers, which move them during the day, sunflower-like, so that they’re always picking up the sun’s rays and sending them to the boiler, a 120-foot high black rectangle of steel tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200-300x160.jpg\" alt=\"Concentrating solar power v. photovoltaic\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is called concentrating solar thermal, and is different than the photovoltaic solar panels commonly used on rooftop installations, which transform the sun into electricity through a chemical reaction. Similar plants exist in \u003ca title=\"Shams 1\" href=\"http://www.abengoa.com/web/en/noticias_y_publicaciones/noticias/historico/2013/03_marzo/solar_20130314_2.html\">Abu Dhabi\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Andasol solar plant\" href=\"http://www.solarmillennium.de/english/archiv/press/press-releases/archive-2011/2011_09_30-inauguration.html\">Spain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrating solar thermal technology offers the promise of getting around one of solar energy’s shortcomings. Because the sun only shines during the day, plants stop producing electricity at dusk. Concentrating solar thermal plants can be built to store heat in large vats full of molten salt, and can draw that heat to continue producing electricity for a few hours after sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63259\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"One of Ivanpah's three towers and turbines\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boiler atop a 459-foot tower delivers high-pressure steam to the turbine at the bottom, which uses it to generate electricity. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you add storage, you’re essentially making this a power plant just like a natural gas plant, meaning it has the ability to be flexible, controllable, and deliver power when it’s most valued and most needed onto the grid,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t include storage, but the first U.S. plant with storage, the \u003ca title=\"Solana solar plant\" href=\"http://www.abengoasolar.com/web/en/nuestras_plantas/plantas_en_operacion/estados_unidos/\">Solana solar farm\u003c/a>, opened 70 miles southwest of Phoenix, in Gila Bend, Arizona, in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the advantages of large solar plants in the desert, Ivanpah, which is located on about 3,500 acres of federal land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, ran into challenges. While the Mojave Desert is one of the best solar resources in the world and is located relatively near dense population centers like Los Angeles that need the electricity, parts of the desert are also home to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Photo: Joshua Cassidy / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From the get-go, we knew that the Ivanpah project was located in an area that had fairly high density of desert tortoise in it,” said \u003ca title=\"Ileene Anderson, Center for Biological Diversity\" href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/\">Ileene Anderson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried that habitat disruption would impact desert tortoises, which are classified as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, the group testified against the project. After it was reduced in size, it obtained federal and state permits, and construction began in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial surveys had led BrightSource officials to believe that they’d find 30 tortoises on the site where they were building the plant. But rains created favorable conditions for tortoises, and resulted in the company finding 173 instead. The company transferred the tortoises to pens and later moved them back onto wild land. More than 50 additional tortoises have been born in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take into account the care and monitoring of all the tortoises involved in the program, it works out to be about $55,000 per tortoise,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63255\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise hatchling\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The care of each desert tortoise found on the Ivanpah site, or born in captivity, costs the project some $55,000, said the project's developers. Photo: Kristina Drake, USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tension between protecting threatened species and pushing for large-scale solar plants in the desert put environmental groups at odds with each other during Ivanpah’s construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been genuine local concerns about the location of some of the earlier projects that have led people to feel not so committed to some of the renewable energy options,” said Zichella. “There’s no such thing as an impact-free energy source. If we’re going to deal with climate change, we have to understand that. And if we can choose the locations for these facilities very carefully, we can avoid a lot of the biggest problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to find the best places for large renewable energy projects. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/solar_energy.html\">Interior Department has identified “solar energy zones”\u003c/a> on public land in six southwestern states. These 300,000 acres are close to transmission lines and have fewer threatened species than other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, government agencies and environmental groups are working to identify large tracts in the Mojave Desert suitable for both wind and solar plants. \u003ca title=\"Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan web page\" href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">The plan\u003c/a> would also set aside land for desert species. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re engaged in that process and very much looking forward to help crafting a good plan that allows for renewable energy development, as well as allowing for good, strong conservation to occur,” said Anderson.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Largest Solar Farms in the World\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it opens in the next few months, the Ivanpah solar farm will be the largest in the world, providing 370 megawatts - enough electricity for 140,000 homes. The largest now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"solar farm table\">\n\u003ctable>\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Name\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Country\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">State/Province\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Capacity (megawatts)\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Developer\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Agua Caliente\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>278\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>First Solar\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>California Valley Solar Ranch\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>250\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>SunPower\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Charanka Solar Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>India\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Gujarat\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>214\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Several\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>CPI Golmud Power Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>China\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Quinghai\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CPI Huanghe Hydropower Co.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mesquite Solar 1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sempra Generation\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Source: SEIA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting contributed by KQED Science radio reporter Lauren Sommer. Tortoise footage: Stephen M. Wessells, USGS.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/\">As World’s Largest Solar Thermal Plant Opens, California Looks to End Solar Wars\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The largest solar plant in the world - in California’s Mojave Desert - goes through its last test before opening, after a debate that pitted renewable energy against a threatened tortoise. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565559,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1545},"headData":{"title":"Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening | KQED","description":"The largest solar plant in the world - in California’s Mojave Desert - goes through its last test before opening, after a debate that pitted renewable energy against a threatened tortoise. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"62728 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=62728","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/05/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/","disqusTitle":"Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A--1eRAcQd0","path":"/quest/62728/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the last major step before the world’s largest solar plant opens in California’s Mojave Desert, engineers at the \u003ca title=\"Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/ivanpah-solar-project\">Ivanpah solar farm\u003c/a>, 40 miles south of Las Vegas, are testing the huge water boilers on top of the plant’s three 459-foot towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.2 billion project is scheduled to start delivering electricity to the power grid by the end of the year, said Joseph Desmond, vice-president of marketing for Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"BrightSource Energy\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>, the plant’s developer. Ivanpah is owned by BrightSource, \u003ca title=\"NRG Energy\" href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> and Google, and is being built by Bechtel. The plant’s electricity will be purchased by Pacific Gas and Electric, in Northern California, and by Southern California Edison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will deliver 377 megawatts of power, enough electricity for 140,000 houses, said Desmond, and about the same output as a medium-sized natural gas-fired plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Power tower surrounded by mirrors\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Ivanpah, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged around three towers like this one. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a major milestone for renewable energy development in North America,” said \u003ca title=\"Carl Zichella, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/carl-zichella\">Carl Zichella\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. “A plant like this creates economies of scale that will reduce the costs in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah, which received a \u003ca title=\"DOE press release\" href=\"http://energy.gov/articles/doe-finalizes-16-billion-loan-guarantee-brightsource-energy-inc\">$1.6 billion loan guarantee\u003c/a> by the federal Department of Energy in 2011, is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California by 2014. In the works for years, together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom is fueled in part by state laws designed to promote renewable energy. In California, under a measure signed by Gov. Jerry Brown two years ago, utilities are required to produce \u003ca title=\"KQED series about California's push for renewable energy\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/\">33 percent of their electricity from solar, wind and other renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was among the very first states to adopt a policy that required utilities to buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources,” said Zichella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 30 states now have similar laws, which are known as \u003ca title=\"Database on renewable portfolio standards\" href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/rpsdata/index.cfm\">renewable portfolio standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, U.S. Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., introduced a bill to require every utility in America to produce 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Environmentalists cheered the news, although similar bills in Congress have failed in recent years due to opposition from Republican leaders and from lawmakers who represent regions that do not have as much wind or sunshine as other areas and worry that such rules would increase monthly utility bills for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63258\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mirrors and boiler at Ivanpah solar farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirrors concentrate the sun's heat onto a 120-foot boiler atop a 459-foot tower. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the next two to three weeks, engineers at Ivanpah will painstakingly point tens of thousands of mirrors onto a boiler full of water on Unit 1. Their goal: to heat the steam inside to a searing 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, said Tim Fisk, Ivanpah project director. That’s six times hotter than boiling water. The high-pressure steam powers a turbine, which in turn generates electricity. The “loading of the boiler,” as this step is known, is the last major step before Unit 1 can start delivering electricity to the grid. Afterward boilers on the plant’s other two units will undergo similar tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each of the plant’s three units, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged in a circular pattern around a tower as tall as a 45-story building, on top of which sits the boiler. The mirrors are controlled by computers, which move them during the day, sunflower-like, so that they’re always picking up the sun’s rays and sending them to the boiler, a 120-foot high black rectangle of steel tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200-300x160.jpg\" alt=\"Concentrating solar power v. photovoltaic\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is called concentrating solar thermal, and is different than the photovoltaic solar panels commonly used on rooftop installations, which transform the sun into electricity through a chemical reaction. Similar plants exist in \u003ca title=\"Shams 1\" href=\"http://www.abengoa.com/web/en/noticias_y_publicaciones/noticias/historico/2013/03_marzo/solar_20130314_2.html\">Abu Dhabi\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Andasol solar plant\" href=\"http://www.solarmillennium.de/english/archiv/press/press-releases/archive-2011/2011_09_30-inauguration.html\">Spain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrating solar thermal technology offers the promise of getting around one of solar energy’s shortcomings. Because the sun only shines during the day, plants stop producing electricity at dusk. Concentrating solar thermal plants can be built to store heat in large vats full of molten salt, and can draw that heat to continue producing electricity for a few hours after sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63259\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"One of Ivanpah's three towers and turbines\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boiler atop a 459-foot tower delivers high-pressure steam to the turbine at the bottom, which uses it to generate electricity. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you add storage, you’re essentially making this a power plant just like a natural gas plant, meaning it has the ability to be flexible, controllable, and deliver power when it’s most valued and most needed onto the grid,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t include storage, but the first U.S. plant with storage, the \u003ca title=\"Solana solar plant\" href=\"http://www.abengoasolar.com/web/en/nuestras_plantas/plantas_en_operacion/estados_unidos/\">Solana solar farm\u003c/a>, opened 70 miles southwest of Phoenix, in Gila Bend, Arizona, in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the advantages of large solar plants in the desert, Ivanpah, which is located on about 3,500 acres of federal land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, ran into challenges. While the Mojave Desert is one of the best solar resources in the world and is located relatively near dense population centers like Los Angeles that need the electricity, parts of the desert are also home to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Photo: Joshua Cassidy / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From the get-go, we knew that the Ivanpah project was located in an area that had fairly high density of desert tortoise in it,” said \u003ca title=\"Ileene Anderson, Center for Biological Diversity\" href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/\">Ileene Anderson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried that habitat disruption would impact desert tortoises, which are classified as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, the group testified against the project. After it was reduced in size, it obtained federal and state permits, and construction began in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial surveys had led BrightSource officials to believe that they’d find 30 tortoises on the site where they were building the plant. But rains created favorable conditions for tortoises, and resulted in the company finding 173 instead. The company transferred the tortoises to pens and later moved them back onto wild land. More than 50 additional tortoises have been born in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take into account the care and monitoring of all the tortoises involved in the program, it works out to be about $55,000 per tortoise,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63255\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise hatchling\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The care of each desert tortoise found on the Ivanpah site, or born in captivity, costs the project some $55,000, said the project's developers. Photo: Kristina Drake, USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tension between protecting threatened species and pushing for large-scale solar plants in the desert put environmental groups at odds with each other during Ivanpah’s construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been genuine local concerns about the location of some of the earlier projects that have led people to feel not so committed to some of the renewable energy options,” said Zichella. “There’s no such thing as an impact-free energy source. If we’re going to deal with climate change, we have to understand that. And if we can choose the locations for these facilities very carefully, we can avoid a lot of the biggest problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to find the best places for large renewable energy projects. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/solar_energy.html\">Interior Department has identified “solar energy zones”\u003c/a> on public land in six southwestern states. These 300,000 acres are close to transmission lines and have fewer threatened species than other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, government agencies and environmental groups are working to identify large tracts in the Mojave Desert suitable for both wind and solar plants. \u003ca title=\"Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan web page\" href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">The plan\u003c/a> would also set aside land for desert species. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re engaged in that process and very much looking forward to help crafting a good plan that allows for renewable energy development, as well as allowing for good, strong conservation to occur,” said Anderson.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Largest Solar Farms in the World\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it opens in the next few months, the Ivanpah solar farm will be the largest in the world, providing 370 megawatts - enough electricity for 140,000 homes. The largest now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"solar farm table\">\n\u003ctable>\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Name\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Country\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">State/Province\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Capacity (megawatts)\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Developer\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Agua Caliente\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>278\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>First Solar\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>California Valley Solar Ranch\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>250\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>SunPower\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Charanka Solar Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>India\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Gujarat\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>214\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Several\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>CPI Golmud Power Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>China\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Quinghai\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CPI Huanghe Hydropower Co.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mesquite Solar 1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sempra Generation\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Source: SEIA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting contributed by KQED Science radio reporter Lauren Sommer. Tortoise footage: Stephen M. Wessells, USGS.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/\">As World’s Largest Solar Thermal Plant Opens, California Looks to End Solar Wars\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/62728/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening","authors":["6186"],"series":["quest_11767"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_12395","quest_12394","quest_12397","quest_12269","quest_12393","quest_3351","quest_12396","quest_10630","quest_13203","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2700","quest_2893","quest_3321","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_3357"],"featImg":"quest_62734","label":"quest_11767"},"quest_54073":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_54073","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"54073","score":null,"sort":[1378216825000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-high-rise-to-low-impact-a-building-that-mimics-a-forest","title":"From High-Rise to Low Impact: A Building That Mimics a Forest","publishDate":1378216825,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59677\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-59677 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1.jpg\" alt=\"Bullitt Center Seattle Green Building Living Building Challenge\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Bullitt Center, a six-story commercial structure that opened this summer in Seattle, is considered the world's greenest office building. Photo courtesy KCTS 9\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s nearly 100 feet tall, fed by the sun and rain that fall on it, and is composed largely of wood. But it’s not a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59683\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59683\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_forest-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bullitt_forest\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy KCTS 9\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s the world’s greenest office building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://bullittcenter.org/\">Bullitt Center\u003c/a>, finished in the summer of 2013 and located on the edge of Seattle’s downtown, is designed to mimic the Douglas fir forests that once stood on the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powered by sun and fed by rainwater, the building doesn't produce any waste. Its automated window shades open and close like an organism’s pupil, regulating the amount of light that enters. The 600-panel solar array, which is expected to generate all the energy the building needs in a year, is arranged on the roof so that rays of sunlight can pass through and create a dappled pattern on the sidewalk below — similar to the way light passes through a forest canopy. And all the wood used in the structure came from local forests that harvest trees sustainably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designed to be as self sufficient as any arboreal ecosystem, the center also has a 56,000-gallon cistern, which will provide tenants with all their water needs. All waste generated will be treated on site thanks to the world's first six-story composting toilet system, and a rain garden will filter the wastewater from sinks, showers, and floor drains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has had a long time to figure out how to live successfully on this planet,” says Jason F. McLennan, founder and creator of the \u003ca href=\"http://living-future.org/lbc\">Living Building Challenge\u003c/a>, the most rigorous certification process for green building. “There is a lot we can learn from it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://player.vimeo.com/video/64281701]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imitating the processes, systems, and designs found in nature, or \u003ca href=\"http://biomimicry.net/about/biomimicry/case-examples/\">biomimicry\u003c/a>, has inspired such things as swimsuits for Olympic athletes (sharkskin), hook-and-loop fasteners (burdock seed husks), and highly efficient turbines (humpback whale fins). Although biomimicry has been around for a while, it is attracting renewed attention as a way to create more eco-friendly designs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought we could circumvent the laws of nature with our cleverness and by our ability to manipulate materials and fossil fuels,” says Robert Peña, associate professor of architecture at the University of Washington’s Integrated Design Lab and a Bullitt Center design consultant. “But a lot of us are realizing that we circumvent those laws at our own peril. And we’re rediscovering biomimicry as an important part of the solution to our environmental challenges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_solar.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59687 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_solar-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bullitt Center Seattle Green Building Living Building Challenge\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 600-panel solar array is expected to supply all the energy the building needs. Photo courtesy KCTS 9\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One example of the discipline’s resurgence is the Living Building Challenge, which advocates for biomimicry-inspired design solutions. The Challenge has grown steadily since its inception in 2006, and now more than 200 projects around the world, including the Bullitt Center, are attempting to qualify for “Living Building” status. Unlike other green building certifications, living buildings must prove for a full year that they are in balance with nature. They must generate all their own energy from renewable sources; their water needs must be met by the precipitation that falls on them; and they must treat wastewater and sewage on site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of mimicking a Douglas fir forest, the Bullitt Center is 80 percent more efficient than a typical commercial structure. And building more efficient spaces has the potential not only to address many of America’s energy issues but also to blunt the impacts of climate change, Peña says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About 48 percent of the overall energy we use in the United States is consumed by buildings,” he says. “So we have a huge opportunity to reduce the carbon we put into the atmosphere by making more efficient and effective use of buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peña hopes the Bullitt Center will inspire other builders and help spark a green building boom. For that reason, the structure was built in a way that could be replicated. And the Center’s designers plan on sharing their newfound knowledge with the wider building community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this building is still the greenest of its type in a decade, we’ll have utterly failed,” Peña adds. “It’s all about inspiring the next generation of designers, builders, and rule makers to do it and do it better.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the search for greater efficiency, green builders are looking to nature for answers.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823750,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":788},"headData":{"title":"From High-Rise to Low Impact: A Building That Mimics a Forest | KQED","description":"In the search for greater efficiency, green builders are looking to nature for answers.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"54073 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=54073","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/03/from-high-rise-to-low-impact-a-building-that-mimics-a-forest/","disqusTitle":"From High-Rise to Low Impact: A Building That Mimics a Forest","path":"/quest/54073/from-high-rise-to-low-impact-a-building-that-mimics-a-forest","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59677\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-59677 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1.jpg\" alt=\"Bullitt Center Seattle Green Building Living Building Challenge\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Bullitt Center, a six-story commercial structure that opened this summer in Seattle, is considered the world's greenest office building. Photo courtesy KCTS 9\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s nearly 100 feet tall, fed by the sun and rain that fall on it, and is composed largely of wood. But it’s not a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59683\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59683\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_forest-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bullitt_forest\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy KCTS 9\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s the world’s greenest office building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://bullittcenter.org/\">Bullitt Center\u003c/a>, finished in the summer of 2013 and located on the edge of Seattle’s downtown, is designed to mimic the Douglas fir forests that once stood on the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powered by sun and fed by rainwater, the building doesn't produce any waste. Its automated window shades open and close like an organism’s pupil, regulating the amount of light that enters. The 600-panel solar array, which is expected to generate all the energy the building needs in a year, is arranged on the roof so that rays of sunlight can pass through and create a dappled pattern on the sidewalk below — similar to the way light passes through a forest canopy. And all the wood used in the structure came from local forests that harvest trees sustainably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designed to be as self sufficient as any arboreal ecosystem, the center also has a 56,000-gallon cistern, which will provide tenants with all their water needs. All waste generated will be treated on site thanks to the world's first six-story composting toilet system, and a rain garden will filter the wastewater from sinks, showers, and floor drains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has had a long time to figure out how to live successfully on this planet,” says Jason F. McLennan, founder and creator of the \u003ca href=\"http://living-future.org/lbc\">Living Building Challenge\u003c/a>, the most rigorous certification process for green building. “There is a lot we can learn from it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>null\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imitating the processes, systems, and designs found in nature, or \u003ca href=\"http://biomimicry.net/about/biomimicry/case-examples/\">biomimicry\u003c/a>, has inspired such things as swimsuits for Olympic athletes (sharkskin), hook-and-loop fasteners (burdock seed husks), and highly efficient turbines (humpback whale fins). Although biomimicry has been around for a while, it is attracting renewed attention as a way to create more eco-friendly designs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought we could circumvent the laws of nature with our cleverness and by our ability to manipulate materials and fossil fuels,” says Robert Peña, associate professor of architecture at the University of Washington’s Integrated Design Lab and a Bullitt Center design consultant. “But a lot of us are realizing that we circumvent those laws at our own peril. And we’re rediscovering biomimicry as an important part of the solution to our environmental challenges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_solar.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59687 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_solar-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bullitt Center Seattle Green Building Living Building Challenge\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 600-panel solar array is expected to supply all the energy the building needs. Photo courtesy KCTS 9\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One example of the discipline’s resurgence is the Living Building Challenge, which advocates for biomimicry-inspired design solutions. The Challenge has grown steadily since its inception in 2006, and now more than 200 projects around the world, including the Bullitt Center, are attempting to qualify for “Living Building” status. Unlike other green building certifications, living buildings must prove for a full year that they are in balance with nature. They must generate all their own energy from renewable sources; their water needs must be met by the precipitation that falls on them; and they must treat wastewater and sewage on site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of mimicking a Douglas fir forest, the Bullitt Center is 80 percent more efficient than a typical commercial structure. And building more efficient spaces has the potential not only to address many of America’s energy issues but also to blunt the impacts of climate change, Peña says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About 48 percent of the overall energy we use in the United States is consumed by buildings,” he says. “So we have a huge opportunity to reduce the carbon we put into the atmosphere by making more efficient and effective use of buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peña hopes the Bullitt Center will inspire other builders and help spark a green building boom. For that reason, the structure was built in a way that could be replicated. And the Center’s designers plan on sharing their newfound knowledge with the wider building community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this building is still the greenest of its type in a decade, we’ll have utterly failed,” Peña adds. “It’s all about inspiring the next generation of designers, builders, and rule makers to do it and do it better.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/54073/from-high-rise-to-low-impact-a-building-that-mimics-a-forest","authors":["10446"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_332","quest_12218","quest_13197","quest_12512","quest_12269","quest_10887","quest_12498","quest_12513","quest_12219","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_12146","quest_2700","quest_2844","quest_10210","quest_10806"],"featImg":"quest_59677","label":"quest"},"quest_47215":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47215","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47215","score":null,"sort":[1353114660000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"solar-powers-chinas-march-toward-sustainability","title":"Solar Powers China's March Toward Sustainability","publishDate":1353114660,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Sustainable China | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11609,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47221\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/16/solar-powers-chinas-march-toward-sustainability/china_solar_sm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47221\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47221\" title=\"China_Solar_sm\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/China_Solar_sm-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most of China's solar panels are made for export markets. That balance could be shifting. (Photo: Marjorie Sun)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aggressive price competition helps consumers, stymies California industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a trade war brewing with China over solar panels and California is right in the middle. Just this month, federal trade officials authorized sanctions against China for “dumping” solar components onto the U-S market below cost. China is the world’s biggest producer of solar panels, and yet very few are installed there domestically. Many end up on rooftops here in California. “Cheap solar” has been good for California consumers but bad for the state’s own makers of solar energy hardware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China Jumpstarts Domestic Solar Capacity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 80 miles west of Shanghai, intern Cheng Yiyang shows me a production line where machines pirouette and fabricate black wafers packed with photovoltaic cells. We’re in the headquarters of the world’s largest maker of solar panels, Suntech Power, in the city of Wuxi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They print the material onto the pieces and when they come out they can send the electricity,” Cheng explains. “You see this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suntech has similar operations at a new plant in Arizona. Until last year, Suntech and other Chinese solar companies shipped virtually all their products overseas. The influx of cheap solar panels has been blamed for troubles in the U.S. industry. In fact, Suntech is one of three Chinese panel makers being sued by the failed Fremont company, Solyndra, for unfair competition. But now China’s central government has launched a major initiative to jumpstart its own use of solar energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the central government began subsidizing solar power projects. This year alone, China will have installed about 5 gigawatts of capacity, producing enough electricity to supply two million Chinese. That’s about a third more capacity than the U.S. is set to install this year. Although China’s build-out barely puts a dent in its carbon footprint -- the biggest in the world -- Chinese solar companies and environmentalists are encouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It took China a while to bring its solar program up to speed,” says Andrew Beebe, a Suntech executive based in San Francisco. “And now that it's really up to speed, it’s cranking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Magic of the Feed-in Tariff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be thanks to a subsidy known as a feed-in tariff. It’s a subsidy for renewable energy that guarantees developers of these projects a reasonable return on their investments. The government pays developers a certain price per kilowatt-hour to entice them to install solar.\u003cbr>\nChina’s feed-in tariff is actually mimicking similar programs in Europe and the U.S. to promote wind and solar power. Alvin Lin is with the Beijing office of the American environmental group, NRDC. He says, “The feed-in tariffs are really pretty amazing policy tool for incentivizing renewable projects. “\u003cbr>\nThe Chinese program, like the European model, promotes large, utility-scale solar projects. Rooftop installations are still relatively rare in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why the subsidy now? There are a host of reasons. As one of China’s numerous new bullet trains blows into a station, I’m reminded of a big one. This one whisked me from Beijing to Shanghai -- like going the full length of the California coast -- in just 5 hours. China needs electricity to power its transportation needs. The nation also needs electricity for new factories and appliances bought by its growing middle class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China still gets about 70 percent of its power from coal, virtually all of it mined domestically until recently. The growing demand for electricity has outpaced even this country’s coal production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When China became net importer coal, “That surprised everybody,” says Yang Fuqiang, an energy expert in NRDC’s Beijing office. Yang says to offset this dependence on coal, both domestic and foreign, China wants to diversify its energy mix. “So the Chinese government says we have to save our resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And save its environment from the effects of burning all this coal, including prodigious carbon emissions. China is now the world’s biggest contributor to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China’s Ambitious Plans for Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the central government has set an ambitious goal: to produce more than 11 percent of China’s energy from non-fossil fuels by the end of the decade. That’s slightly less than what renewables now account for in U.S. electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, “You know, pain for companies is inevitable in a market that is about 60 percent oversupplied this year,” says Nathaniel Bullard, an analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance in San Francisco. Suntech’s share price, for instance, has plummeted from a high of about $90 four years ago, to less than a buck now. Bullard will be watching whether the China Development Bank bails out some solar companies. If so, he says, “It would start to look like the kind of issue that could inflame this trade case even further.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However that shakes out, China’s solar sector will still provide strong competition for firms in California and across the U.S. Beijing has already declared that by 2015, it will quadruple this year’s solar installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But watching Chinese throng a gigantic, glittering shopping center in downtown Shanghai, one sees a microcosm of an enormous challenge: thirteen floors filled with the latest fashions and trendy restaurants. No matter how ambitious China’s solar program, it’s up against hundreds of millions of people striving for a more “Western” lifestyle, and that will create the need for ever-more megawatts to power the trappings of middle-class living. The race for power is on.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"China has vaulted out front in the solar power game. That's been good for consumers but perplexing to its California competitors.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367349378,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":994},"headData":{"title":"Solar Powers China's March Toward Sustainability | KQED","description":"China has vaulted out front in the solar power game. That's been good for consumers but perplexing to its California competitors.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"47215 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47215","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/16/solar-powers-chinas-march-toward-sustainability/","disqusTitle":"Solar Powers China's March Toward Sustainability","path":"/quest/47215/solar-powers-chinas-march-toward-sustainability","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47221\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/16/solar-powers-chinas-march-toward-sustainability/china_solar_sm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47221\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47221\" title=\"China_Solar_sm\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/China_Solar_sm-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most of China's solar panels are made for export markets. That balance could be shifting. (Photo: Marjorie Sun)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aggressive price competition helps consumers, stymies California industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a trade war brewing with China over solar panels and California is right in the middle. Just this month, federal trade officials authorized sanctions against China for “dumping” solar components onto the U-S market below cost. China is the world’s biggest producer of solar panels, and yet very few are installed there domestically. Many end up on rooftops here in California. “Cheap solar” has been good for California consumers but bad for the state’s own makers of solar energy hardware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China Jumpstarts Domestic Solar Capacity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 80 miles west of Shanghai, intern Cheng Yiyang shows me a production line where machines pirouette and fabricate black wafers packed with photovoltaic cells. We’re in the headquarters of the world’s largest maker of solar panels, Suntech Power, in the city of Wuxi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They print the material onto the pieces and when they come out they can send the electricity,” Cheng explains. “You see this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suntech has similar operations at a new plant in Arizona. Until last year, Suntech and other Chinese solar companies shipped virtually all their products overseas. The influx of cheap solar panels has been blamed for troubles in the U.S. industry. In fact, Suntech is one of three Chinese panel makers being sued by the failed Fremont company, Solyndra, for unfair competition. But now China’s central government has launched a major initiative to jumpstart its own use of solar energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the central government began subsidizing solar power projects. This year alone, China will have installed about 5 gigawatts of capacity, producing enough electricity to supply two million Chinese. That’s about a third more capacity than the U.S. is set to install this year. Although China’s build-out barely puts a dent in its carbon footprint -- the biggest in the world -- Chinese solar companies and environmentalists are encouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It took China a while to bring its solar program up to speed,” says Andrew Beebe, a Suntech executive based in San Francisco. “And now that it's really up to speed, it’s cranking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Magic of the Feed-in Tariff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be thanks to a subsidy known as a feed-in tariff. It’s a subsidy for renewable energy that guarantees developers of these projects a reasonable return on their investments. The government pays developers a certain price per kilowatt-hour to entice them to install solar.\u003cbr>\nChina’s feed-in tariff is actually mimicking similar programs in Europe and the U.S. to promote wind and solar power. Alvin Lin is with the Beijing office of the American environmental group, NRDC. He says, “The feed-in tariffs are really pretty amazing policy tool for incentivizing renewable projects. “\u003cbr>\nThe Chinese program, like the European model, promotes large, utility-scale solar projects. Rooftop installations are still relatively rare in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why the subsidy now? There are a host of reasons. As one of China’s numerous new bullet trains blows into a station, I’m reminded of a big one. This one whisked me from Beijing to Shanghai -- like going the full length of the California coast -- in just 5 hours. China needs electricity to power its transportation needs. The nation also needs electricity for new factories and appliances bought by its growing middle class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China still gets about 70 percent of its power from coal, virtually all of it mined domestically until recently. The growing demand for electricity has outpaced even this country’s coal production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When China became net importer coal, “That surprised everybody,” says Yang Fuqiang, an energy expert in NRDC’s Beijing office. Yang says to offset this dependence on coal, both domestic and foreign, China wants to diversify its energy mix. “So the Chinese government says we have to save our resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And save its environment from the effects of burning all this coal, including prodigious carbon emissions. China is now the world’s biggest contributor to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China’s Ambitious Plans for Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the central government has set an ambitious goal: to produce more than 11 percent of China’s energy from non-fossil fuels by the end of the decade. That’s slightly less than what renewables now account for in U.S. electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, “You know, pain for companies is inevitable in a market that is about 60 percent oversupplied this year,” says Nathaniel Bullard, an analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance in San Francisco. Suntech’s share price, for instance, has plummeted from a high of about $90 four years ago, to less than a buck now. Bullard will be watching whether the China Development Bank bails out some solar companies. If so, he says, “It would start to look like the kind of issue that could inflame this trade case even further.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However that shakes out, China’s solar sector will still provide strong competition for firms in California and across the U.S. Beijing has already declared that by 2015, it will quadruple this year’s solar installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But watching Chinese throng a gigantic, glittering shopping center in downtown Shanghai, one sees a microcosm of an enormous challenge: thirteen floors filled with the latest fashions and trendy restaurants. No matter how ambitious China’s solar program, it’s up against hundreds of millions of people striving for a more “Western” lifestyle, and that will create the need for ever-more megawatts to power the trappings of middle-class living. The race for power is on.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47215/solar-powers-chinas-march-toward-sustainability","authors":["10391"],"series":["quest_11609"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_582","quest_11518","quest_2409","quest_2700","quest_11610"],"featImg":"quest_47221","label":"quest_11609"},"quest_41706":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_41706","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"41706","score":null,"sort":[1343938771000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"we-are-the-desert-tackling-californias-water-and-electricity-woes","title":"We Are the Desert: Tackling California's Water and Electricity Woes","publishDate":1343938771,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41707\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/02/we-are-the-desert-tackling-californias-water-and-electricity-woes/wearedesert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41707\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41707\" title=\"wearedesert\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long Valley is a microcosm of California: a sunny desert with a limited basin of water inside it. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is a wonderful state, and we in the Bay Area have the best of it, I think. But almost no place in the state exists in isolation any more. The twin engines of California civilization are electricity and water, and both of these are systems that integrate—or entangle, if you will—all corners of the state. As we approach the limits of our power and water, we will face some wrenching decisions with geological dimensions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our electricity today comes mostly from fossil fuels, which will inevitably rise in cost as their sources are depleted. The long-term trend is toward renewable/sustainable energy sources, whether that's geothermal, wind or solar electricity. State law requires this energy sector to double in size in the next eight years. (The \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/\">California Energy Almanac\u003c/a> has the basics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar electricity is in the limelight these days because growth will be easiest there. The cheapest way to go, for an energy company, is to build solar power plants of the largest possible size on vacant land. That means the desert, and a corresponding network of transmission lines to the rest of the state. But there are good reasons for the rest of us to favor smaller, local projects. Since I focus on geology, I'll cite earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes demand resilient infrastructure: when the big power networks go down, as they surely will, we will need local backup. Where do we have too much sun? Parking lots. Imagine if every parking lot had a solar power generator on it. Heck, just imagine parking in the shade everywhere. Operating one of these small local generators is no more complicated than managing a small apartment building or a car-repair shop. Our residential roofs get too much sun, too, and the same act of imagination leads to the same conclusion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is a different problem, because while electricity can be manufactured, water cannot. Geologists have long known, from paleo-environmental studies, that California has had large fluctuations in its climate over just the last thousand years. That means California's \"deep present\" is chronically in or on the edge of drought. The trend today is toward greater drought, and our demands for water are straining the natural system that means so much to us. In a word, all of California is a desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state and federal government have just launched a proposal for a large pair of water tunnels that will cross the great Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta underground. We need to just get something done, something big, is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2012/07/big-california-water-project-governor-wants-get-shit-done/2721/\">message from the governor\u003c/a>. Like the solar electric projects, the water project hopes to proceed quickly by going where people don't live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both solar electricity and water demand smart leadership, of course, but that in turn demands an engaged, informed citizenry. The desert and the Delta are not far-off things; they're part of our California home. The newspapers and broadcasters will do what they can to inform us, but we will need to do our own extra homework. For solar electricity, Chris Clarke of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/rewire/\">KCET's ReWire blog\u003c/a> keeps a steady focus on developments while speaking up for the desert. For water, Chris Austin brings news from all sides to one place at \u003ca href=\"http://aquafornia.com/\">Aquafornia\u003c/a> and researcher John Bass addresses the Delta at \u003ca href=\"http://www.deltanationalpark.org/\">Delta National Park\u003c/a> as \"contested space, space that has multiple, often conflicting interests and these interests' claims to that space.\" Those are a good start.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As we approach the limits of our power and water, we will face some wrenching decisions with geological dimensions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366927291,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":602},"headData":{"title":"We Are the Desert: Tackling California's Water and Electricity Woes | KQED","description":"As we approach the limits of our power and water, we will face some wrenching decisions with geological dimensions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"41706 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=41706","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/02/we-are-the-desert-tackling-californias-water-and-electricity-woes/","disqusTitle":"We Are the Desert: Tackling California's Water and Electricity Woes","path":"/quest/41706/we-are-the-desert-tackling-californias-water-and-electricity-woes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41707\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/02/we-are-the-desert-tackling-californias-water-and-electricity-woes/wearedesert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41707\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41707\" title=\"wearedesert\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long Valley is a microcosm of California: a sunny desert with a limited basin of water inside it. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is a wonderful state, and we in the Bay Area have the best of it, I think. But almost no place in the state exists in isolation any more. The twin engines of California civilization are electricity and water, and both of these are systems that integrate—or entangle, if you will—all corners of the state. As we approach the limits of our power and water, we will face some wrenching decisions with geological dimensions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our electricity today comes mostly from fossil fuels, which will inevitably rise in cost as their sources are depleted. The long-term trend is toward renewable/sustainable energy sources, whether that's geothermal, wind or solar electricity. State law requires this energy sector to double in size in the next eight years. (The \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/\">California Energy Almanac\u003c/a> has the basics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar electricity is in the limelight these days because growth will be easiest there. The cheapest way to go, for an energy company, is to build solar power plants of the largest possible size on vacant land. That means the desert, and a corresponding network of transmission lines to the rest of the state. But there are good reasons for the rest of us to favor smaller, local projects. Since I focus on geology, I'll cite earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes demand resilient infrastructure: when the big power networks go down, as they surely will, we will need local backup. Where do we have too much sun? Parking lots. Imagine if every parking lot had a solar power generator on it. Heck, just imagine parking in the shade everywhere. Operating one of these small local generators is no more complicated than managing a small apartment building or a car-repair shop. Our residential roofs get too much sun, too, and the same act of imagination leads to the same conclusion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is a different problem, because while electricity can be manufactured, water cannot. Geologists have long known, from paleo-environmental studies, that California has had large fluctuations in its climate over just the last thousand years. That means California's \"deep present\" is chronically in or on the edge of drought. The trend today is toward greater drought, and our demands for water are straining the natural system that means so much to us. In a word, all of California is a desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state and federal government have just launched a proposal for a large pair of water tunnels that will cross the great Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta underground. We need to just get something done, something big, is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2012/07/big-california-water-project-governor-wants-get-shit-done/2721/\">message from the governor\u003c/a>. Like the solar electric projects, the water project hopes to proceed quickly by going where people don't live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both solar electricity and water demand smart leadership, of course, but that in turn demands an engaged, informed citizenry. The desert and the Delta are not far-off things; they're part of our California home. The newspapers and broadcasters will do what they can to inform us, but we will need to do our own extra homework. For solar electricity, Chris Clarke of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/rewire/\">KCET's ReWire blog\u003c/a> keeps a steady focus on developments while speaking up for the desert. For water, Chris Austin brings news from all sides to one place at \u003ca href=\"http://aquafornia.com/\">Aquafornia\u003c/a> and researcher John Bass addresses the Delta at \u003ca href=\"http://www.deltanationalpark.org/\">Delta National Park\u003c/a> as \"contested space, space that has multiple, often conflicting interests and these interests' claims to that space.\" Those are a good start.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/41706/we-are-the-desert-tackling-californias-water-and-electricity-woes","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_11305","quest_10794","quest_13202","quest_2700"],"featImg":"quest_41707","label":"quest"},"quest_5514":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5514","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5514","score":null,"sort":[1270250097000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"behind-the-scenes-with-the-mythbusters","title":"Behind the Scenes with the Mythbusters","publishDate":1270250097,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Behind the Scenes with the Mythbusters | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/04/Mythbusters_and_buster.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A touching Mythbusters family portrait: Jamie Hyneman (L), Adam Savage (R), and (what’s left of) the original Buster.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(\u003cstrong>Editor’s note: \u003c/strong>We have a guest blogger this week, KQED’s Michael Kadel who accompanied us on a visit to our explosive San Francisco neighbors, the Mythbusters.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once one strays from Public Broadcasting into the abyss of cable TV, it’s easy to find one’s self without any thoughtful, science-based content in sight. For fans of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/\">NOVA\u003c/a> and KQED’s QUEST, there is one little island of knowledge in the sea of commercial programming, the Discovery Channel’s \u003ca href=\"http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/mythbusters/\">MythBusters\u003c/a>. I recently got the chance to visit the set and talk to Jamie and Adam about myth busting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>M5, Jamie Hyneman’s company and the warehouse and build-set for MythBusters, is truly a sight to behold. The walls and ceilings are festooned with creations from both the show and from Jamie’s years of prototyping and special effects work. The pneumatic shark hangs from the ceiling above a more recent piece – the windshield from this season’s Soda Cup Killer. Moving away from the back wall of the warehouse I saw the remote controlled tank treads from the “improved” 7Up vending machine, the duct tape boat, and the jetpack from way back in episode 32. Beyond the cool factor of being on the set of one of my favorite shows, what really struck me was the engineering prowess and innate understanding of physics that Jamie and his co-host Adam Savage possess. They were nice enough to talk to Craig Rosa and I during their lunch break from filming the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked them if the Bay Area was a good place to film the MythBusters, and as with most things, there is an upside and a downside. California is very particular about what can be set on fire, spilled, exploded, or shot into pieces, and as a result quite a bit of paperwork can stand between an idea and an segment actually coming to fruition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s regulations are strict to protect our wide-ranging environmental resources. On the other hand, as Adam related, those very resources are one of the huge upsides to filming here. “We have every climate we could want within a day’s drive from snowy mountains, to clear water, to high desert, low desert, rain forest. And we’ve utilized that, we’ve done a tremendous amount of shooting within a 3, 4, or 5 hour drive.” Northern California’s other great resource, as Adam puts it, is the “brain trust of the Bay Area.” They’ve formed great relationships with the doctors and scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://berkeley.edu/\">UCBerkeley\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsf.edu/\">UCSF\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu\">Stanford\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">JPL\u003c/a> as well as the surround law enforcement agencies including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.alamedacountysheriff.org/\">Alameda Sheriff’s department\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.ssf.ca.us/index.aspx?nid=248\">South San Francisco Police Department\u003c/a>, and just about every fire department within a 50 mile radius of San Francisco. The community support and available knowledge of the Bay Area has been a huge boon for the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mythbusters is in its 8th season on the Discovery channel. So if you’ve ever wondered how best to lose a following car during a high-speed chase tune in to MythBusters Spy Car Escape on April 7th.\u003cbr>\nIf you find you are more often stuck in traffic on the Bay Bridge and less often pursued by a spy you may also be interested in QUEST’s upcoming April 6th episode which delves into the technology that will help the new Bay Bridge withstand the next “big one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.750354 -122.395675\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Guest blogger Michael Kadel chronicles our behind-the-scenes visit to our explosive San Francisco neighbors, the Mythbusters.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684973353,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":624},"headData":{"title":"Behind the Scenes with the Mythbusters | KQED","description":"Guest blogger Michael Kadel chronicles our behind-the-scenes visit to our explosive San Francisco neighbors, the Mythbusters.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"WpOldSlug":"when-the-sun-don%e2%80%99t-shine-and-the-wind-don%e2%80%99t-blow","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/5514/behind-the-scenes-with-the-mythbusters","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/04/Mythbusters_and_buster.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A touching Mythbusters family portrait: Jamie Hyneman (L), Adam Savage (R), and (what’s left of) the original Buster.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(\u003cstrong>Editor’s note: \u003c/strong>We have a guest blogger this week, KQED’s Michael Kadel who accompanied us on a visit to our explosive San Francisco neighbors, the Mythbusters.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once one strays from Public Broadcasting into the abyss of cable TV, it’s easy to find one’s self without any thoughtful, science-based content in sight. For fans of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/\">NOVA\u003c/a> and KQED’s QUEST, there is one little island of knowledge in the sea of commercial programming, the Discovery Channel’s \u003ca href=\"http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/mythbusters/\">MythBusters\u003c/a>. I recently got the chance to visit the set and talk to Jamie and Adam about myth busting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>M5, Jamie Hyneman’s company and the warehouse and build-set for MythBusters, is truly a sight to behold. The walls and ceilings are festooned with creations from both the show and from Jamie’s years of prototyping and special effects work. The pneumatic shark hangs from the ceiling above a more recent piece – the windshield from this season’s Soda Cup Killer. Moving away from the back wall of the warehouse I saw the remote controlled tank treads from the “improved” 7Up vending machine, the duct tape boat, and the jetpack from way back in episode 32. Beyond the cool factor of being on the set of one of my favorite shows, what really struck me was the engineering prowess and innate understanding of physics that Jamie and his co-host Adam Savage possess. They were nice enough to talk to Craig Rosa and I during their lunch break from filming the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked them if the Bay Area was a good place to film the MythBusters, and as with most things, there is an upside and a downside. California is very particular about what can be set on fire, spilled, exploded, or shot into pieces, and as a result quite a bit of paperwork can stand between an idea and an segment actually coming to fruition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s regulations are strict to protect our wide-ranging environmental resources. On the other hand, as Adam related, those very resources are one of the huge upsides to filming here. “We have every climate we could want within a day’s drive from snowy mountains, to clear water, to high desert, low desert, rain forest. And we’ve utilized that, we’ve done a tremendous amount of shooting within a 3, 4, or 5 hour drive.” Northern California’s other great resource, as Adam puts it, is the “brain trust of the Bay Area.” They’ve formed great relationships with the doctors and scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://berkeley.edu/\">UCBerkeley\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsf.edu/\">UCSF\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu\">Stanford\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">JPL\u003c/a> as well as the surround law enforcement agencies including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.alamedacountysheriff.org/\">Alameda Sheriff’s department\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.ssf.ca.us/index.aspx?nid=248\">South San Francisco Police Department\u003c/a>, and just about every fire department within a 50 mile radius of San Francisco. The community support and available knowledge of the Bay Area has been a huge boon for the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mythbusters is in its 8th season on the Discovery channel. So if you’ve ever wondered how best to lose a following car during a high-speed chase tune in to MythBusters Spy Car Escape on April 7th.\u003cbr>\nIf you find you are more often stuck in traffic on the Bay Bridge and less often pursued by a spy you may also be interested in QUEST’s upcoming April 6th episode which delves into the technology that will help the new Bay Bridge withstand the next “big one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.750354 -122.395675\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5514/behind-the-scenes-with-the-mythbusters","authors":["6166"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_984","quest_1627","quest_1934","quest_2015","quest_2195","quest_2700"],"label":"quest"},"quest_5457":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5457","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5457","score":null,"sort":[1270224041000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"squeezing-more-energy-from-the-sun","title":"Squeezing More Energy from the Sun","publishDate":1270224041,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/04/Giant_photovoltaic_array300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Words matter to scientists. The scientific method is a structure through which scientists test theories through experiment, and then share the results with other scientists.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are figuring out how to squeeze more electricity out of photovoltaic (PV) panels. PV panels take the sun’s energy and convert it into electricity. The sun’s energy is abundant, but in order for solar electricity to compete with cheaper forms of electricity, such as that produced from highly polluting coal-fired power plants, PV panels have to be more efficient. And they need to be cheaper. Higher efficiency gets you more power for the same area, which saves on costs. But higher efficiency means more expensive PV modules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The efficiency of PV panels is measured by the percentage of sun energy falling on the panel that is converted to electricity. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/pv\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)\u003c/a>, commercial PV panels today range in conversion efficiency from about 7% to 17%. Compare that to the efficiency of a typical fossil fuel power plant that has a conversion efficiency of about 30%. That means that about 30% of the energy in coal or natural gas gets converted to electricity. The rest is wasted as heat as the fuel is burned to create steam, which is used to turn a turbine, and it is wasted in the cooling tower where the steam condenses back to liquid water. There is some loss of energy, called transmission losses, as the electricity goes from the power plant to your house. With PV cells, the transmission losses are close to zero, since the electricity doesn’t have far to travel. On the other hand, the inverter required to convert the DC from the cells to AC to connect to the grid does cause some loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typical PV cells are made from crystalline silicon or other semi-conductor materials. One advance in the technology is the creation of thin film PV cells made of the same, or similar materials. These cells use less material than crystalline silicon cells, and so are cheaper to make, and they are more flexible—some are made to act like roofing shingles, only they produce electricity as well as keep you out of the weather at home. But thin film PV is generally less efficient at converting sunlight to electricity compared to the more expensive crystalline silicon PV cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another advance in the technology is layering materials that convert different parts of the spectrum of light into electricity. NREL has made some cells that are more than 30% efficient, but they're very expensive—maybe suitable for use in space where size and weight are critical.\u003cbr>\nScientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) are trying to develop materials that are abundant and also suitable for affordable large-scale use in PV cells. The scientists are currently doing research with \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2010/03/30/above-bandgap-solar-energy\">bismuth ferrite\u003c/a>, a ceramic material that is both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic, and which has some interesting photovoltaic properties that operate on the nanoscale. The material could possibly be used in PV cells that are much more efficient than what is commercially available today, but that is less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that we can probably meet our energy security and greenhouse emissions goals by increasing the efficiency of buildings, transportation, and agriculture and by using commercially available renewable energy technology. But it won’t be cheap. That’s the promise of new technology—clean, abundant energy that costs as much as the dirty kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The good news is that we can probably meet our energy security and greenhouse emissions goals by increasing the efficiency of buildings, transportation, and agriculture and by using commercially available renewable energy technology. But it won’t be cheap.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367349040,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":594},"headData":{"title":"Squeezing More Energy from the Sun | KQED","description":"The good news is that we can probably meet our energy security and greenhouse emissions goals by increasing the efficiency of buildings, transportation, and agriculture and by using commercially available renewable energy technology. But it won’t be cheap.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"5457 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/04/02/squeezing-more-energy-from-the-sun/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/02/squeezing-more-energy-from-the-sun/","disqusTitle":"Squeezing More Energy from the Sun","WpOldSlug":"when-the-sun-don%e2%80%99t-shine-and-the-wind-don%e2%80%99t-blow","path":"/quest/5457/squeezing-more-energy-from-the-sun","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/04/Giant_photovoltaic_array300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Words matter to scientists. The scientific method is a structure through which scientists test theories through experiment, and then share the results with other scientists.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are figuring out how to squeeze more electricity out of photovoltaic (PV) panels. PV panels take the sun’s energy and convert it into electricity. The sun’s energy is abundant, but in order for solar electricity to compete with cheaper forms of electricity, such as that produced from highly polluting coal-fired power plants, PV panels have to be more efficient. And they need to be cheaper. Higher efficiency gets you more power for the same area, which saves on costs. But higher efficiency means more expensive PV modules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The efficiency of PV panels is measured by the percentage of sun energy falling on the panel that is converted to electricity. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/pv\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)\u003c/a>, commercial PV panels today range in conversion efficiency from about 7% to 17%. Compare that to the efficiency of a typical fossil fuel power plant that has a conversion efficiency of about 30%. That means that about 30% of the energy in coal or natural gas gets converted to electricity. The rest is wasted as heat as the fuel is burned to create steam, which is used to turn a turbine, and it is wasted in the cooling tower where the steam condenses back to liquid water. There is some loss of energy, called transmission losses, as the electricity goes from the power plant to your house. With PV cells, the transmission losses are close to zero, since the electricity doesn’t have far to travel. On the other hand, the inverter required to convert the DC from the cells to AC to connect to the grid does cause some loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typical PV cells are made from crystalline silicon or other semi-conductor materials. One advance in the technology is the creation of thin film PV cells made of the same, or similar materials. These cells use less material than crystalline silicon cells, and so are cheaper to make, and they are more flexible—some are made to act like roofing shingles, only they produce electricity as well as keep you out of the weather at home. But thin film PV is generally less efficient at converting sunlight to electricity compared to the more expensive crystalline silicon PV cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another advance in the technology is layering materials that convert different parts of the spectrum of light into electricity. NREL has made some cells that are more than 30% efficient, but they're very expensive—maybe suitable for use in space where size and weight are critical.\u003cbr>\nScientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) are trying to develop materials that are abundant and also suitable for affordable large-scale use in PV cells. The scientists are currently doing research with \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2010/03/30/above-bandgap-solar-energy\">bismuth ferrite\u003c/a>, a ceramic material that is both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic, and which has some interesting photovoltaic properties that operate on the nanoscale. The material could possibly be used in PV cells that are much more efficient than what is commercially available today, but that is less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that we can probably meet our energy security and greenhouse emissions goals by increasing the efficiency of buildings, transportation, and agriculture and by using commercially available renewable energy technology. But it won’t be cheap. That’s the promise of new technology—clean, abundant energy that costs as much as the dirty kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5457/squeezing-more-energy-from-the-sun","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_984","quest_1627","quest_1934","quest_2015","quest_2195","quest_2413","quest_2700"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3918":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3918","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3918","score":null,"sort":[1255715457000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"solar-decathlon-2009","title":"Solar Decathlon 2009","publishDate":1255715457,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/solar-decathalon.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>One of 20 solar-powered homes on display at the Mall in Washington D.C. This one is from the University of Kentucky. Credit: Mike Miskelly\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I was in Silver Spring, Maryland visiting my family last week, and had a chance to visit, with my sister Anne Marie and her boyfriend Mike, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/\">2009 Solar Decathlon\u003c/a>. I’m used to seeing some unusual things on the Mall in Washington, DC—our nations backyard—but was quite impressed by the 20 solar-powered homes arrayed there last Saturday. Students from all over the world designed and built the houses over a two-year period, then disassembled them, transported them to the Mall, and put them back together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Solar Decathlon judges these houses in, of course, ten categories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_architecture.cfm\">Architecture\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_market_viability.cfm\">Market Viability\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_engineering.cfm\">Engineering\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_lighting.cfm\">Lighting Design\u003c/a> — 75 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_communications.cfm\">Communications\u003c/a> — 75 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_comfort_zone.cfm\">Comfort Zone\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_hot_water.cfm\">Hot Water\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_appliances.cfm\">Appliances\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_home_entertainment.cfm\">Home Entertainment\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_net_metering.cfm\">Net Metering\u003c/a> — 150 points\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>There are some interesting differences this year, compared to the last contest in 2007. Instead of charging a plug-in hybrid vehicle, as they did in 2007, teams now have to power a home entertainment system. The sponsors of the contest realized that electronic devices, like TVs, make up an ever-bigger share of a typical home’s electricity draw. That’s happening right now, while a plug hybrid car in most every driveway or garage is a thing of the future. A second new feature is that today’s solar houses are connected to the grid. The category “net metering” was not in the last contest. Teams earn points by sending more energy, created by sunlight, to the grid than they use from the grid. The ultimate goal for those of us the home performance field is that all homes become “net-zero” energy homes, or “net-positive,” meaning that the produce as much or more than the grid supplies them over the course of a year. A big problem with solar energy, as well as another renewable source, wind, is that power is created intermittently. Energy storage is necessary, and it is often expensive and not very efficient. With net-zero energy homes, the grid itself provides the storage capacity. When I lived in a Catholic religious community (Holy Cross Priests), the economics of community life were simple—take what you need and give what you can. Same for a net-zero energy house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to take a look at the Team Germany (Technische Universität Darmstadt) home, the winners in 2007, but the house was in the process of being judged. Judges don’t announce when they will be visiting a house and which category they will be judging. Teams must keep, for example, the shower water in their solar homes at a precise temperature and flow rate all during the contest. No one knows when a judge will come to the door with a thermometer and flow gauge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We walked by every house, and stopped at two—with the smallest lines snaking there way out front. (The Solar Decathlon expected as many as 250,000 visitors this year—looks like they made it.) We took a tour of the Iowa State and the University of Kentucky homes. I was partial to the simplicity and the day-lighting scheme of the Iowa house, which made use of simple pine siding and clerestory windows. Mike was more impressed with the Kentucky house, which had some pretty nifty fold up furniture and other creative uses of space. A member of the Kentucky team told us they were inspired by Shaker furniture. The house had wooden chairs, designed in Kentucky and made in Italy, that folded up to be hung on the walls, with decorative features that makes them pleasing to the eye. The Iowa house was made specifically with an older couple in mind. It has a simple layout and it is easy to move around in. Both the Iowa and Kentucky houses had big open showers in the bathrooms, with tiled floors and drainage. Energy efficiency and luxurious (though low-flow) showers can go hand in hand!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this writing (Wednesday), Team California, (Santa Clara University and California College of the Arts) is in the lead, with Illinois (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) in second, Team Germany in third, and Team Ontario/BC (University of Waterloo, Ryerson University, and Simon Fraser University) in fourth. The categories of Net Metering, Engineering, and Lighting Design have yet to be judged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Updates soon!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I’m used to seeing some unusual things on the Mall in Washington, DC—our nations backyard—but was quite impressed by the 20 solar powered homes arrayed there last Saturday.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367354419,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":791},"headData":{"title":"Solar Decathlon 2009 | KQED","description":"I’m used to seeing some unusual things on the Mall in Washington, DC—our nations backyard—but was quite impressed by the 20 solar powered homes arrayed there last Saturday.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"3918 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3918","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/16/solar-decathlon-2009/","disqusTitle":"Solar Decathlon 2009","path":"/quest/3918/solar-decathlon-2009","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/solar-decathalon.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>One of 20 solar-powered homes on display at the Mall in Washington D.C. This one is from the University of Kentucky. Credit: Mike Miskelly\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I was in Silver Spring, Maryland visiting my family last week, and had a chance to visit, with my sister Anne Marie and her boyfriend Mike, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/\">2009 Solar Decathlon\u003c/a>. I’m used to seeing some unusual things on the Mall in Washington, DC—our nations backyard—but was quite impressed by the 20 solar-powered homes arrayed there last Saturday. Students from all over the world designed and built the houses over a two-year period, then disassembled them, transported them to the Mall, and put them back together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Solar Decathlon judges these houses in, of course, ten categories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_architecture.cfm\">Architecture\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_market_viability.cfm\">Market Viability\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_engineering.cfm\">Engineering\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_lighting.cfm\">Lighting Design\u003c/a> — 75 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_communications.cfm\">Communications\u003c/a> — 75 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_comfort_zone.cfm\">Comfort Zone\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_hot_water.cfm\">Hot Water\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_appliances.cfm\">Appliances\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_home_entertainment.cfm\">Home Entertainment\u003c/a> — 100 points\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.org/contest_net_metering.cfm\">Net Metering\u003c/a> — 150 points\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>There are some interesting differences this year, compared to the last contest in 2007. Instead of charging a plug-in hybrid vehicle, as they did in 2007, teams now have to power a home entertainment system. The sponsors of the contest realized that electronic devices, like TVs, make up an ever-bigger share of a typical home’s electricity draw. That’s happening right now, while a plug hybrid car in most every driveway or garage is a thing of the future. A second new feature is that today’s solar houses are connected to the grid. The category “net metering” was not in the last contest. Teams earn points by sending more energy, created by sunlight, to the grid than they use from the grid. The ultimate goal for those of us the home performance field is that all homes become “net-zero” energy homes, or “net-positive,” meaning that the produce as much or more than the grid supplies them over the course of a year. A big problem with solar energy, as well as another renewable source, wind, is that power is created intermittently. Energy storage is necessary, and it is often expensive and not very efficient. With net-zero energy homes, the grid itself provides the storage capacity. When I lived in a Catholic religious community (Holy Cross Priests), the economics of community life were simple—take what you need and give what you can. Same for a net-zero energy house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to take a look at the Team Germany (Technische Universität Darmstadt) home, the winners in 2007, but the house was in the process of being judged. Judges don’t announce when they will be visiting a house and which category they will be judging. Teams must keep, for example, the shower water in their solar homes at a precise temperature and flow rate all during the contest. No one knows when a judge will come to the door with a thermometer and flow gauge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We walked by every house, and stopped at two—with the smallest lines snaking there way out front. (The Solar Decathlon expected as many as 250,000 visitors this year—looks like they made it.) We took a tour of the Iowa State and the University of Kentucky homes. I was partial to the simplicity and the day-lighting scheme of the Iowa house, which made use of simple pine siding and clerestory windows. Mike was more impressed with the Kentucky house, which had some pretty nifty fold up furniture and other creative uses of space. A member of the Kentucky team told us they were inspired by Shaker furniture. The house had wooden chairs, designed in Kentucky and made in Italy, that folded up to be hung on the walls, with decorative features that makes them pleasing to the eye. The Iowa house was made specifically with an older couple in mind. It has a simple layout and it is easy to move around in. Both the Iowa and Kentucky houses had big open showers in the bathrooms, with tiled floors and drainage. Energy efficiency and luxurious (though low-flow) showers can go hand in hand!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this writing (Wednesday), Team California, (Santa Clara University and California College of the Arts) is in the lead, with Illinois (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) in second, Team Germany in third, and Team Ontario/BC (University of Waterloo, Ryerson University, and Simon Fraser University) in fourth. The categories of Net Metering, Engineering, and Lighting Design have yet to be judged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Updates soon!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3918/solar-decathlon-2009","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_675","quest_987","quest_1381","quest_2698","quest_2700","quest_2814","quest_3035"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3453":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3453","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3453","score":null,"sort":[1251330495000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"blowing-up-the-house-for-energy-efficiency","title":"Blowing up the House for Energy Efficiency","publishDate":1251330495,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/blower-door.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>How much air is your house leaking? Are you unknowingly slurping in dirty air from your garage and attic? Perhaps a blower door test can help you find out. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>Tom White is the Publisher of \u003cem>Home Energy\u003c/em> (aka \"my boss\"). He's gotten to know a lot about home performance in this job over the last few years. He knows about blower doors and pressure envelopes, duct blasters and thermal envelopes; and has been initiated into the knowledge that you never use duct tape on ducts. But there was one more initiation to go. So he went to the Web to find someone to do an energy audit on his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I went to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.servicemagic.com/\">ServiceMagic\u003c/a> Web site that I learned about editing a \u003cem>Home Energy\u003c/em> article,\" says Tom. \"Within less than a minute after I entered some basic information about my house and what I was looking for in the way of an energy audit, the phone rang.\" It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.sustainablespaces.com/\">Sustainable Spaces\u003c/a>, a home performance contractor located in San Francisco. Tom made an appointment for his audit for the next week. \"They were offering a 'Stimulus Special' for $395.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The house Tom shares with his partner Dmitri was built in 1907. \"The home has never been remodeled,\" says Tom. \"We recently had the furnace replaced with a hot water radiant system. We have been careful to keep to the original features of the home, so we got our radiators from buildings built around the same time that used to be part of the heating systems in buildings at Fort Baker.\" They also installed a renewable energy source. \"We installed photovoltaic (PV) panels on our roof, but we should have had the audit first to show us how to use less energy and save on the PV. Our annual true-up statement says we owe $75 for electricity, but I want to get that down to $0!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Mitchell, an experienced contractor who knows a lot about Bay Area houses, came with two younger men for an audit of Tom and Dmitri's 102-year-old home. The crew closed all the exterior doors and windows, installed a \"blower door\" in the main doorframe, and depressurized the house. Immediately, dust and insulation particles began to pour through the \"pocket doors\" from the attic. After taking some measurements to get a general sense of how leaky the house is, and blocking some of the major air leaks, the crew from Sustainable Spaces then pressurized the house. \"We walked around the house with a liquid pencil, which showed there is airflow around switch plates, gaps in the baseboard where the home is connected to the outside, and the cabinet in our kitchen where there used to be 'torpedo tubes,' which used to hold hot water heated by the wood stove, and other places\" says Tom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the old house has some problems with air leakage, which means heating energy being lost to the outside. The crew also found out that the humidity in the kitchen was 20% higher than that on the outside of the house. \"We both took showers that morning, and I had a cup of hot tea,\" says Tom. That was enough to keep the humidity high a few hours later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the home has no mechanical ventilation, moisture build up could lead to mold growth on surfaces in the living spaces, or-even worse because it is hidden-within the walls. Mold can degrade building materials and create poor indoor air quality. Tom has allergies and a moldy house could make it difficult for him to breathe. Since Tom is living in the mild climate of the Bay Area, where we can open windows and get fresh air other ways in our leaky houses, the moisture may not hang around long enough to be a problem. If he lived in a cold climate such as Minnesota's, or a hot-humid climate such as Atlanta's, fixing the air leaks in his house without adding mechanical ventilation could create a \"sick house\", meaning one with poor indoor air quality due to mold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We won't get the report until next week,\" says Tom. The report will include specific numbers for air leakage from the house to the outside-or in this case between the living spaces and the attic and basement. Too much air flow means lost energy and too little means a sick house. The report will also give a range of measures that will make Tom and Dmitri's house healthier and more energy efficient. \"We'll decide what measures we want done when we get the report. We made our heating system more efficient with the radiant system that heats the living spaces and provides us with hot water. We use half the gas now to heat water than we did before. So spending a lot more on fixing the building envelope doesn't make so much sense to us right now. We'll probably fix the big leaks by air sealing around the attic. And we may insulate under the floor between the living spaces and the basement.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wanted to have our house audited mostly because I'm curious,\" says Tom. \"And we want to save energy.\" But from now on when Tom talks about home performance, and the importance of healthy and efficient homes, it will take on a whole new dimension-the homeowner's perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How much air is your house leaking? Are you unknowingly slurping in dirty air from your garage and attic? Perhaps a blower door test can help you find out.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367348902,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":910},"headData":{"title":"Blowing up the House for Energy Efficiency | KQED","description":"How much air is your house leaking? Are you unknowingly slurping in dirty air from your garage and attic? Perhaps a blower door test can help you find out.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"3453 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3453","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/08/26/blowing-up-the-house-for-energy-efficiency/","disqusTitle":"Blowing up the House for Energy Efficiency","path":"/quest/3453/blowing-up-the-house-for-energy-efficiency","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/blower-door.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>How much air is your house leaking? Are you unknowingly slurping in dirty air from your garage and attic? Perhaps a blower door test can help you find out. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>Tom White is the Publisher of \u003cem>Home Energy\u003c/em> (aka \"my boss\"). He's gotten to know a lot about home performance in this job over the last few years. He knows about blower doors and pressure envelopes, duct blasters and thermal envelopes; and has been initiated into the knowledge that you never use duct tape on ducts. But there was one more initiation to go. So he went to the Web to find someone to do an energy audit on his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I went to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.servicemagic.com/\">ServiceMagic\u003c/a> Web site that I learned about editing a \u003cem>Home Energy\u003c/em> article,\" says Tom. \"Within less than a minute after I entered some basic information about my house and what I was looking for in the way of an energy audit, the phone rang.\" It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.sustainablespaces.com/\">Sustainable Spaces\u003c/a>, a home performance contractor located in San Francisco. Tom made an appointment for his audit for the next week. \"They were offering a 'Stimulus Special' for $395.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The house Tom shares with his partner Dmitri was built in 1907. \"The home has never been remodeled,\" says Tom. \"We recently had the furnace replaced with a hot water radiant system. We have been careful to keep to the original features of the home, so we got our radiators from buildings built around the same time that used to be part of the heating systems in buildings at Fort Baker.\" They also installed a renewable energy source. \"We installed photovoltaic (PV) panels on our roof, but we should have had the audit first to show us how to use less energy and save on the PV. Our annual true-up statement says we owe $75 for electricity, but I want to get that down to $0!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Mitchell, an experienced contractor who knows a lot about Bay Area houses, came with two younger men for an audit of Tom and Dmitri's 102-year-old home. The crew closed all the exterior doors and windows, installed a \"blower door\" in the main doorframe, and depressurized the house. Immediately, dust and insulation particles began to pour through the \"pocket doors\" from the attic. After taking some measurements to get a general sense of how leaky the house is, and blocking some of the major air leaks, the crew from Sustainable Spaces then pressurized the house. \"We walked around the house with a liquid pencil, which showed there is airflow around switch plates, gaps in the baseboard where the home is connected to the outside, and the cabinet in our kitchen where there used to be 'torpedo tubes,' which used to hold hot water heated by the wood stove, and other places\" says Tom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the old house has some problems with air leakage, which means heating energy being lost to the outside. The crew also found out that the humidity in the kitchen was 20% higher than that on the outside of the house. \"We both took showers that morning, and I had a cup of hot tea,\" says Tom. That was enough to keep the humidity high a few hours later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the home has no mechanical ventilation, moisture build up could lead to mold growth on surfaces in the living spaces, or-even worse because it is hidden-within the walls. Mold can degrade building materials and create poor indoor air quality. Tom has allergies and a moldy house could make it difficult for him to breathe. Since Tom is living in the mild climate of the Bay Area, where we can open windows and get fresh air other ways in our leaky houses, the moisture may not hang around long enough to be a problem. If he lived in a cold climate such as Minnesota's, or a hot-humid climate such as Atlanta's, fixing the air leaks in his house without adding mechanical ventilation could create a \"sick house\", meaning one with poor indoor air quality due to mold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We won't get the report until next week,\" says Tom. The report will include specific numbers for air leakage from the house to the outside-or in this case between the living spaces and the attic and basement. Too much air flow means lost energy and too little means a sick house. The report will also give a range of measures that will make Tom and Dmitri's house healthier and more energy efficient. \"We'll decide what measures we want done when we get the report. We made our heating system more efficient with the radiant system that heats the living spaces and provides us with hot water. We use half the gas now to heat water than we did before. So spending a lot more on fixing the building envelope doesn't make so much sense to us right now. We'll probably fix the big leaks by air sealing around the attic. And we may insulate under the floor between the living spaces and the basement.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wanted to have our house audited mostly because I'm curious,\" says Tom. \"And we want to save energy.\" But from now on when Tom talks about home performance, and the importance of healthy and efficient homes, it will take on a whole new dimension-the homeowner's perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3453/blowing-up-the-house-for-energy-efficiency","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_90","quest_350","quest_937","quest_985","quest_1263","quest_1337","quest_1379","quest_1381","quest_1396","quest_2195","quest_2288","quest_2700"],"label":"quest"},"quest_927":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_927","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"927","score":null,"sort":[1226106528000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"last-gasps-from-phoenix","title":"Last Gasps from Phoenix?","publishDate":1226106528,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/phoenix-mars-lander.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Artist concept of the Phoenix lander,\u003cbr>\nsleeping under the darkening polar skies of Martian autumn.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It seems like only last month that we witnessed the drama of NASA's Phoenix landing on Mars. We were on the edge of our seats in Chabot's planetarium during those \"seven minutes of terror\" as Phoenix burned a meteoric path through Mars' atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that was last May, and Phoenix has operated near Mars' northern polar ice cap going on six months now! The mission has continued a couple months longer than originally planned, giving Phoenix more time to dig in the icy soil, bake scooped up samples to detect what chemicals sublimate, track the polar weather day and night, and look to the skies with its various instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix sent back some very interesting news. Indeed, it had landed on what turned out to be dust-coated water ice; ice that contains chemicals like calcite and \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/080804-phoenix-perchlorate.html\">perchlorate\u003c/a>-- the former of which may indicate past liquid water on Mars, the latter of which, however, is generally toxic, and may complicate arguments for life, past or present, on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the more \"fanciful\" detections by Phoenix was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080929.html\">falling snow\u003c/a>: two or three miles above, Phoenix detected ice crystals falling from clouds-- albeit flakes that never made it to the ground, instead evaporating like Earthly virga back into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Phoenix’s mission has a built-in conclusion (unlike the seemingly perpetual Energizer Bunnies exploring the Martian tropics, aka the Mars Exploration Rovers). Phoenix landed at 68 degrees north latitude-- that’s equivalent on Earth to the north coast of Alaska, Norway, or south central Greenland-- prior to Martian northern summer solstice (which was June 25). As with Earthly summertime, the polar days were unending, the Sun above the horizon 24 hours a day (yes, Mars' day is about 24 hours long, just as on Earth). This provided Phoenix with its electrical power, generated by photovoltaic panels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now the Sun is dipping below the horizon several hours a day as the Martian northern hemisphere slides in the direction of autumnal equinox (December 26, 2008), at which time the Sun will spend half the time below the horizon, the other half never rising very high. Already, Phoenix's solar panels are generating considerably less power than in the heyday of its mission. A \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/video/Sol_139/phx_enhanced_137_1F7D0.gif\">dust storm\u003c/a>, filling the air and blocking some of the already weak sunlight, has also cut available power to the lander for a time in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diminishing conditions also caused Phoenix to put itself into an automatic \"sleep\" mode in late October, waking up for only a short time each day, when solar energy was at a peak. To give a flavor of the temperatures Phoenix is enduring, on Sol 151 (the 151\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> Martian day since landing-October 27\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>, Earth time), the daily high reached a balmy 50.8 degrees F-\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">negative\u003c/span> 50.8 that is! The night time low hit -128 degrees F... .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With every day possibly being the last we hear from Phoenix, scientists are collecting as much data as possible, mostly focusing on meteorological conditions. \u003cem>Reporting from the Martian polar ice cap, as the icy darkness of winter begins to settle in, this is Phoenix Lander, signing off....\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It seems like only last month that we witnessed the drama of NASA's Phoenix landing on Mars. We were on the edge of our seats in Chabot's planetarium during those \"seven minutes of terror\" as Phoenix burned a meteoric path through Mars' atmosphere.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371079557,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":550},"headData":{"title":"Last Gasps from Phoenix? | KQED","description":"It seems like only last month that we witnessed the drama of NASA's Phoenix landing on Mars. We were on the edge of our seats in Chabot's planetarium during those "seven minutes of terror" as Phoenix burned a meteoric path through Mars' atmosphere.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"927 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=927","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/07/last-gasps-from-phoenix/","disqusTitle":"Last Gasps from Phoenix?","path":"/quest/927/last-gasps-from-phoenix","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/phoenix-mars-lander.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Artist concept of the Phoenix lander,\u003cbr>\nsleeping under the darkening polar skies of Martian autumn.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It seems like only last month that we witnessed the drama of NASA's Phoenix landing on Mars. We were on the edge of our seats in Chabot's planetarium during those \"seven minutes of terror\" as Phoenix burned a meteoric path through Mars' atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that was last May, and Phoenix has operated near Mars' northern polar ice cap going on six months now! The mission has continued a couple months longer than originally planned, giving Phoenix more time to dig in the icy soil, bake scooped up samples to detect what chemicals sublimate, track the polar weather day and night, and look to the skies with its various instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix sent back some very interesting news. Indeed, it had landed on what turned out to be dust-coated water ice; ice that contains chemicals like calcite and \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/080804-phoenix-perchlorate.html\">perchlorate\u003c/a>-- the former of which may indicate past liquid water on Mars, the latter of which, however, is generally toxic, and may complicate arguments for life, past or present, on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the more \"fanciful\" detections by Phoenix was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080929.html\">falling snow\u003c/a>: two or three miles above, Phoenix detected ice crystals falling from clouds-- albeit flakes that never made it to the ground, instead evaporating like Earthly virga back into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Phoenix’s mission has a built-in conclusion (unlike the seemingly perpetual Energizer Bunnies exploring the Martian tropics, aka the Mars Exploration Rovers). Phoenix landed at 68 degrees north latitude-- that’s equivalent on Earth to the north coast of Alaska, Norway, or south central Greenland-- prior to Martian northern summer solstice (which was June 25). As with Earthly summertime, the polar days were unending, the Sun above the horizon 24 hours a day (yes, Mars' day is about 24 hours long, just as on Earth). This provided Phoenix with its electrical power, generated by photovoltaic panels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now the Sun is dipping below the horizon several hours a day as the Martian northern hemisphere slides in the direction of autumnal equinox (December 26, 2008), at which time the Sun will spend half the time below the horizon, the other half never rising very high. Already, Phoenix's solar panels are generating considerably less power than in the heyday of its mission. A \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/video/Sol_139/phx_enhanced_137_1F7D0.gif\">dust storm\u003c/a>, filling the air and blocking some of the already weak sunlight, has also cut available power to the lander for a time in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diminishing conditions also caused Phoenix to put itself into an automatic \"sleep\" mode in late October, waking up for only a short time each day, when solar energy was at a peak. To give a flavor of the temperatures Phoenix is enduring, on Sol 151 (the 151\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> Martian day since landing-October 27\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>, Earth time), the daily high reached a balmy 50.8 degrees F-\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">negative\u003c/span> 50.8 that is! The night time low hit -128 degrees F... .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With every day possibly being the last we hear from Phoenix, scientists are collecting as much data as possible, mostly focusing on meteorological conditions. \u003cem>Reporting from the Martian polar ice cap, as the icy darkness of winter begins to settle in, this is Phoenix Lander, signing off....\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/927/last-gasps-from-phoenix","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_432","quest_1438","quest_1606","quest_1751","quest_1757","quest_1918","quest_2152","quest_2181","quest_2700","quest_3079","quest_3108"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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