Lessons from a Global Garden: Growing More Food with Less
“Elephants and Tigers” Beneath Our Feet: Q&A with Soil Scientist Diana Wall
Cranberry Producers Strive to Save Water
Recycling Dirt: A New Niche in the Fracking Industry
Home Sweet Serpentine
Exploring Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve
Exploring Bothe-Napa Valley State Park
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Before joining Wisconsin Media Lab, Dan developed a wide range of media for museums and educational institutions such as The National Archives, The Museum of Tolerance and The National World War II Museum.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1ee75f6ce04122f12c45a8f13b116bd1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_published_pages","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dan Kaplan | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1ee75f6ce04122f12c45a8f13b116bd1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1ee75f6ce04122f12c45a8f13b116bd1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dankaplan"},"mkanu":{"type":"authors","id":"10486","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10486","found":true},"name":"Michelle Kanu","firstName":"Michelle","lastName":"Kanu","slug":"mkanu","email":"Michelle.Kanu@ideastream.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Michelle Kanu is a reporter and producer with WCPN 90.3 ideastream. She got her start in print journalism writing a weekly column for the Daily Californian at the University of California, Berkeley. After college, Michelle spent a few years working with youth in tutoring and college access programs before moving to Cleveland in 2009 and getting into radio. When she’s not anchoring WCPN’s evening newscast, Michelle is canvassing the state, reporting on Ohio’s burgeoning natural gas industry.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/21e6f33bc311dba649dee0181bc8411a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Michelle Kanu | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/21e6f33bc311dba649dee0181bc8411a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/21e6f33bc311dba649dee0181bc8411a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/mkanu"},"mmccollum":{"type":"authors","id":"10510","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10510","found":true},"name":"Maureen McCollum","firstName":"Maureen","lastName":"McCollum","slug":"mmccollum","email":"maureen.mccollum@wpr.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Maureen McCollum is a Wisconsin Public Radio reporter based in La Crosse covering a variety of topics in the southwest region of the state. She also hosts and helps produce a weekly regional WPR program, \"Newsmakers.\" Her stories have been featured on \"Marketplace\" and NPR.\r\n\r\nMcCollum got her start in public radio working as a student at WPR in La Crosse while attending the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Post-graduation, McCollum worked at KBIA as a reporter, anchor, producer, and mentor to University of Missouri journalism students.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a4508b712cb038c2b63c576a2ab80818?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Maureen McCollum | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a4508b712cb038c2b63c576a2ab80818?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a4508b712cb038c2b63c576a2ab80818?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/mmccollum"},"sami":{"type":"authors","id":"10529","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10529","found":true},"name":"Sami Grover","firstName":"Sami","lastName":"Grover","slug":"sami","email":"sami@thechangecreation.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Sami Grover is a writer, blogger, brand strategist and activist based out of Durham, North Carolina. He is also Creative Director and co-owner at The Change Creation. Sami contributes regularly to TreeHugger and Mother Nature Network. You can also find his musings at ETSY Blog, NC Sustainability Center, HuffPost Green and Don't Sell Bodies. When he's not busy writing, he's probably obsessing over his compost pile.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8c0fca58980f50c7a59577a29dd71d6d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sami Grover | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8c0fca58980f50c7a59577a29dd71d6d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8c0fca58980f50c7a59577a29dd71d6d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sami"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_68854":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_68854","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"68854","score":null,"sort":[1396383218000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-soil-matters","title":"Why Soil Matters","publishDate":1396383218,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/tSvNdXO7qaTHNUzA5hpM7A==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the global population flew past seven billion people. It is now on pace to reach eight billion by 2024. The rapid pace of our population growth underlines the need for healthy and productive farmland. Yet as our population increases, the amount of arable land on the planet is decreasing. Human activity and climate change are degrading once-productive farmland, decreasing the amount of food that can be grown. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification estimates that 3 to 5 percent of the world’s agricultural yield is lost due to land degradation every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can we feed more and more people on less land? International experts agree with urban farmer Will Allen. He knows that soil is the key to stopping land degradation and increasing productivity. In this QUEST video, Will Allen explains how increasing soil fertility will ensure our future food security.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How much land did it take to grow your breakfast today?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the difference between productive land and degraded land?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What causes land to degrade?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is farmland being lost today?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is soil fertility important?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How can leftover food and waste be converted to soil?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How do your actions contribute to land degradation?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How could your actions reduce land degradation?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How can you convert food waste into soil?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Explore the soil profile in your community using the USDA’s map. http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Compare and contrast how the land has changed over time. What might have caused these changes? Using the data from the map, predict changes that may occur in the future.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.growingpower.org\" href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Urban Farming\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Growing Power, Inc.\u003c/strong>See how Will Allen’s organization is empowering communities to grow their own food.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.ifpri.org\" href=\"http://www.ifpri.org/node/8441\" target=\"_blank\">Land Degradation\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Institutional Food Policy Research Institute\u003c/strong>Learn about the potential of integrated soil fertility management to slow land degradation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.worldometers.info\" href=\"http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/\" target=\"_blank\">Real Time Population Statistics\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Worldometers\u003c/strong>See world population data in real time.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.unccd.int\" href=\"http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Partnerships/partnership%2024_01_14%20low%20res.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Food Security\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification\u003c/strong>Read the 2014 report on food and land security from the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior on the chances of individuals and species to survive and reproduce. \u003cstrong>HS-LS2-8\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Ecosystems have carrying capacities, which are limits to the number of organisms and populations they support. These limits result from such factors as the availability of living and nonliving resources and from challenges such as predation, competition, and disease. Organisms would have the capacity to produce populations of great size were it not for the fact that environments and resources are finite. This fundamental tension affects the abundance (number of individuals) of species in any given ecosystem. \u003cstrong>HS-LS2-A\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong>Scale, proportion, and quantity: The significance of a phenomenon is dependent on the scale, proportion, and quantity at which it occurs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong>Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Milwaukee urban farmer Will Allen explains the role of soil in creating a food system that can sustain our growing global population.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442697129,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":529},"headData":{"title":"Why Soil Matters | KQED","description":"Milwaukee urban farmer Will Allen explains the role of soil in creating a food system that can sustain our growing global population.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"68854 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68854","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/01/why-soil-matters/","disqusTitle":"Why Soil Matters","videoEmbed":"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/tSvNdXO7qaTHNUzA5hpM7A==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/68854/why-soil-matters","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/tSvNdXO7qaTHNUzA5hpM7A==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the global population flew past seven billion people. It is now on pace to reach eight billion by 2024. The rapid pace of our population growth underlines the need for healthy and productive farmland. Yet as our population increases, the amount of arable land on the planet is decreasing. Human activity and climate change are degrading once-productive farmland, decreasing the amount of food that can be grown. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification estimates that 3 to 5 percent of the world’s agricultural yield is lost due to land degradation every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can we feed more and more people on less land? International experts agree with urban farmer Will Allen. He knows that soil is the key to stopping land degradation and increasing productivity. In this QUEST video, Will Allen explains how increasing soil fertility will ensure our future food security.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How much land did it take to grow your breakfast today?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the difference between productive land and degraded land?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What causes land to degrade?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is farmland being lost today?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is soil fertility important?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How can leftover food and waste be converted to soil?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How do your actions contribute to land degradation?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How could your actions reduce land degradation?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How can you convert food waste into soil?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Explore the soil profile in your community using the USDA’s map. http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Compare and contrast how the land has changed over time. What might have caused these changes? Using the data from the map, predict changes that may occur in the future.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.growingpower.org\" href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Urban Farming\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Growing Power, Inc.\u003c/strong>See how Will Allen’s organization is empowering communities to grow their own food.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.ifpri.org\" href=\"http://www.ifpri.org/node/8441\" target=\"_blank\">Land Degradation\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Institutional Food Policy Research Institute\u003c/strong>Learn about the potential of integrated soil fertility management to slow land degradation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.worldometers.info\" href=\"http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/\" target=\"_blank\">Real Time Population Statistics\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Worldometers\u003c/strong>See world population data in real time.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.unccd.int\" href=\"http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Partnerships/partnership%2024_01_14%20low%20res.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Food Security\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification\u003c/strong>Read the 2014 report on food and land security from the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior on the chances of individuals and species to survive and reproduce. \u003cstrong>HS-LS2-8\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Ecosystems have carrying capacities, which are limits to the number of organisms and populations they support. These limits result from such factors as the availability of living and nonliving resources and from challenges such as predation, competition, and disease. Organisms would have the capacity to produce populations of great size were it not for the fact that environments and resources are finite. This fundamental tension affects the abundance (number of individuals) of species in any given ecosystem. \u003cstrong>HS-LS2-A\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong>Scale, proportion, and quantity: The significance of a phenomenon is dependent on the scale, proportion, and quantity at which it occurs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong>Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68854/why-soil-matters","authors":["10472"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_12214","quest_13196","quest_12784","quest_12282","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_12355","quest_2692","quest_13364","quest_13365","quest_3042","quest_12283","quest_12785"],"collections":["quest_12788"],"featImg":"quest_69183","label":"source_quest_68854"},"quest_68831":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_68831","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"68831","score":null,"sort":[1396383090000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"your-city-your-food","title":"Your City, Your Food","publishDate":1396383090,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12788,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Will Allen, pioneering urban farmer and founder of Growing Power, Inc., believes that access to healthy food is the key to sustaining a healthy urban community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people can grow safe, healthy, affordable food, if they have access to land and clean water, this is transformative on every level in a community,” said Allen. “I believe we cannot have healthy communities without a healthy food system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last century, advances in agricultural technology have radically changed our relationship with food. Farms became exponentially larger and more productive, dropping the price and increasing the availability of agricultural products. A smaller percentage of people could grow enough food to feed the rest of the population. Most Americans no longer needed to know how to grow their own food, and many moved to cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the infrastructure of our modern food system does not serve everyone equally, and in some urban communities it has eroded away. Communities need to have the economic resources to establish and maintain markets and eateries with diverse food options, and in economically depressed neighborhoods it can be extremely difficult to find safe, healthy food. Markets selling fresh fruit and vegetables are far away and difficult to access via public transport. Local residents, many of whom have limited mobility, are left with processed food from corner stores as their only option for groceries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now some urban residents are following leaders like Will Allen and trying to grow food in their own communities. But growing food in a city presents unique challenges. How can residents find space with healthy soil, safe water, and adequate sunlight? How will they know the location is safe and accessible to the community? Who might they consult to find these answers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This QUEST classroom activity guides students through the process of finding a location for a community garden. Using the map and community expert cards provided, students will come to understand the physical and social factors required to create a successful urban agricultural space.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Activity Instructions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This activity is intended to encourage students to consider the issues involved in growing food in an urban environment and prompt discussion about urban food production in their own community. There is no clear best choice in this activity; each location has benefits and drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Provide students with the map and community expert cards. Students may work individually or in small groups of up to five students.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students research each of three potential locations for a community garden. Their goal is to choose the location that will have the most positive effects for the community.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students first “consult” experts by looking at the five community expert cards. Each card contains a description of the expert’s role in the community and information about each of the four potential garden locations based on his or her expertise.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ask students to carefully consider the differences between each garden location. If students are working individually, they can take notes about each location. If they are working in groups, they can debate their choices, each student taking the role of one of the experts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students must explain and justify their choices, either in writing or through discussion, using facts found in the activity.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Pre-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If you couldn’t get food at the grocery store, where would you find it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What resources are needed for food production? How can those resources be accessed in a city?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions during Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What pertinent information can you infer from the map?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does each community expert say about each location?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Compare and contrast the advice from each community expert.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What kinds of factors (physical, economic, political) do these experts take into consideration?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is one factor (such as soil condition or access to water) more important than the others? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are important factors to consider that were not mentioned by the experts?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is the neighborhood depicted on the map similar to or different from your own neighborhood?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Would a community garden be viable in your community? What hurdles might you encounter?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who would you consult to start a garden in your own community?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Where would you start a garden in your community? What would each of the experts think of your chosen location?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Community Expert Cards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69155\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69155\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6.jpg\" alt=\"Community expert card: City Council Member\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community expert card: City Council Member\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69157\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69157\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: Local Resident\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: Local Resident\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69212\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: Urban Farmer\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: Urban Farmer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69154\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: District Police Department\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: District Police Department\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69152\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69152\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: Department of Public Utilities\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: Department of Public Utilities\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://designinghealthycommunities.org\" href=\"http://designinghealthycommunities.org/role-community-gardens-sustaining-healthy-communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Community Gardens and Public Health \u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Designing Healthy Communities\u003c/strong>See the effects of community gardens on the health and well-being of Australian city dwellers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://fcebichivirtuallibrary.com\" href=\"http://fcebichivirtuallibrary.com/Agric/The_Agricultural_Revolution_of_the_20th_Century__0813804094.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">The Agricultural Revolution of the 20th Century \u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Iowa State University Press\u003c/strong>Read an in-depth chronicle of the advancements in agriculture and society in the 20th century.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.urbanfarming.org\" href=\"http://www.urbanfarming.org/videos.html?ma_id=4\" target=\"_blank\">Urban Farming Tips\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Urbanfarming.org\u003c/strong>Learn how to start growing food in your community.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.kccg.org\" href=\"http://www.kccg.org/canning-and-freezing\" target=\"_blank\">Soil Test \u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Kansas City Community Gardens\u003c/strong>Learn how to ensure that your soil is ready to produce food.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.\u003cstrong>HS-LS2-7\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Group behavior has evolved because membership can increase the chances of survival for individuals and their genetic relatives. \u003cstrong>LS2.D Social Interactions and Group Behavior\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong>Scale, proportion, and quantity: Using the concept of orders of magnitude allows one to understand how a model at one scale relates to a model at another scale.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong>Engaging in argument from evidence: Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind currently accepted explanations or solutions to determine the merits of arguments.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If you needed to grow food in your city, where would you do it? How do you find space with healthy soil, safe water, and adequate sunlight? How do you know the space is safe, affordable, and accessible to the community? This QUEST classroom activity shows you how.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442697755,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":940},"headData":{"title":"Your City, Your Food | KQED","description":"If you needed to grow food in your city, where would you do it? How do you find space with healthy soil, safe water, and adequate sunlight? How do you know the space is safe, affordable, and accessible to the community? This QUEST classroom activity shows you how.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"68831 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68831","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/01/your-city-your-food/","disqusTitle":"Your City, Your Food","path":"/quest/68831/your-city-your-food","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Will Allen, pioneering urban farmer and founder of Growing Power, Inc., believes that access to healthy food is the key to sustaining a healthy urban community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people can grow safe, healthy, affordable food, if they have access to land and clean water, this is transformative on every level in a community,” said Allen. “I believe we cannot have healthy communities without a healthy food system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last century, advances in agricultural technology have radically changed our relationship with food. Farms became exponentially larger and more productive, dropping the price and increasing the availability of agricultural products. A smaller percentage of people could grow enough food to feed the rest of the population. Most Americans no longer needed to know how to grow their own food, and many moved to cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the infrastructure of our modern food system does not serve everyone equally, and in some urban communities it has eroded away. Communities need to have the economic resources to establish and maintain markets and eateries with diverse food options, and in economically depressed neighborhoods it can be extremely difficult to find safe, healthy food. Markets selling fresh fruit and vegetables are far away and difficult to access via public transport. Local residents, many of whom have limited mobility, are left with processed food from corner stores as their only option for groceries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now some urban residents are following leaders like Will Allen and trying to grow food in their own communities. But growing food in a city presents unique challenges. How can residents find space with healthy soil, safe water, and adequate sunlight? How will they know the location is safe and accessible to the community? Who might they consult to find these answers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This QUEST classroom activity guides students through the process of finding a location for a community garden. Using the map and community expert cards provided, students will come to understand the physical and social factors required to create a successful urban agricultural space.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Activity Instructions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This activity is intended to encourage students to consider the issues involved in growing food in an urban environment and prompt discussion about urban food production in their own community. There is no clear best choice in this activity; each location has benefits and drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Provide students with the map and community expert cards. Students may work individually or in small groups of up to five students.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students research each of three potential locations for a community garden. Their goal is to choose the location that will have the most positive effects for the community.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students first “consult” experts by looking at the five community expert cards. Each card contains a description of the expert’s role in the community and information about each of the four potential garden locations based on his or her expertise.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ask students to carefully consider the differences between each garden location. If students are working individually, they can take notes about each location. If they are working in groups, they can debate their choices, each student taking the role of one of the experts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students must explain and justify their choices, either in writing or through discussion, using facts found in the activity.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Pre-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If you couldn’t get food at the grocery store, where would you find it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What resources are needed for food production? How can those resources be accessed in a city?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions during Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What pertinent information can you infer from the map?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does each community expert say about each location?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Compare and contrast the advice from each community expert.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What kinds of factors (physical, economic, political) do these experts take into consideration?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is one factor (such as soil condition or access to water) more important than the others? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are important factors to consider that were not mentioned by the experts?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is the neighborhood depicted on the map similar to or different from your own neighborhood?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Would a community garden be viable in your community? What hurdles might you encounter?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who would you consult to start a garden in your own community?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Where would you start a garden in your community? What would each of the experts think of your chosen location?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Community Expert Cards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69155\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69155\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6.jpg\" alt=\"Community expert card: City Council Member\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community expert card: City Council Member\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69157\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69157\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: Local Resident\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: Local Resident\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69212\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: Urban Farmer\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: Urban Farmer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69154\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: District Police Department\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: District Police Department\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69152\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69152\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: Department of Public Utilities\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: Department of Public Utilities\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://designinghealthycommunities.org\" href=\"http://designinghealthycommunities.org/role-community-gardens-sustaining-healthy-communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Community Gardens and Public Health \u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Designing Healthy Communities\u003c/strong>See the effects of community gardens on the health and well-being of Australian city dwellers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://fcebichivirtuallibrary.com\" href=\"http://fcebichivirtuallibrary.com/Agric/The_Agricultural_Revolution_of_the_20th_Century__0813804094.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">The Agricultural Revolution of the 20th Century \u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Iowa State University Press\u003c/strong>Read an in-depth chronicle of the advancements in agriculture and society in the 20th century.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.urbanfarming.org\" href=\"http://www.urbanfarming.org/videos.html?ma_id=4\" target=\"_blank\">Urban Farming Tips\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Urbanfarming.org\u003c/strong>Learn how to start growing food in your community.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.kccg.org\" href=\"http://www.kccg.org/canning-and-freezing\" target=\"_blank\">Soil Test \u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Kansas City Community Gardens\u003c/strong>Learn how to ensure that your soil is ready to produce food.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.\u003cstrong>HS-LS2-7\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Group behavior has evolved because membership can increase the chances of survival for individuals and their genetic relatives. \u003cstrong>LS2.D Social Interactions and Group Behavior\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong>Scale, proportion, and quantity: Using the concept of orders of magnitude allows one to understand how a model at one scale relates to a model at another scale.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong>Engaging in argument from evidence: Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind currently accepted explanations or solutions to determine the merits of arguments.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68831/your-city-your-food","authors":["10472"],"categories":["quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_12787","quest_12214","quest_13196","quest_12786","quest_12784","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_12355","quest_2692","quest_13364","quest_13365","quest_3042","quest_12785"],"collections":["quest_12788"],"featImg":"quest_69184","label":"quest_12788"},"quest_63190":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_63190","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"63190","score":null,"sort":[1392735604000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lessons-from-a-global-garden-growing-more-food-with-less","title":"Lessons from a Global Garden: Growing More Food with Less","publishDate":1392735604,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>As the curtain of fog began to part, a ray of sunlight struck the small patch of earth where Sanjana Silva was replanting dozens of bright green barley seedlings. Silva lives and works in Sri Lanka, the tropical island nation that dangles from India’s southernmost tip. As part of his job as an officer with Sri Lanka’s Department of Agriculture, he searches for better ways to feed his country’s growing population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is Silva doing \u003cem>here\u003c/em>, digging holes in a garden in Mendocino, California, on this chilly morning?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very cold here…but I can deal with it,” he said with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63312 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA1-e1386283868409-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Sri Lankan agricultural official Sanjana Silva plants barley seedlings at a test plot in Mendocino, CA.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sri Lankan agricultural official Sanjana Silva plants barley seedlings at a test plot in Mendocino, CA. Click to enlarge. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Luckily, he’s not here for the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silva is part of a group of international farmers and gardeners from countries as far flung as Senegal, Nepal, and Argentina who journey every year to a network of research gardens on the northern California coast. They come to participate in six- to twelve-month training programs where they are schooled in the art of biointensive growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The programs are offered through a nonprofit organization based in Willits, California called \u003ca title=\"Ecology Action\" href=\"http://www.growbiointensive.org/about_main.html\">Ecology Action\u003c/a>, dedicated to teaching people around the globe how to grow food in a sustainable way. The method they teach -- referred to as \u003ca title=\"Grow Biointensive\" href=\"http://www.growbiointensive.org/\">GROW BIOINTENSIVE\u003c/a> -- is the brainchild of Yale graduate and agricultural researcher \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnjeavons.info\">John Jeavons\u003c/a>, who since 1972 has been studying the results of small-scale, biologically intensive farming. The technique is largely based on the work of \u003ca href=\"http://casfs.ucsc.edu/about/history/farm-garden-projects\">Alan Chadwick\u003c/a>, the British Master Gardener who pioneered organic farming methods at the University of California-Santa Cruz in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">75 percent of the world’s people will be at risk because they may not have enough water to grow an adequate diet \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The goal of Jeavon’s trademarked method is to help farmers increase food yields using less land, less water, and without the chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in conventional farming techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Worldwide we have a critical situation on our hands…,” Jeavons explained. “According to a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/waterfor%20lifedecade/scarcity.shtml\">UN [FAO] report\u003c/a>, 75 percent of the world’s people will be at risk because they may not have enough water to grow an adequate diet. Also, so much of our agricultural land is no longer viable because farming has depleted the soil. So this method is designed -- based on millennia-old practices -- to enable people everywhere in the world to meet their own food needs and ‘grow’ their own soil using a fraction of the resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 347px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/kale3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64687 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/kale3-347x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kale and other leafy greens grow in raised beds with soil loosened two feet down to support moisture retention and minimize erosion -- one of the key biointensive growing techniques. Image by Lisa Landers\" width=\"347\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Raised beds allow soil to be loosened two feet down to support moisture retention and minimize erosion -- one of the key biointensive growing techniques. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, what’s the magic formula? It’s a combination of soil that is continuously cultivated with a carbon-rich organic compost to maximize fertility, and seeds that are planted in a certain way. For example, crops are planted much closer together than usual so that more can be grown in a small space. Bunching the plants together also creates a leafy umbrella that shades the soil, which in turn reduces the need for water. It’s a recipe that can be used to grow seasonal foods year-round -- from winter squashes to summer berries -- outdoors or in greenhouses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International trainees like Sanjana Silva spend their days engaged in hands-on fieldwork, classroom learning, and informal brainstorming sessions between farmers from different countries, all of whom face distinct challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64648\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/SS-2women-DSC04798.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64648 \" title=\"Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Click to enlarge. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/SS-2women-DSC04798-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Silva enrolled in the program because he is searching for ways to support his government’s initiative to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. “Sri Lanka is 70 percent rural, which means that they are basically all farming their own food. But the use of nationally subsidized chemical fertilizers caused the soil quality to become poor, making it harder to grow food.” Silva added that the shift away from chemical fertilizers was also spurred by their suspected \u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/systems/feature/conflicting-reports-highlight-scientific-data-gaps-in-sri-lanka-s-chronic-kidney.html\">link to the chronic kidney disease\u003c/a> that plagues many Sri Lankans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this brand of biointensive farming holds great promise for small community farms like those in Sri Lanka, questions remain about its scalability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For small-scale plots this method has proven to produce high yields,\" according to Christof Bernau, an instructor at the \u003ca href=\"http://casfs.ucsc.edu/about/index.html\">Center for Agroecology at the University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>,\" but if you amplify it out to the multi-acre, tractor-scale model, it may require inputs of knowledge, labor, and resources that aren’t economically sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the globe scientists are \u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/food-security/editorials/investing-in-people-and-evidence-for-sustainable-farming.html\">studying the effectiveness of a variety of innovative farming methods\u003c/a> aimed at addressing issues related to food security and dwindling resources, particularly in developing nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no one-size-fits-all method, acknowledged Ecology Action garden manager, Matt Drewno. Growing techniques have to be adjusted to account for variations in weather, topography, and other factors. “But we provide an adaptable toolkit and a framework,” explained Drewn, “so that no matter the climate, crop availability, and other specific local considerations, you can make it work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64302\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Kenya2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64302 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Kenya2-337x253.jpg\" alt='During a workshop near Mzuzu, Malawi, people learn how to \"grow\" more fertile soil. Photo courtesy of John Jeavons' width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a workshop near Mzuzu, Malawi, community members learn how to \"grow\" more fertile soil. Photo courtesy of John Jeavons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides two people from Sri Lanka, this year’s group of 10 international participants (stationed at one of three California training sites) also included an emissary from a Mexican government agency working to improve and expand the capacity of floating farms on the outskirts of Mexico City, and a Kenyan who has set his sights on repairing the soil damage wrought by industrial tea farming, with the hope of restoring the farmers’ ability to nourish themselves from their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of these people really want to educate other people -- and that’s why they are coming here,” said Jeavons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the foggy Mendocino research garden, many crops are transformed into meals served at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ravensrestaurant.com/\">Ravens’ Restaurant\u003c/a>, a gourmet vegan eatery. The proprietors of the restaurant and \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanfordinn.com\">adjoining eco-resort\u003c/a> offer free use of their land for the research, as well as food and lodging for training program participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63311\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 296px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA-quinoa-e1386285537989.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63311 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA-quinoa-e1386285537989-296x253.jpg\" alt=\"Protein-packed quinoa plants are cultivated and harvested at Ecology Action's research garden in Mendocino, CA. Image by Lisa Landers\" width=\"296\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protein-packed quinoa plants are cultivated and harvested at Ecology Action's research garden in Mendocino, CA. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The trainees also get down in the dirt to help answer a question that has been motivating Jeavons for more than 40 years: what is the smallest amount of land on which a complete and balanced diet can be grown? This year’s test plot is filled with calorically and nutritionally dense crops, such as fava beans, potatoes, and towering quinoa plants, whose protein-packed clusters of ruby red seeds glisten in the misty morning light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the year the results from this experimental garden will be collected, analyzed, and posted online, where they can be accessed by farmers, scientists, and the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Silva and the other international participants complete their training, they will take what they learn back to their own communities, along with the hope of planting the seeds for a more sustainable farming future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I’ve taught workshops in places like East Africa and I tell them about the challenging situation we face, it doesn’t freak them out,” Jeavons recounted. “They say, ‘let’s do this’ and ‘if we don’t do this, our children are going to be toast.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Related links for further exploration:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/food.shtml\">United Nations: sustainable farming stories & stats from around the globet\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/agriculture/farming/\">SciDev \"Spotlight\" Series: Science for Sustainable Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://commongroundgarden.org\">Common Ground Garden (Ecology Action Bay Area Tours & Classes)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Farmers and community gardeners from around the world gather in Mendocino, California to explore a method for growing more food on less land -- that reduces the need for precious resources.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442702389,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1336},"headData":{"title":"Lessons from a Global Garden: Growing More Food with Less | KQED","description":"Farmers and community gardeners from around the world gather in Mendocino, California to explore a method for growing more food on less land -- that reduces the need for precious resources.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"63190 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=63190","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/18/lessons-from-a-global-garden-growing-more-food-with-less/","disqusTitle":"Lessons from a Global Garden: Growing More Food with Less","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/63190/lessons-from-a-global-garden-growing-more-food-with-less","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the curtain of fog began to part, a ray of sunlight struck the small patch of earth where Sanjana Silva was replanting dozens of bright green barley seedlings. Silva lives and works in Sri Lanka, the tropical island nation that dangles from India’s southernmost tip. As part of his job as an officer with Sri Lanka’s Department of Agriculture, he searches for better ways to feed his country’s growing population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is Silva doing \u003cem>here\u003c/em>, digging holes in a garden in Mendocino, California, on this chilly morning?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very cold here…but I can deal with it,” he said with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63312 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA1-e1386283868409-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Sri Lankan agricultural official Sanjana Silva plants barley seedlings at a test plot in Mendocino, CA.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sri Lankan agricultural official Sanjana Silva plants barley seedlings at a test plot in Mendocino, CA. Click to enlarge. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Luckily, he’s not here for the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silva is part of a group of international farmers and gardeners from countries as far flung as Senegal, Nepal, and Argentina who journey every year to a network of research gardens on the northern California coast. They come to participate in six- to twelve-month training programs where they are schooled in the art of biointensive growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The programs are offered through a nonprofit organization based in Willits, California called \u003ca title=\"Ecology Action\" href=\"http://www.growbiointensive.org/about_main.html\">Ecology Action\u003c/a>, dedicated to teaching people around the globe how to grow food in a sustainable way. The method they teach -- referred to as \u003ca title=\"Grow Biointensive\" href=\"http://www.growbiointensive.org/\">GROW BIOINTENSIVE\u003c/a> -- is the brainchild of Yale graduate and agricultural researcher \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnjeavons.info\">John Jeavons\u003c/a>, who since 1972 has been studying the results of small-scale, biologically intensive farming. The technique is largely based on the work of \u003ca href=\"http://casfs.ucsc.edu/about/history/farm-garden-projects\">Alan Chadwick\u003c/a>, the British Master Gardener who pioneered organic farming methods at the University of California-Santa Cruz in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">75 percent of the world’s people will be at risk because they may not have enough water to grow an adequate diet \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The goal of Jeavon’s trademarked method is to help farmers increase food yields using less land, less water, and without the chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in conventional farming techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Worldwide we have a critical situation on our hands…,” Jeavons explained. “According to a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/waterfor%20lifedecade/scarcity.shtml\">UN [FAO] report\u003c/a>, 75 percent of the world’s people will be at risk because they may not have enough water to grow an adequate diet. Also, so much of our agricultural land is no longer viable because farming has depleted the soil. So this method is designed -- based on millennia-old practices -- to enable people everywhere in the world to meet their own food needs and ‘grow’ their own soil using a fraction of the resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 347px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/kale3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64687 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/kale3-347x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kale and other leafy greens grow in raised beds with soil loosened two feet down to support moisture retention and minimize erosion -- one of the key biointensive growing techniques. Image by Lisa Landers\" width=\"347\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Raised beds allow soil to be loosened two feet down to support moisture retention and minimize erosion -- one of the key biointensive growing techniques. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, what’s the magic formula? It’s a combination of soil that is continuously cultivated with a carbon-rich organic compost to maximize fertility, and seeds that are planted in a certain way. For example, crops are planted much closer together than usual so that more can be grown in a small space. Bunching the plants together also creates a leafy umbrella that shades the soil, which in turn reduces the need for water. It’s a recipe that can be used to grow seasonal foods year-round -- from winter squashes to summer berries -- outdoors or in greenhouses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International trainees like Sanjana Silva spend their days engaged in hands-on fieldwork, classroom learning, and informal brainstorming sessions between farmers from different countries, all of whom face distinct challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64648\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/SS-2women-DSC04798.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64648 \" title=\"Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Click to enlarge. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/SS-2women-DSC04798-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Silva enrolled in the program because he is searching for ways to support his government’s initiative to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. “Sri Lanka is 70 percent rural, which means that they are basically all farming their own food. But the use of nationally subsidized chemical fertilizers caused the soil quality to become poor, making it harder to grow food.” Silva added that the shift away from chemical fertilizers was also spurred by their suspected \u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/systems/feature/conflicting-reports-highlight-scientific-data-gaps-in-sri-lanka-s-chronic-kidney.html\">link to the chronic kidney disease\u003c/a> that plagues many Sri Lankans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this brand of biointensive farming holds great promise for small community farms like those in Sri Lanka, questions remain about its scalability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For small-scale plots this method has proven to produce high yields,\" according to Christof Bernau, an instructor at the \u003ca href=\"http://casfs.ucsc.edu/about/index.html\">Center for Agroecology at the University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>,\" but if you amplify it out to the multi-acre, tractor-scale model, it may require inputs of knowledge, labor, and resources that aren’t economically sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the globe scientists are \u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/food-security/editorials/investing-in-people-and-evidence-for-sustainable-farming.html\">studying the effectiveness of a variety of innovative farming methods\u003c/a> aimed at addressing issues related to food security and dwindling resources, particularly in developing nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no one-size-fits-all method, acknowledged Ecology Action garden manager, Matt Drewno. Growing techniques have to be adjusted to account for variations in weather, topography, and other factors. “But we provide an adaptable toolkit and a framework,” explained Drewn, “so that no matter the climate, crop availability, and other specific local considerations, you can make it work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64302\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Kenya2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64302 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Kenya2-337x253.jpg\" alt='During a workshop near Mzuzu, Malawi, people learn how to \"grow\" more fertile soil. Photo courtesy of John Jeavons' width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a workshop near Mzuzu, Malawi, community members learn how to \"grow\" more fertile soil. Photo courtesy of John Jeavons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides two people from Sri Lanka, this year’s group of 10 international participants (stationed at one of three California training sites) also included an emissary from a Mexican government agency working to improve and expand the capacity of floating farms on the outskirts of Mexico City, and a Kenyan who has set his sights on repairing the soil damage wrought by industrial tea farming, with the hope of restoring the farmers’ ability to nourish themselves from their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of these people really want to educate other people -- and that’s why they are coming here,” said Jeavons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the foggy Mendocino research garden, many crops are transformed into meals served at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ravensrestaurant.com/\">Ravens’ Restaurant\u003c/a>, a gourmet vegan eatery. The proprietors of the restaurant and \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanfordinn.com\">adjoining eco-resort\u003c/a> offer free use of their land for the research, as well as food and lodging for training program participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63311\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 296px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA-quinoa-e1386285537989.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63311 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA-quinoa-e1386285537989-296x253.jpg\" alt=\"Protein-packed quinoa plants are cultivated and harvested at Ecology Action's research garden in Mendocino, CA. Image by Lisa Landers\" width=\"296\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protein-packed quinoa plants are cultivated and harvested at Ecology Action's research garden in Mendocino, CA. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The trainees also get down in the dirt to help answer a question that has been motivating Jeavons for more than 40 years: what is the smallest amount of land on which a complete and balanced diet can be grown? This year’s test plot is filled with calorically and nutritionally dense crops, such as fava beans, potatoes, and towering quinoa plants, whose protein-packed clusters of ruby red seeds glisten in the misty morning light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the year the results from this experimental garden will be collected, analyzed, and posted online, where they can be accessed by farmers, scientists, and the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Silva and the other international participants complete their training, they will take what they learn back to their own communities, along with the hope of planting the seeds for a more sustainable farming future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I’ve taught workshops in places like East Africa and I tell them about the challenging situation we face, it doesn’t freak them out,” Jeavons recounted. “They say, ‘let’s do this’ and ‘if we don’t do this, our children are going to be toast.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Related links for further exploration:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/food.shtml\">United Nations: sustainable farming stories & stats from around the globet\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/agriculture/farming/\">SciDev \"Spotlight\" Series: Science for Sustainable Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://commongroundgarden.org\">Common Ground Garden (Ecology Action Bay Area Tours & Classes)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/63190/lessons-from-a-global-garden-growing-more-food-with-less","authors":["5412"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_12483","quest_12482","quest_1122","quest_12269","quest_1171","quest_12486","quest_12485","quest_1789","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_2692","quest_12484","quest_9913","quest_13364"],"featImg":"quest_64275","label":"source_quest_63190"},"quest_62700":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_62700","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"62700","score":null,"sort":[1391094052000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"elephants-and-tigers-beneath-our-feet-qa-with-soil-scientist-diana-wall","title":"“Elephants and Tigers” Beneath Our Feet: Q&A with Soil Scientist Diana Wall","publishDate":1391094052,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Dr. Diana Wall\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66060\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-DrDianaWall_one-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66060\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-DrDianaWall_one-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Diana Wall\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Diana Wall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “The Nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15373\">Franklin D\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15373\">. Roosevelt\u003c/a>, February 26, 1937\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civilizations and their economies can rise and fall based on the availability of fertile, healthy soils. Dr. Diana Wall, the winner of the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.tylerprize.usc.edu/press/pr2013.html\">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement\u003c/a>, has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the hidden ecosystems that lie beneath our feet. We talked with Dr. Wall about her work and why soil health and human health are so fundamentally intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Dirt\" or \"soil\" -- which term do you use?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>I like soil. Dirt gives the idea that there is nothing beautiful in soil, that it is “dirty” and “dead,” yet the many organisms in soil can be extraordinarily beautiful if you put them under a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your work in Antarctica and elsewhere has revealed we never really understood soil at all. How has our understanding changed?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Work in the Antarctic Dry Valleys, an extreme cold desert, has shown that tiny, microscopic invertebrates can be the top animals in the food web of this type of ecosystem. They are the “elephants and tigers” of the Dry Valleys even though they are hidden in soil. One species, a nematode roundworm [called] \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oiggTr83jc\">Scottnema\u003c/a>, occupies the majority of the landscape and contributes about 7 percent to the valley soil carbon turnover, a needed contribution to regulating global carbon cycling. Soils in different locations have very different “communities” of organisms. It’s just like the life above ground -- a desert has very different species compared to a tropical forest. We have just begun to scratch the surface and explore soils to discover the exciting food webs under our feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66151\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66151\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/nemablog\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/nemablog/\">nemablog\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is biodiversity underground really as important as biodiversity above ground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Absolutely! We wouldn’t see the diversity above ground if we didn’t have the diversity below ground. The species above ground, from the birds to the plant species, depend on specific communities of small organisms in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organisms in the food webs below ground work for us cleansing our water, decaying leaves and trees, and returning nutrients to make soils fertile; detoxifying chemicals; stabilizing soils and preventing erosion; and as biocontrol agents, controlling diseases that affect animals, plants, and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms-640x180.jpg\" alt=\"Worm Farms\" width=\"640\" height=\"180\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worm farms in Antactica's McMurdo Dry Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will climate change impact life underground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Climate change can have a huge impact on life underground. What’s surprising for many is that life underground can also have a huge impact on climate change. It’s a cycle.\u003cbr>\nClimate change can alter soil moisture through droughts or excessive rainfall or soil temperatures, which affects the soil habitat, the food that the organisms eat, and the physiology of the organisms. What we’re trying to do now is to learn more about where and when these changes in soil biodiversity will affect [our ability to] sustain our food, soils, air, and life above ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"0000022496-NatureGeosciences2\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of the “elephants and tigers” found in Antarctica's soil.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's your favorite soil mini-beast and why?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Ahh… without a doubt it is Scottnema, the small, tough, resilient nematode roundworm from the driest desert on the earth, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=McMurdo+Dry+Valley&espv=210&es_sm=119&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=P6LVUueBN8rNsQTAlID4Bg&ved=0CDcQsAQ&biw=1136&bih=634\">McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica\u003c/a>. It is hard to believe it survives in such a hostile environment, but it survives by changing its physiology from worm-like to a tiny “Cheerio” -- and then blows across the landscape with the cold winter winds. Despite this, this tough animal seems very sensitive to changes in temperature and to increasing soil moisture, which is a concern with increasing warming in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can soil scientists help advance our land management practices?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Let’s face it -- soils are under threat. We need lots of fertile soils to sustain our populations for the future. Soil scientists have the training to appreciate the different soil habitats and the individual contributions that soil organisms make to fertile and stable soils. All scientists can help to integrate and transfer this new knowledge about soil biodiversity for improved soil health, for the health of us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66165 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If everyone reading this interview committed to one thing to protect soil life, what should that one thing be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>They can help us protect and conserve and restore our living, teeming soils just as we protect clean air and clean water. Soils are being degraded at a rapid rate. We can all work to address the causes: contamination and pollution, erosion, sealing of soils by concrete, climate change, invasive plant and animal species, and the decline of organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Dr. Wall’s current Antarctic research endeavors at her blog,\u003ca href=\"http://nemablog.wordpress.com/\">The World of Nematodes\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Find out how biodiversity below ground influences life above ground.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442704663,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":853},"headData":{"title":"“Elephants and Tigers” Beneath Our Feet: Q&A with Soil Scientist Diana Wall | KQED","description":"Find out how biodiversity below ground influences life above ground.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"62700 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=62700","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/30/elephants-and-tigers-beneath-our-feet-qa-with-soil-scientist-diana-wall/","disqusTitle":"“Elephants and Tigers” Beneath Our Feet: Q&A with Soil Scientist Diana Wall","path":"/quest/62700/elephants-and-tigers-beneath-our-feet-qa-with-soil-scientist-diana-wall","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Dr. Diana Wall\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66060\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-DrDianaWall_one-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66060\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-DrDianaWall_one-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Diana Wall\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Diana Wall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “The Nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15373\">Franklin D\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15373\">. Roosevelt\u003c/a>, February 26, 1937\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civilizations and their economies can rise and fall based on the availability of fertile, healthy soils. Dr. Diana Wall, the winner of the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.tylerprize.usc.edu/press/pr2013.html\">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement\u003c/a>, has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the hidden ecosystems that lie beneath our feet. We talked with Dr. Wall about her work and why soil health and human health are so fundamentally intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Dirt\" or \"soil\" -- which term do you use?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>I like soil. Dirt gives the idea that there is nothing beautiful in soil, that it is “dirty” and “dead,” yet the many organisms in soil can be extraordinarily beautiful if you put them under a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your work in Antarctica and elsewhere has revealed we never really understood soil at all. How has our understanding changed?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Work in the Antarctic Dry Valleys, an extreme cold desert, has shown that tiny, microscopic invertebrates can be the top animals in the food web of this type of ecosystem. They are the “elephants and tigers” of the Dry Valleys even though they are hidden in soil. One species, a nematode roundworm [called] \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oiggTr83jc\">Scottnema\u003c/a>, occupies the majority of the landscape and contributes about 7 percent to the valley soil carbon turnover, a needed contribution to regulating global carbon cycling. Soils in different locations have very different “communities” of organisms. It’s just like the life above ground -- a desert has very different species compared to a tropical forest. We have just begun to scratch the surface and explore soils to discover the exciting food webs under our feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66151\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66151\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/nemablog\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/nemablog/\">nemablog\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is biodiversity underground really as important as biodiversity above ground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Absolutely! We wouldn’t see the diversity above ground if we didn’t have the diversity below ground. The species above ground, from the birds to the plant species, depend on specific communities of small organisms in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organisms in the food webs below ground work for us cleansing our water, decaying leaves and trees, and returning nutrients to make soils fertile; detoxifying chemicals; stabilizing soils and preventing erosion; and as biocontrol agents, controlling diseases that affect animals, plants, and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms-640x180.jpg\" alt=\"Worm Farms\" width=\"640\" height=\"180\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worm farms in Antactica's McMurdo Dry Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will climate change impact life underground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Climate change can have a huge impact on life underground. What’s surprising for many is that life underground can also have a huge impact on climate change. It’s a cycle.\u003cbr>\nClimate change can alter soil moisture through droughts or excessive rainfall or soil temperatures, which affects the soil habitat, the food that the organisms eat, and the physiology of the organisms. What we’re trying to do now is to learn more about where and when these changes in soil biodiversity will affect [our ability to] sustain our food, soils, air, and life above ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"0000022496-NatureGeosciences2\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of the “elephants and tigers” found in Antarctica's soil.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's your favorite soil mini-beast and why?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Ahh… without a doubt it is Scottnema, the small, tough, resilient nematode roundworm from the driest desert on the earth, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=McMurdo+Dry+Valley&espv=210&es_sm=119&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=P6LVUueBN8rNsQTAlID4Bg&ved=0CDcQsAQ&biw=1136&bih=634\">McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica\u003c/a>. It is hard to believe it survives in such a hostile environment, but it survives by changing its physiology from worm-like to a tiny “Cheerio” -- and then blows across the landscape with the cold winter winds. Despite this, this tough animal seems very sensitive to changes in temperature and to increasing soil moisture, which is a concern with increasing warming in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can soil scientists help advance our land management practices?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Let’s face it -- soils are under threat. We need lots of fertile soils to sustain our populations for the future. Soil scientists have the training to appreciate the different soil habitats and the individual contributions that soil organisms make to fertile and stable soils. All scientists can help to integrate and transfer this new knowledge about soil biodiversity for improved soil health, for the health of us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66165 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If everyone reading this interview committed to one thing to protect soil life, what should that one thing be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>They can help us protect and conserve and restore our living, teeming soils just as we protect clean air and clean water. Soils are being degraded at a rapid rate. We can all work to address the causes: contamination and pollution, erosion, sealing of soils by concrete, climate change, invasive plant and animal species, and the decline of organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Dr. Wall’s current Antarctic research endeavors at her blog,\u003ca href=\"http://nemablog.wordpress.com/\">The World of Nematodes\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/62700/elephants-and-tigers-beneath-our-feet-qa-with-soil-scientist-diana-wall","authors":["10529"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_176","quest_326","quest_12570","quest_12567","quest_12269","quest_10427","quest_12569","quest_2692","quest_12568"],"featImg":"quest_66064","label":"quest"},"quest_62860":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_62860","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"62860","score":null,"sort":[1385564434000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"saving-water-for-cranberry-production","title":"Cranberry Producers Strive to Save Water","publishDate":1385564434,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Wisconsin produces the largest amount of cranberries in the U.S. In fact, half of the world's supply of the fruit comes from the state. It takes a lot of water to grow the tart red fruit, so in order to ensure the survival of their industry, cranberry producers have undergone technological upgrades to help conserve water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is vital to every aspect of cranberry production. Most of it is used to irrigate the crop in the large, rectangular beds, called “bogs” or “marshes,” in which the fruit grows. When it's time for harvest, farmers flood the beds to float the bright red cranberries, making them easier to pick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cranberry producers flood the beds again in winter to encase the vines in ice for protection, and again in the spring to kill off any pests. Water is constantly cycling from the beds to the farm's retention ponds to natural rivers.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/cranbogs.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-64192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/cranbogs-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"B\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca title=\"Prehn Cranberry Farm\" href=\"http://www.Prehncranberry.com\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Prehn's farm\u003c/a> outside of \u003ca title=\"Tomah, Wisconsin\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=11400+County+Hwy+N,+Tomah,+WI+54660&sll=44.003403,-90.448553&sspn=0.174348,0.307961&ie=UTF8&hq=11400+County+Hwy&hnear=North+Tomah,+WI&ll=44.017509,-90.402718&spn=0.174306,0.307961&z=12\" target=\"_blank\">Tomah \u003c/a>in southwest Wisconsin, harvest season is wrapping up. Water is draining from the beds back into the public waters. “Basically, this goes down to the Lemonweir River,\" Prehn explained. “It's our main water source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn is like many producers in Wisconsin who are switching over to a more efficient farming operation. He says installing technology that monitors the temperature and moisture in the soil has made the biggest difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn is also a dentist, but when he's not on his farm he can check on his cranberries from his office by a computer or smart phone app. “I sit between my patients in Wausau, when I'm not down here, and I can watch the soil monitor. I can see it go down and I make a phone call. Of course, my staff all has iPads and they're basically watching it, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn says the technology has drastically cut back on the amount of watering, since they know exactly how much moisture is in the soil. That also saves on fuel and energy used to pump water into the beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a University of Wisconsin study found that 57 percent of producers are now using soil-monitoring programs. That's up more than 20 percent from four years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn says his farm had its best cranberry yield ever this year. Perfect weather and good workers are a big part of that, “but I really think it's because we're putting on the right amount of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Dentist and cranberry farmer Fred Prehn stands along the Lemonweir River, the main water source for his cranberry operation. Prehn and his staff use what they need and return the water to the river when they're finished. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" class=\"size-large wp-image-64028\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2.jpg 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dentist and cranberry farmer Fred Prehn stands along the Lemonweir River, the main water source for his cranberry operation. Prehn and his staff use what they need and return the water to the river when they're finished. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just a few miles away, third-generation cranberry grower Ed Grygleski drives his pickup truck around his cranberry beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's also taken steps to reduce the amount of water used on his family's farm, but it's hard to tell how much water they've saved. That's because cranberry growers are regularly reusing water from nearby streams and retention ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We use a lot of water, but we are on watersheds and the water is there regardless if we're there or not and it flows through our marsh,” Grygleski said. \"We use it to irrigate and flood, and return it back to the same water source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grygleski says if nutrients are applied to the beds, producers hold the treated water in a reservoir until it's safe to return to the rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cranberry farmers have a pretty good deal with Wisconsin. A 140-year-old state law allows cranberry producers to use and dam the water for free on their property. Most growers say they don't want to abuse that, so they do their best to conserve their water sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're also paying attention to how water supplies are running low in some parts of the country. Although dwindling water supplies are not a problem in most of Wisconsin, producers are doing what they can to make sure they always have water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64029\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64029\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMnicoleandbill-2-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cranberry Creek Cranberries' plant health manager Nicole Hanson and owner Bill Hatch stand between a water reservoir and a freshly harvest cranberry bed near Necedah. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cranberry Creek Cranberries' plant health manager Nicole Hanson and owner Bill Hatch stand between a water reservoir and a freshly harvest cranberry bed near Necedah. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nicole Hanson serves on a number of agriculture and sustainability boards and is the plant health manager at Cranberry Creek Cranberries, one of the largest producers in the state. “Because the nation is very concerned about water, as an industry, absolutely we want to be proactive,\" Hanson said. “One of the amazing things about the cranberry industry is the fact that the industry is very progressive, very involved in trying to stay ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s one more way they’re looking ahead. Like many other producers, Hanson wants to make sure there's enough water so her children can work on the same cranberry farm.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Water is used in every aspect of cranberry production. Wisconsin cranberry producers are using soil temperature monitoring technology to help conserve water. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450496481,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":841},"headData":{"title":"Cranberry Producers Strive to Save Water | KQED","description":"Water is used in every aspect of cranberry production. Wisconsin cranberry producers are using soil temperature monitoring technology to help conserve water. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"62860 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=62860","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/27/saving-water-for-cranberry-production/","disqusTitle":"Cranberry Producers Strive to Save Water","source":"Water","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/water/","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Wisconsin/Radio/Stream/CRANBERRIESQUEST.mp3","path":"/quest/62860/saving-water-for-cranberry-production","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wisconsin produces the largest amount of cranberries in the U.S. In fact, half of the world's supply of the fruit comes from the state. It takes a lot of water to grow the tart red fruit, so in order to ensure the survival of their industry, cranberry producers have undergone technological upgrades to help conserve water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is vital to every aspect of cranberry production. Most of it is used to irrigate the crop in the large, rectangular beds, called “bogs” or “marshes,” in which the fruit grows. When it's time for harvest, farmers flood the beds to float the bright red cranberries, making them easier to pick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cranberry producers flood the beds again in winter to encase the vines in ice for protection, and again in the spring to kill off any pests. Water is constantly cycling from the beds to the farm's retention ponds to natural rivers.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/cranbogs.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-64192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/cranbogs-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"B\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca title=\"Prehn Cranberry Farm\" href=\"http://www.Prehncranberry.com\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Prehn's farm\u003c/a> outside of \u003ca title=\"Tomah, Wisconsin\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=11400+County+Hwy+N,+Tomah,+WI+54660&sll=44.003403,-90.448553&sspn=0.174348,0.307961&ie=UTF8&hq=11400+County+Hwy&hnear=North+Tomah,+WI&ll=44.017509,-90.402718&spn=0.174306,0.307961&z=12\" target=\"_blank\">Tomah \u003c/a>in southwest Wisconsin, harvest season is wrapping up. Water is draining from the beds back into the public waters. “Basically, this goes down to the Lemonweir River,\" Prehn explained. “It's our main water source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn is like many producers in Wisconsin who are switching over to a more efficient farming operation. He says installing technology that monitors the temperature and moisture in the soil has made the biggest difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn is also a dentist, but when he's not on his farm he can check on his cranberries from his office by a computer or smart phone app. “I sit between my patients in Wausau, when I'm not down here, and I can watch the soil monitor. I can see it go down and I make a phone call. Of course, my staff all has iPads and they're basically watching it, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn says the technology has drastically cut back on the amount of watering, since they know exactly how much moisture is in the soil. That also saves on fuel and energy used to pump water into the beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a University of Wisconsin study found that 57 percent of producers are now using soil-monitoring programs. That's up more than 20 percent from four years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn says his farm had its best cranberry yield ever this year. Perfect weather and good workers are a big part of that, “but I really think it's because we're putting on the right amount of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Dentist and cranberry farmer Fred Prehn stands along the Lemonweir River, the main water source for his cranberry operation. Prehn and his staff use what they need and return the water to the river when they're finished. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" class=\"size-large wp-image-64028\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2.jpg 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dentist and cranberry farmer Fred Prehn stands along the Lemonweir River, the main water source for his cranberry operation. Prehn and his staff use what they need and return the water to the river when they're finished. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just a few miles away, third-generation cranberry grower Ed Grygleski drives his pickup truck around his cranberry beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's also taken steps to reduce the amount of water used on his family's farm, but it's hard to tell how much water they've saved. That's because cranberry growers are regularly reusing water from nearby streams and retention ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We use a lot of water, but we are on watersheds and the water is there regardless if we're there or not and it flows through our marsh,” Grygleski said. \"We use it to irrigate and flood, and return it back to the same water source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grygleski says if nutrients are applied to the beds, producers hold the treated water in a reservoir until it's safe to return to the rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cranberry farmers have a pretty good deal with Wisconsin. A 140-year-old state law allows cranberry producers to use and dam the water for free on their property. Most growers say they don't want to abuse that, so they do their best to conserve their water sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're also paying attention to how water supplies are running low in some parts of the country. Although dwindling water supplies are not a problem in most of Wisconsin, producers are doing what they can to make sure they always have water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64029\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64029\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMnicoleandbill-2-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cranberry Creek Cranberries' plant health manager Nicole Hanson and owner Bill Hatch stand between a water reservoir and a freshly harvest cranberry bed near Necedah. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cranberry Creek Cranberries' plant health manager Nicole Hanson and owner Bill Hatch stand between a water reservoir and a freshly harvest cranberry bed near Necedah. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nicole Hanson serves on a number of agriculture and sustainability boards and is the plant health manager at Cranberry Creek Cranberries, one of the largest producers in the state. “Because the nation is very concerned about water, as an industry, absolutely we want to be proactive,\" Hanson said. “One of the amazing things about the cranberry industry is the fact that the industry is very progressive, very involved in trying to stay ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s one more way they’re looking ahead. Like many other producers, Hanson wants to make sure there's enough water so her children can work on the same cranberry farm.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/62860/saving-water-for-cranberry-production","authors":["10510"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_3229","quest_17","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_720","quest_12269","quest_12451","quest_12355","quest_2692","quest_12450","quest_13364","quest_2884","quest_10559"],"featImg":"quest_64191","label":"source_quest_62860"},"quest_59763":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_59763","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"59763","score":null,"sort":[1380639602000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"recycling-dirt-a-new-niche-in-the-fracking-industry","title":"Recycling Dirt: A New Niche in the Fracking Industry","publishDate":1380639602,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.what-is-fracking.com/\">Fracking\u003c/a> for natural gas has been vilified for the millions of gallons of wastewater the process generates. But drilling gas wells thousands of feet into the ground also produces another huge stream of waste --tons of rock shavings and dirt tainted with oily chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a better picture of this, imagine using an electric drill to bore a hole into a thick block of wood. All of the wood shavings that fly out are called “cuttings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same thing happens when energy companies drill for oil or natural gas thousands of feet underground -- layers of dirt and rock cuttings are removed from the hole. These rock shavings are coated with an oily residue that rubs off the drill bit. It contains traces of metals and radiation that naturally exist deep in the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61204\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Chris-Elliott-in-land-sea-box-where-he-grows-microbes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61204\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Chris-Elliott-in-land-sea-box-where-he-grows-microbes-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Elliott, President of Ohio Soil Recycling, uncovers the tank where he grows millions of tiny microbes that will clean out contaminated soil and drill cuttings (photo by Michelle Kanu).\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Elliott, President of Ohio Soil Recycling, uncovers the tank where he grows millions of tiny microbes that will clean out contaminated soil and drill cuttings (photo by Michelle Kanu).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio requires that these dirty cuttings be disposed of in \u003ca href=\"http://oilandgas.ohiodnr.gov/portals/oilgas/pdf/Fact%20Sheet%20on%20Drilling%20Muds.pdf\">landfills\u003c/a>, but now one company in the Buckeye State has stepped forward with the idea to recycle the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where Chris Elliott, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.soilrecycling.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ohio Soil Recycling\u003c/a>, comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the company's headquarters, a trailer in the middle of an abandoned landfill in Columbus, I hop in Elliott’s pickup and he drives us down a winding dirt path to where a backhoe is scooping up massive piles of dirt and unloading it into a dump truck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today our crew is actually moving remediated soil off of the treatment pad over here,” Elliott says. “They're taking it from the treatment pad and over to the final resting area, and placing it on the old landfill and compacting it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer Ohio Soil Recycling became the first private company to get a \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/portals/34/document/issued_actions/OSR%20IAWMP%20Drill%20Cuttings%202013.pdf\">permit\u003c/a> from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency to accept drill cuttings from the oil and gas industry. Elliott says drilling giant Chesapeake initially approached him with the idea a couple of years ago. He figured recycling rock cuttings would be a natural extension of his company's core business. Since 2000, the company has been using a process called \u003ca href=\"http://blog.soilutions.co.uk/2011/03/04/what-is-bioremediation/\" target=\"_blank\">bioremediation\u003c/a> to clean up dirt that has been contaminated by oil or industrial spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott explains the process first involves running the soil through a machine. “It kind of breaks the soil up, spreads it across a four-foot-wide belt in a very thin layer, and then we have a spray bar that sprays the microbes onto it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/OSR-treatment-pad.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/OSR-treatment-pad-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These piles of dirt are undergoing the bioremediation treatment process (photo by Michelle Kanu).\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These piles of dirt are undergoing the bioremediation treatment process (photo by Michelle Kanu).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The microbes go to work, feasting on the oil, heavy metals, and chemical contaminants in the dirt. After the tiny organisms have consumed the food source and start to die off, Elliott says he tests the dirt to make sure it meets the EPA’s standards for residential use. The clean material is then deposited on a different part of the company property as ground cover for the old landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott says that by the time the dirt comes off their treatment pad, “We’re extremely confident with the lab results that we get off of it that we got it completely clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some environmental groups aren’t convinced that Ohio Soil Recycling can clean out all the contaminants in the rock cuttings from natural gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We do have a serious concern. Do they have the technology in place to treat for radioactivity, for heavy metals, and for these harsh chemicals?”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We do have a serious concern,” says Melanie Houston, director of water policy for the Ohio Environmental Council. “Do they have the technology in place to treat for radioactivity, for heavy metals, and for these harsh chemicals?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houston says the EPA’s standards are too lax, and state law doesn't require Ohio Soil Recycling to test the cuttings thoroughly for radiation. Her group has been lobbying the state to enact stricter policies for testing drilling waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way that the law is stated, these materials are considered non-hazardous,” she says, “so it sort of set things up in a way that companies have an exemption and can treat this material in a way that they would treat non-hazardous material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists say the amount of radiation in those rock cuttings is unlikely to pose a threat to human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jeffrey Dick, a geologist at Youngstown State University, the amount of radiation in the cuttings is really low. “It’s not concentrated enough to be a threat. But you have to remember that these radionuclides are trapped within the rock, and they're not being given access to pathways to our drinking water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For the oil and gas industry, I think we really provide a great alternative that gives them a green solution they can tout that they're doing the green thing with their waste instead of just putting it into a landfill.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Back at Ohio Soil Recycling, Elliott points toward a patch of land just below the freeway and shows me where the recycled drill cuttings will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lowest area out there is where we would be placing them, knowing that then they would have soil put on top of them so that it could be vegetated and finished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycling drill cuttings is still uncharted ground. Only a few companies in Texas have experimented with the process, and so far Elliott's company has only done a test run of cleaning cuttings from Chesapeake. Now that he has the EPA's blessing, Elliott hopes drilling waste will bring a steady stream of revenue in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With landfilling being the only option for cuttings previously, you know you were sending the waste to a landfill, the waste wasn't being cleaned,” he says. “For the oil and gas industry, I think we really provide a great alternative that gives them a green solution they can tout that they're doing the green thing with their waste instead of just putting it into a landfill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott is already looking to expand. He’s planning to partner with another company that has more capital and name the new business Shale Recycling. He says he and his new partner are already scouting out areas in eastern Ohio where they plan to open future recycling sites.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As an alternative to the landfill, some companies now recycle contaminated rock shavings left over from drilling for natural gas.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450492686,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1105},"headData":{"title":"Recycling Dirt: A New Niche in the Fracking Industry | KQED","description":"As an alternative to the landfill, some companies now recycle contaminated rock shavings left over from drilling for natural gas.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"59763 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=59763","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/01/recycling-dirt-a-new-niche-in-the-fracking-industry/","disqusTitle":"Recycling Dirt: A New Niche in the Fracking Industry","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Recycling+Frack+Dirt/Stream/dirtyrecyclingLONGmp3withtag.mp3","path":"/quest/59763/recycling-dirt-a-new-niche-in-the-fracking-industry","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.what-is-fracking.com/\">Fracking\u003c/a> for natural gas has been vilified for the millions of gallons of wastewater the process generates. But drilling gas wells thousands of feet into the ground also produces another huge stream of waste --tons of rock shavings and dirt tainted with oily chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a better picture of this, imagine using an electric drill to bore a hole into a thick block of wood. All of the wood shavings that fly out are called “cuttings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same thing happens when energy companies drill for oil or natural gas thousands of feet underground -- layers of dirt and rock cuttings are removed from the hole. These rock shavings are coated with an oily residue that rubs off the drill bit. It contains traces of metals and radiation that naturally exist deep in the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61204\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Chris-Elliott-in-land-sea-box-where-he-grows-microbes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61204\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Chris-Elliott-in-land-sea-box-where-he-grows-microbes-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Elliott, President of Ohio Soil Recycling, uncovers the tank where he grows millions of tiny microbes that will clean out contaminated soil and drill cuttings (photo by Michelle Kanu).\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Elliott, President of Ohio Soil Recycling, uncovers the tank where he grows millions of tiny microbes that will clean out contaminated soil and drill cuttings (photo by Michelle Kanu).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio requires that these dirty cuttings be disposed of in \u003ca href=\"http://oilandgas.ohiodnr.gov/portals/oilgas/pdf/Fact%20Sheet%20on%20Drilling%20Muds.pdf\">landfills\u003c/a>, but now one company in the Buckeye State has stepped forward with the idea to recycle the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where Chris Elliott, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.soilrecycling.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ohio Soil Recycling\u003c/a>, comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the company's headquarters, a trailer in the middle of an abandoned landfill in Columbus, I hop in Elliott’s pickup and he drives us down a winding dirt path to where a backhoe is scooping up massive piles of dirt and unloading it into a dump truck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today our crew is actually moving remediated soil off of the treatment pad over here,” Elliott says. “They're taking it from the treatment pad and over to the final resting area, and placing it on the old landfill and compacting it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer Ohio Soil Recycling became the first private company to get a \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/portals/34/document/issued_actions/OSR%20IAWMP%20Drill%20Cuttings%202013.pdf\">permit\u003c/a> from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency to accept drill cuttings from the oil and gas industry. Elliott says drilling giant Chesapeake initially approached him with the idea a couple of years ago. He figured recycling rock cuttings would be a natural extension of his company's core business. Since 2000, the company has been using a process called \u003ca href=\"http://blog.soilutions.co.uk/2011/03/04/what-is-bioremediation/\" target=\"_blank\">bioremediation\u003c/a> to clean up dirt that has been contaminated by oil or industrial spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott explains the process first involves running the soil through a machine. “It kind of breaks the soil up, spreads it across a four-foot-wide belt in a very thin layer, and then we have a spray bar that sprays the microbes onto it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/OSR-treatment-pad.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/OSR-treatment-pad-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These piles of dirt are undergoing the bioremediation treatment process (photo by Michelle Kanu).\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These piles of dirt are undergoing the bioremediation treatment process (photo by Michelle Kanu).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The microbes go to work, feasting on the oil, heavy metals, and chemical contaminants in the dirt. After the tiny organisms have consumed the food source and start to die off, Elliott says he tests the dirt to make sure it meets the EPA’s standards for residential use. The clean material is then deposited on a different part of the company property as ground cover for the old landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott says that by the time the dirt comes off their treatment pad, “We’re extremely confident with the lab results that we get off of it that we got it completely clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some environmental groups aren’t convinced that Ohio Soil Recycling can clean out all the contaminants in the rock cuttings from natural gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We do have a serious concern. Do they have the technology in place to treat for radioactivity, for heavy metals, and for these harsh chemicals?”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We do have a serious concern,” says Melanie Houston, director of water policy for the Ohio Environmental Council. “Do they have the technology in place to treat for radioactivity, for heavy metals, and for these harsh chemicals?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houston says the EPA’s standards are too lax, and state law doesn't require Ohio Soil Recycling to test the cuttings thoroughly for radiation. Her group has been lobbying the state to enact stricter policies for testing drilling waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way that the law is stated, these materials are considered non-hazardous,” she says, “so it sort of set things up in a way that companies have an exemption and can treat this material in a way that they would treat non-hazardous material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists say the amount of radiation in those rock cuttings is unlikely to pose a threat to human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jeffrey Dick, a geologist at Youngstown State University, the amount of radiation in the cuttings is really low. “It’s not concentrated enough to be a threat. But you have to remember that these radionuclides are trapped within the rock, and they're not being given access to pathways to our drinking water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For the oil and gas industry, I think we really provide a great alternative that gives them a green solution they can tout that they're doing the green thing with their waste instead of just putting it into a landfill.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Back at Ohio Soil Recycling, Elliott points toward a patch of land just below the freeway and shows me where the recycled drill cuttings will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lowest area out there is where we would be placing them, knowing that then they would have soil put on top of them so that it could be vegetated and finished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycling drill cuttings is still uncharted ground. Only a few companies in Texas have experimented with the process, and so far Elliott's company has only done a test run of cleaning cuttings from Chesapeake. Now that he has the EPA's blessing, Elliott hopes drilling waste will bring a steady stream of revenue in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With landfilling being the only option for cuttings previously, you know you were sending the waste to a landfill, the waste wasn't being cleaned,” he says. “For the oil and gas industry, I think we really provide a great alternative that gives them a green solution they can tout that they're doing the green thing with their waste instead of just putting it into a landfill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott is already looking to expand. He’s planning to partner with another company that has more capital and name the new business Shale Recycling. He says he and his new partner are already scouting out areas in eastern Ohio where they plan to open future recycling sites.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/59763/recycling-dirt-a-new-niche-in-the-fracking-industry","authors":["10486"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_337","quest_12269","quest_10327","quest_30","quest_9804","quest_12276","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_10429","quest_2692","quest_3103","quest_12212"],"featImg":"quest_61210","label":"source_quest_59763"},"quest_7234":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_7234","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"7234","score":null,"sort":[1281978021000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"home-sweet-serpentine","title":"Home Sweet Serpentine","publishDate":1281978021,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Tamalpais Manzanita, Mount Tamalpais State Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/randomtruth/4484842885/in/set-72157623633650549/\">randomtruth\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine, California’s state rock, is feeling some pressure—and not just because it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock\">metamorphic\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>rock! The California Legislature is considering a bill that would strip serpentine of its state rock status; geology blogger Brian Romans explained the details in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">this recent QUEST blog\u003c/a>. Basically, proponents of the bill say that because asbestos is made from serpentine rock, and asbestos causes cancer, serpentine should not be the state rock. Never mind that serpentine does not cause cancer. In fact, many organisms thrive on serpentine soils. And that is what today’s post is about—the unique plants and animals that call serpentine soil home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soil is a tough environment: the soil is coarse, so water runs right through it, making it very dry. It is often dark in color, so it heats up in the sun. And its chemical makeup is challenging to plant life, to say the least. The soil has high concentrations of heavy metals, like nickel, iron, and chromium, and low concentrations of nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. It is also really high in magnesium, which makes it hard for plants’ roots to take up those already-scarce nutrients. And it is low in calcium, which causes ion balance problems for plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nutrients scarce, serpentine inhabitants tend to be small in stature—it’s hard to grow big without much food. And, with low water availability, serpentine plants are drought-tolerant. They often have tough little leaves, which don’t lose much water. Some examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=563\">Tamalpais manzanita\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Arctostaphylos montana\u003c/em>), and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6992\">Leather Oak\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Quercus durata\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants on serpentine soils also have to deal with those heavy metals, which can interfere with metabolic processes. Some plants, like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7858\">Milkwort Jewelflower\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Strepthanus polygaloides\u003c/em>), have a really high tolerance for heavy metals. Milkwort Jelweflower is a nickel hyperaccumulator—it can take up lots of nickel from the soil, with no ill effects. In fact, some serpentine plants are used in bioremediation; people plant them in contaminated soil, where they pull the heavy metals out of the ground and sequester them in their tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to many endemic species—species that live in a particular habitat type, and nowhere else. Sometimes plants or animals are limited to one habitat because they can’t survive the physical conditions of other habitat types. But in the case of serpentine endemics, many can live in other habitats’ nutrient-rich soils, but are total weaklings when it comes to competition with other plants. They can’t live in other habitats simply because they are out-competed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to more than just plants—there are butterflies, too, like the beautiful \u003ca href=\"http://butterfly.ucdavis.edu/butterfly/Pontia/sisymbrii\">California White\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Pontia sisymbrii\u003c/em>). Some, like a rare variant of the Edith’s checkerspot butterfly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/euphydryas_editha_luestherae.htm\">\u003cem>Euphydryas editha luestherae\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, are serpentine endemics, because they lay their eggs exclusively on plants living on serpentine soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://geoblogs.stratigraphy.net/\">Geoblogosphere\u003c/a> is buzzing with commentary about California’s serpentine bill. If you feel passionate about keeping serpentine as the state rock, by all means write your state representative—but also visit some serpentine habitat! There are lots of places in the Bay Area where you can check out serpentine soils and their inhabitants. There are serpentine outcroppings on Mount Tamalpais, Mount Diablo (be sure to check out QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration\">Mount Diablo State Park Exploration\u003c/a>!), and in the Berkeley and \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/08/20/the-crestmont-serpentine-patch/\">Oakland hills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Serpentine soil is a tough environment, but some unique plants and animals call it home.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443832292,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":594},"headData":{"title":"Home Sweet Serpentine | KQED","description":"Serpentine soil is a tough environment, but some unique plants and animals call it home.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"7234 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=7234","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/16/home-sweet-serpentine/","disqusTitle":"Home Sweet Serpentine","path":"/quest/7234/home-sweet-serpentine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Tamalpais Manzanita, Mount Tamalpais State Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/randomtruth/4484842885/in/set-72157623633650549/\">randomtruth\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine, California’s state rock, is feeling some pressure—and not just because it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock\">metamorphic\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>rock! The California Legislature is considering a bill that would strip serpentine of its state rock status; geology blogger Brian Romans explained the details in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">this recent QUEST blog\u003c/a>. Basically, proponents of the bill say that because asbestos is made from serpentine rock, and asbestos causes cancer, serpentine should not be the state rock. Never mind that serpentine does not cause cancer. In fact, many organisms thrive on serpentine soils. And that is what today’s post is about—the unique plants and animals that call serpentine soil home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soil is a tough environment: the soil is coarse, so water runs right through it, making it very dry. It is often dark in color, so it heats up in the sun. And its chemical makeup is challenging to plant life, to say the least. The soil has high concentrations of heavy metals, like nickel, iron, and chromium, and low concentrations of nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. It is also really high in magnesium, which makes it hard for plants’ roots to take up those already-scarce nutrients. And it is low in calcium, which causes ion balance problems for plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nutrients scarce, serpentine inhabitants tend to be small in stature—it’s hard to grow big without much food. And, with low water availability, serpentine plants are drought-tolerant. They often have tough little leaves, which don’t lose much water. Some examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=563\">Tamalpais manzanita\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Arctostaphylos montana\u003c/em>), and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6992\">Leather Oak\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Quercus durata\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants on serpentine soils also have to deal with those heavy metals, which can interfere with metabolic processes. Some plants, like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7858\">Milkwort Jewelflower\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Strepthanus polygaloides\u003c/em>), have a really high tolerance for heavy metals. Milkwort Jelweflower is a nickel hyperaccumulator—it can take up lots of nickel from the soil, with no ill effects. In fact, some serpentine plants are used in bioremediation; people plant them in contaminated soil, where they pull the heavy metals out of the ground and sequester them in their tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to many endemic species—species that live in a particular habitat type, and nowhere else. Sometimes plants or animals are limited to one habitat because they can’t survive the physical conditions of other habitat types. But in the case of serpentine endemics, many can live in other habitats’ nutrient-rich soils, but are total weaklings when it comes to competition with other plants. They can’t live in other habitats simply because they are out-competed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to more than just plants—there are butterflies, too, like the beautiful \u003ca href=\"http://butterfly.ucdavis.edu/butterfly/Pontia/sisymbrii\">California White\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Pontia sisymbrii\u003c/em>). Some, like a rare variant of the Edith’s checkerspot butterfly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/euphydryas_editha_luestherae.htm\">\u003cem>Euphydryas editha luestherae\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, are serpentine endemics, because they lay their eggs exclusively on plants living on serpentine soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://geoblogs.stratigraphy.net/\">Geoblogosphere\u003c/a> is buzzing with commentary about California’s serpentine bill. If you feel passionate about keeping serpentine as the state rock, by all means write your state representative—but also visit some serpentine habitat! There are lots of places in the Bay Area where you can check out serpentine soils and their inhabitants. There are serpentine outcroppings on Mount Tamalpais, Mount Diablo (be sure to check out QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration\">Mount Diablo State Park Exploration\u003c/a>!), and in the Berkeley and \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/08/20/the-crestmont-serpentine-patch/\">Oakland hills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/7234/home-sweet-serpentine","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_13193","quest_337","quest_417","quest_921","quest_982","quest_13198","quest_2220","quest_2447","quest_2589","quest_2590","quest_2692","quest_2782"],"label":"quest"},"quest_15110":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15110","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15110","score":null,"sort":[1215575021000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration","title":"Exploring Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve","publishDate":1215575021,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration/map?embed=true\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003c/span>As sure as the earth moves in Oakland, there's a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano, mind you. This one's lying on its side with its guts exposed. You might not recognize it right away, owing to its reclining position and the grassy coat it's adopted. But among the shrubs and grasses at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and underpinnings of one of the largest of a handful of volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood. Join us and naturalist Steve Edwards of the East Bay Regional Park District on our latest Bay Area science hike.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Location\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>6800 Skyline Blvd, Oakland, CA 94611 [\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/6lj4lr\">Map\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nPhone: 888-EBPARKS (888-327-2757), option 3, extension 4554\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Open between 5 a.m. and 10 p.m. unless otherwise posted or permitted\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Download a trail map\u003c/a> and more about the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Steve Edwards, Isa Polt-Jones and Rosemary Cameron of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org\">East Bay Regional Parks District\u003c/a> for their participation.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Robin Marks contributed to this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Sibley's Round Top: A Sideways Volcano\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Volcanoes in the East Bay? Really?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2082/2516290125_6cbb5fd770_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"161\">\u003c/span>As sure as the earth moves in Berkeley, there's a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano, mind you. This one's laying on its side with its guts exposed. You might not recognize it right away, owing to its reclining position and the grassy coat it's adopted. But among the shrubs and grasses at Sibley Regional Volcanic Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and layered underpinnings of one of the largest of a handful of volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten million years ago, a vent now called Round Top sprouted in the Earth's crust and regularly spewed thick, gooey lava into its environs. At that time, Round Top stood upright, like a proper volcano, south of present-day San Jose. Over the millennia, the volcano's been ferried northward by the motion of nearby faults, a rugged journey that's changed the appearance of the mountain and the land around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A few volcanic basics\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2516284073/\" title=\"1b. How to make a volcano by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2249/2516284073_b277cb0a87_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"161\" alt=\"1b. How to make a volcano\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Volcanoes are formed by a host of geological processes-- in particular, one called subduction. During subduction, one of the earth's plates moves over another, pushing the underlying plate down toward the hotter parts of the earth. These giant slabs of earth are made of a variety of rocks and minerals, some of which melt before others as they sink toward the hot mantle. The melted rock, called magma, is lighter and more buoyant than the rocks around and above it. The magma makes its way upward through the earth's crust, often explosively, creating a volcano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When subduction stops, the fuel that fires a volcano slowly wanes. Here in Northern California, subduction has been slowing in a northward pattern. In other words, volcanic activity stopped first in the southern stretches near Hollister, then near Oakland, then in Sonoma. The area's volcanic rocks get younger and younger as you move northward, until you reach Mt. Lassen, a still active vent that last erupted in 1917.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The story behind Sibley's special volcano\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In its early days, Round Top was just a burbling crater. As it erupted, it filled itself with its own volcanic debris and, in time, lava piling on lava created a peak. With more eruptions, the volcano buried itself under hundreds of feet of lava and volcanic ash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, nearby faults began to shift. Slices of the earth's crust moved northward, pushing and bumping things up against each other, creating folds and twists in the landscape. Caught in the action, the land under Round Top began to lean eastward, lifting and tilting until the volcano and all its roots were completely pushed over. The softer rocks that were exposed by this process eroded away, leaving behind a volcanic cauldron filled with its own material, its peak pointing to the east, toward the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help visualize Round Top's story, imagine the East Bay a bit differently than you usually do: it's no longer a series of neighborhoods comprising Berkeley and Oakland and nearby cities. It's one sprawling, continuous geological story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tale is centered at Round Top, which is situated near the juncture of Skyline and Grizzly Peak boulevards in the Oakland hills. But the story streams out from there, across parts of the East Bay landscape. Each day, thousands of cars pass by one strand of it, a 150-foot-thick lava flow exposed just east of the Caldecott tunnel. Next time you're on that stretch of Highway 24, look up at the road cut. The dark brown diagonal rocks forming the high part of the cliff are made of a hardened volcanic rock called basalt.You're driving by lava that erupted from nearby Round Top ten million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2516296191/\" title=\"9a. Welded cinder by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3111/2516296191_a714d06802_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"161\" alt=\"9a. Welded cinder\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Southeast of the tunnel, the rocks in Sibley park recount a variety of volcanic events. Outcrops of red and brown rocks record the impact of the steaming lava as it first rolled out onto the cooling surface of the earth. Two rows of broken basalts straddle a more fine-grained rock that was once a fluid lava that moved between the two cooling outer layers. And orange-ish blobs hiding in patches of grass are the result of lava fragments that welded together as they were flying from the volcano, a rare formation, and possibly the only example of it that you can see in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While all these structures leave us impressed with Round Top's activity in its heyday, what really sets Sibley's volcano apart is that it reveals its inner workings to the public in a way rarely seen. Park visitors get a real geology lesson along with these interesting rock formations. To make matters even more revealing, Kaiser Sand and Gravel quarried the area comprising the park years ago. In doing so, they exposed the heart of the volcano, giving park visitors even more history to gander at. Hike out to the quarries and you'll find a variety of rock types in the remains of the quarry pits: hard basalt that was injected into the volcano, forming lakes inside it, and lighter materials like volcanic ash and mud that have been pushed up from horizontal to vertical.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Geologists love road cuts and quarries\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While digging and blasting the ground might pose some hazards to local biology, such acts can also reveal remarkable aspects of the earth that would otherwise remain hidden. \"Geologists love road cuts and quarries,\" says paleobotanist Steve Edwards, who mapped Round Top's history as part of his doctorate work. \"It's like an outdoor classroom, an incomparable display.\" And Sibley, in particular, presents visitors with rare opportunities. \"There is no other volcano in California whose deep interior is similarly exposed. It's a totally unique site,\" he says. \"It's absolutely incredible that we have this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Without the help of dedicated volunteers and docents, the East Bay Regional Park District could not offer the public the variety of services and programs that it does. There are many year-round volunteer and docent opportunities for you, your family, or your school or civic group in the Regional Parks. For information, email us at \u003ca href=\"mailto:Volunteers@EBParks.org\">Volunteers@EBParks.org\u003c/a> or visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/about/getinvolved/volunteer\">the East Bay Regional Park District's website\u003c/a> for upcoming volunteer opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/835115@N22\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/California/framework.html\">California Volcanoes and Volcanics\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/apr-jun-2005/voice-of-the-volcano\">Bay Nature: Voice of the Volcano\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As sure as the earth moves in Berkeley, there's a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano. This one's laying on its side with its guts exposed. At Sibley Regional Volcanic Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and layered underpinnings of one of the largest volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450468992,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.everytrail.com/guide/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration/map"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1284},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"15110 http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/08/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve","source":"Science Hike","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/science-hike/","path":"/quest/15110/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration/map?embed=true\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003c/span>As sure as the earth moves in Oakland, there's a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano, mind you. This one's lying on its side with its guts exposed. You might not recognize it right away, owing to its reclining position and the grassy coat it's adopted. But among the shrubs and grasses at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and underpinnings of one of the largest of a handful of volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood. Join us and naturalist Steve Edwards of the East Bay Regional Park District on our latest Bay Area science hike.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Location\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>6800 Skyline Blvd, Oakland, CA 94611 [\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/6lj4lr\">Map\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nPhone: 888-EBPARKS (888-327-2757), option 3, extension 4554\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Open between 5 a.m. and 10 p.m. unless otherwise posted or permitted\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Download a trail map\u003c/a> and more about the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Steve Edwards, Isa Polt-Jones and Rosemary Cameron of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org\">East Bay Regional Parks District\u003c/a> for their participation.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Robin Marks contributed to this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Sibley's Round Top: A Sideways Volcano\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Volcanoes in the East Bay? Really?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2082/2516290125_6cbb5fd770_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"161\">\u003c/span>As sure as the earth moves in Berkeley, there's a volcano just off Skyline Boulevard. Not just any volcano, mind you. This one's laying on its side with its guts exposed. You might not recognize it right away, owing to its reclining position and the grassy coat it's adopted. But among the shrubs and grasses at Sibley Regional Volcanic Preserve, you'll find the rocky body and layered underpinnings of one of the largest of a handful of volcanoes that once dotted our geologic neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten million years ago, a vent now called Round Top sprouted in the Earth's crust and regularly spewed thick, gooey lava into its environs. At that time, Round Top stood upright, like a proper volcano, south of present-day San Jose. Over the millennia, the volcano's been ferried northward by the motion of nearby faults, a rugged journey that's changed the appearance of the mountain and the land around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A few volcanic basics\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2516284073/\" title=\"1b. How to make a volcano by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2249/2516284073_b277cb0a87_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"161\" alt=\"1b. How to make a volcano\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Volcanoes are formed by a host of geological processes-- in particular, one called subduction. During subduction, one of the earth's plates moves over another, pushing the underlying plate down toward the hotter parts of the earth. These giant slabs of earth are made of a variety of rocks and minerals, some of which melt before others as they sink toward the hot mantle. The melted rock, called magma, is lighter and more buoyant than the rocks around and above it. The magma makes its way upward through the earth's crust, often explosively, creating a volcano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When subduction stops, the fuel that fires a volcano slowly wanes. Here in Northern California, subduction has been slowing in a northward pattern. In other words, volcanic activity stopped first in the southern stretches near Hollister, then near Oakland, then in Sonoma. The area's volcanic rocks get younger and younger as you move northward, until you reach Mt. Lassen, a still active vent that last erupted in 1917.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The story behind Sibley's special volcano\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In its early days, Round Top was just a burbling crater. As it erupted, it filled itself with its own volcanic debris and, in time, lava piling on lava created a peak. With more eruptions, the volcano buried itself under hundreds of feet of lava and volcanic ash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, nearby faults began to shift. Slices of the earth's crust moved northward, pushing and bumping things up against each other, creating folds and twists in the landscape. Caught in the action, the land under Round Top began to lean eastward, lifting and tilting until the volcano and all its roots were completely pushed over. The softer rocks that were exposed by this process eroded away, leaving behind a volcanic cauldron filled with its own material, its peak pointing to the east, toward the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help visualize Round Top's story, imagine the East Bay a bit differently than you usually do: it's no longer a series of neighborhoods comprising Berkeley and Oakland and nearby cities. It's one sprawling, continuous geological story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tale is centered at Round Top, which is situated near the juncture of Skyline and Grizzly Peak boulevards in the Oakland hills. But the story streams out from there, across parts of the East Bay landscape. Each day, thousands of cars pass by one strand of it, a 150-foot-thick lava flow exposed just east of the Caldecott tunnel. Next time you're on that stretch of Highway 24, look up at the road cut. The dark brown diagonal rocks forming the high part of the cliff are made of a hardened volcanic rock called basalt.You're driving by lava that erupted from nearby Round Top ten million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2516296191/\" title=\"9a. Welded cinder by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3111/2516296191_a714d06802_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"161\" alt=\"9a. Welded cinder\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Southeast of the tunnel, the rocks in Sibley park recount a variety of volcanic events. Outcrops of red and brown rocks record the impact of the steaming lava as it first rolled out onto the cooling surface of the earth. Two rows of broken basalts straddle a more fine-grained rock that was once a fluid lava that moved between the two cooling outer layers. And orange-ish blobs hiding in patches of grass are the result of lava fragments that welded together as they were flying from the volcano, a rare formation, and possibly the only example of it that you can see in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While all these structures leave us impressed with Round Top's activity in its heyday, what really sets Sibley's volcano apart is that it reveals its inner workings to the public in a way rarely seen. Park visitors get a real geology lesson along with these interesting rock formations. To make matters even more revealing, Kaiser Sand and Gravel quarried the area comprising the park years ago. In doing so, they exposed the heart of the volcano, giving park visitors even more history to gander at. Hike out to the quarries and you'll find a variety of rock types in the remains of the quarry pits: hard basalt that was injected into the volcano, forming lakes inside it, and lighter materials like volcanic ash and mud that have been pushed up from horizontal to vertical.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Geologists love road cuts and quarries\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While digging and blasting the ground might pose some hazards to local biology, such acts can also reveal remarkable aspects of the earth that would otherwise remain hidden. \"Geologists love road cuts and quarries,\" says paleobotanist Steve Edwards, who mapped Round Top's history as part of his doctorate work. \"It's like an outdoor classroom, an incomparable display.\" And Sibley, in particular, presents visitors with rare opportunities. \"There is no other volcano in California whose deep interior is similarly exposed. It's a totally unique site,\" he says. \"It's absolutely incredible that we have this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Without the help of dedicated volunteers and docents, the East Bay Regional Park District could not offer the public the variety of services and programs that it does. There are many year-round volunteer and docent opportunities for you, your family, or your school or civic group in the Regional Parks. For information, email us at \u003ca href=\"mailto:Volunteers@EBParks.org\">Volunteers@EBParks.org\u003c/a> or visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/about/getinvolved/volunteer\">the East Bay Regional Park District's website\u003c/a> for upcoming volunteer opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/835115@N22\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/California/framework.html\">California Volcanoes and Volcanics\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/apr-jun-2005/voice-of-the-volcano\">Bay Nature: Voice of the Volcano\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15110/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration","authors":["6166","10191"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3310","quest_915","quest_13200","quest_1370","quest_3351","quest_2093","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2447","quest_2486","quest_2530","quest_13434","quest_2692","quest_3311","quest_3088"],"featImg":"quest_15124","label":"source_quest_15110"},"quest_15181":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15181","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15181","score":null,"sort":[1185913241000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bothenapa-valley-state-park-exploration","title":"Exploring Bothe-Napa Valley State Park","publishDate":1185913241,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/bothe-napa-valley-state-park-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=477\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park\u003c/a> allows hikers to make a trip back in time. The park is a still-forested hill nestled among several of the famous valley's wineries. It stands as a reminder of the natural flora and fauna of the area before much of it was cleared to create vineyards. Though the trees and other plants have been largely removed from the land used as vineyards, the soils and microclimates that have drawn grape growers for over 100 years remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is also teeming with plants used by Native Americans in the region, who were likely the first people to use the Valley's bounties to make intoxicating concoctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003ch2>Visiting the Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=477\" target=\"_blank\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n3801 St. Helena Highway North\u003cbr>\nCalistoga, CA 94515\u003cbr>\n707-942-4575 \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Directions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>5 miles north of St. Helena and 4 miles south of Calistoga on Highway 29/128.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>South - Near the Coast\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake Highway 101 north to Highway 37 at Novato, east on Highway 37 to Highway 121, north on Highway 121 to Highway 29 near Napa, north on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>South - Inland\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I5 north to I580, west on I580 to I680, north to I780, north to I80, east to Highway 37, west to Highway 29, north on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>North - Near the Coast\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake Highway 101 south to Calistoga exit, go east on Mark West Rd., continuing on Porter Creek Rd. to Petrified Forest Rd., turn left, go to Highway 128, turn right and follow Highway 128 past Calistoga to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>North-Inland\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I5 south to Highway 20, west to Highway 53, south to Highway 29 at Lower Lake, then south on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>East\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I80 west to Highway 12, west to Highway 29, then north to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Activities\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiking\u003c/strong>: there are well over 10 miles of trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming\u003c/strong>: Memorial Day weekend through mid-June, then daily through Labor Day, from 12- 6 p.m. There is an additional fee for the use of the swimming pool, to be paid at the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Horseback riding\u003c/strong>: horseback ride during the spring, summer, or fall. Reservations for horseback rides can be made through \u003ca href=\"http://triplecreekhorseoutfit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Triple Creek Horse Outfit\u003c/a> by calling (707) 933-1600.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picnics\u003c/strong>: The large picnic grounds are located in the day use area, and are even available for group events and getaways. A covered area for group use contains picnic tables, a sink and an electrical outlet with a horseshoe pit and wheelchair-accessible restroom nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interpretive programs\u003c/strong>: offered throughout the year. Special programs can sometimes be arranged for groups by calling the park in advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Seasons/Climate Recommended Clothing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The park exhibits more seasonal changes than most Californians experience. Hot, dry summers change to mild, wet winters; in between, in spring and fall, the park and its surrounding area are probably at their finest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer temperatures may reach 105 degrees Fahrenheit, but nights are usually cool. In the fall, when daytime temperatures are more pleasant, the leaves begin to turn, creating a dramatic and colorful display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures don't often go below freezing and snow is infrequent, but nearly 45 inches of rain are apt to fall during a single winter - between December and March.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More about the park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most of the park is rugged, with elevations ranging from 300 to 2,000 feet. You will notice a pattern in the vegetation: the forests are on the north-facing slopes and in canyons, while south-facing slopes tend to be brushy; redwoods grow only near creeks or springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plant life hides much of the park's geology, which is principally volcanic, but you can see a reminder of the area's violent geologic past in the volcanic ash cliffs of upper Ritchey Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is home to raccoons, gray squirrels, deer, foxes, bobcats, and coyotes to name a few, but they are sometimes difficult to spot because of their nocturnal habits and the heavy forest cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several species of birds can be easily detected though, including the six kinds of woodpecker that inhabit the park. The spectacular crow-sized pileated woodpecker is one of them. On a more rare occasion a spotted owl can be found, perched high in a redwood tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located by the entrance to the park is the Visitor Center. The Visitor Center and entrance station are open intermittently when staffing is available. Brochures (hiking maps) are also available by mail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next to the park's visitor center is the Native American Garden which displays some of the plants important to the first people of this area. Today, many of the same plants are used by the Wappo people. A guide for the garden is available by mail or in the visitor center to broaden one's understanding of the first people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the day use/picnic area is the Pioneer Cemetery, resting-place of some of the original settlers of the Napa Valley. The cemetery is an interesting place to visit while on a day hike, and is currently under restoration to return it to its original, mid-1800's appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Wine Science\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"Bright, accessible fruit.\" \"Complex minerality.\" \"Rounded corners.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-pinot.jpg\">\u003c/span> Wait a minute... wine has corners? Well, in a manner of speaking. What wine definitely has is complex chemistry that changes over time, and lends each vintage its own distinctive taste-- one that reflects the environment the grapes are grown in and the scientific decisions of the winemaker. The resulting tastes and aromas are so intricate that wine lovers have their own rich vocabulary to describe them. (We'll get to those \"corners\" in a minute.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Acid Test\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The acids in wine are important in lending a crisp, fresh taste that balances the natural sweetness of the grapes and helps give the wine liveliness. Too much acid, though, makes a wine taste sharp, and too little leaves it lifeless. There's a bit of personal preference involved here, too: just as some people favor grapefruit over apple juice, some wine drinkers prefer a more acidic wine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-vineyard.jpg\">\u003c/span>Acidity can also reflect the climate in which the grapes were grown. As they grow, grapes produce two acids, tartaric and malic, and compounds derived from these acids are found in finished wine. Grapes grown in cooler temperatures will typically be more acidic than those grown in warmer climes because in warmer temperatures, the grapes can \"sweat out\" some of their acids through respiration. What does this mean for you as a wine drinker? You can expect a Chardonnay from the somewhat toasty Napa Valley to be less acidic than one from the cooler Burgundy region of France. This is one clue an experienced wine taster can use in determining the region where a wine's grapes were grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tannins and Tinted Teeth\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tannins are an altogether different family of chemicals and flavors (though some wine tasters confuse the two). To sense the difference, swish a sip of wine between your teeth. The acid will make your mouth water. The tannins will leave behind a dry, astringent feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Found mostly in red wines, tannins are a group of chemicals that lend body and structure to a wine (those mysterious \"rounded corners\"). Tannins readily bind with proteins in your saliva and can stick to your teeth when you swish-- leaving serious tasters somewhat burgundy-toothed. Wines with lots of tannin are sometimes considered \"big,\" because they have a dense texture, though a wine that's \"too big\" can taste harsh. Highly tannic wines can be tempered by fatty foods, like bleu cheese, which coat your mouth and keep the tannins from reacting with your saliva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-grapes.jpg\">\u003c/span>Wine acquires tannins from grape stems, skins, and seeds, and from wood if it's aged in oak barrels. Winemakers can control tannin level in a wine by altering factors like how long the juice remains in contact with the skin after the grapes are crushed and how long the wine is aged. They consider not only the flavor of the wine, but whether or not they intend for it to be consumed soon after bottling or to be aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Uncorking a Great Debate\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A wine's tannins soften as it ages, so highly tannic wines are good candidates for the cellar. Wine researchers don't have a clear understanding of exactly what happens chemically as a wine ages, but they do know that the changes are fueled by oxygen. The wine itself contains some of the gas when it's bottled, and tiny amounts of oxygen seep in around the cork. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of the \"leaky cork\" in the aging process is central to a debate raging in the wine community. While corks have a romantic aesthetic and may contribute to the maturing of a fine wine, they are also responsible for most of the spoilage that occurs. \"Cork taint\" results when a cork contains one of a number of compounds that impart a musty or medicinal smell to a finished wine. Cork taint affects between 5 and 8 percent of wine bottles, a significant enough percentage to send winemakers looking for other options. One of them, the screw cap, has been both lauded as a savior and dismissed with indifference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers from Down Under-- Australia and New Zealand-- have taken the lead in pushing this alternative to corks. Advocates note there's no worry of contamination from a screw cap and it provides an airtight seal that can prevent oxidation. But screw caps don't quite carry the allure of a cork. And from a scientific perspective, can a wine still age finely without the tiny bit of oxygen afforded entry by a cork? It's hard for wine researchers to answer this question, since there's no clear picture of exactly what's going on inside the jug. The jury may be out for years, until connoisseurs open their decade-old screw-capped bottles and confer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\"Manipulation\" vs. \"Cheating\"\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-tools.jpg\">\u003c/span>Have a look at a wine label and you'll see items like alcohol content, the producer, and the vintage year. What you won't see is a list of ingredients. While it's true that wine is pretty much just grapes and the yeasts used to ferment them, winemakers will often tweak flavors or coax a developing process along. Winemaking regulations differ throughout the world; in sweltering California, it's common practice to dilute wine with water to control the high alcohol content that results from sugary-ripe grapes, or to add acid lost through respiration. Such embellishments are forbidden in more temperate Burgundy, where winemakers often add sugar (a process banned in California) to make up for its lower content in their fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of manipulations occur before adding yeast, and are viewed by most wine enthusiasts as corrections to the deficiencies of nature. Other tweaks, however, are made after yeast is added, and might be viewed differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most visible example is the sulfites that are often added to wine. These compounds keep harmful bacteria and other microbes at bay, but some consumers say they'd prefer wines without them. In response, a number of organic wineries have adopted a \"no sulfites\" practice. Many wine aficionados argue that it's difficult to make a good quality wine without sulfites, and that, since sulfites already occur naturally in small amounts during fermentation, people don't actually avoid them just by drinking organic wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-barrels.jpg\">\u003c/span>More subtle questions also arise around manipulations that can alter the taste or aging process of a wine in ways that might seem artificial. A winemaker can choose to age his latest batch in newer barrels to impart an oakier flavor. Or he could speed up the aging process by injecting small amounts of oxygen into the barrel (a process known as microoxygenation). Both actions intentionally alter the wine. While the first method is one that's been practiced for centuries, the second is relatively new. Does that make the newer one \"cheating\"? Some wine drinkers would say that whatever improves the quality of the wine counts the most, while others would argue that using more traditional methods preserves the integrity of the winemaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You won't read about these behind-the-scenes manipulations on a wine label, but there's still a lot to be learned from the packaging. Knowing where a wine is produced, for example, can give you clues to how it might taste (remember the \"lower acidity in warmer climates\" hint?). If you know what you're looking for, the label can help you discern whether all the grapes are from the same region or, if it's a blend, how much of each kind of grape is used. There are many types of grapes, called varietals, each having its own unique qualities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes labels include a description of the wine's flavors; try tasting the wine and see if the description matches your experience. For more of a challenge, spend some time contemplating a wine's aroma. \u003ca href=\"http://www.aromadictionary.com/winearomas.html\">Download these lists\u003c/a> with common terms used to characterize scents found in a wine's bouquet. With a little practice, you just might find yourself talking about \"grapefruit,\" \"pepper,\" and those no-longer-elusive \"rounded corners.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to David W. Graves of \u003ca href=\"http://www.saintsbury.com/\">Saintsbury Vineyard\u003c/a> for his kind assistance providing insights for this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/477027@N22\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/napaCA1978/napaCA1978.pdf\">Soil Survey of Napa County, California\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca>The Sparkling Science of Champagne\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/food/\">Check Please! Bay Area - KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Bothe-Napa Valley State Park stands as a reminder of the natural flora and fauna of the area before much of it was cleared to create vineyards. However, the soils and microclimates that have drawn grape growers for over 100 years remain. The park is also teeming with plants used by Native Americans in the region, who were likely the first people to use the Valley's bounties to make intoxicating concoctions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450469741,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.everytrail.com/guide/bothe-napa-valley-state-park-exploration/map"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":46,"wordCount":2278},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Bothe-Napa Valley State Park | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"15181 http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/bothenapa-valley-state-park-exploration/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/31/bothenapa-valley-state-park-exploration/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Bothe-Napa Valley State Park","source":"Science Hike","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/science-hike/","WpOldSlug":"duplicate-of-exploring-mt-diablo-state-park","path":"/quest/15181/bothenapa-valley-state-park-exploration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/bothe-napa-valley-state-park-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=477\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park\u003c/a> allows hikers to make a trip back in time. The park is a still-forested hill nestled among several of the famous valley's wineries. It stands as a reminder of the natural flora and fauna of the area before much of it was cleared to create vineyards. Though the trees and other plants have been largely removed from the land used as vineyards, the soils and microclimates that have drawn grape growers for over 100 years remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is also teeming with plants used by Native Americans in the region, who were likely the first people to use the Valley's bounties to make intoxicating concoctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003ch2>Visiting the Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=477\" target=\"_blank\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n3801 St. Helena Highway North\u003cbr>\nCalistoga, CA 94515\u003cbr>\n707-942-4575 \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Directions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>5 miles north of St. Helena and 4 miles south of Calistoga on Highway 29/128.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>South - Near the Coast\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake Highway 101 north to Highway 37 at Novato, east on Highway 37 to Highway 121, north on Highway 121 to Highway 29 near Napa, north on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>South - Inland\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I5 north to I580, west on I580 to I680, north to I780, north to I80, east to Highway 37, west to Highway 29, north on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>North - Near the Coast\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake Highway 101 south to Calistoga exit, go east on Mark West Rd., continuing on Porter Creek Rd. to Petrified Forest Rd., turn left, go to Highway 128, turn right and follow Highway 128 past Calistoga to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>North-Inland\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I5 south to Highway 20, west to Highway 53, south to Highway 29 at Lower Lake, then south on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>East\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I80 west to Highway 12, west to Highway 29, then north to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Activities\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiking\u003c/strong>: there are well over 10 miles of trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming\u003c/strong>: Memorial Day weekend through mid-June, then daily through Labor Day, from 12- 6 p.m. There is an additional fee for the use of the swimming pool, to be paid at the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Horseback riding\u003c/strong>: horseback ride during the spring, summer, or fall. Reservations for horseback rides can be made through \u003ca href=\"http://triplecreekhorseoutfit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Triple Creek Horse Outfit\u003c/a> by calling (707) 933-1600.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picnics\u003c/strong>: The large picnic grounds are located in the day use area, and are even available for group events and getaways. A covered area for group use contains picnic tables, a sink and an electrical outlet with a horseshoe pit and wheelchair-accessible restroom nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interpretive programs\u003c/strong>: offered throughout the year. Special programs can sometimes be arranged for groups by calling the park in advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Seasons/Climate Recommended Clothing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The park exhibits more seasonal changes than most Californians experience. Hot, dry summers change to mild, wet winters; in between, in spring and fall, the park and its surrounding area are probably at their finest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer temperatures may reach 105 degrees Fahrenheit, but nights are usually cool. In the fall, when daytime temperatures are more pleasant, the leaves begin to turn, creating a dramatic and colorful display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures don't often go below freezing and snow is infrequent, but nearly 45 inches of rain are apt to fall during a single winter - between December and March.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More about the park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most of the park is rugged, with elevations ranging from 300 to 2,000 feet. You will notice a pattern in the vegetation: the forests are on the north-facing slopes and in canyons, while south-facing slopes tend to be brushy; redwoods grow only near creeks or springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plant life hides much of the park's geology, which is principally volcanic, but you can see a reminder of the area's violent geologic past in the volcanic ash cliffs of upper Ritchey Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is home to raccoons, gray squirrels, deer, foxes, bobcats, and coyotes to name a few, but they are sometimes difficult to spot because of their nocturnal habits and the heavy forest cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several species of birds can be easily detected though, including the six kinds of woodpecker that inhabit the park. The spectacular crow-sized pileated woodpecker is one of them. On a more rare occasion a spotted owl can be found, perched high in a redwood tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located by the entrance to the park is the Visitor Center. The Visitor Center and entrance station are open intermittently when staffing is available. Brochures (hiking maps) are also available by mail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next to the park's visitor center is the Native American Garden which displays some of the plants important to the first people of this area. Today, many of the same plants are used by the Wappo people. A guide for the garden is available by mail or in the visitor center to broaden one's understanding of the first people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the day use/picnic area is the Pioneer Cemetery, resting-place of some of the original settlers of the Napa Valley. The cemetery is an interesting place to visit while on a day hike, and is currently under restoration to return it to its original, mid-1800's appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Wine Science\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"Bright, accessible fruit.\" \"Complex minerality.\" \"Rounded corners.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-pinot.jpg\">\u003c/span> Wait a minute... wine has corners? Well, in a manner of speaking. What wine definitely has is complex chemistry that changes over time, and lends each vintage its own distinctive taste-- one that reflects the environment the grapes are grown in and the scientific decisions of the winemaker. The resulting tastes and aromas are so intricate that wine lovers have their own rich vocabulary to describe them. (We'll get to those \"corners\" in a minute.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Acid Test\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The acids in wine are important in lending a crisp, fresh taste that balances the natural sweetness of the grapes and helps give the wine liveliness. Too much acid, though, makes a wine taste sharp, and too little leaves it lifeless. There's a bit of personal preference involved here, too: just as some people favor grapefruit over apple juice, some wine drinkers prefer a more acidic wine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-vineyard.jpg\">\u003c/span>Acidity can also reflect the climate in which the grapes were grown. As they grow, grapes produce two acids, tartaric and malic, and compounds derived from these acids are found in finished wine. Grapes grown in cooler temperatures will typically be more acidic than those grown in warmer climes because in warmer temperatures, the grapes can \"sweat out\" some of their acids through respiration. What does this mean for you as a wine drinker? You can expect a Chardonnay from the somewhat toasty Napa Valley to be less acidic than one from the cooler Burgundy region of France. This is one clue an experienced wine taster can use in determining the region where a wine's grapes were grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tannins and Tinted Teeth\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tannins are an altogether different family of chemicals and flavors (though some wine tasters confuse the two). To sense the difference, swish a sip of wine between your teeth. The acid will make your mouth water. The tannins will leave behind a dry, astringent feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Found mostly in red wines, tannins are a group of chemicals that lend body and structure to a wine (those mysterious \"rounded corners\"). Tannins readily bind with proteins in your saliva and can stick to your teeth when you swish-- leaving serious tasters somewhat burgundy-toothed. Wines with lots of tannin are sometimes considered \"big,\" because they have a dense texture, though a wine that's \"too big\" can taste harsh. Highly tannic wines can be tempered by fatty foods, like bleu cheese, which coat your mouth and keep the tannins from reacting with your saliva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-grapes.jpg\">\u003c/span>Wine acquires tannins from grape stems, skins, and seeds, and from wood if it's aged in oak barrels. Winemakers can control tannin level in a wine by altering factors like how long the juice remains in contact with the skin after the grapes are crushed and how long the wine is aged. They consider not only the flavor of the wine, but whether or not they intend for it to be consumed soon after bottling or to be aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Uncorking a Great Debate\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A wine's tannins soften as it ages, so highly tannic wines are good candidates for the cellar. Wine researchers don't have a clear understanding of exactly what happens chemically as a wine ages, but they do know that the changes are fueled by oxygen. The wine itself contains some of the gas when it's bottled, and tiny amounts of oxygen seep in around the cork. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of the \"leaky cork\" in the aging process is central to a debate raging in the wine community. While corks have a romantic aesthetic and may contribute to the maturing of a fine wine, they are also responsible for most of the spoilage that occurs. \"Cork taint\" results when a cork contains one of a number of compounds that impart a musty or medicinal smell to a finished wine. Cork taint affects between 5 and 8 percent of wine bottles, a significant enough percentage to send winemakers looking for other options. One of them, the screw cap, has been both lauded as a savior and dismissed with indifference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers from Down Under-- Australia and New Zealand-- have taken the lead in pushing this alternative to corks. Advocates note there's no worry of contamination from a screw cap and it provides an airtight seal that can prevent oxidation. But screw caps don't quite carry the allure of a cork. And from a scientific perspective, can a wine still age finely without the tiny bit of oxygen afforded entry by a cork? It's hard for wine researchers to answer this question, since there's no clear picture of exactly what's going on inside the jug. The jury may be out for years, until connoisseurs open their decade-old screw-capped bottles and confer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\"Manipulation\" vs. \"Cheating\"\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-tools.jpg\">\u003c/span>Have a look at a wine label and you'll see items like alcohol content, the producer, and the vintage year. What you won't see is a list of ingredients. While it's true that wine is pretty much just grapes and the yeasts used to ferment them, winemakers will often tweak flavors or coax a developing process along. Winemaking regulations differ throughout the world; in sweltering California, it's common practice to dilute wine with water to control the high alcohol content that results from sugary-ripe grapes, or to add acid lost through respiration. Such embellishments are forbidden in more temperate Burgundy, where winemakers often add sugar (a process banned in California) to make up for its lower content in their fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of manipulations occur before adding yeast, and are viewed by most wine enthusiasts as corrections to the deficiencies of nature. Other tweaks, however, are made after yeast is added, and might be viewed differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most visible example is the sulfites that are often added to wine. These compounds keep harmful bacteria and other microbes at bay, but some consumers say they'd prefer wines without them. In response, a number of organic wineries have adopted a \"no sulfites\" practice. Many wine aficionados argue that it's difficult to make a good quality wine without sulfites, and that, since sulfites already occur naturally in small amounts during fermentation, people don't actually avoid them just by drinking organic wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-barrels.jpg\">\u003c/span>More subtle questions also arise around manipulations that can alter the taste or aging process of a wine in ways that might seem artificial. A winemaker can choose to age his latest batch in newer barrels to impart an oakier flavor. Or he could speed up the aging process by injecting small amounts of oxygen into the barrel (a process known as microoxygenation). Both actions intentionally alter the wine. While the first method is one that's been practiced for centuries, the second is relatively new. Does that make the newer one \"cheating\"? Some wine drinkers would say that whatever improves the quality of the wine counts the most, while others would argue that using more traditional methods preserves the integrity of the winemaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You won't read about these behind-the-scenes manipulations on a wine label, but there's still a lot to be learned from the packaging. Knowing where a wine is produced, for example, can give you clues to how it might taste (remember the \"lower acidity in warmer climates\" hint?). If you know what you're looking for, the label can help you discern whether all the grapes are from the same region or, if it's a blend, how much of each kind of grape is used. There are many types of grapes, called varietals, each having its own unique qualities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes labels include a description of the wine's flavors; try tasting the wine and see if the description matches your experience. For more of a challenge, spend some time contemplating a wine's aroma. \u003ca href=\"http://www.aromadictionary.com/winearomas.html\">Download these lists\u003c/a> with common terms used to characterize scents found in a wine's bouquet. With a little practice, you just might find yourself talking about \"grapefruit,\" \"pepper,\" and those no-longer-elusive \"rounded corners.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to David W. Graves of \u003ca href=\"http://www.saintsbury.com/\">Saintsbury Vineyard\u003c/a> for his kind assistance providing insights for this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/477027@N22\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/napaCA1978/napaCA1978.pdf\">Soil Survey of Napa County, California\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca>The Sparkling Science of Champagne\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/food/\">Check Please! Bay Area - KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15181/bothenapa-valley-state-park-exploration","authors":["6166"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13200","quest_1370","quest_3351","quest_1939","quest_2093","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2486","quest_2530","quest_13434","quest_2692","quest_3171"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_15189","label":"source_quest_15181"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0018_AmericanSuburb_iTunesTile_01.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/07/commonwealthclub.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Consider-This_3000_V3-copy-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/06/forum-logo-900x900tile-1.gif","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/FreshAir_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/HereNow_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/insideEurope.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. Download Chris’s Song of the Week plus other highlights from the broadcast. Produced by American Public Media.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-8pm, SUN 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/liveFromHere.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.livefromhere.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"american public media"},"link":"/radio/program/live-from-here-highlights","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1167173941","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Live-from-Here-Highlights-p921744/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/a-prairie-home-companion-highlights/rss/rss"}},"marketplace":{"id":"marketplace","title":"Marketplace","info":"Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/Marketplace_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/mindshift2021-tile-3000x3000-1-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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