Squid Skin: Why Pigment (But Not Glitter) Will Dance to the Beat
Growing Skin
Housing the Human Computer
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With NET for 20 years, he was a Videographer/Editor for the first half of that time. He's produced numerous short form journalism stories and multiple documentaries, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.netnebraska.org/extras/ethanol/ethanolmaze.html\">The Ethanol Maze \u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.netnebraska.org/extras/prairiewind/\">Prairie Wind \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.netnebraska.org/television/promopops/cranes.htm\">Crane Song \u003c/a>. Perry has Bachelor of Journalism and Master of Arts, Journalism degrees, both from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Perry is married and has two children. 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(Credit: Wardill, Gonzalez-Bellido, Crook & Hanlon, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Squid and their relatives--a group of animals known as cephalopods--have the world's best skin. And it's not because they moisturize, lack pimples, or tan without ever burning. It's because their skin is a canvas of endless possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other animals can change their looks, of course, with chameleons being the most famous. What sets cephalopods apart is a combination of speed (squid can flash between colors several times per second) and diversity. Virtually no hue is off-limits to these creatures, thanks to two separate layers of color-changing skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top is a layer of \u003cem>chromatophores\u003c/em>--tiny elastic sacs of pigment surrounded by muscle fibers, each connected to neurons that run straight back to the squid's brain. When the squid tells the muscles to contract, they stretch the sac wide, turning the chromatophore \"on\" to show the pigment. When the muscles relax, the sac turns \"off,\" shrinking to a nearly invisible dot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chromatophore behavior is spectacularly showcased in this viral video by \u003ca href=\"http://news.backyardbrains.com/2012/08/insane-in-the-chromatophores/\" title=\"Backyard Brains - Insane in the Chromatophores\">Backyard Brains\u003c/a>, in which an iPod was wired up via an electrode to stimulate a squid’s nerves:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-OVrI9x8Zs]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, chromatophores are awesome. But they are also limited to yellow, red, brown or black. To achieve fantastic glittering hues of blue and green, cephalopods rely on the second layer of skin, which is full of a different kind of structure called \u003cem>iridophores\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iridophores make structural color, which means they reflect certain wavelengths of light because of their shape. Most familiar instances of structural color in nature (peacock feathers, mother of pearl) are constant--they may shimmer when you change your viewing angle, but they don't shift from pink to blue. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cephalopods, of course, aren't satisfied with that. Researchers have known for a long time that they can change the colors of their iridophores--but the mechanism of control has remained obscure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new paper in the \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/08/13/rspb.2012.1374.abstract\" title=\"Tuneable Iridescence - Proc Royal Soc\">\u003cem>Proceedings of the Royal Society B\u003c/em>\u003c/a> finally sheds some light on the phenomenon. (Sorry, I couldn't resist!) Trevor Wardill, Paloma Gonzalez-Bellido, and their colleagues found that squid use neurons to control their iridophores just as they do their chromatophores. Muscles may be involved as well--though their exact contribution remains unclear. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing iridophore color is rather more complicated than changing chromatophore color. Iridophores are composed of nanoscale layers of material that have to be moved closer together or further apart in order to reflect the desired color, a process that can take many seconds to minutes. This video is shown at 4X speed, but that doesn't really make it less impressive:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXhgtrdUMHg]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the authors of the study, Gonzalez-Bellido, helped Backyard Brains prepare their squid skin, so I had to wonder: why didn't the iridophores respond to the music? You can see a couple of them in the background, underneath the chromatophores, and they're just sitting there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iridophores, it seems, are not only slower than chromatophores to activate, but they're \u003cem>extremely\u003c/em> slow to deactivate. Greg Gage of Backyard Brains points out that the process can take tens of minutes. So the first electrical signal from the music probably activated the iridophores, then they stayed that way for the rest of the recording.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's why chromatophores dance to Cypress Hill, while iridophores appear to be sitting it out at the bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: Trevor Wardill also notes that iridophores seem to require a much longer continuous stimulus than was provided by the music, so they may never have become activated at all. Picky little things.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Squid and their relatives–a group of animals known as cephalopods–have the world's best skin. And it's not because they moisturize, lack pimples, or tan without ever burning. It's because their skin is a canvas of endless possibilities.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1346781987,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":629},"headData":{"title":"Squid Skin: Why Pigment (But Not Glitter) Will Dance to the Beat | KQED","description":"Squid and their relatives–a group of animals known as cephalopods–have the world's best skin. And it's not because they moisturize, lack pimples, or tan without ever burning. It's because their skin is a canvas of endless possibilities.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Squid Skin: Why Pigment (But Not Glitter) Will Dance to the Beat","datePublished":"2012-08-28T15:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2012-09-04T18:06:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"43061 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43061","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/28/squid-skin-why-pigment-but-not-glitter-will-dance-to-the-beat/","disqusTitle":"Squid Skin: Why Pigment (But Not Glitter) Will Dance to the Beat","path":"/quest/43061/squid-skin-why-pigment-but-not-glitter-will-dance-to-the-beat","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43067\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/28/squid-skin-why-pigment-but-not-glitter-will-dance-to-the-beat/imagej1-46aunitum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43067\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Fig2C_2011-12-13-Spectra_Irido05A_MaxScale.jpg\" alt=\"iridophore\" title=\"ImageJ=1.46aunit=um\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Fig2C_2011-12-13-Spectra_Irido05A_MaxScale.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Fig2C_2011-12-13-Spectra_Irido05A_MaxScale-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neurally stimulated squid iridophore. (Credit: Wardill, Gonzalez-Bellido, Crook & Hanlon, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Squid and their relatives--a group of animals known as cephalopods--have the world's best skin. And it's not because they moisturize, lack pimples, or tan without ever burning. It's because their skin is a canvas of endless possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other animals can change their looks, of course, with chameleons being the most famous. What sets cephalopods apart is a combination of speed (squid can flash between colors several times per second) and diversity. Virtually no hue is off-limits to these creatures, thanks to two separate layers of color-changing skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top is a layer of \u003cem>chromatophores\u003c/em>--tiny elastic sacs of pigment surrounded by muscle fibers, each connected to neurons that run straight back to the squid's brain. When the squid tells the muscles to contract, they stretch the sac wide, turning the chromatophore \"on\" to show the pigment. When the muscles relax, the sac turns \"off,\" shrinking to a nearly invisible dot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chromatophore behavior is spectacularly showcased in this viral video by \u003ca href=\"http://news.backyardbrains.com/2012/08/insane-in-the-chromatophores/\" title=\"Backyard Brains - Insane in the Chromatophores\">Backyard Brains\u003c/a>, in which an iPod was wired up via an electrode to stimulate a squid’s nerves:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/G-OVrI9x8Zs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/G-OVrI9x8Zs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, chromatophores are awesome. But they are also limited to yellow, red, brown or black. To achieve fantastic glittering hues of blue and green, cephalopods rely on the second layer of skin, which is full of a different kind of structure called \u003cem>iridophores\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iridophores make structural color, which means they reflect certain wavelengths of light because of their shape. Most familiar instances of structural color in nature (peacock feathers, mother of pearl) are constant--they may shimmer when you change your viewing angle, but they don't shift from pink to blue. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cephalopods, of course, aren't satisfied with that. Researchers have known for a long time that they can change the colors of their iridophores--but the mechanism of control has remained obscure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new paper in the \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/08/13/rspb.2012.1374.abstract\" title=\"Tuneable Iridescence - Proc Royal Soc\">\u003cem>Proceedings of the Royal Society B\u003c/em>\u003c/a> finally sheds some light on the phenomenon. (Sorry, I couldn't resist!) Trevor Wardill, Paloma Gonzalez-Bellido, and their colleagues found that squid use neurons to control their iridophores just as they do their chromatophores. Muscles may be involved as well--though their exact contribution remains unclear. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing iridophore color is rather more complicated than changing chromatophore color. Iridophores are composed of nanoscale layers of material that have to be moved closer together or further apart in order to reflect the desired color, a process that can take many seconds to minutes. This video is shown at 4X speed, but that doesn't really make it less impressive:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/BXhgtrdUMHg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/BXhgtrdUMHg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the authors of the study, Gonzalez-Bellido, helped Backyard Brains prepare their squid skin, so I had to wonder: why didn't the iridophores respond to the music? You can see a couple of them in the background, underneath the chromatophores, and they're just sitting there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iridophores, it seems, are not only slower than chromatophores to activate, but they're \u003cem>extremely\u003c/em> slow to deactivate. Greg Gage of Backyard Brains points out that the process can take tens of minutes. So the first electrical signal from the music probably activated the iridophores, then they stayed that way for the rest of the recording.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's why chromatophores dance to Cypress Hill, while iridophores appear to be sitting it out at the bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: Trevor Wardill also notes that iridophores seem to require a much longer continuous stimulus than was provided by the music, so they may never have become activated at all. Picky little things.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43061/squid-skin-why-pigment-but-not-glitter-will-dance-to-the-beat","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_11391","quest_11393","quest_11392","quest_3351","quest_9816","quest_11394","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2645","quest_2768","quest_2812"],"featImg":"quest_43067","label":"quest"},"quest_26595":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26595","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26595","score":null,"sort":[1321387255000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"growing-skin","title":"Growing Skin","publishDate":1321387255,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>As a media producer, one of the great things about my career is I'm always learning. That is definitely the case with this \"Growing Skin\" story. Wound healing and tissue regeneration is not something I've thought a lot about before. Research occurring in this field is high-tech and to me, at least, approaches a science fiction feeling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we interviewed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nebraskasurgicalresearch.com/\">Dr. Mark Carlson\u003c/a> about the research he's conducting to develop a liquid bandage, he had some interesting things to say about tissue regeneration. As we all know, humans and other mammals don't 're-grow' skin or other parts of the body, but other creatures can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you get a burn and the skin is burned away, your body cannot regenerate that lost skin. You get a scar instead,” said Carlson. “There are a lot of lower animals, salamanders, for instance, that can regenerate lost body parts. So elsewhere in the animal kingdom, the ability to regenerate does exist. But in the mammals and in humans, the ability to regenerate lost tissue, whether from an injury trauma or a cancer or loss of blood supply, whatever the mechanism of tissue injury is, a human cannot replace, except in a very small number of cases, lost tissue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why is that? I'd think we 'advanced' creatures would be the ones that would regenerate tissue, while the 'lower' ones like a salamander would be the ones running around without a leg or tail after losing it. Carlson explains that it might be an evolutionary sort of thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get an injury, typically the quickest way to cover that injury up to get it to seal from the environment is by healing with a scar. And this is very important in the wild because you have to have that wound covered quickly or else it’ll get infected. So in nature, a large animal like a wolf or something gets an injury, they heal quickly with scar and that protects them in the short run. Smaller animals like salamanders etc., they’ve maintained this ability to regenerate possibly because the need to get the wound covered right away isn’t as great. This is a theory. This is not fact. But, when people try to piece together why large mammals like us don’t regenerate and small animals can, this is one of the things that commonly comes up is that there were evolutionary pressures on the large animals to recover from a wound as fast as possible, so that they would survive. So somewhere, we’ve lost the ability to regenerate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The liquid bandage Carlson is hoping to develop is designed to stop bleeding quickly. That could be a life-saver in battlefield situations or other incidents of trauma. But he's thinking about a bigger picture too. He says one of the other research goals of regenerative medicine is to try to figure out the reasons why some creatures (mammals) react to injury with an inflammatory response and others (salamanders) take the path of regeneration. Then maybe someday, humans will 're-grow' tissue and recovery from injury could be more complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\u003ca href=\"http://www.saintelizabethonline.com/burn-and-wound-care.html\">St. Elizabeth Regional Medical Center Burn Center\u003c/a>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.natx.com/%20\">Nature Technology Corporation\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Biomedical researchers are investigating ways to 'grow' new skin in hopes that healing burns can be quicker, safer and more complete.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457640116,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":547},"headData":{"title":"Growing Skin | KQED","description":"Biomedical researchers are investigating ways to 'grow' new skin in hopes that healing burns can be quicker, safer and more complete.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Growing Skin","datePublished":"2011-11-15T20:00:55.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-10T20:01:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"26595 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=26595","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/15/growing-skin/","disqusTitle":"Growing Skin","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/mwH0TI1diNU","path":"/quest/26595/growing-skin","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As a media producer, one of the great things about my career is I'm always learning. That is definitely the case with this \"Growing Skin\" story. Wound healing and tissue regeneration is not something I've thought a lot about before. Research occurring in this field is high-tech and to me, at least, approaches a science fiction feeling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we interviewed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nebraskasurgicalresearch.com/\">Dr. Mark Carlson\u003c/a> about the research he's conducting to develop a liquid bandage, he had some interesting things to say about tissue regeneration. As we all know, humans and other mammals don't 're-grow' skin or other parts of the body, but other creatures can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you get a burn and the skin is burned away, your body cannot regenerate that lost skin. You get a scar instead,” said Carlson. “There are a lot of lower animals, salamanders, for instance, that can regenerate lost body parts. So elsewhere in the animal kingdom, the ability to regenerate does exist. But in the mammals and in humans, the ability to regenerate lost tissue, whether from an injury trauma or a cancer or loss of blood supply, whatever the mechanism of tissue injury is, a human cannot replace, except in a very small number of cases, lost tissue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why is that? I'd think we 'advanced' creatures would be the ones that would regenerate tissue, while the 'lower' ones like a salamander would be the ones running around without a leg or tail after losing it. Carlson explains that it might be an evolutionary sort of thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get an injury, typically the quickest way to cover that injury up to get it to seal from the environment is by healing with a scar. And this is very important in the wild because you have to have that wound covered quickly or else it’ll get infected. So in nature, a large animal like a wolf or something gets an injury, they heal quickly with scar and that protects them in the short run. Smaller animals like salamanders etc., they’ve maintained this ability to regenerate possibly because the need to get the wound covered right away isn’t as great. This is a theory. This is not fact. But, when people try to piece together why large mammals like us don’t regenerate and small animals can, this is one of the things that commonly comes up is that there were evolutionary pressures on the large animals to recover from a wound as fast as possible, so that they would survive. So somewhere, we’ve lost the ability to regenerate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The liquid bandage Carlson is hoping to develop is designed to stop bleeding quickly. That could be a life-saver in battlefield situations or other incidents of trauma. But he's thinking about a bigger picture too. He says one of the other research goals of regenerative medicine is to try to figure out the reasons why some creatures (mammals) react to injury with an inflammatory response and others (salamanders) take the path of regeneration. Then maybe someday, humans will 're-grow' tissue and recovery from injury could be more complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\u003ca href=\"http://www.saintelizabethonline.com/burn-and-wound-care.html\">St. Elizabeth Regional Medical Center Burn Center\u003c/a>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.natx.com/%20\">Nature Technology Corporation\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26595/growing-skin","authors":["10250"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_10368","quest_10370","quest_12354","quest_10371","quest_2645","quest_2893","quest_10369"],"featImg":"quest_26769","label":"quest"},"quest_641":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_641","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"641","score":null,"sort":[1213233579000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"housing-the-human-computer","title":"Housing the Human Computer","publishDate":1213233579,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In an article this week in the \u003ca title=\"New York Times - nerve synapses\" href=\"http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E5DD1039F932A15756C0A960958260\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a>, brainpower was correlated with the complexity of nerve synapses. Leading researcher Dr. Grant, who has studied the interconnectedness of neurons, likened this connection to technology; \"From the evolutionary perspective, the big brains of vertebrates not only have more synapses and neurons, but each of these synapses is more powerful - vertebrates have big Internets with big computers and invertebrates have small Internets with small computers.\" The brain has been made analogous to a computer before in order to study evolutionary adaptation. However, the brain was not the organ being studied, rather it was human skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you ever wondered why we have hair only on the tops of our heads and the rest of our skin is relatively bare? Why does our skin come in so many pigmentations? And why does our skin sweat? Dr. Nina Jablonski kept asking why and attributes these adaptations to the need to keep our brain cool. I first heard Dr. Nina Jablonski speak about her most recent book, \u003ca title=\"Skin: A Natural History\" href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10283.php\" target=\"_blank\">Skin: A Natural History\u003c/a>, in early 2007. I was absolutely enthralled and two hours raced by as she articulated her fascination with skin. Dr. Jablonski divulged into why our skin appears and acts the way it does from an evolutionary standpoint. Her findings showed that about two million years ago our ancestors were running long distances in Africa under the heat of the equatorial sun. To keep their brains cool, sweat glands became more prominent. This in turn let brain size expand and evolve. In the fossil record, it shows after this increase in brain size, Homo sapiens left Africa to migrate into Mainland China. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/skin21.jpg\">\u003cem>Skin:A Natural History\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So skin was an evolutionary adaptation to keep our large brains cool and working effectively. Skin color, Dr. Jablonski surmised, was what regulated our body's reaction to the sun and its rays. Dark skin evolved to protect the body of those of our ancestors close to the equator. Those ancestors further away evolved light skin in order to take in Vitamin D in less sunny climates. After her talk about \u003ca title=\"Medline: Rosacea\" href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rosacea.html\" target=\"_blank\">Rosacea\u003c/a>, which is a condition of constant blushing found in Eastern European nationalities, I asked Dr. Jablonski why. She told me this might have been attributed to ancestors of light skin being overly bundled and getting over-heated. It might have been an adaptation to release heat and cool the brain from the only exposed skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lecture, Dr. Jablonski did not stop with touching upon evolutionary adaptations, she also delved into how we associate and identify through our skin. We decorate our skin, clothe it, paint it, tattoo it, scar and pierce it. She elucidated skin as an intimate connection with the world as well as our presentation of individuality. Skin: A Natural History and Dr. Nina Jablonski have gained national recognition. She was even invited as a guest on the \u003ca title=\"The Colbert Report - Dr. Nina Jablonski\" href=\"http://www.comedycentral.com/videos/index.jhtml?videoId=82918\" target=\"_blank\">Colbert Report \u003c/a>to talk about her findings. It is rumored that she is following up Skin with more in-depth research. Until then, this is an outstanding look at a very under-appreciated organ, one that might have made the complex nuances of our brain and its synapses possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Have you ever wondered why we have hair only on the tops of our heads and the rest of our skin is relatively bare?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457835778,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":537},"headData":{"title":"Housing the Human Computer | KQED","description":"Have you ever wondered why we have hair only on the tops of our heads and the rest of our skin is relatively bare?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Housing the Human Computer","datePublished":"2008-06-12T01:19:39.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-13T02:22:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"641 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=641","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/11/housing-the-human-computer/","disqusTitle":"Housing the Human Computer","path":"/quest/641/housing-the-human-computer","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In an article this week in the \u003ca title=\"New York Times - nerve synapses\" href=\"http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E5DD1039F932A15756C0A960958260\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a>, brainpower was correlated with the complexity of nerve synapses. Leading researcher Dr. Grant, who has studied the interconnectedness of neurons, likened this connection to technology; \"From the evolutionary perspective, the big brains of vertebrates not only have more synapses and neurons, but each of these synapses is more powerful - vertebrates have big Internets with big computers and invertebrates have small Internets with small computers.\" The brain has been made analogous to a computer before in order to study evolutionary adaptation. However, the brain was not the organ being studied, rather it was human skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you ever wondered why we have hair only on the tops of our heads and the rest of our skin is relatively bare? Why does our skin come in so many pigmentations? And why does our skin sweat? Dr. Nina Jablonski kept asking why and attributes these adaptations to the need to keep our brain cool. I first heard Dr. Nina Jablonski speak about her most recent book, \u003ca title=\"Skin: A Natural History\" href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10283.php\" target=\"_blank\">Skin: A Natural History\u003c/a>, in early 2007. I was absolutely enthralled and two hours raced by as she articulated her fascination with skin. Dr. Jablonski divulged into why our skin appears and acts the way it does from an evolutionary standpoint. Her findings showed that about two million years ago our ancestors were running long distances in Africa under the heat of the equatorial sun. To keep their brains cool, sweat glands became more prominent. This in turn let brain size expand and evolve. In the fossil record, it shows after this increase in brain size, Homo sapiens left Africa to migrate into Mainland China. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/skin21.jpg\">\u003cem>Skin:A Natural History\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So skin was an evolutionary adaptation to keep our large brains cool and working effectively. Skin color, Dr. Jablonski surmised, was what regulated our body's reaction to the sun and its rays. Dark skin evolved to protect the body of those of our ancestors close to the equator. Those ancestors further away evolved light skin in order to take in Vitamin D in less sunny climates. After her talk about \u003ca title=\"Medline: Rosacea\" href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rosacea.html\" target=\"_blank\">Rosacea\u003c/a>, which is a condition of constant blushing found in Eastern European nationalities, I asked Dr. Jablonski why. She told me this might have been attributed to ancestors of light skin being overly bundled and getting over-heated. It might have been an adaptation to release heat and cool the brain from the only exposed skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lecture, Dr. Jablonski did not stop with touching upon evolutionary adaptations, she also delved into how we associate and identify through our skin. We decorate our skin, clothe it, paint it, tattoo it, scar and pierce it. She elucidated skin as an intimate connection with the world as well as our presentation of individuality. Skin: A Natural History and Dr. Nina Jablonski have gained national recognition. She was even invited as a guest on the \u003ca title=\"The Colbert Report - Dr. Nina Jablonski\" href=\"http://www.comedycentral.com/videos/index.jhtml?videoId=82918\" target=\"_blank\">Colbert Report \u003c/a>to talk about her findings. It is rumored that she is following up Skin with more in-depth research. Until then, this is an outstanding look at a very under-appreciated organ, one that might have made the complex nuances of our brain and its synapses possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/641/housing-the-human-computer","authors":["10173"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3228","quest_5"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_377","quest_872","quest_873","quest_1582","quest_3351","quest_1985","quest_2011","quest_2087","quest_2203","quest_2452","quest_2645","quest_2648","quest_2851","quest_2884","quest_2893","quest_3053","quest_3086"],"featImg":"quest_643","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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